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foundation
V8i (SELECTseries 4)
User Manual
DAA039230-1/0001 Last updated:22 October 2010
COPYRIGHT INFORMATION
TRADEMARK NOTICE
Bentley, the "B" Bentley logo, STAAD.foundation are registered or nonregistered trademarks of Bentley Sytems, Inc. or Bentley Software, Inc. All other marks are the property of their respective owners.
COPYRIGHT NOTICE
2010, Bentley Systems, Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. Including software, file formats, and audiovisual displays; may only be used pursuant to applicable software license agreement; contains confidential and proprietary information of Bentley Systems, Incorporated and/or third parties which is protected by copyright and trade secret law and may not be provided or otherwise made available without proper authorization.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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User Manual i
ii STAAD.foundation
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
1
1 2 3 4
What's New
V8i (SELECTseries 4) Release 5.3 V8i (SELECTseries 3) Update Patch Release 5.2.1 V8i (SELECTseries 3) Release 5.2 V8i (SELECTseries 2) Release 5.1
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11 12 24
95
95 96 133 139 225
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227 227 229 248 User Manual iii
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265 265 268 279 288 295 303 315
329
329 330 331
333
333 335 340
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343 353 371 377 381
383
383 384 384 385 385 387 390
8.8 Isolated (Spread) Footing Theory 8.9 Pile Cap Theory 8.10 Mat (Raft) Foundation Theory 8.11 Combined (Strip) Footing Theory 8.12 Driller Pier Theory 8.13 Pedestal Theory
Section 9 Index
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What's New
The Software Release Report for STAAD.foundation V8i (SELECTseries 4) contains detailed information on additions and changes that have been implemented since the release of Release 5.2.
Column Position Column Shape Column Size Load Cases Support List
User Manual 1
Hint: In the STAAD.foundation load description tree, load cases imported from STAAD.Pro will have a STAAD.Pro icon ( ) and load cases generated in STAAD.foundation will have simple arrow icon ( ).
An option to specify if the concrete footing self weight is to be used for Ultimate Design check has been added to the Global Settings dialog. Negative Offset For Isolated Footing - Logic for isolated footing concrete check (One way Shear, Moment) has been enhanced. Now the program checks shear or moment at all possible locations for a given direction and designs for the critical stress. Stability check for footings with negative offset has also been enhanced. Now the program considers resisting moment based on the eccentricity sign. Thus, the resisting moment will be calculated in the opposite direction of the moment generated by eccentricity.
The analysis time for rigid foundations has been cut short by a significant amount by newly enhanced design engine. Zip Code database for plant foundation seismic load generation was missing in 5.2 installation. It has been included in the patch. The pedestal deign engine for the horizontal vessel module has been modified to correctly process the loads generated by the vessel.
2 STAAD.foundation
What's New
Minor corrections have been made in calculation sheets for isolated footing, vertical vessel, and horizontal vessel designs. Title for the Add Self Weight dialog has been updated to Add Self Weight & Modify Dead Weight Factor.
General Program
Excel interoperability - Use a pre-formatted spreadsheet to enter multiple jobs at once. Context Sensitive help - This feature is accessed by pressing the F1 key during most dialogs or forms. Wind load and Seismic load for X and Z. Four new load types have been created to reflect directional wind and seismic loads. This is reflected in both the General Foundation mode as well as Foundation Toolkit mode. STAAD.Pro Import can now be initiated from the Command line.
Isolated Foundation
Pedestal design for Indian and British codes (IS-456-2000 and BS 8100-97, respectively) - Available in the General Foundation mode (Create Job form) or in the Foundation Toolkit mode (Isolated Footing or Combined Footing Job pages). Automatic bar arrangement is performed, similar to the US code pedestal design. Controlling parameter to restrict allowable uplift. This is done by limiting the percent of footing area that must remain in contact with soil. Fixed Length or Widthoptions for Isolated footing design. In addition to specifying both plan dimensions or having the program design them, you may now specify one dimension as fixed and the program will design the other. Support offsets may now be entered as negative values. Crack control rebar spacing is now checked and reported for footing designed by the US code (ACI 318, chapter 10). The final thickness is updated and used for the self weight calculation. Isolated footing groups are now added to a new job, with its own calculation sheet. This aids in organizing your footing design groups.
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Mat Foundation
Soil on top of a mat foundation can now be considered in analysis. Input the density and height of the soil in the Mat Foundation Soil Properties form. The contribution of the dead weight is controlled in the Add Self Weight & Modify Dead Weight Factor dialog, which has been updated to reflect the inclusion of soil as dead weight. The Calculation sheet created when a mat foundation is designed has been standardized to the format used throughout the program.
Pile Cap
Pile cap design by Canadian code (CSAA23-94) - Access this feature in the General Foundation mode (Create Job form). One way shear is checked per Section 11 and punching shear per Section 13. The Calculation sheet created when a pile cap foundation is designed has been standardized to the format used throughout the program.
Plant Foundations
The dimension increment used for Vertical Vessel footing sizes can now be set.
Icons are modified for main navigator. In place of folder image, now comprehensive icon pictures are used
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What's New
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Calculation sheet print preview Load case title now supports & character Development Length check made optional (refer 2.9, 2.10 & 2.12) IS code bond stress enhancement for torsed bar is implemented You may now add, save and display notes on any modules Detail Drawing.
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What's New
Toolkit Mode
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Singly/ doubly reinforcement available for beam Single layer/double layer reinforcement for beam Bond stress check in working stress method
Self weight is considered Lateral load is transferred from top of the pedestal to the bottom of the footing 2/3 pilecap combination modified
General mode
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Default colors can be saved Copy-Paste support for load combination generation table, column position table, column dimension table, Linear Grid table, and Radial Grid table (refer to section 6.2) Linear grid saving Radial grid saving Load Title column added in Load Safety Factor Table Soil bearing capacity factors (refer 4.5.4.16) Automatic load combination generation table for
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Copy-paste option for physical beam table (refer 7.1) Table to create polygon region using coordinates (refer 7.1) Advance polygonal meshing options (refer 4.7.1.3.14)
Load combination Table along with the name is displayed in calculation sheet. Neutral file format (xml format) read and write ability
Plant mode
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Square shaped vertical vessel foundation (refer 5.4.3) Octagonal and square pile cap for vertical vessel foundation (refer 5.4.11) Two isolated footing option for horizontal vessel foundation (refer 5.5.4) Strap footing option for horizontal vessel foundation (refer 5.5.5 and 5.5.6) Partial wind load option included (refer 5.4.7 and 5.5.8) Pier design for horizontal vessel
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What's New
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PIP load combination added Zip code data saving 3-D model available for all plant modules
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pile punching check added for octagonal pilecap Verification examples for plant module Test/ Live and erection load input option (refer 5.4.5 and 5.5.7)
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Seismic/ wind Load application point for horizontal vessel (refer 5.5.7) Sliding plate coefficient of friction for horizontal vessel (refer 5.5.7) Load application with respect to fixed & sliding support consideration PIP compatible Development Length checks for vertical vessel.
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Section 1
Getting Started
1.1 Welcome
STAAD.foundation V8i (SELECTseries 4) Release 5.3 STAAD.foundation is standalone software with more than 50 different design modules and 5 different international codes. It is cost-saving downstream application that also enables engineers to analyze and design the underlying foundation for the structure they created in STAAD.Pro. STAAD.foundation can automatically absorb the geometry, loads and results from a STAAD.Pro model and accurately design isolated or combined footings, true mat foundations and even perform pile cap arrangements. Data from other superstructure analysis design packages can be imported to STAAD.foundation through Microsoft Excel. STAAD.foundation not only analyzes and designs a myriad of foundation configurations, but will also produce production quality reports, detail drawing, schedule drawing, general arrangement (GA) drawing and detailed 3D rendering of your foundation structures. With full OpenGL graphics, engineers can clearly see the displaced shape, stress distribution, reinforcement layout
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and force diagrams of their supporting structure. All models use physical objects including physical beams and slabs that do not require meshing. For mat design, STAAD.foundation utilizes a true finite element design using the individual element stresses rather than using column strips. STAAD.foundation can be used in a stand-alone mode or can be used integrated with STAAD.Pro where the support reactions from the main model and associated load cases are automatically brought in. For isolated (pad) footings, combined (strip) footings, pilecaps STAAD.foundation utilizes rigid analysis and design method. These foundation can be also analyzed and design through finite element method using mat foundation modules. STAAD.foundation also offers special types of foundation like Dead Man Anchor Foundation (Guyed Tower Foundation), Drilled Pier Foundation, Ribbed (Beam) Foundation through Toolkit Mode. The program and this document have been prepared in accord with established industry engineering principles and guidelines. While believed to be accurate, the information contained herein should never be utilized for any specific engineering application without professional observance and authentication for accuracy, suitability and applicability by a competent and licensed engineer, architect or other professional. Bentley Systems disclaims any liability arising from the unauthorized and/or improper use of any information contained in this document, or as a result of the usage of the program.
1.2 Fundamentals
Starting STAAD.foundation
There are several ways to initiate STAAD.foundation.
To start
1. In the program group, double-click the STAAD.foundation icon. or From the Windows Start menu, select All Programs > Bentley Engineering > STAAD.foundation 5.2 >STAAD.foundation 5.2 (default location).
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or In Windows Explorer, double-click an AFS file icon (with the file extension .AFS). or Drag a AFS file icon from Windows Explorer and drop it on the STAAD.foundation icon. or In the Windows Explorer, double-click the icon for the file, STAADFOUNDATION.EXE. The STAAD.foundation window opens.
Hint: If youre a first time user unfamiliar with STAAD.foundation, we suggest that you go through the Quick Tour presented in Section 3 of this manual. Note: If you are using Windows Vista or Windows 7 operating systems, you may have to run the program as an administrator. Right click on the STAAD.FOUNDATION.EXE file and select Run as Administrator. Click Yes in the message dialog.
Exiting STAAD.foundation
As you work, STAAD.foundation prompts you to save all changes you make to the open STAAD.foundation project file to disk (assuming you have not turned off the default Enable Auto Save toggle under the Tools menu). After you close the STAAD.foundation project file, you can no longer undo changes with STAAD.foundation's Undo feature. Therefore, be sure to undo any unwanted changes to the STAAD.foundation project file before you exit.
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To exit STAAD.foundation
1. Click the application window's Close icon. or Select File >Exit. or From the application window menu, choose Close.
Foundation Modes
STAAD.foundation can operation in three different modes, depending on the type of foundation you wish to model, analyze, and design. You will select one of these modes when creating your project:
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General Foundation - Open modeling of common foundation types. Plant Foundation - Parametric modeling wizards for common foundations used in plant environments. Foundation Toolkit - Parametric modeling wizards for common foundation types.
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such as design parameters is used only within a specific job type. For example, an Isolated Footing job type has local data within the design parameters group. A project may contain multiple jobs, making it easy for you to evaluate different design scenarios for a given set of physical conditions.
Document Conventions
Typographical Conventions
A number of typographical conventions are maintained throughout Bentley documentation, which makes it easier to identify and understand the information presented. Description Precedes information of general importance. Precedes optional time-saving information. Precedes information about actions that should not be performed under normal operating conditions. FILENAMES Directory paths and file names are italicized. Example: C:\TUTOR directory, AUTOEXEC.BATfile. Program Code Excerpts from text or basic script files, variables, and statements appear in the font shown. Input Commands or information that must be manually entered is bolded in the font shown. Menu & But- Menu commands and dialog buttons appear tons in a sans serif font that stands out from normal body text. Example: After selecting the File menu, press the OK button in the dialog. Dialogs Dialog and database table names are italfield_names icized. Example: The Preferences dialog. Select Indicates that the command must be executed from a menu or dialog. Throughout this Tutorial, the menu command sequence required to execute a command will be explicitly defined in the text, while the associated toolbar button (if one exists) is preUser Manual 15 Convention Note Hint Warning
Convention
Terminology
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Click - This refers to the action of pressing a mouse button. When not specified, click means to press the left mouse button. pop-up menu - A pop-up menu is displayed typically with a right-click of the mouse on an item in the interface.
Using Toolbars
STAAD.foundation has many tools. These tools are grouped for convenient selection in toolbars and are referenced in tasks. Tools are represented in toolbars by icons. For simplicity, the term tool is used to refer both to a tool and its icon. The first time you start STAAD.foundation, the following are open and docked along the top of the program window:
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Pop-up Menu Right-clicking on any program toolbar presents the pop-up menu, which is used to toggle the display of application window elements or open the program Customize dialog.
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Toolbar Customization menu Each toolbar has a menu which is access by clicking the downward arrow found to the right of any toolbar. This arrow can be found in the toolbar title bar when the toolbar has been undocked.
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The toolbar's customization menu opens. 3. Select Add or Remove Buttons ><toolbar name>.
Enabled tools are indicated with check marks. 4. Choose the pop-up menu item for the tool you want to hide or show. Alternate Method - To Hide or show a tool 1. Select View >Toolbars >Customize . or Click on the downward arrow, right of any toolbar and select Add or Remove Buttons >Customize. or right-click on any toolbar and select Customize from the pop-up menu. The Customize dialog opens.
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2. Select the Commands tab. 3. Select the tool Category you wish to add (this step is not necessary to remove a tool). 4. Click and drag the tool from the Commands list on to a tool bar where you wish to insert. A vertical bar is displayed where the tool will be inserted. or Click and drag the tool you wish to remove from the toolbar. Release the mouse button when the mouse pointer displays an X ( To open a toolbar 1. Select View >Toolbars >Customize . or Click on the downward arrow, right of any toolbar and select Add or Remove Buttons >Customize. or right-click on any toolbar and select Customize from the pop-up menu. The Customize dialog opens. 2. Select the Toolbars tab. ).
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Its list box contains an entry for each available toolbar. The check box next to each entry indicates whether or not the toolbar is open.
3. In the list box, click (turn on) the check box for the toolbar you want to open and click OK. or In the list box, double-click the list box entry for the toolbar you want to open. If the toolbar was docked the last time it was opened (or its default is to be docked), it will be automatically docked upon opening. Otherwise, the toolbar will be floated. Hint: You can open more than one toolbar at the same time using the Customize dialog by turning on their check boxes. To close a toolbar Toolbars may be closed by unchecking the option in the Customize dialog, similar to how to open them. Alternately, if a toolbar is undocked, the following procedure may be used. 1. Click the Close (X) button found in the toolbar title bar.
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User Manual 21
3. Drag the window title bar over one of the dock location indicators to highlight where the window will be docked at. 4. Release the mouse button over one of the dock location indicators to dock the window in that location. Alternate method - To dock a window pane 1. Right click in the window pane title bar. 2. Select Docked from the pop-up menu.
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To close a window pane 1. Click the X located in the right side of the window pane title bar. or Select View >Toolbars ><Window pane name>. The check box next to each entry indicates whether or not the window pane is open. Alternate method - To close a window pane 1. Right click in the window pane title bar. 2. Select Hide from the pop-up menu. Toggle auto hide for a docked window pane 1. Click the pushpin icon ( ) located in the right side of the window pane title bar. The docked window pane collapses into a tab attached the application window edge it is docked into. Hovering the mouse pointer over this tab expands the window pane for use. Once the mouse is clicked outside the window pane, it will "auto hide" once again. Note: Clicking the window pane tab will show the window pane without pause. 2. Clicking the horizontal pushpin icon again will make the window pane "sticky" (toggle off auto hide). Alternate method - Toggle auto hide for a docked window pane 1. Right click in the window pane title bar. 2. Select Auto Hide from the pop-up menu. The check box next to each entry indicates whether or not the window pane is in auto hide.
Graphical Input
You can use a mouse, digitizing tablet cursor, or similar pointing device with STAAD.foundation to enter graphical input.
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Using a scrolling mouse If your mouse has a wheel, you can use the mouse wheel middle button and as a wheel for scrolling to manipulate view windows. You can also use it to zoom in and out of graphic window tabs. The middle button can be pressed and held to place the mouse pointer into a pan mode (same as selecting the Pan tool from the Trans Rotate toolbar) Note: You must have the required drivers for your mouse already installed on your system.
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Menus
This section provides a description of the commands available from STAAD.foundations pull-down Menu Bar. Hint: Only commonly used menu items are shown by default. Click the expand menu icon to display the full contents of the menu. This behavior can be turned off in the Customize dialog, Options tab. The names of the pull-down menus, from left to right across the top of the screen, are as follows:
File Menu
The File Menu allows you to perform project file related operations such as creating a new project, opening an existing project, saving a project, etc.
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The File Menu contains the following menu commands: Menu Item New >General Setup New >Plant Setup New >Toolkit Setup Open Description Shortcut Closes the current project and opens a new, empty project in the General mode. Closes the current project and opens a new, empty project in the Plant Foundation mode. Closes the current project and opens a new, empty project in the Toolkit mode. Opens the Open Project dialog, CTRL+O which is used to open an existing STAAD.foundation project. Saves design changes to the open CTRL+S project. Note: Choosing Save while "Untitled#.afs" is open has the
Save
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Menu Item
Shortcut
Save As
Close Print
Print Preview
Opens the Save As dialog, which is used to save a copy of the design file with a different name, in a different directory, or on a different disk. If just a different name is chosen, the copy becomes the active design file. Closes the current project file and returns to the Start page. Opens the Print dialog, which is CTRL+P used to adjust printing settings and create printed output. Opens the Preview dialog. When you choose this command, the main window will be replaced with a print preview window in which output pages will be displayed in their printed format.
Print Setup
Opens the Print Setup dialog, where you specify the printer and its connection. Import Opens the StaadPro File Import STAAD.Pro File dialog, which is used to select a STAAD.Pro project from which to create a new STAAD.foundation project.
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Description Opens the STAAD.foundation Neutral File dialog, with the file filter set for Microsoft Excel (.xls) files.
Shortcut
See See "Import Foundation Input from Excel" on page 338 for additional information on this feature. #filename A list of the most recent <Recent Project STAAD.foundation files is disFiles> played here in a numbered list. Selecting any item here will close the current STAAD.foundation project file and open the selected one. Exit Exits STAAD.foundation. However, if modifications have not yet been saved, an alert box is displayed with options to save or discard the changes or return to the project. Open Project dialog Used to open an existing .AFS file. Opens when File >Open is selected.
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Existing tab To open an existing project, navigate to the directory in which the project file is located and then select the file and click on Open. Look in Lists the drives and directories for selection. List box Lists files for selection. The files listed reside in the directory chosen in the Look in option menu, filtered according to the file type chosen in the Files of type option menu. Double-clicking a filename in the list box selects the file. File name Shows the name of the file that is selected in the list box, or you can key in a filename. The list box lists the name of the existing files in the directory. To bypass the Look in option menu, you can key in a complete path specification for a file in the File name field. Files of type Sets the type of file to open. STAAD.foundation can only read .AFS file formats directly. Use the Import feature to use data in a different file type. Open Opens the selected AFS file. If the filename in the Name field is the same as the name of an existing file, an alert box asks if you want to overwrite the existing file. If a AFS file is already open, it is closed before the newly selected AFS file is opened. Cancel Closes the dialog without opening a STAAD.foundation project file. Go to Last Folder Visited Returns to the last folder that you opened. Up One Level Moves up one directory from your current location. Create New Folder Creates a new folder with an editable name field. View Menu Allows you to select how to display the files in the directory.
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Thumbnails Shows a thumbnail image of the files in the directory. Tiles Displays the file by name, type and size of file. Icons Displays the files by the product-specific icon. List Shows a list of the files in the directory. Details Allows you to select what details you want to display for the files listed.
Recent tab The recent tab contains a list of recently opened STAAD.foundation project files. Select one from the list to re-open. Open Opens the selected AFS file. If the filename in the Name field is the same as the name of an existing file, an alert box asks if you want to overwrite the existing file. If a AFS file is already open, it is closed before the newly selected AFS file is opened. Cancel Closes the dialog without opening a STAAD.foundation project file. Save Project dialog Used to save a copy of the STAAD.foundation project file with a different name, in a different directory, or on a different disk. If just a different name is chosen, the copy becomes the active design file. Opens when File > Save As is chosen.
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To save a project, navigate to the directory in which you want to save the project, type in a file name for the project and then click on Save. Save in Lists the drives and directories for selection. List box Sets the name of the STAAD.foundation file you want to save. The list box lists the names of the existing files in the directory. Different systems allow different numbers of characters in filenames. Some systems are case-sensitive (they differentiate between upper and lower case), others are not. If portability between different systems is a concern, filenames with a maximum of eight characters all in the same case are recommended. File name Sets the name of the STAAD.founation file you want to save. Save as type Sets the type of file format. STAAD.foundation saves only in .AFS file format. Save Saves the selected STD file.
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Cancel Closes the dialog without saving the current project file. Go to Last Folder Visited Returns to the last folder that you opened. Up One Level Moves up one directory from your current location. Create New Folder Creates a new folder with an editable name field. View Menu Allows you to select how to display the files in the directory.
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Thumbnails Shows a thumbnail image of the files in the directory. Tiles Displays the file by name, type and size of file. Icons Displays the files by the product-specific icon. List Shows a list of the files in the directory. Details Allows you to select what details you want to display for the files listed.
Print dialog Used to print the active project report. Opens when File >Print is selected or the Print tool is clicked in the Print Preview dialog.
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Printer Lets you choose the printer driver to use. Select any Windows system printer. Properties Used to set the properties for the selected printer. Print range
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All - Print the entire report Pages - Enter from and to pages to specify a range within the report to print. Selection - Prints only the pages selected before the dialog opened.
Copies Enter the Number of copies desired. Collate Select this option to print entire jobs together before beginning the next copy. OK Closes the dialog and sends the document to the selected printer. Cancel Closes the dialog without printing. Print Preview window Displays an on-screen preview of how the current input file will when printed, using the current Page Setup and Print Setup. Opened when File > Print Preview is selected.
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STAAD.Pro File Import dialog Used to begin a new project by importing the support co-ordinates and forces/moments on the individual supports from Bentley's STAAD.Pro structural analysis software program. This feature allows you to import any analyzed STAAD.Pro file and update foundation input database if the STAAD.Pro file gets changed. Opens when File > Import STAAD.Pro file is selected.
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Look in Lists the drives and directories for selection. List box Lists files for selection. The files listed reside in the directory chosen in the Look in option menu, filtered according to the file type chosen in the Files of type option menu. Double-clicking a filename in the list box selects the file. File name Shows the name of the file that is selected in the list box, or you can key in a filename. The list box lists the name of the existing files in the directory. To bypass the Look in option menu, you can key in a complete path specification for a file in the File name field. Files of type Sets the type of file to open. STAAD.foundation can import STAAD.Pro input files (file extension .STD). Open Opens the Import STAAD.Pro File dialog, which is used to list all the available load cases found in the selected STD file. Cancel Closes the dialog without importing a STAAD.Pro project file.
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Go to Last Folder Visited Returns to the last folder that you opened. Up One Level Moves up one directory from your current location. Create New Folder Creates a new folder with an editable name field. View Menu Allows you to select how to display the files in the directory.
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Thumbnails Shows a thumbnail image of the files in the directory. Tiles Displays the file by name, type and size of file. Icons Displays the files by the product-specific icon. List Shows a list of the files in the directory. Details Allows you to select what details you want to display for the files listed.
STAAD.foundation Neutral File dialog Used to open Neutral Files. See "6.3 Working with Neutral Files" on page 340 for additional information.
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The controls in this dialog are analogous to those in the Open dialog.
Edit Menu
The Edit menu has items for undoing and redoing changes to the foundation model.
The Edit menu contains the following commands: Menu Description Item Delete The Delete menu command deletes the selected item(s). The Delete command is only active when a relevant item like support position, beam, pile etc. is selected. Undo Negates the last drawing operation. Shortcut
Redo
View Menu
The View menu contains commands that turns various toolbars, status bars and menus on and off.
The View Menu contains the following menu commands: Menu Item Description Toolbars > Toggles the display of the Standard toolbar. Standard Toolbar Toolbars > Toggles the display of the Trans Rotate toolbar. View TransRot Toolbar Toolbars > Toggles the display of the Output pane. 38 STAAD.foundation
Menu Item Output Toolbars > Caption Bar Toolbars > Main Navigation Toolbars > Load Page Toolbars > Data Input Page Toolbars > Customize Status Bar Application Look > <list>
Description Toggles the display of the Caption Bar. Toggles the display of the Main Navigation pane.
Toggles the display of the Load pane. Toggles the display of the Data Input pane.
Toggles the display of the window status bar. This sub-menu contains a list of themes which will change the appearance of the STAAD.foundation window. These themes are based on common versions of Office suites.
Customize dialog Used to customize the application window. Note: All changes made in the Customize dialog are applied instantly. Opens when:
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View > Toolbars > Customize is selected, or You click on the downward arrow, right of any toolbar and select Add or Remove Buttons >Customize, or You right-click on any toolbar and select Customize from the pop-up menu.
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Categories list Commands (tools) are grouped in similar categories. Select the category from which you wish to add a tool. Commands list All available tools are listed here, grouped by category. These may be dragged onto toolbars. Refer to Using toolbars for more. Description When available, a brief description of the selected tool will be displayed here. Toolbars tab Used to toggle the display of the program toolbars.
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Toolbars list Select the check box to display listed toolbars. Note: The Menu bar may not be turned off. Reset Used to reset all changes made to window toolbars. A warning dialog will confirm you wish to proceed. Warning: This action may not be undone. Reset All Used to reset all changes made to window toolbars and menus. A warning dialog will confirm you wish to proceed. Warning: This action may not be undone. Show text labels Select this option to display tool labels for each tool in the selected toobar.
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Note: The tool names are displayed in "tool tips" even when this option is not selected, as long as Show ScreenTips on toolbars is selected on the Options tab. Keyboard tab Used to control keyboard shortcuts for menu items.
Categories list Commands (menu items) are grouped in similar categories. Commands list All available menu items are listed here, grouped by category. Description When available, a brief description of the selected command will be displayed here. Set Accelerator for Select the user account you for which you wish the keyboard shortcut (accelerator) to be available for. Current keys The current list of assigned keyboard shortcuts for the selected menu item in the Commands list. Press New Shortcut Key 42 STAAD.foundation
When the cursor is active in this field, keyboard strokes/chords will be recorded as a keyboard shortcut. Note: If a previously used keyboard shortcut is recorded, then a message with its assignment is displayed below. Assign Add recorded keyboard shortcut to the selected menu item in the Commands list. Hint: Multiple keyboard shortcuts may be assigned to a single menu item or command. Remove Remove the selected keyboard shortcut in the Current Keys list from the selected menu item in the Commands list. Reset All Restore all settings on this tab to factory defaults. Menu tab Used control the contents and display style of menus.
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Select the application state for which you wish to edit menus. Once selected, the context menu opens as a floating toolbox. Select the Commands tab in the Customize dialog (see above) to add or remove menu times from this menu. Reset This resets changes made to the selected menu in the Show Menus for list. A warning dialog will confirm you wish to proceed. Warning: This action may not be undone. Menu animations Select one of the animation styles from the drop-down menu. Hint: If you are experiencing slow menu behavior, we recommend selecting "None". Menu shadows Select this options to have a shadow effect Hint: If you are experience slow menu behavior, we recommend turning this feature off. Select context menu Select a context menu for customization. Once selected, the context menu opens as a floating toolbox. Select the Commands tab in the Customize dialog (see above) to add or remove menu times from this menu. Reset This resets changes made to the selected menu in the Select Context Menu list. A warning dialog will confirm you wish to proceed. Warning: This action may not be undone. Options tab Used to set general menu and toolbar appearance and behavior.
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Show ScreenTips on toolbars Select this option to display the name of a tool by hovering the mouse pointer over the tool. Show shortcut keys in ScreenTips Select this option to also display the keyboard shortcut in the tool tip (for tools which have a keyboard shortcut assigned to them). Large Icons Select this option to use large icons in the program toolbars. Menus show recently used commands first Select this option to have menu items not commonly used hidden by default. These menu items may then be displayed by clicking the expand menu button ( ). Show full menus after a short delay Once a menu has been opened, the full menu will be displayed after a brief pause (same effect as clicking the expand menu button). Rest my usage data Click this button to reset the menu usage data dictating menu items to the factory default. Close Closes the dialog.
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Tools Menu
The Tools menu contains commands for manipulating the structure geometry, managing jobs, and adding self weight.
The Tools menu contains the following menu commands: Menu Item Move selected entities Description Opens the Move Selected Entities By dialog. Rectangular Mat wizard Opens the Mat Foundation Modeling wizard. Update STAAD Used to update current projects Database input database with the changed STAAD.Pro output. Set Column or Pedestal Opens the Set Column Dimension Dimension dialog. Add Self Weight and Opens the Add Self Weight & Modify dead weight factor Dead Weight Factor dialog, which is used to toggle self weight for the selected or all load cases and to specify self weight factors.. Enable Auto Save Toggles the auto save feature, which will remind you to save your project on a scheduled cycle if changes have been made. Global Settings Opens the Global Settings dialog. Read Neutral File Opens the STAAD.foundation Neutral File dialog, which is used to open a .XML data file.
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Description Opens the STAAD.foundation Neutral File dialog, which is used to save a .XML data file. Export Isolated Output Opens the STAAD.foundation Neutral File dialog, which is used to save an .XML data file containing designed foundation sizes and reinforcement information. Move Selected Entities By dialog Used to move selected entities like support positions, beams and piles. Opens when Tools >Move Selected Entities is selected.
Unit Select a unit of length in which values will be given. Delta X, Y, Z Specify distances along any or all of the global axis. These values are the distance by which the object(s) will be moved. OK Closes the dialog and moves the selected entity by the specified values. Cancel Closes the dialog without moving the entity. Mat Foundation modeling wizard Used to rapidly model rectangular mat foundations. The wizard generates a new mat foundation job, with a rectangle boundary and mesh. This skips many
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steps involved in Job Setup, creating a rectangular region, generating a mesh, and specifying slab properties. Opens when:
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Tools >Rectangular Mat Wizard is selected, or the Rectangular Mat Modeling Wizard tool is selected.
Job Setup
Job Name Used to uniquely identify each job. You can enter any string here. Length Unit Select a unit of length for all coordinates and lengths. Default Unit Type Used to setup default design parameters of the job. The program supports both FPS and SI unit systems. You can select any combination of design code and default unit type. In other words user can choose US design code with SI unit system. Design Code Used to define concrete code to be used. Current version supports 5 country codes which are
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US - ACI 318-05 Britain - BS 8110 Indian - IS 456-2000 Australian - AS 3600-2004 Candian - CSA 23.3-04 Chinese - GB50007-2002
Support Assignment Used to assign supports to a job. There are three assignment methods
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Assign to All Supports - assigns all supports to new job. Assign to Selected Supports - assign all selected supports in the main view to the current job. Note: This selection must be made prior to opening the Mat Foundation Modeling wizard.
Meshing
Meshing Type Select a Quadrilateral or Triangle finite element shape. Element Size Specify a target element size, in the selected Length Unit.
Boundary Setup
X / Z Coordinate at Top left corner Specify coordinates for X1,Z1, in the selected Length Unit. This is the topleft corner of the rectangle when viewed in plan (View From Top in the Trans Rotate toolbar). This locates the rectangular region in plan. Length / Width Specify the length (rectangle dimension parallel to the X axis) and width (rectangle dimension parallel to the Z axis), in the selected Length Unit, to define the size of the rectangular region. Y Level Specify an elevation (Y coordinate for all points in the rectangular region), in the selected Length Unit.
Slab Property
Analysis Thickness Used for FEM analysis of mat foundation, in the selected Length Unit.
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Note: STAAD.foundation allows you to use different thickness for analysis and design. Design Thickness Used to design the mat slab, in the selected Length Unit. Subgrade Modulus Modulus of elasticity of soil supporting the mat foundation, in the selected units. Create Creates a new mat foundation job with the specified rectangular mesh region and slab properties. Cancel Closes the wizard without creating a new mat foundation job. Set Column Dimension dialog Used to create column or pedestal objects. Opens when Tools >Set Column or Pedestal Dimension is selected.
Consider Pedestal Select this option if the object being created is to be considered as a pedestal. Column Type
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Specify the cross-section type of the column: either rectangular or circular. Unit Select a unit of length in which values will be given. Column Depth/Dia. Provide the strong axis dimension of the column. If the Column Type is circular, this field is the diameter. Column Width Provide the weak axis dimension of the column. If the Column Type is circular, this field is not active. Pedestal Height If the column is to be considered as a pedestal, provide a pedestal height. OK Closes the dialog and creates the column object. Cancel Closes the dialog without creating any objects. Add Self Weight & Modify Dead Weight Factor dialog Used to toggle self weight for the selected or all load cases and to specify self weight factors. This self weight definition is only applicable for Mat foundation as the program does not add self weight of the mat slab by default. For other types of footing like isolated or combined footing program automatically adds self weight for all service load cases. This self weight definition may be used to override default self weight settings for load cases including dead loads.
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Hint: Self Weight and factors can also be set for individual load cases when load cases are created or selected in the Load Description Tree. Global Settings dialog Used to set global defaults for STAAD.foundation designs and output.
Reinforcement Spacing Increment For jobs with US code and English unit system (in inches) For other cases (in millimeters) Dimension Display Select either to Use Current Length Unit or Use Ft-In Unit for drawing output. Top Reinforcement Option Select to Always Calculate Top Reinforcement Based on Concrete and Soil Weight or to Calculate Top Reinforcement Only When Foundation is Subjected to Uplift Forces. The first option will always include top reinforcement, where as the latter will omit it if the calculations indicate it is not necessary due to applied forces. Ultimate Check Self weight Option Select this option to include the self weight of the footing, along with soil
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dead weight and buoyancy effect in concrete design check. This option is particularly useful when footing loses contact with the soil (uplift condition), as the concrete design tends to be very non conservative without consideration of self weight. Note: Using this option for concrete design might lead to failure for a footing checked with set dimensions. With the inclusion of self weight, soil bearing pressure for concrete design load cases increases, thus leading to higher shear forces and bending moments. OK Saves the settings and closes the dialog. Cancel Closes the dialog without saving any settings.
Help menu
The Help menu contains items for using online help.
The Help menu contains the following items: Menu Item Contents Description Shortcut Opens the Help window to display STAAD.foundation's Table of Contents. What's New Opens the Help window to display the What's New topic. Multi Media Help Opens the STAAD.foundation Tutorials page in your default web browser. Tutorials <list> Contains a list of video tutorials that will open in Windows Media Player once selected.
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Menu Item Description Shortcut Online Resources > Opens the STAAD.foundation Product Inforproduct information page at mation Bentley.com in your default web browser. Online Resources> Opens the STAAD.foundation Community wiki page on the Be Communities web site in your default web browser. Online Resources > Opens the Structural ondemand OnDemand Semseminar offerings at Bentley.com inars in your default web browser. Online Resources > Opens the Bentley current Upcoming Events events schedule in your default web browser Online Resources > Opens the Structural training Training offerings at Bentley.com in your default web browser. Online Resources > Opens the Structural Technotes Technotes & FAQs and FAQs wiki page on the Be Communities web site in your default web browser. Online Resource > Opens the Bentley SELECTSelect Services services Center website in your default web browser. This page is used to contact technical support in the event you have a question or other issue. Verification Manual Opens the STAAD.foundation Verification Problems .PDF manual. Note: You must have Adobe Acrobat Reader or other software capable of reading .PDFfiles installed on you computer. About STAAD.foundation Opens the About STAAD.foundation window in which information about the product is displayed.
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About STAAD.foundation Window Used to show information about STAAD.foundation. Opens when you select Help > About STAAD.foundation.
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STAAD.foundation version number registered user name, site or organization, and, if applicable, SELECTserver host name. copyright information trademark notice Closes the About STAAD.foundation window.
OK View "Read Me" Document Opens the Read Me document for this release of STAAD.foundation V8i in your default web browser. Note: You must have Adobe Acrobat Reader or other software capable of reading .PDFfiles installed on you computer.
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The Toolbars
STAAD.foundation offers a set of "dockable" and "floating" toolbars for quick access to frequently used commands. By default, the toolbar icons appear at the top of the STAAD.foundation screen immediately below the menu bar. You may, however, drag each toolbar and place it at any position on the screen (hence the term "floating"). In addition, if you drag a floating toolbar close to the edge of the screen, the toolbar gets embedded at the side the screen (hence the term "dockable"). The title of a "docked" toolbar is not displayed. However, if you drag the toolbar and leave it "floating" on the screen, a title is displayed at the top of the toolbar. Each toolbar icon offers tooltip help. If you are not sure what a toolbar icon does, place your mouse cursor over the toolbar icon for a moment and a floating help message appears to identify what the toolbar icon does. Note: You can right-click any where on a toolbar to display the Toolbar pop-up menu, which is used to access toolbar display controls. These controls can also be found on the View > Toolbars menu. STAAD.foundation offers several toolbars, each of which contains several toolbar icons. The following toolbars are available:
Standard Toolbar
The Standard toolbox contains icons that enable quick access to commonly used pull-down menu items . Has the same effect as choosing
Result Opens the Create New Project dialog, which is used to create a file. Opens an existing file. Saves the current open file.
Shortcut CTRL+N
Open Save
CTRL+O CTRL+S
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Has the same effect as choosing Import STAAD.Pro File File >Import Selecting this icon
Result Imports reaction and geometry data from a STAAD.Pro model. Opens the STAAD.foundation Neutral File dialog, with the file filter set for Microsoft Excel (.xls) files.
Shortcut
Delete
Cut
Copy
Paste
Undo
See See "Import Foundation Input from Excel" on page 338 for additional information on this feature. Used to update current projects input database with the changed STAAD.Pro output. Deletes the DELETE selected model object(s). Deletes the CTRL-X selected object(s) and copies it/them to the clipboard. Copies the selected CTRL-C object(s) to the clipboard. Pastes the conCTRL-V tents of the clipboard. Undoes last oper- CTRL+Z ation.
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Result Undoes last undo operation. Takes a snapshot of the Graphics Window for use in the Report Setup. Opens the Report Setup dialog.
Shortcut CTRL+Y
Report Setup for Printing Print Preview Print Save Picture File >Print Preview File >Print
Opens the Print Preview window. Opens the Print dialog. CTRL+P
About
Opens the Save Bitmap dialog, which is used to save current screen to bitmap picture file. Displays version and contact information for STAAD.foundation. Displays the help F1 topic related to the application window which currently has focus.
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Result Used to select a job from a list of jobs you have created for the active project. To change jobs, simply select the job you wish to change to from the drop-down list box. If no jobs have been created for a project, the dropdown list box will be empty. Used to change load cases by selecting from a list of load cases available in the active project. To change load cases, simply select the load case you wish to change to from the drop-down list box.
Shortcut
If no load cases have been created for a project, the drop-down list box will be empty. Tools >Move Selected Enti- Opens the Move ties Selected Entities by dialog, which is used to move selected model objects by a specified value.
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Result
Shortcut
Opens the Translational Repeat dialog. Set Column Dimension Tools > Set Column or Ped- Opens the Set Colestal Dimension umn Dimension dialog. Add Self Weight Tools > Add Self Weight Opens the Add Self Weight & Modify Dead Weight Factor dialog. Add Circular Pressure Used to specify a Load circular load by clicking the center and then the radius. The Add Circular Pressure Load dialog opens to provide load details. Add Rectangular Used to specify a Pressure Load circular load by clicking and dragging a rectangular window. The Add Rectangular Pressure Load dialog opens to provide load details. Add Point Load on Space Used to add point loads. The Add Point Load dialog opens to provide load details. Add Column Reaction Used to add point Load loads due to column reactions. The Add Reaction Load dialog opens to provide load details. User Manual 61
Result Used to add linear loads. The Add Line Load dialog opens to provide load details. Opens the Unit Setup dialog.
Shortcut
Set Input/OutputUnit
Opens the Mat Foundation Modeling wizard. Opens the Scale Setup form in the Data Input pane. Opens the Modeling View Options form in the Data Input pane. Opens a Color dialog to select a background color. This icon allows you to display only those support positions which are assigned to currently selected job.
View Options
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Result Draw all the designed footings to actual scale. This is useful for checking for interference. Also this step is the first step for creating footing groups. Select all the footings by clicking left mouse button while holding Ctrl key and the click on Create Group button on toolbar to make all those footings of one group. Create a design group with the selected footings in schematic diagram mode. Newly created group will have maximum dimensions among all selected footings. This is a short cut key to design a footing. If the current job is of mat foundation type, this command will analyze the mat foundation. Opens the Global Settings dialog.
Shortcut
Create Group
Design / Analysis
Global Settings
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Result
Shortcut
Create New Project dialog Used to create and open an empty STAAD.foundation project. Opens when the New tool is clicked in the Standard toolbar.
Open Opens the a new, untitled AFS file with the specified project type.
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Cancel Closes the dialog without opening a STAAD.foundation project file. Existing tab Offers the same controls as the Open dialog Existing tab. Recent tab Offers the same controls as the Open dialog Recent tab. Report Setup dialog The Report Setup for Print icon opens a dialog box allowing you to select what items will appear in the active project report. See Creating a Design Report for more information. Opens when the Report Setup for Printing tool is selected. The report setup is arranged in two tabs: Item tab This tab is used to select tables, pictures, and other items for a report on the selected foundation job.
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Available jobs list The drop-down list box is used to select a job from the current project file to set up. Available items list Once a job is selected, the list box under Available will contain the items existing for that particular job. Pictures taken with the Take Picture tool will available grouped with the job within which they are created. You can then use the > button to transfer selected items to a report and the >> button to transfer all items to a report. To remove items from a report, use the < button to remove selected items and the << button to remove all items. Selected items list Adding items to this list includes them in printed reports. OK Accepts the changes made to the Report Setup and closes the dialog. Cancel Closes the dialog without saving any changes.
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Apply Applies any changes made to the Report Setup. Header and Logo tab You can add your organization's logo and control the look of the report header on this tab.
File Opens a Windows file open dialog, whichi is used to select a graphics file (.BMP format) for use at the top of each report page. Font Opens the Font dialog, which is used to select font properties (font face, style, size, etc.) for use in the report headers. Alignment Select the justification for report headings. OK Accepts the changes made to the Report Setup and closes the dialog. Cancel Closes the dialog without saving any changes. Apply
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Applies any changes made to the Report Setup. Save Bitmap dialog Used to save current screen to bitmap picture file.
The controls in the Save Bitmap dialog are similar to those in the Save As dialog. Save as type STAAD.foundation images can be saved as Windows Bitmap (file extension .BMP) only. Translational Repeat dialog Used to duplicate objects in a model. The command works similar to a copy command, except multiple copies of an object can be made at a time. In addition, objects may be linked to together with transverse members. In order to use Translational Repeat, you must first select at least one object before the command will become available.
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No. of Steps Specify the number of copies to make. Link Steps Select this option to create a physical member between each new copy made, linking to the previous copy. X, Y, Z Increment The Increment group box allows you to specify the distance from the original object(s) to the copied object(s). When No. of Steps is greater than 1, the increment values will also specify the distance between the multiple copied objects. The increment unit used is specified in the Change Length Unit drop-down list box in the Tools toolbar. OK Closes the dialog and creates the copied objects and links, if selected. Cancel Closes the dialog without creating any copied objects. Add Circular Pressure Load dialog Used to add a circular pressure load to the current load case. Note: Circular pressure is applicable only to mat foundations. Opens when the Circular Pressure Load tool is selected in the Standard toolbar.
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2. Click on any grid intersection point and that will become the center of the circle 3. Drag the mouse to the desired circular radius and release the mouse on a grid intersection node. Note: The distance between the first point and second point is the radius of the circle. If the mouse cursor is not released on a grid intersection point load will not be created. The Add Circular Pressure Load dialog opens. 4. Input Pressure value and select units 5. (Optional) Modify center and radius values if necessary. 6. Click the OK button. Add Line Load dialog This option allows user to add a line load on mat slab. Note: Line load is applicable only to mat foundations. Opens when the Add Line Load tool is selected in the Standard toolbar.
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2. Click on any grid intersection point and the program will add a point load at that point. The Add PointLoad dialog opens. 3. Input Force values for all six degrees of freedom in the selected Force/ Moment Units. 4. (Optional) Edit Position coordinates as necessary. 5. Click the OKbutton. Add Reaction Load dialog Used to add point loads due to column reactions at support positions. Reaction loads will be added to the current load case. Opens when the Add Reaction Load tool is selected in the Standard toolbar.
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2. Select any support node in the Main View window. The Add Reaction Load dialog opens. 3. Input Load values for all six degrees of freedom in the selected Force/ Moment Units 4. Click the OK button. 5. Repeat steps 2-4 to add additional column reaction loads to the active load case. 6. Select the Add Reaction Load tool again to stop adding loads. Add Rectangular Pressure Load dialog Used to add a rectangular pressure load to the current load case. Note: Rectangular pressure is applicable only to mat foundations. Opens when the Add Rectangular Pressure Load tool is selected in the Standard toolbar.
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2. Click on any grid intersection point and that will become the top left corner of the rectangle. 3. Draw the rubber band and release the mouse cursor on a grid intersection point which will be bottom right corner of the rectangle. The Add Rectangular Pressure Load dialog opens. 4. Input pressure value and select units. 5. (Optional) Modify coordinates as necessary. 6. Click the OK button. Unit Setup dialog Used to set output units and create default unit sets.
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Dialog controls Length Unit Length unit is used in all tables and pages as appropriate. Column position, column dimension, pile position, slab thickness are some of the pages where length units are used. Forms for loading etc., output tables and calculation sheet also uses length unit. Force Unit Force unit is used for all input and output related force. Pressure or stress unit is determined combining length and force unit. Moment unit Moment unit is used wherever program needs to display moment. It could be in calculation sheet, load page or output table. Reinforcing Bar Diameter This unit is used in output table and calculation sheet to report reinforcing bar diameter. Reinforcing Bar Spacing This unit is used in output table and calculation sheet to report required and provided reinforcing bar spacing. Distributed Force
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This unit is primarily used for linear load on a mat foundation. Save as default Program now supports default display unit setup for both English and SI unit. To set the defaults for English unit, setup all the desired units and press English Unit button. It will save the selected defaults in INI unit. To set the defaults for SI unit, setup all the desired units and press SI Unit button. It will save the selected defaults in INI unit. Program will automatically set display units based on current job unit setup. OK Saves changes made and closes the dialog. Cancel Closes the dialog without saving any changes. Color dialog Used to select colors for screen display. Custom colors may be selected and saved for later use.
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The following tools: Icon Front View Back View Right View Left View What It Does View the foundation model from the positive Z axis.
Top View View the foundation mode in plan; from the positive Y axis. Bottom View View the foundation model from the negative Y axis.
Isometric (Default view) View the model View Rotate Up Rotate Down Rotate Left Rotate the foundation model forward about the X axis. Rotate the foundation mode backward about the X axis. Rotate the foundation model forward about the Y axis. User Manual 77
What It Does Rotate the foundation model backward about the Y axis.
Spin Left Rotate the foundation model forward about the Z axis. Spin Right Rotate the foundation model backward about the Z axis.
Zoom In Increase the magnification of the view. Zoom Out Decrease the magnification of the view.
Zoom All Display all elements fit to the view window size. Zoom Window an area to zoom to the view to those Window extents. Pan Toggle Grid Move the view to a different portion of the model without changing the zoom or rotation. Toggle the display of construction grid lines.
Select toolbar
Contains tools used for graphically selecting certain objects in a model. Each tool limits your selection to an object type.
The Select toolbar contains the following tools: Icon Add Beams 78 STAAD.foundation What it Does Used to add physical beams graphically. Select this cursor and then click on two support nodes to create a beam
What it Does between those two nodes. Used to select only mesh nodes with your mouse cursor, causing all other Select Mesh Nodes objects to be ignored. Used to select only plates with your mouse cursor, causing all other objects Select Plates to be ignored. Used to select only physical members with your mouse cursor, causing all Select Physical other objects to be ignored. Beams Used to select only piles with your mouse cursor, causing all other objects Select Pile to be ignored. Used to select only mat boundary with your mouse cursor, causing all other Select objects to be ignored. Mat/Boundary Region Used to select only support nodes with your mouse cursor, causing all other Select Support objects to be ignored. Used to place column positions on grid intersection points using your mouse Create Column at cursor. A grid is created using the Grid Grid Intersection Setup page under the Foundation Plan group. Used to place pile positions on grid intersection points using your mouse Create Pile at Grid cursor. A grid is created using the Grid Intersection Setup page under the Foundation Plan group.
Icon
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What it Does Used to create a mat boundary by clicking on grid intersection nodes. To close the polygon, simply click on right mouse button or click on the first point. If the mat slab is imported from STAAD.Pro, this icon allows you to create a mat boundary by clicking on plate nodes. Note: Active only if the current job is of mat foundation type.
Used to create a rectangular shaped Create Rectangular mat boundary by clicking on grid intersection nodes. Click on the first Mat Boundary point to define top, left corner of the rectangle and then draw a rubber band and release mouse on a grid intersection point which will define bottom right corner of the rectangle. Note: Active only if the current job is of mat foundation type. Used to create a circular shaped mat boundary by clicking on grid Create Circular Mat intersection nodes. Click on the first Boundary point to define the center of the circle. Drag the mouse and release on another grid intersection point on circle perimeter. The distance between center and this point will be the radius of the circle. Note: Active only if the current job is of mat foundation type.
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What it Does Used to delete piles outside the boundary for mat on piles. All the piles Delete Piles Outside outside the selected boundary will be Boundary deleted from the project. Note: Active only if the current job is of mat foundation type.
Icon
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This pane is primarily a tree control where the whole tree is divided in several groups. The basic division is Global and Local data. Information which will be used all through the project is called global data. Column positions, column dimension and loading are global data. Data related to specific type of job like Isolated footing are known as local data. Design parameters, footing geometry are examples of local data. Selecting a "leaf" in the tree navigator either opens a form in the Data Input and Loads pane, opens a dialog, or performs a program action. The Main Navigator includes different sections, depending on the mode in which your project is in STAAD.foundation. Refer to the specific help sections on each mode for detailed information on using the individual Main Navigator items. General Foundations Plant Foundations Foundation Toolkit
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New File Opens the Create New Project dialog, General Starts a new General Foundation project. Same as selecting File >New > General Setup. Toolkit Starts a new Foundation Toolkit project. Same as selecting File >New > Toolkit Setup. Plant Starts a new Plant Foundation project. Same as selecting File >New > Plant Setup. Help Opens the Help window to display STAAD.foundation's Table of Contents Tutorial User Manual 83
Opens the STAAD.foundation Tutorials page in your default web browser. Examples Opens the Open dialog with STAAD.foundation Examples folder loading in the browsing section. Open Opens the Open dialog. File list Displays a list of recently opened files. Click any file in the list to open it. A dialog will open prompting you to save your current file if one is open and has unsaved changes. RSS feed Displays a list of Bentley news items relating to STAAD.foundation. Here you can find news regarding training opportunities, program updates, and news items important to STAAD.foundation users. Clicking an item listed in the feed will open the related article in your default web browser.
Geometry page
Used as the main graphical input for foundation models. Once a design has been performed, you can group foundations to reduce the total number of designs for a given job. Note: If you are not able to see the loads or other model entities properly, it may because the scaling value for the display is either too small or too big. Use the Scale Setup form to change the scale value.
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Detail Drawing Controls Drawing Type Select either a Detail Drawing to display a footing elevation and plan drawing or a Schedule Drawing to display a table of foundation details. Footing No. list Select the footing which is to be drawing in the Detail Drawing tab window. Options Displays the Drawing Options form in the Data Input pane, which is used to . Save Drawing As Opens the Save Drawing As dialog, which is used to save the detail drawing or schedule in a variety of formats, including DWG and DXF. Save Drawing Notes
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Opens the Drawing Notes dialog, which is used to review and save drawing notes to a text file which may then be used for construction drawings. Drawing Options form Used to control the appearance of drawing elements in the Detail Drawing. Opens when the Options button is clicked on the Detail Drawing tab of the Main View window.
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Dimension Line Options Set the Arrowhead Size and Dimension Line Offset using the size toggle controls. Dimension lines offset in outward direction from the view. The Dimension Line Visibility is toggled using the selector. Extension Line Options Extend of Extension Line: Extension line can be further extended passing the dimension line using this toggle.
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Extension of Line Offset: Extension lines offset from the view in outward direction using this toggle Extension Line Visibility: Extension line visibility can be turned on or off through this toggle. Text Options Dimension Text Height: Height of dimension text can be set through this toggle Distance Around Text: Text for dimension lines is offset in the text position direction when Dimension Text Position is set as Above. For Dimension Text Position is set as Center, it curtails the dimension line around the text. Dimension Text Alignment: Dimension text can be either aligned along with the dimension line or always horizontal using this toggle. Dimension Text Position: Position of dimension text can be set to above dimension line or aligned with dimension line using this toggle. Font Options Select the callout Font Size and set the Callout Arrowhead Size using these tools. Color Options For Dimension Lines Color, Extension Lines Color, and Dimension Text Color, click the associated button to open a Select Color dialog.
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Save <Drawing> As dialog Controls in this dialog are analogous to those found in the standard Save As dialog.
Save as type Sets the type of file format. The drawing file is saved in this format. Type AutoCAD Drawings R2004 File ExtenDescription sion .dwf Used for storing two and three dimensional design data and metadata. Native for AutoCAD R2004 and many other CAD applications. .dwf Used for storing two and three dimensional design data and metadata. Native for AutoCAD R2000 and many other CAD applications. .dxf Used for storing two and three dimensional design data and metadata. Can be read by a wide variety of CADapplications. .dxf Used for storing two and three dimensional design data and
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Type Format R2000 AutoCAD Drawing Interchange Format R14 Vdp Format R4.x Vdraw Drawings R4.x Windows Metafile Enhanced Metafile Windows Bitmap Graphics Interchange Format Joint Photographic Experts Group Tagged Image File Format TARGA (Truevision Graphics Adapter) Portable Network Graphics
File Extension
Description metadata. Can be read by a wide variety of CADapplications. Used for storing two and three dimensional design data and metadata. Can be read by a wide variety of CADapplications.
.dxf
.jpg
.tif
.tga
.png
GA Drawing tab
Upon successful design, this tab produces a footing plan layout of analyzed footings drawn to scale, complete with a title block.
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Save Drawing As Opens the Save As dialog, which is used to save the GADrawing in a variety of common CAD or image file formats. GA Drawing Options Displays the GADrawing Options form in the Data Input pane. GA Drawing Options form Used to control the display of GADrawing elements. Opens when GADrawing Options button is clicked from the GADrawing tab in the View window.
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Display Column no.s Select this option to display the column numbers in callouts on the GA Drawing. Display Column Numbers in Schedule Table Select this option to display the column numbers in the footing schedule. Optimize Gridlines Select this option to allow the program to automatically control the display of column grildlines. Display Columns Only Select this option to toggle off the display of foundations and other noncolumn entities. Show GA Drawing for current job only If you have multiple jobs in the same STAAD.foundation project, select this option to limit the GADrawing to display only the job currently selected in the Job Selection list in the Standard toolbar. Angle between GA drawing north and true north Used to rotate the plan drawing for convenience. Refresh Click to update the GADrawing for any changes in the options or if a Create Group action has been performed.
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The heading of the calculation sheet includes the type of foundation which was designed as well as which code was used. The following set of sub-headings contain hyperlinks to the individual foundation element design results. This calculation sheet is web-enabled for real time checking. Refer to Creating Detailed Calculation Sheets for additional information.
Design checks are color coded in the calculations to provide quick feedback (green for OK and red for fail).
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Print Calculation Sheet Located at the end of the calculation sheet. Opens the Print dialog, which is used to print hard copies of the calculation sheet.
Graphs tab
Used to display internal force graphs for a strip footing beam.
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Graphs Controls Select strip footing index Used to select the strip footing beam for which graphs are displayed. Select load case Used to select the load case for which graphs are displayed. Select Graph Graph Options Opens the Graph Drawing Options form in the Data Input pane, which is used to control the display of strip footing internal force graphs. Graph Drawing Options form Used to control the display of strip footing internal force graphs
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Opens when the Graph Options button is clicked on the Graphs tab in the Main View window.
Choose Graph / Graph Paper Color Select a color from curves and background the drop-down gallery of colors. Set Font Size Click the Choose Font button to open a standard Font dialog, which is used to set font size, typeface, color, style, or effects. Line Width Specify a line width to use for the curves. Graph Division X / Y Specify a number of divisions to use in the horizontal and vertical axis of the graphs. Show Drawing Points Select this option to toggle on the discrete points for the graphs. Refresh Click to update the graphs with the selected options in this form.
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Input is done by in a series of forms, most of which are opened through either the Main Navigator pane or the Main View window. Both Data Input pane and Load pane are displayed here, with only the necessary pane being displayed for the currently selected form.
Output Pane
Lists design progress while designing or analyzing a foundation and displays output tables upon completion of a successful analysis.
Output tables
After a successful analysis/design, output tables will be shown in one or more tabs in the Output pane. Hint: The data within output tables can be copied and pasted into other programs, such as Microsoft Excel or Word. Highlight the table cells and press CTRL+C to copy their contents.
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Section 2
General Foundations
2.1 Introduction
In STAAD.foundation, you start out by creating a Project to hold physical information, such as column locations, column dimensions, piles, beams, and loads. The physical information represents the structure that a foundation is intended to support. Unless the design of the structure is modified, these physical conditions generally remain constant throughout the life of a foundation design project. Your project also contains Jobs, which are sets of constraints needed to tell STAAD.foundation how to perform a foundation design. Each project may contain multiple jobs, making it easy for you to evaluate different design scenarios for a given set of physical conditions. Note: STAAD.foundation does not display the entire tree all the time. Rather, it only displays groups and leaves that are relevant to the current status of the project. For example, when you begin a new project, only the Project Info, Foundation Plan, Loads and Factors and Job Setup groups will appear in the Navigator pane. These four groups allow you to specify the physical model upon which the foundation design is performed. It is
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only when you specify a Job (a set of constraints for STAAD.foundation to use in performing a foundation design) that the groups related to the design will appear.
Opens the General Information form in the Data Input pane, which is used to store general project information used in your organization. Review History Opens the Review History form in the Data Input pane, which is used to keep track of the progress of a project. Modeling View Opens the Modeling View Options Options form in the data input pane, which is used to control graphics display by toggling the display of several model elements. Scale setup Opens the Scale Setup form options in the data input pane, which is used to control the
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Name
Description scale at which displacements, loads, and drawing entities like footings and piles are displayed on the model.
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General Information form parameter descriptions Group Parameter Description General Project ID This may be your organizations Information internal project identification number. Project Title This can be any text title which is helpful in identifying the project by name. Site LocaThis can any text title which is helption ful in describing the physical location of the project. Client Organization These files are used to capture your Contact Per- organization's client data. son Phone Fax Email Address
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Group Parameter Description Engineer's Designer This would typically be the name or Description initials of the staff member responsible for creating the project file. Supervisor This would typically be the name or initials of the supervisor or reviewer. Start Date Enter a date for the beginning of the project. This date defaults to the date the project file was created. Hint: When this cell is highlighted, clicking the down arrow to the right of the field will open a calendar tool which can be used to select a date. Target Date Enter a milestone or target completion date (can be changed at any time). This date defaults to the date the project file was created. Hint: When this cell is highlighted, clicking the down arrow to the right of the field will open a calendar tool which can be used to select a date.
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Review History table Each new revision is given a unique ID Number, starting from 1.
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Date - Input the date. Hint: When this cell is highlighted, clicking the down arrow to the right of the field will open a calendar tool which can be used to select a date.
Job Name - Add any text description. You may wish to add all jobs which were worked on for a particular revision. Checked By - Add any text description. This is typically the name or initials of the reviewer.
Hint: Pressing [Return] or [tab] will skip to the next cell in the table. Arrow keys may also be used to navigate through the table in any order. Comments form Add any text description. This is typically a summary of the work performed for this revision or notes from a reviewer. Save Saves any changes made to the revision table and comments field. Comments will not be saved with the revision item unless the save
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button is clicked. Delete Removes the currently selected revision from the revision table. Note: Deleting a revision from the revision table also deletes the Comments that were stored with the deleted revision. Delete All Removes all revisions from the revision table.
Project Info >Modeling View Options is selected in the Main Navigator pane, or the View Options tool is selected in the Standard toolbar.
Show Supports Toggles the view of supports. Show Support Numbers This option is used to display support numbers. Support numbers will not be displayed if Show Supports option is unselected. Show Piles This option is used to switch on/off display of piles in graphics area. Show Pile Numbers This option is used to display pile numbers. Pile numbers will not be displayed if Show Piles option is unselected. Show Load Arrows This option is used to display load arrows. Note: The color picker control to the right is used to select a color for load arrows graphics. Show Load Values This option is used to display load values next to the load arrows. Show Physical Beams This option is used to display physical beams if present in the project. The color picker control to the right is used to select a color for physical beam graphics. Draw Line/3D diagram Select this option to draw physical beam as a line or as a solid surface. Beam property will be used to draw the rectangular beam shape. Show Plates This option is used to display plate elements if present in current job. Note: The color picker control to the right is used to select a color for meshed plate graphics. Draw <x>D Plates This option gives user a choice to display plates as 2D surface or a solid 3D diagram. Show Plate Numbers This option is used to display plate numbers at the center of each plate. This option wont display plate numbers if Show Plates is unselected. Show Nodes This option is used to display plate nodes as blobs. This option is
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unselected by default. The color picker control to the right is used to select a color for plate node graphics. Show Node Numbers This option is used to display node numbers next to the plates nodes. This option wont display node numbers if Show Nodes is unselected. Show Boundary and Holes This option is used to display boundary and holes created for mat foundation.
Project Info >Scale Setup Options is selected in the Main Navigator pane, or the Scale tool is selected in the Standard toolbar.
Results Scales: Displacement Used to change the displacement scale of a mat foundation. Displacement diagram is only available for mat foundation after a successful analysis. Note: You should decrease the scaling value to increase the amount of deflection or loading shown on the diagram. Why do you decrease the parameter value to increase the apparent size? The values in the dialog box represent the actual displacement or loading per unit distance on the graphic diagram. Therefore, if you reduce the amount of actual structural deflection required to display a unit distance of deflection on the diagram, you will see a larger apparent displacement on the diagram. Loading Scales This group allows you to change the display of load arrows. Concentrated force and moment for a point load has different scaling options. Distributed load scale is applicable to line load on mat and beam loads. Pressure load scale is applicable to quadrilateral and circular pressure load. Modeling Scales Used to change the display size of supports (Footing Width) and piles (Pile Length). Drawings of footing size are not scaled as the sizes are not known, so sometimes those entities may seem too big or small. Changing the scale user can control the sizes of those drawings. Set As Default Select this option to save the current scale setup for the default for the program.
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Description Opens the Radial Grid Setup and Table form in the Data Input pane, which is used to define a radial grid on which geometry can be graphically created. Column PosiOpens the ColumnPositions table in the tions Data Input pane, which is a spreadsheet table used to input column positions in Cartesian (XYZ) coordinates. Column Dimen- Opens the ColumnDimensions table in the sions Data Input pane, which is a spreadsheet table used to specify the depth and width of the columns at each support location and pedestal information, if any
Note: The display of grids can be toggled using the Grid Toggle tool found in the Trans Rotate toolbar.
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A grid allows you to specify your foundation geometry by snapping to the intersections of the grid lines. Origin X / Y / Z Specify the origin coordinates for the grid, in the specified units. Spacing X / Y Specify the uniform spacing to be used (in the length Unit specified for Origin). By default, the grid lines are spaced equally apart. Individual grid line spacing may be edited in the Linear Grid table. Lines left/right of origin Specify the number of linear grid lines to be generated along the X axis, either side of the origin (Left = negative x axis, Right = positive x axis). Lines top/bottom of origin Specify the number of linear grid lines to be generated along the Z axis, either side of the origin (top = negative z axis, bottom = positive z axis). Grid direction Toggles the values displayed in the Linear Grid table for the current grid. Select X or Z to display the grid line spacing along that axis. Show Grid Select Yes to toggle the grid on after it has been Generated. Note: The display of grids can be toggled using the Grid Toggle tool found in the Trans Rotate toolbar. Save as Default Save the linear grid settings as defaults for later use. Linear Grid table Displays the spacing between grid lines. Additional grid lines (rows in the table) can be added using the Insert After and Insert Before buttons. Generate Grid Click to generate the linear grid with the specified geometry. Insert After Click to insert new row of data in the table after the selected row. Insert Before Click to insert a new row of grid data in the table before the selected row. Delete Click to delete the selected table row(s).
Opens when Foundation Plan > Radial Grid Setup is selected in the Main Navigator pane. Note: STAAD.foundation will display only a single grid in the Geometry tab of the main view window. Creating a new grid will replace any existing grid. Any foundations, loads, or other model objects placed on this grid will not be affected, though.
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Origin X / Y / Z
Specify the origin coordinates for the grid, in the specified units. Inner / Outer radius Specify the radius values for the first and last circumferential grid line. Divisions along the circumference Specify the number of radial grid lines to be generated. Divisions along the radius Specify the number of divisions of the radius. Since all radius lines terminate at the specified origin (center), the number of circumferential grid lines will be one less than this value. Grid direction Toggles the values displayed in the Radial Grid table for the current grid.
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Radial - Displays the angle of each radial grid line, in degrees. Radial grid line spacing is measured counter-clockwise (anti-clockwise) from the positive X axis (from grid origin). Circumferential - Displays the radial spacing of each circumferential grid line, in the
Show Grid Select Yes to toggle the grid on after it has been Generated. Note: The display of grids can be toggled using the Grid Toggle tool found in the Trans Rotate toolbar. Save as Default Save the radial grid settings as defaults for later use. Radial Grid table Displays the spacing between grid lines. Additional grid lines (rows in the table) can be added using the Insert After and Insert Before buttons. Generate Grid Click to generate the radial grid with the specified geometry. Insert After Click to insert new row of data in the table after the selected row. Insert Before Click to insert a new row of grid data in the table before the selected row. Delete Click to delete the selected table row(s).
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After column coordinates are entered, the columns along with their respective node numbers are displayed in the Graphics Window. The tab key or arrow keys may be used to move from one cell to the next in the table. The coordinates in the table can be modified like any spreadsheet. In order to delete a column, select the column in the Graphics Window by clicking on it. Then either press the delete key on your keyboard or select Edit >Delete. Note: A column will not be shown in the Graphics Window until you press [Enter] or click outside of the row you are currently in. Note: Initially, all unassigned footings will appear as spread footings of uniform size in the Main View window. The graphics will update once the footing type has been assigned.
Note: This table allows you to quickly enter in data for multiple columns and pedestals. To provide data for a single column, you can use the Set Column Dimensions tool found in the Standard toolbar. Opens when Foundation Plan > Column Dimensions is selected in the Main Navigator pane.
If the column type is Circular Column Width field will be grayed out. If you have pedestal you can select Yes radio button under Consider Pedestal field. If you select Yes the fields for Pedestal Height, depth and width will be editable. By default program considers that there is no pedestal.
Used to define the loads on a foundation by creating load cases, loads, combination loads, and safety factors for load cases.
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Many of the elements in the Load &Factors group open items in the Load pane. See "Using Loads, Load Cases, and Load Combinations" on page 114 for additional information on using this window element. A "support" in STAAD.foundation is in fact a node where loads are transferred from the superstructure (analyzed in other software) to the substructure, analyized and designed in STAAD.foundation. Loads in STAAD.foundation are generated as support reactions in structural analysis software (such as STAAD.Pro). The boundary conditions assumed during the analysis will dictate the loads which each support in STAAD.foundation receives. That is, pinned versus fixed (and any other boundary conditions) are inherent in the applied loads here and are not actually set in STAAD.foundation. Similarly, the type of analysis performed in the analysis software (i.e. - static, dynamic, time history, etc.) does not matter to the loads input to STAAD.foundation. The Load & Factors group contains the following elements: Loads &Factors group items Name Description Create New Opens the Create New Load Case form in the Load Case Load pane, which is used to create and edit load cases. Add a Column Opens the Add a Column Reaction Load form Reaction Load in the Load pane, which is used to create a nodal load acting on support. Add Load for Opens the Add Point Load form in the Load Mat Foundation pane, which is used to create a point load on >Point Load a mat foundation. Add Load for Opens the Add Line Load form in the Load Mat Foundation pane, which is used to create a linear load on > Line Load a mat foundation. Add Load for Opens the Add Quadrilateral Load form in Mat Foundation the Load pane, which is used to create a quad>Quadrilateral rilateral load on a mat foundation. Load Add Load for Opens the Add Circular Pressure Load form Mat Foundation in the Load pane, which is used to create a > Circular Pres- circular load on a mat foundation. sure Load Add Member Opens the Add Uniform Load form in the Load > Uniform Load pane, which is used to create a uniform Load member load. Add Member Opens the Add Concentrated Load form in User Manual 113
Name Description Load > Conthe Load pane, which is used to create a concentrated Load centrated member load. Add Member Opens the Add Trapezoidal Load form in the Load > Trape- Load pane, which is used to create a linearly zoidal Load varying member load. Apply Self Opens the Self Weight dialog, which is used Weight to add mat foundation element self weight. Load Safety Fac- Opens the Applied Load Safety Factor form tor Table in the Load pane, which is used to assign safety factors for serviceability and design. Soil Bearing Opens the Soil Bearing Capacity Factor form Capacity Facin the Load pane, which is used to assign tors safety factors. Create New Opens the Create Load Combination form in Load Comthe Load pane, which is used to create a new bination Load Combination. Generate Load Opens the Load Combination Input dialog, Combination which is used to generate a set of load combinations based on common Remove Load Removes the current load case, load, or load Case combination selected in the Load Selector list (found in the Standard toolbar). A dialog opens to confirm the deletion. Warning: Deletion of Load Combinations cannot be undone. Note: The load can also be selected in the Load Description tree (Load pane).
Used to select the current load case. Click the down arrow to display a list of all load cases in the current job.
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Located in the top portion of the Load pane. Used to display all load cases, loads, and load combinations contained in a project. Add a load using pop-up menu 1. Right click on a Load Case in the Load Description Tree. A pop-up menu opens to display a list of load actions. 2. Select the new load type to be added to this Load Case. 3. Enter in load parameters and add the load, similar to when an action is selected from the Loads & Factors group in the Main Navigator pane. Assigning Loads STAAD.foundation provides several different methods for assigning loads to foundation model objects. These tools are available in forms within the Load pane. Assignment Method list Used to choose the method of assignment and contains the following methods and commands:
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Assign to View - assigns the selected load to all relevant objects in the Graphics Window. Assign to Selection - assigns the selected load to only those relevant objects that are selected in the Graphics Window. Refer to Selection tools for how to select objects.
Assign to Edit List - assigns the selected load to only those objects that are inputted in the column list edit box.
Assign Load Assigns the selected load using the Assignment Method chosen. Delete a Load Case or Load Used to remove an entire Load Case or a specific load item from the project file. To delete a load case from the active project file 1. Select the Load Case or load entry in the Load Description tree you wish deleted. 2. Click on Loads&Factors >Remove Load Case entry in the Main Navigation pane. A dialog opens to confirm you wish to delete the selected load from the project file. 3. Click Yes. Warning: This action may not be undone.
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Add Click to create the new load case once all parameters have been set below. Assignment selection list Used to select which method used for assigning the selected load case. Assign Load Click to assign the selected load by the method selected. Column list Enter in a list of elements to assign the load case to. Load Title A title can be any text string to describe the load. Load Case Type Select one of the following load types to use:
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Primary - used for both serviceability and factored design. both the serviceability and design factors will automatically be set to unity (1).
Service - used only for serviceability checks to calculate footing dimensions. Ultimate - used for shear checks and reinforcement design
Copy Load All load items from a previously defined load case will be copied into the new load case once Add is clicked. Enter the Load Case number into the Add Self Weight Select Yes to add self weight of Mat foundation for analysis. Note: This option is relevant for Mat foundation design. For all other footing types like Isolated, Combined; the program automatically calculates and adds self weight as appropriate. To add a new load case to a project 1. Select Create New Load Case in the Loads & Factors section of the Main Navigator pane. The Load Description pane opens. 2. Enter a Load Title and press the Enter key. 3. Select the Load Case Type and Loading Type. 4. (Optional) If you are copying an existing load, select the Load Case No to copy. 5. (For Mat Only) Specify Self Weight data. 6. Click the Add button. The new load case is automatically assigned a number and appears in the Load Description Tree (along with Title, if provided).
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To create a Reaction Load 1. Select a load case either in the Load Description tree or using the Load Case Selector list in the Standard toolbar. 2. Select the Force and Moment Units to use for the load. 3. Specify the magnitude of the forces (Fx, Fy, Fz) and moments (Mx, My, Mz). Hint: Press the Enter key after each value to lock the value in the field.Use the mouse to move the cursor from field to field, in any order. 4. Click the Add button. The load is added to the load case. Note: Load direction follows right hand rule, so a positive Fy value will create a tensile (or uplift) force at the support location.
To create a Point Load 1. Select a load case either in the Load Description tree or using the Load Case Selector list in the Standard toolbar. 2. Select the Force and Moment Units to use for the load. 3. Specify the magnitude of the forces (Fx, Fy, Fz) and moments (Mx, My, Mz) 4. Specify load positions (X, Y, Z) and coordinate units. 5. Click the Add button. The load is added to the load case. Note: The Y Loading Position must correspond to the elevation of the foundation supports.
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Opens when Loads & Factors > Add Load for Mat Foundation >Quadrilateral Load is selected in the Main Navigation pane.
To create a Quadrilateral Load 1. Select a load case either in the Load Description tree or using the Load Case Selector list in the Standard toolbar. 2. Select the Pressure and Position Units to use for the load. 3. Specify the magnitude of the uniform Pressure. 4. Define the area (footprint) of the load by specifying coordinates of the quadrilateral figure (x1, x2, x3, x4, z1, z2, z3, z4). 5. Specify a Y Position value to indicate the elevation at which the load is applied. Note: The Y Loading Position must correspond to the elevation of the foundation supports. 6. Click the Add button. The load is added to the load case.
Note: Circular Pressure loads are for mat foundations only. Opens when Loads & Factors > Add Load for Mat Foundation >Circular Pressure Load is selected in the Main Navigation pane.
To create a Circular Load 1. Select a load case either in the Load Description tree or using the Load Case Selector list in the Standard toolbar. 2. Select the Pressure and Position Units to use for the load. 3. Specify the magnitude of the uniform pressure. 4. Define the area (footprint) of the load by specifying enter coordinates (Center X, Center Z) and a Radius for the circle. 5. Specify a Y Position value to indicate the elevation at which the load is applied. Note: The Y Loading Position must correspond to the elevation of the foundation supports. 6. Specify the No. of Divisions by which the circle will be divided.
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Note: STAAD.foundation does not actually create a true circular boundary for a Circular Load. Instead, STAAD.foundation simulates a circle through the use of pie-shaped wedges as shown in the figure below.
7. Click the Add button. The load is added to the load case.
To create a Line Load 1. Select a load case either in the Load Description tree or using the Load Case Selector list in the Standard toolbar. 2. Select the Force and Position Units to use for the load. 3. Specify the magnitude of the uniform Force. 4. Define start and end points of the line by specifying the Starting X, Starting Z, Ending X, Ending Z. 5. Specify a Y Position value to indicate the elevation at which the load is applied. Note: The Y Loading Position must correspond to the elevation of the foundation supports. 6. Click the Add button. The load is added to the load case.
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To create a uniform beam load 1. Select a load case either in the Load Description tree or using the Load Case Selector list in the Standard toolbar. 2. Select the Force and Position Units to use for the load. 3. Specify the magnitude of the uniform Force (W) and Direction in which to apply the force. Note: Direction can be in either global or local coordinates. 4. Define start and end locations along the member by specifying the Start Distance (d1) and End Distance (d2). If left both are left as zero, the load is placed along the entire length of the beam. 5. Click the Add button. The load is added to the load case.
To create concentrated load on a beam 1. Select a load case either in the Load Description tree or using the Load Case Selector list in the Standard toolbar. 2. Select the Force and Position Units to use for the load. 3. Specify the magnitude of the concentrated Force (P) and Direction in which to apply the force. Note: Direction can be in either global or local coordinates. 4. Define the distance from the start of the beam to the load in the Position field. 5. Click the Add button. The load is added to the load case.
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To create a trapezoidal beam load 1. Select a load case either in the Load Description tree or using the Load Case Selector list in the Standard toolbar. 2. Select the Force and Position Units to use for the load. 3. Specify the magnitude of the force at start (Force (W1)) and end ( Force (W2)) of the load, along with the Direction in which to apply the force. Note: Direction can be in either global or local coordinates. 4. Define start and end locations along the member by specifying the Start Distance (d1) and End Distance (d2). If left both are left as zero, the load is placed along the entire length of the beam. 5. Click the Add button. The load is added to the load case.
Opens when Loads & Factors > Load Safety Factor Table is selected in the Main Navigator pane.
The default values can be changed by inputting new values into the table like any spreadsheet. Hint: The tab key or arrow keys may be used to move from one cell to the next in the table. Load types are defined as the following:
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Primary, both the factors will be 1.0. Allowable load cases will have Service factor as 1.0 but design factor as 0.0 Ultimate load cases will have Ultimate factor as 1.0 but service factor as 0.0
By default, STAAD.foundation will assign value as 1 for soil bearing factors depending on the load type. The default values can be changed by inputting
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new values into the table like any spreadsheet. The tab key or arrow keys may be used to move from one cell to the next in the table. Based on this table increase or decrease in soil bearing capacity for particular load case can be achieved. E.g. for earthquake load cases, in many cases by standard practices and code provisions, soil bearing capacity can be increased by 33%. This can be achieved by entering 1.33 in Soil Bearing Capacity Factor (Multiplier) column.
Load Case No This field is automatically incremented with each new load combination. Load Combination Title Enter a description for the new combined load such as Dead Load + Live Load. Combination Type Select Allowable Stress of Ultimate Strength type. Available Primary Load Cases list Includes all load cases created in the active project file.
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Load Selector tools Click this button to Include load cases selected in the Available Primary Load Cases list in the Load Combination Definition list below. Include all available load cases in the Load Combination Definition list below. All primary load cases will have the same Factor applied. Remove the selected load cases from the Load Combination Definition list below. Remove all load cases in the Load Combination Definition list below. Factor Specify the factor with which the selected Primary Load Cases are to be multiplied.
Load Combination Table Select either of the two code specified load combinations or input your own.
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Update Table Default load combinations are saved in external data files (ACILOAD.INI files). Clicking the Update Table button saves any changes made to the associated table to the file as a default. Otherwise, any changes are saved in the active project file only. Delete Removes the selected row (load combination) from the associated table. Note: To delete any combination from the default list (kept in an external .INI file) you need to click the Update Table button after deleting. Allowable Load Combination and Ultimate Load Combination tables Allowable load combinations are load combinations used to check soil pressure and optimize footing plan dimensions. Ultimate load combinations are load combinations used to check for shear and design for reinforcement. The cells represent the factors to be added with the primary load cases, depending upon the rules of the US Standard. Each row in a table represents the ID for a different load combination.
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Index - The first column indicates the index of the load combination. toggle - Select the check boxes of the combination which you wish to use. Load Type columns - Primary Load cases are assigned a load type, each of which is represented by a separate column in the load combination tables. Enter the load combination factor for a given load type in the cell.
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Hint: The cell with zero values appears in gray color where as with values other than zero it appears in blue. To add a new load combination to the table, add factors to the last (empty) row. Note: To add or change any combination from the default list (kept in an external .INI file) you need to click the Update Table button after making changes. Hint: Custom Load types can be created using User Type <#>. Up to six custom types may be used. Generate Load Combination Adds the load combinations with the specified factors from the associated table to the Load Description Tree. The child node of each load combination node will represent the Load Case and the factors multiplied with it. Note: A dialog opens to confirm that the set of load combinations have been generated. Load Combination No The load combination number starts from 101 and you can also give load combination number of your own choice. If the number exists, the load combination number is automatically incremented with each new load combination as Load Comb and the number.
To create a new job 1. Click on Job Setup>Create a New job entry in the Main Navigation pane. The Job Info and Loading forms open in the Data Input pane. 2. Specify Job Name, Job Type, Design Code, and Default Unit Type in the Job Info form. 3. Select the project supports to be included in the new job. 4. Select load cases to be included in the new job. 5. Click Create Job. The newly created job is set as the current job.
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Job Name Used to uniquely identify each job. You can enter any string here. Job Type Used to define the foundation type for the new job. In current version we support 5 different types of footing which are
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Isolated - Create a spread footing at each selected support node. Pile Cap - Create a pile cap at each selected support node. Combined - Create strip footings from two or more support nodes. A single job can contain multiple strip footings. Mat - Create a matt
Design Code Used to define concrete code to be used. The following codes are
supported:
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US - ACI 318-05 Britain - BS 8110 Indian - IS 456-2000 Australian - AS 3600-2004 Canadian - CSA 23.3-04 Chinese - GB50007-2002
Default Unit Type Used to setup default design parameters of the job. The program supports both FPS and SI unit systems. You can select any combination of design code and default unit type. In other words user can choose US design code with SI unit system. Support Assignment Used to assign supports to a job. There are three assignment methods
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Assign to All Supports - assigns all supports to the current job Assign to Selected Supports - assign all selected supports in the main view to the current job Assign to Listed Supports - When selected, the Listed Supports field becomes active.
Listed Supports Used in conjunction with the Assign to Listed Supports method for Support Assignment. Type the support numbers to be assigned to the current job.
Loading form
Available Load Cases list Includes all load cases created in the active project file. Load Selector tools Click this button to Include load cases selected in the Available Load Cases list in the Selected Load Cases list below. Include all available load cases in the Selected Load Cases list below. Remove the selected load cases from the Selected Load Cases list below. Remove all load cases in the Selected Load Cases
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to
list below. Selected Load Cases list Loads added to this will be available for the new job. Create Job Creates a new job a new job with the specified parameters.
Create from Selected Nodes Select two or more collinear supports in main view and then click on Create from Selected Nodes button to add those supports as strip footing. Delete Removes a selected strip/combined footing from the job. Delete All Removes all strip/combined footings from the job.
The Job Info and Loading forms open in the Data Input pane. 3. Change any parameter except for Job Type. 4. Select the project supports to be included in the new job. Note: No matter what method you initially used to assign supports, the current supports will given in a list. 5. Select load cases to be included in the new job. 6. Click Change Job.
Delete Job
Opens the Delete Job form in the Data Input pane, which is used to remove jobs from the project file. To delete a job from the active project file 1. Click on Job Setup>Delete Job entry in the Main Navigation pane. The Delete job form opens in the Data Input pane. 2. Select the Job name which you wish to delete in the job list. 3. Click Delete Job. A dialog opens to confirm you wish to delete the selected job from the project file. 4. Click Yes.
Jobs list Displays a list of all jobs contained within the active project file. Delete Job Deletes the selected job from the project file. A dialog opens to confirm.
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Unit Weight of Concrete Specify a density to be used for concrete (wC), in the selected units. Minimum / Maximum Bar Spacing Specify the minimum and maximum distances to be allowed between reinforcing bars, in the selected units. Strength of Concrete Specify the ultimate strength of the concrete (f'c), in the selected units. Yield Strength of Steel Specify the yield strength of steel reinforcing bars (fy), in the selected units.
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Minimum / Maximum Bar Size Select the minimum and maximum allowed reinforcing bar sizes to be used in the design. Sizes listed correspond to the appropriate bar sizes used in the selected Design Code. Set as Default Select Yes to have the current parameter values set as the defaults for new Isolated Footing: Concrete and Rebar parameters.
Bottom Clear Cover Specify a concrete clear cover distance to be used for the bottom-most layer of footing reinforcement, in the selected units. Unit Weight of Soil Specify a density to be used for the soil, in the selected units. Soil Bearing Capacity Specify the allowable bearing capacity of the soil, in the selected units. Depth of Soil Above Footing Specify the depth from soil surface to the top of footing, in the selected
units. Surcharge for Loading Specify a surcharge loading above the footing, in the selected units. Depth of Water Table Specify the depth from soil surface to the water table, in the selected units. If water table is not to be considered for this footing, Cohesion (Drained soil type) Specify a cohesion pressure, in the selected units. Undrained Shear Strength (Undrained soil type) Specify a shear strength for the soil, in the selected units. Min % of Contact Area Specify a minimum percent of footing surface area that must remain in contact with the supporting soil. This is used to limit uplift or overturning. Enter zero (0) to direct the program to skip this check. Set as Default Select Yes to have the current parameter values set as the defaults for new Isolated Footing: Cover and Soil parameters.
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Design Type There are two types of design one is calculate dimension another is set dimension:
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Calculate Dimension - The footing size will be checked and resized to the smallest size which meets all specified loads; ranging between the minimum and maximum dimensions provided (inclusive). Calculate dimension is set by default. Set Dimension - then the minimum dimensions will constitute the only footing size checked. Fixed Width - The Width value is set and the length value will be optimized. Fixed Length - The Length value is set and the width value will be optimized.
Hint: Separate jobs can be created to design different footings using different design types. Minimum Length (Fl) Specify the minimum length (direction parallel to the X axis) to be used for the footing design, along with unit. Minimum Width (Fw) Specify the minimum width (direction parallel to the Y axis) to be used for the footing, along with unit. Minimum Thickness (Ft) Specify the minimum thickness (direction parallel to the Z axis; or out-of plan dimension) to be used for the footing, along with unit. Maximum Length (Fl) (Calculate only) Specify the maximum length (direction parallel to the X axis) to be used for the footing design, along with unit. Maximum Width (Fw) (Calculate only) Specify the maximum width (direction parallel to the Y axis) to be used for the footing, along with unit. Maximum Thickness (Ft) (Calculate only) Specify the maximum thickness (direction parallel to the Z axis; or out-of plan dimension) to be used for the footing, along with unit. Plan Dimension Inc. (Calculate only) Specify the length and width increments to be used when performing footing design, along with unit. This allows you control over
how to step footing sizes in design results. Thickness Increment (Calculate only) Specify the thickness increments to be used when performing footing design, along with unit. Offset X / Z Direction (Oxd / Ozd) If the loads do not pass through the CG of the footing, specify the offset dimension in the X and Z directions (parallel to length and width, respectively), along with unit. Offsets are measured from the centroid of the foundation plan. Note: These values may be entered as negative, so the support offset can be placed in any quadrant of the isolated footing. Overturning checks for the governing direction automatically by the program. Length Width Ratio (Calculate Dimension only) Specify a plan aspect ratio to control the relative length and width of the footing design. For example, a value of one results in a square footing where as a value of two results in a footing twice as long along the X axis as the Z axis width. Set as Default Select Yes to have the current parameter values set as the defaults for new Isolated Footing: Footing Geometry parameters.
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Coefficient of Friction Specify a coefficient value of friction between the soil and concrete. Factor of Safety Against Sliding Specify a factor of safety against sliding. Factor of Safety against Overturning Specify a factor of safety against overturning.
Note: After a successful analysis/design, you may wish to print the calculation sheet or create a report.
Design
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Strength of Concrete Specify the ultimate strength of the concrete (f'c), in the selected units. Unit Weight of Concrete Specify a density to be used for concrete (wC), in the selected units. Yield Strength of Steel Specify the yield strength of steel reinforcing bars (fy), in the selected units. Side Cover (Cs) Specify a concrete clear cover distance to be used for the sides of the pile cap reinforcement, in the selected units. Bottom Clear Cover (Cb) Specify a concrete clear cover distance to be used for the bottom-most layer of pile cap reinforcement above the piles, in the selected units. Pile in Pile Cap (Cp) The distance from the bottom of the pile cap to the top of the piles, in the selected units. Initial Thickness
The minimum thickness used in design, in the selected units. Minimum / Maximum Bar Spacing Specify the minimum and maximum distances to be allowed between reinforcing bars, in the selected units. Set as Default Select Yes to have the current parameter values set as the defaults for new Pile Cap: Design Parameters.
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Pile Arrangement for Support Select a support from the current job for which you would like to input pile arrangement.
Pile Capacity The Pile Capacity group box allows you to input the forces that a pile is meant to bear. Unit Select the force unit used for Pile Capacity parameters. Lateral Specify the lateral force a pile is meant to bear. Vertical Specify the vertical force a pile is meant to bear. Uplift Specify the uplifting force a pile is meant to bear. Pile Dia Diameter of a pile, in the selected units. Spacing Spacing between piles, in the selected units. Edge Distance Distance between the edges of the pile cap and edge piles, in the selected units. Show Loading on Support Opens the Load Table for Support <#> dialog, which displays the total loading on the support for each load case selected under Support for Pile Arrangement. Pile Arrangement Type Select to have the program generate an Auto Arrangement list or to specify a Manual Arrangement in the pile arrangement table. The Pile Arrangement Type group box allows you to input the coordinates for a pile arrangement or have STAAD.foundation calculate a pile arrangement automatically. Auto Arrangement The Auto Arrangement radio option allows you to have STAAD.foundation calculate the pile arrangement. Manual Arrangement pile arrangement table This table displays the plan distances from the center of the column (at local origin) to the center of each pile. When the Manual Arrangement
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option is selected, each pile location must be manually entered. If the Auto Arrangement is selected, the table displays the local pile coordinates for the selected arrangement. Calculate When Auto Arrangement has been selected, this button opens the Predefined Pile Arrangement dialog, which is used to select one of the predefined pile arrangements selected for the specified loads, pile geometry, and pile capacity. Pile arrangements correspond to the pile loads in all the load cases according to the BOCA standard.
Delete Selected Rows Removes the selected rows from the pile arrangement table Select Arrangement Assigns the current pile arrangement for the design of the pile cap. Note: If you are using the predefined pile layout method, do not enter any values into the Pile Layout (Parametric) page. Simply click Finish. Show Pile Reactions Opens the Pile Reactions Table for Support <#>dialog for the selected support and pile arrangement.
Load Table for Support No <#> dialog Displays the load vectors, by load case, for a selected support. Opens when Show Loading on Support is clicked in the Pile Arrangement Predefined form.
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Pile Arrangement for Support Used to select a support from the current job for which you would like to
input pile arrangement. Spacing selection Select to use either a Row Spacing or Column spacing for Rectangular layout. Pile Data Used to input the forces that a pile is meant to bear. Unit The Unit drop-down list box allows you to select the force unit used for Pile Capacity and length unit used for spacing, diameter, edge distance etc. Lateral Specify the lateral capacity of a pile. Vertical Specify the vertical capacity of a pile. Uplift Specify the uplifting capacity of a pile. Dia Diameter of a pile. Edge The Edge Distance field allows you to specify the distance between the edges of a pile. Arrangement Type Pile arrangement can be either rectangular or circular. Pile cap having circular arrangement will be design as octagonal pile cap. Rectangular arrangement needs following inputs,
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By default program will create symmetric pile arrangement from the above input but user can change the default setup by editing the table below. Both row and column grid lines can be adjusted by selecting appropriate radio button. Circular arrangement needs following inputs as shown below.
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Number of Piles Total number of piles, excluding the center pile (if option is selected).
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Number of Layers Number of concentric circles in the circular arrangement. Pile Spacing Minimum spacing between piles Use Center Pile Select this option to add a pile at center of pile arrangement.
By default, program will try to assign equal number of piles for all concentric circular layers. The arrangement can be edited using the table below. Create Pile Arrangement Creates the pile layout and opens a dialog box to display the pile coordinates table and a figure. Note: Pile coordinates in this table are editable.
Delete Row - Click to delete the current row from the pile coordinate table and figure. Select Current Arrangement Once a satisfactory pile layout has been found, click the Select Current Arrangement button to select and apply that layout. The program will check the pile reaction against pile capacity to make sure pile reactions do not exceed pile capacity values. Show Pile Reactions The Show Pile Reactions button opens a table displaying the reaction on each pile. The figure below shows the pile reaction table.
spacing type and table Once a pile arrangement is started, the table displays the spacing for each row, column, layer, or circumference; depending on what arrangement type and table spacing type is selected.
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Design Summary tab in the Output pane and the Calculation Sheet is opened to review the design calculations.
Note: After a successful analysis/design, you may wish to print the calculation sheet or create a report.
Note: Rectangular Mat foundation jobs can also be created quickly using the Mat Foundation Modeling wizard. The Mat foundation Job group contains following groups: Group Project Info group items Name Description Default PropOpens the Default Properties erties form in the Data Input pane, which is used to define default physical model object properties. Physical Beam Opens the Physical Beam table table in the Data Input pane, which is used to add beams to a mat foundation for additional stiffness and load transfer. Pile Position Opens the Pile Position table table in the Data Input pane, which is used to input pile locations by coordinates. Rectangular Opens the Rectangular Pile Pile ArrangeArrangement parametric ment Wizard form in the data input (Parametric) pane, which is used to create rectangular pile lay-
Pile Layout
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Group
Name out by specifying arrangement parameters. Opens the Circular Pile Arrangement parametric form in the data input pane, which is used to create circular pile layout by specifying arrangement parameters.
Description
Analysis Properties
Name Description Add meshing Opens the Using Polyline regions >Using form in the Data Input Polyline pane, which is used to create irregularly shaped regions. Add meshing Opens the Rectangular regions > Region form in the Data Rectangular Input pane, which is used to create rectangular regions. Add meshing Opens the Circular Region regions > form in the Data Input Circular pane, which is used to create circular regions. Add meshing Opens the Regular Polygon regions > Reg- Region form in the Data ular Polygon Input pane, which is to create regular shaped convex polygonal region. Meshing Setup Opens the Meshing Setup form in the Data Input pane, which is used to organize meshing regions to define finite element boundaries and to generate meshes. Slab Thickness Opens the Slab Thickness form in the Data Input pane, which is used to change the element thickness for the plate elements in a mesh. Soil Properties Opens the Soil Properties form in the Data Input pane, which is used to change and assign soil properties for the design of mat foundations.
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Name Opens the Pile Spring Definition table in the Data Input pane, which is used to edit the pile spring constant values for all the piles present in the current job.
Description
Name Analyze
Description Initiates the analysis of the current mat foundation job using the STAAD.Pro engine. An analyze/design confirmation dialog opens to verify you wish to proceed. Output View Opens the Output View Options Options form in the Data Input pane, which is used to control the display of different sets of output. Moment Envel- Opens the Moment Envelope Generation ope Generation form in the Data Input pane, which is used to choose longitudinal reinforcement directions and a generate moment envelope. Design Param- Opens the Design Parameters eters form in the Data Input pane, which is used to input design parameters, design current panel and review design results. Reinforcing Zon- Opens the Reinforcing Zoning ing form in the Data Input pane, which is used to . Cut slab by a Opens the Cut Slab by a line Line form in the Data Input pane, which is used to draw a stress diagram along a specified section line and then design slab along that line. Moment Capac- Opens the Moment Capacity Check ity Check form in the Data Input pane, which is used to check the capacity of existing mat slab.
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Name Displays the calculation sheet in the main view window, which is used to review design steps, analysis results and load values.
Description
Mesh Generation
As Mat foundation module is based on FEA analysis, program needs to generate plate elements. STAAD.foundation has automatic mesh generation tools and it can generate both quadrilateral and triangular mesh for any shape and size. Mesh regions are used to create mat boundaries, holes, control regions etc. Note: Any shape of pedestal can be generated using control regions. Although pedestal reinforcement (vertical reinforcement) for mat foundation is not reported by the program. Delete a mat region If the mat region has been defined as a boundary, hole, or control region, you must first delete this definition from the Meshing Setup form. 1. Click the Select Mat Boundary/Region tool in the Select toolbar.
Hint: Mat Regions can be selected using the default pointer, but this tool limits the selection to only boundaries or regions, reducing the likelihood of accidental deletions of other model elements. 2. Click anywhere along the boundary edge of the region you wish to delete. The regions is highlighted in red. 3. Click the Delete tool in the Standard toolbar. or Press the [Delete] key. An delete confirmation dialog opens to verify you wish to proceed. User Manual 163
Slab Design
Slab design of a mat foundation is performed using the following Main Navigation pane entries:
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Note: Punching shear is checked automatically and reported in the Calculation Sheet. One way shear is not checked by the program.
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Slab analysis thickness This thickness will be used during the slab FEA analysis. This parameter can have its own unit. This property is especially useful if we you want to simulate pedestal etc. for stiffness analysis but use the actual slab thickness for design. This can also be used to input uncracked thickness for analysis. Slab design thickness This thickness will be used during slab design. This parameter can have its own unit. This property is especially useful if we you want to simulate pedestal etc. for stiffness analysis but use the actual slab thickness for design. This can also be used to input cracked thickness for slab design. Subgrade modulus Subgrade modulus is a soil property available from geotechnical report. Program uses this value to calculate spring stiffness under each support node by multiplying this value with the nodal tributary area. Beam sectional property This property will be used to define cross sectional property of the physical beams added to mat foundation. Current version of the program can only have rectangular property. Pile spring values If the mat is supported by piles you need to create pile layout by adding
piles to mat foundation. Program uses pile as spring support for analysis. So, program needs to know spring constant for those pile supports. Ky represents vertical spring constant. Kx and Kz represent lateral spring constants for respecting X and Z direction.
After adding a beam the beam will be displayed in main view area.
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Hint: When pasting pile position data from an external source (such as a spreadsheet file), the piles can be arranged according to the pile group to simplify pile properties assignment.
Unit Select the length Unit for used for pile row and column spacing. Number of Rows Specify the number of rows (piles in a line in the X direction) in the pile arrangement. Number of Columns Specify the number of columns (piles in a line in the Y direction) in the pile arrangement. Row Spacing Minimum spacing between two piles in the same row, in the selected length Unit. Column Spacing
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Minimum spacing between two piles in the same column, in the selected length Unit. Pile Table By default program will create symmetric pile arrangement from the above input. Select either Row Spacing or Column Spacing to display in the table. The first column represents either the Row or Column number and the second column displays the spacing between that row/column and the next. Origin X / Y / Z Generated pile coordinates will be in local coordinate system where first pile is at 0,0,0 position. You need to move pile group to the right location by inputting Origin X, Origin Y and Origin Z. Apply Transfers pile layout to graphics and add to the current mat foundation job. Please do remember to input appropriate origin coordinates to move the whole pile group to the right position.
Unit Select the length Unit for used for pile spacing. Number of Piles Total number of piles in pile group. Number of Circular layers Number of concentric circular pile layers. Pile Spacing Minimum spacing between two piles, in the selected length Unit. Pile Table Displays the spacing values used between concentric pile layers. Each row represents a layer number and the number of piles within that layer. The program will try to evenly divide the total Number of Piles to all the layers. Edit these fields to redistribute the piles. Center Piles 170 STAAD.foundation
Select this option to add a pile at the center of the circle (coordinate 0,0,0). If you check this box program will automatically add an extra piles to the total count of number of piles. By default program will create symmetric pile arrangement from the above input. It will attempt to place equal number of piles to all layers. It will create an additional layer for the remainder of piles. User can change the default setup by editing the layers table as shown below. Origin X / Y / Z Generated pile coordinates will be in local coordinate system where center of the circle is at 0,0,0 position. You need to move pile group to the right location by inputting Origin X, Origin Y and Origin Z. Apply Transfers pile layout to graphics and add to the current mat foundation job. Please do remember to input appropriate origin coordinates to move the whole pile group to the right position.
No. of Boundary Points The number of vertices in the polyline boundary. Generate Table Populates the table with a number of rows equal to the No. of Boundary Points specified. Unit Select a unit of length for all coordinates in the table. Polyline coordinates table Each row represents a polyline vertex. The X,Y, and Z coordinates for each poly line vertex. Note that coordinates should be specified in a clockwise or counterclockwise direction to prevent the polyline from crossing itself (which will in turn produce an error during meshing). Add Region Creates a meshing region in the job. The new region will be displayed in a light blue outline in the View window. Create a mesh region using the polyline vertex coordinates 1. Select Mat Foundation job >Mesh Generation>Add Meshing Region > Using Polyline in the Main Navigation pane. 2. Specify the No. ofBoundary Points (polyline vertices). 3. Click the Generate Table button. The table is populated with a number of rows equal to the number of boundary points specified. 4. Specify a unit of length to be used for coordinate values. 5. Enter the coordinate values in the Polyline vertex coordinates table. Note: Data in the table can be pasted from Microsoft Excel. 6. Click the Add Region button. The boundary region is added in the View window. Draw a mesh region using the Polyline tool 1. Click the Mat Boundary by Polyline tool in the Select toolbar. The mouse pointer changes to the Polyline tool pointer. 2. Click the first vertex of the polygon.
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A line is "rubber banded" to the initial point from your mouse pointer. This indicates the potential new region edge for the subsequent point. At times, this will also jump to key points (such as supports) to ensure they are enclosed. Clicked points will override this behavior. 3. Click, in sequence, on the points on the grid going in either a clockwise or a counter-clockwise order. Hint: Only linear or radial grid points may be selected. 4. Once you have clicked on all the points that define the boundary of your slab, return to your starting point or right-click.
Add Meshing Region > Add Rectangular Region form (Mat Foundation)
Used to create rectangular regions, which can be used to represent slab edges in the Meshing Setup. Opens when Mat Foundation job >Mesh Generation>Add Meshing Region > Add Rectangular Region is selected. Note: Rectangular regions may be drawn in graphically using the Create Rectangular Mat Boundary tool, found in the Select toolbar. Note: Rectangular Mat foundation jobs can also be created quickly using the Mat Foundation Modeling wizard.
Unit Select a unit of length for all coordinates and lengths. X / Z Coordinate at Top left corner Specify coordinates for X1,Z1, which is the top-left corner of the rectangle when viewed in plan (View From Top in the Trans Rotate toolbar). This locates the rectangular region in plan. Length / Width Specify the length (rectangle dimension parallel to the X axis) and width (rectangle dimension parallel to the Z axis) to define the size of the rectangular region. Y Level Specify an elevation (Y coordinate for all points in the rectangular region). Add Region Creates a meshing region in the job. The new region will be displayed in a light blue outline in the View window. Create a rectangular mesh region parametrically 1. Select Mat Foundation job >Mesh Generation>Add Meshing Region > Add Rectangular Region in the Main Navigation pane. 2. Specify a unit of length to be used for coordinate and length values. 3. Specify X1 and Z1 coordinates of the top left corner (in plan). 4. Specify a Length and Width of the rectangular region.
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5. Specify an elevation of the rectangular region. Hint: This is typically left as zero for most jobs. 6. Click the Add Region button. The boundary region is added in the View window. Draw a rectangular mesh region 1. Click the Create Rectangular Mat Boundary tool in the Select toolbar. The mouse pointer changes to the Rectangle tool pointer. 2. Click the first vertex of the rectangle and hold the left mouse button down. A rectangle is "rubber banded" to the initial point from your mouse pointer. This indicates the potential new region edge for the subsequent point. Hint: Only linear or radial grid points may be selected. 3. Drag the mouse diagonally to the furthest corner of the rectangle. 4. Release the mouse button over the second point.
Opens when Mat Foundation job >Mesh Generation>Add Meshing Region >Add Circular Region is selected. Note: Circular regions may be drawn in graphically using the Create Circular Mat Boundary tool, found in the Select toolbar.
Unit Select a unit of length for all coordinates and lengths. X / Z Coordinate at center Specify coordinates for X,Z, which is the center of the circular region when viewed in plan (View From Top in the Trans Rotate toolbar). This locates the circular region in plan. Radius Specify the radius to define the size of the circular region. Y Level Specify an elevation (Y coordinate for all points in the circular region). Add Region Creates a meshing region in the job. The new region will be displayed in a light blue outline in the View window.
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Create a circular mesh region parametrically 1. Select Mat Foundation job >Mesh Generation>Add Meshing Region > Add Circular Region in the Main Navigation pane. 2. Specify a unit of length to be used for coordinate and length values. 3. Specify the X and Z coordinates of the center (in plan). 4. Specify a radius of the circular region. 5. Specify an elevation of the circular region. Hint: This is typically left as zero for most jobs. 6. Click the Add Region button. The boundary region is added in the View window. Draw a circular mesh region 1. Click the Create Circular Mat Boundary tool in the Select toolbar.
The mouse pointer changes to the Circle tool pointer. 2. Click the center of the circle and hold the left mouse button down. A circle is "rubber banded" to the initial point from your mouse pointer. This indicates the potential new region edge for the subsequent point. Hint: Only linear or radial grid points may be selected. 3. Drag the mouse to a grid point to define the edge of the circle.
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Center X / Y / Z Specify coordinates for X and Z, which are the center of the polygon when viewed in plan (View From Top in the Trans Rotate toolbar). This locates the rectangular region in plan. The Y coordinate is to specify an elevation of the polygon. Input in the default length units. Radius Circular radius of the polygon where radius is the distance measured between center and each vertex of the polygon. Input in the default length units. Number of Sides Number of polygon sides. For example enter 8 for an octagonal shaped polygon. Orientation Angle Rotation angle of the polygon. Enter in a value directly or use the up/down arrows to increment the value in the field. Generate
Creates a preview of the polygon for display in the Region Preview area below. Add Region Creates a meshing region in the job. The new region will be displayed in a light blue outline in the View window. Create a regular polygon mesh region parametrically 1. Select Mat Foundation job >Mesh Generation>Add Meshing Region > Regular Polygon in the Main Navigation pane. 2. Specify X and Z coordinates of the center (in plan). 3. (Optional) Specify a Y coordinate if the region will be added a different elevation. 4. Specify a radius of the regular polygon region. 5. Specify the Number of Sides of the regular polygon region. 6. (Optional) Specify an orientation angle if the regular polygon is rotated. 7. Click the Generate button. The boundary region is displayed in the Region Preview. Repeat steps 3 through 6 to make changes, if needed. 8. Click the Add Region button. The boundary region is added in the View window.
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Meshing Setup tree This tree displays the hierarchy of all regions which have been added as boundaries, holes, or control regions. Region types
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Boundary - Add region as the main mat boundary. It is the outermost region of the mat foundation. You can have as many boundaries as needed. Boundaries can be connected or isolated. Hole- Specify a hole within a mat boundary. You can add as many holes as needed. Please note, holes must not intersect each other or the boundary or any control region. Control Region - Specify a special region within a mat boundary which might have a different slab thickness or soil property. You can add as many control regions as needed. Please note, these regions must not intersect each other or the boundary or any hole.
Region identifier It is a unique identifier of the region to be added. Any string can be used. Add Click on this button to add the selected region in the main view to the current job Select Boundary
Select the boundary to which the hole or control region will be added. This option will be active only when the region type will be selected as Hole or Control Region. Target maximum element size Its the size of one side of a plate element to be created. This parameter will be used by mesh generation engine to generate plates. This option allows you to control meshing density and plate counts which in turn control analysis run time and output size. Optimize based on area (Triangular only) Select to have the program use an optimization technique based on area. By default, program optimize meshing based on element size. Generate Mesh Opens the Meshing Options dialog, which is used to generate mesh of the selected bounding region. Edit Selected Region Opens the Edit Meshing region dialog. Delete Selected Region Removes the selected region from the meshing setup tree. Add a meshing region in to the Meshing Setup tree 1. Select that region to be added in the View window. The region is highlighted in red.
2. Select the type of region to use. 3. Specify a unique Region Identifier to use for the new mesh region. 4. (Hole or Control Region) Select the previously defined boundary name into which the Hole or Control Region will be add. 5. Specify a target maximum element size (with units).
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6. Select to optimize the meshing for area. 7. Click the Add button. Generate a mesh for a boundary region 1. Select the previously defined boundary name in the meshing setup tree. 2. Specify a Target maximum element size in the selected units. 3. (Option) Select to Optimize based on area if you wish to use area in lieu of element size for optimization. 4. Click the Generate Mesh button. The Meshing Options dialog opens. 5. Select the finite element shape and other options you wish the meshing engine to use. 6. Click OK to generate a mesh for the selected boundary. The mesh is displayed in the Graphics window.
Edit a boundary region geometry 1. Select a previously defined boundary, hole, or control region in the meshing setup tree. 2. Click the Edit Selected Region button. The Edit Meshing Region dialog opens. 3. Make any needed changes to the region geometry. 4. Click the OK button.
Delete a boundary region from the meshing setup tree 1. Select a previously defined boundary, hole, or control region in the meshing setup tree. 2. Click the Delete Selected Region button. The selected region is removed from the meshing setup tree. Warning: This operation cannot be undone and there is no confirmation dialog. Meshing Options dialog Used to control to the automated finite element mesh generator for mat foundation boundary regions. Opens when Generate Mesh is clicking in the Meshing Setup form.
Meshing shape A Quadrilateral Mesh works well for slabs with quadrilateral boundaries and when there is no hole or control region. A Polygonal Mesh is the better choice for slabs with irregular shapes, like a Y-shaped slab, or slabs with round holes, irregular-shaped holes, round edges, etc.
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Create node at column support positions This option sets a control point at supports, ensuring that a node will be located there. Although it is not mandatory to create a node below support, program smartly distributes support loading on plates corner based on location of support on the plate.
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Optimization level Select a level for engine optimization (from 1 to 10), which is used to control how precise meshing setup needs to be. Higher optimization level implies program will try to precise the mesh with higher number of iterations. For larger mats higher optimization level will lead to substantially large computer processing time. Internal nodes spacing factor Also used to control plate size. Internal Nodes Spacing Factor is inversely proportional to node density inside the mesh. OK Sets the meshing options and generates the finite element mesh for the selected Cancel Closes the dialog without generating a new mesh. Edit Meshing Region dialog Used to edit the geometry for a meshing region. Opens when the Edit Selected Region button is clicked in the Meshing Setup form.
Unit Select a length unit to be used for all dimensions. Region geometry table
This table displays the geometry parameters (coordinates, lengths, etc.) for the selected region. OK Update the selected region's geometry and close the dialog. Cancel Closes the dialog without making any changes.
The first row of the table is to select unit for thickness. You can have only one unit for all slab thickness. Second row onwards will be list of slab thickness properties. Left most cells of each row will show the region identifier name as specified in Meshing Setup operation. STAAD.foundation allows you to use different thickness for analysis and design. Analysis thickness will be used for FEM analysis of mat foundation and design thickness will be used to design the mat slab. This is particularly important in modeling a pedestal, where you may want to use excess thickness for stiffness modeling but want to use slab thickness for design.
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Opens when Mat Foundation Job > Analysis Properties > Soil Property is selected.
As slab is added as a physical entity in STAAD.foundation, default soil property will be automatically created for each slab region. But by default soil property will not be assigned to the region as the mat foundation could be supported on piles only. Note: For foundation on soil, the soil is assumed elastic with the specified modulus of elasticity. Density Provide a density value. This is used to calculated weight for soil above the mat which acts as dead weight. Use Soil Spring If the soil spring is not assigned to the region, value for subgrade modules will be shown in red. Select this option to include soil spring and to assign the soil property to the region. If selected, the value for subgrade modulus will be shown in blue color. Soil Height Specify a height of soil above the mat foundation to be considered as dead weight.
Pile The number of the pile. Kx Spring constant K value for the X-Direction. Ky Spring constant K value for the Y-Direction. Kz Spring constant K value for the Z-Direction.
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To analyze a mat foundation job 1. Select Mat Foundation Job >Mat slab analysis/design options >Design. or Click the Design / Analysis tool in the Standard toolbar. The Design Progress Report is displayed in the Output pane. The program will launch the analysis engine to perform the FEManalysis.
When the analysis is complete, a number of results tables are displayed in tabs in the Output pane. The main view window Geometry page will display the deformed shape of the mat.
Note: After a successful analysis/design, you may wish to print the calculation sheet or create a report.
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Show Nodal Displacement Select this option to show displacement diagram for current load case in graphic area. The color picker control next to this check box allows user to select a suitable color to be used to draw the displacement diagram. Use Average Normal This option is used to draw 3D displacement diagram where lighting will be applied to the average normal direction. Show Beam Displacement Selecting this option will allow user to draw beam displacement diagram if present in current job. The color picker control at right side of this checkbox allows user to choose a suitable color which will be used to draw beam displacement diagram. Drawing options Displacement diagrams can be drawn as wireframe or as a true 3D solid diagram. Draw line diagram option will draw a wireframe diagram of the displaced shape. Draw 3D diagram will draw plates and beam displacements as 3D solid diagram. Stress Contour There are three types of contours available:
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If you select Show Plate Stress contour, Select Stress Type drop down box will be enabled allowing you to choose stress type to display. By default program shows stress type as None. Two categories of plate stress contours are available. One set displays contour for plate local axis system and the other set shows global plate moment. Local stresses are:
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Max Absolute Max Top Max Bottom Max Von Mis Max Von Mis Top Max Von Mis Bottom SX SY SXY MX MY MXY SQX SQY
Global moments are available for both MX and MZ. After selecting suitable stress type program will display contour in graphics window along with a legend.
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Show Soil Pressure If you choose stress contour type as Show Soil Pressure, program will display soil pressure contour for the selected load case along with a legend. Note: Soil pressure values are directly related to soil bearing capacity. If the maximum pressure exceeds soil bearing capacity you need to increase mat dimension and run the analysis again. Base pressure for each node is calculated dividing the reaction of a plate node by the tributary area of that node.
Show Beam Stress This option is available only if the mat foundation includes physical beams. After selecting show beam stress, Select Stress Type under beam
stress setup group will be enabled. Select any stress type to view the contour along with a legend. Available beam stress types are:
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Show Legend Use this option to switch on/off legend display Plot contour on deflected shape Select this option to draw stress contour on the deflected shape.
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Mat slab is a physical entity in STAAD.foundation, so to design the slab, program uses a unique technique. It first divides the slab into finite number of discrete points and then calculates stress on those nodes to create moment envelope. Please note that program automatically transforms stresses to the specified longitudinal direction. To generate moment envelope you first need to define longitudinal reinforcement direction. You can define X,Z coordinate to define an axis or click on any two points on the screen.
Select Current Panel If you have multiple boundaries you need to choose current panel to be designed. By default program selects the first created boundary. Longitudinal Axis Setup There are two methods to define the longitudinal axis. You can setup the axis either by defining two X,Z coordinates or by clicking on two points on the screen. By drawing a line on slab Select this option to click on two points on the screen to define longitudinal axis. Once the first point is clicked program will draw a line from the first point to the mouse point to show the axis. After second point is clicked on the screen, program will calculate the X,Z coordinates of those points and fill up the form start and end coordinates. By specifying coordinates
Select this option to input X,Z coordinates of the start and end points of the axis. By default program shows a global X axis as longitudinal axis. Division along longitudinal axis Number of slab divisions along longitudinal axis. It must be a positive number. Program uses 60 divisions as default value. Division along transverse axis Number of slab divisions along transverse axis. It must be a positive number. Program uses 60 divisions as default value. Select load type Shear and reinforcement design for foundation are done only for ultimate (factored) load combinations. User has the option here to choose only load cases defined as ultimate or all load cases assigned to the current job. Generate Moment envelope Creates a grid and calculates the moment envelope on the grid intersection points.
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Grades: Fy Specify the yield strength of steel reinforcing bars (fy), in the selected units. Grades: Fc Specify the ultimate (crushing)strength of the concrete (f'c), in the selected units. Top Cover Specify a concrete clear cover distance to be used for the top-most layer of mat reinforcement, in the selected units. Bottom Cover Specify a concrete clear cover distance to be used for the bottom-most layer of mat reinforcement, in the selected units. Min. / Max. bar size Minimum and maximum rebar size to be used. Max. / Min. spacing Maximum and minimum rebar spacing, respectively, in the selected units. Consider Wood and Armer moments
Select this option to consider Mxy moment to design the slab. This is a method published by Wood and Armer where Mxy moment is transformed to Mx and My moment. Ignore check for minimum reinforcement Instructs the program to design the slab without considering check for minimum reinforcement Design Initiates the design of the slab. When the design operation is completed, a message box will appear. Result summary Open a table which will show maximum reinforcement requirement condition for all slab faces and direction. The table shows four rows for longitudinal top, longitudinal bottom, transverse top and transverse bottom reinforcement requirement. Details report Opens the Mat Slab Design dialog, which is used to . Mat Slab Design dialog Used to add design parameters for specific locations in the slab for both moment design and punching shear. It lists all the grid points created to design the slab. It shows X,Y,Z coordinates for each point, moment for that face and direction and the corresponding reinforcement requirements. Opens when the Details Report button is clicked on the mat foundation job Design Parameters form.
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Choose Slab Face Select the required slab face from drop down list. Reinforcement zoning is done for one face at a time. So this step needs to be repeated four times to detail both faces in both directions. Upon completion of a successful design, the reinforcement calculations will be available in the calculation sheet if Reinforcement Zoning is performed for a particular face. Preferred Zone Reinforcement Count Specify how many different sizes of reinforcing steel bars (rebar) you want the program to allow in the slab design. The program divides the slab into the number of zones you designate. Each zone will contain only one size of reinforcing steel. Note: If a minimum reinforcement criterion is needed for the entire mat, mat reinforcement is categorized in single zone irrespective of the preferred zone reinforcement count selected. Create Zone Click this button to create the number of reinforcing zones specified by the Preferred Zone Reinforcement Count number. For example, the following figure shows how the display might appear when three zones are created.
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A colored dot in the center of each mesh element indicates the reinforcing zone to which that element belongs. Reinforcement detail for each zone is displayed at top left corner of Geometry view. Zones created by the program are based on real time stresses subjected on mat. For practical zoning layout, refer to Zone Editing. Create Block Click this button to divide the slab into block-shaped areas, based on the reinforcement zones generated using the Create Zones button. These rectangular areas are created to allow a practical layout of the various sizes of reinforcing steel.
Zone Report
Provides reinforcement details for all zones for a particular Slab Face. First Column displays number of zones assigned, reference to zone number and color code can be seen at top left corner of Geometry view. Second column displays maximum moment (in per length unit) magnitude occurred in the zone. Third column displays critical load case for the maximum moment, each zone might have a different governing load case. Fourth and fifth column displays location of maximum moment. Sixth column displays critical reinforcement area required for particular zone, followed by seventh column displaying reinforcement area provided. Eighth column shows actual reinforcement detail. View Options Used to view zoning based on requirement reinforcement area or provided reinforcement area. Further user can see the grid line used for zoning, zoning block from Show drop down menu. By default Show menu is set to control Nodes. Zone Editing Used to customize the zones per their needs. As mentioned in Create Zones help menu, automated zone generated by program are based on real time stresses. Practical zone assignment is possible through this feature. From Current Zone Drop down box, select a zone that needs to be reset. Click on Select Nodes button, then select control points from geometry view which needs to be assigned under the current zone. Once selection is done, click on Reset Zones button. This process does not disturb the nodes which were outside of selection. To create detached blocks in same zone, repeat Zone Editing process for all blocks individually.
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In above sketch, blue zone is set in two different blocks; this type of zoning can be achieved by selecting left upper small block first then resetting zones and selecting the right block later and resetting zones one more time. Lock Higher Zone check box makes sure that when zones are reset, lower reinforcement zone does not overwrite higher reinforcement zone. By disabling the check box, higher zones can be overwritten by lower zones.
Slab cut options The cut line or the line on the slab can be drawn either by inputting two coordinates or by clicking at two points on the screen.
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By drawing a line on slab - Using this option will allow user to draw a line in the graphics by clicking on two points. Click on first point and then stretch the line to next point and click again. It will transfer coordinates of those two points to the form under start and end points. By specifying coordinates - Input the Starting X, Starting Z, Ending X, and Ending Z coordinate values.
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Graph Scale Factor Changes the vertical exaggeration factor of the stress diagram in the View window. Stress Type Select the type of plate stress you wish to view graphed along the cut line. Insert a new Cut Line Click to display the stress values along the cut line in the View window.
Cut line list Displays all cut lines for the current mat foundation job. Select one of these to design the reinforcing steel perpendicular to the cut line. Design Selected Line Opens the Design Report Along a Cut Line dialog, which is used for designing bending reinforcement perpendicular to a cut line.
Design Report Along a Cut Line dialog Used to perform and review the reinforced concrete design for a mat foundation slab section. Opens when the Design Selected Line button is clicked in the Cut Slab by a Line form.
Select Graph Type Moment Envelope Req'd Reinforcement Area - Only available after a design has been performed on the cut line.
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Set Design Parameters Opens the Design Parameters dialog (Mat Foundation slab design), which is used to input and verify the reinforced concrete design parameters. Design Calculates the required reinforcement area for each element along the cut line. The graph type is then changed to Reqd. Reinforcement Area. Design for Ultimate load type only Select this option to limit the design for factored loads only. Moment graph and table Displays a graphical and tabular representation of the selected Graph Type. Print Opens the Print dialog, which is used to print the graph and table for the
Grades: Fy Specify the yield strength of steel reinforcing bars (fy), in the selected units. Grades: Fc
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Specify the ultimate strength of the concrete (f'c), in the selected units. Top Cover Specify a concrete clear cover distance to be used for the top-most layer of mat reinforcement, in the selected units. Bottom Cover Specify a concrete clear cover distance to be used for the bottom-most layer of mat reinforcement, in the selected units. Bar Size Specify a reinforcing bar size to use for the capacity check. Spacing Specify a reinforcing bar center-to-center spacing, in the selected units. Choose Slab Face This check must be performed for one slab face at a time. So, for all four faces the check should be performed for four times. Plot Capacity Diagram A two-dimensional Moment Capacity graph is displayed over the surface of the mat. The legend indicates values of moment capacity by color.
Plot Moment Diagram Moment Capacity diagram plot for Longitudinal Top, actual moment diagram plot for Longitudinal Top
Plot Failure Diagram Displays the graphical results of a unity check, where green indicates OK (passes check) and red indicates No Good (fails check).
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Note: Clicking on any row of the table will highlight that node in the graphics. The Show Nodes option must be toggled on in the Modeling View Options form.
Disp Summary tab Used to view node displacement summary table among all load cases. Displays 12 rows where each row shows either maximum or minimum value for a particular degree of freedom. It also displays corresponding displacement values for other degrees of freedom on that row. The table first lists three translational degrees of freedom and then three rotational degrees of freedom. First row of each degree of freedom starts with maximum value. Please note, here minimum and maximum are algebraic signed values.
Reaction tab Used to review support reaction results. This option is available only if the mat is supported on soil. In case of mat supported by soil each plate node of the mat region will have one soil spring attached to it.
Reaction tab shows support reactions for current job for current load case only. Please select your desired load case from Select Current Load icon in toolbar. The table shows reactions for all six degree of freedom for all nodes. Clicking on any row will highlight the corresponding node in graphics.
Reaction Summary tab Used to review support reaction summary results. This option is available only if the mat is supported on soil. Reaction summary table displays maximum and minimum reaction forces for all directions among all load cases. Each row displays either a maximum or minimum value of a particular DOF along with node and load case number. Clicking on any row will highlight corresponding node in the graphics.
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Contact Area tab Used to review slab and soil contact information. The table displays area in contact and area out of contact with the soil for each load case. This option is available only for Mat slab supported by soil.
Note: Stability checks for rigid foundations is done automatically, for any shape of mat foundation. In case of overturning check, program gives contact area summary based on which stability of mat can be determined. And for sliding resistance, program gives reaction summary in lateral direction which further can be used for sliding check. Pile Reaction tab Used to review reaction forces on all piles present in current job. Piles are treated as spring support where all rotational degrees are released. So, the table displays three translational reactions for each pile. Note: The Pile Reaction tab only appears in the Output pane if the analyzed mat foundation job is supported on piles.
Pile Reaction Summary tab Note: The Pile Reaction Summary tab only appears in the Output pane if the analyzed mat foundation job is supported on piles.
Plate Stress tab Click on Plate Stress tab to open plate stress table. It displays 8 basic stress types for current load case. The stress types are
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These stresses are based on plate local coordinate system. During slab design program will automatically transform these local stresses to global axes system.
Plate Stress Summary tab Displays minimum and maximum stress of all stress types among all load cases along with plate and load number.
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The Combined Footing group contains the following items: Combined Footing group items Name Description Concrete & Opens the Concrete and Rebar form in the Rebar Data Input pane, which is used to input concrete and rebar properties for the current isolated footing job. Cover, Soil, and Opens the Cover, Soil, and Safety form in the Safety Data Input pane, which is used to input cover parameters, soil characteristics, and factor of safety values. Footing Geome- Opens the Footing and Geometry form in the try data input pane, which is used to input isolated footing geometry for the current isolated footing job. Design Initiates the design of the current isolated footing job. A dialog opens to confirm you wish to proceed. To create a combined footing job 1. Create two or more linear supports and add support loads.
2. Select Job Setup > Create a New Job in the Main Navigation pane. 3. In the Job Info form: a. Give a suitable Job Name. b. Select Job Type as Combined. c. Select a Design Code and Default Unit Type. d. Select which supports will be included in the Combined Footing job. Note: At least two supports are required to create a combined footing. e. Select loads to for the Selected Load Case list. 4. Click the Create Job button. Some additional controls are added to the Job Info form for creating strip footings between support nodes.
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To create a combined footing 1. (Optional) If the Job Info form is not displayed in the Data Input pane, select Job Setup > Edit Current Job in the Main Navigation pane. 2. Select the supports in the View window: Geometry tab by clicking and
dragging the mouse to form a box around the supports you wish to include.
3. Click the Create from Selected Nodes button in the Job Setup form. A tree view of the combined footing with included supports is displayed.
The strip footing is shown graphically connecting the included supports in the View window.
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Note: Multiple supports must be collinear to become a part of a combined footing. An error will be displayed if you attempt to create a combined footing from non-collinear supports. No combined footing will be created. To design a combined footing
To delete a combined footing Delete To delete a footing, select the footing from the tree, click on Delete. Deletion of support from a combined footing is not allowed. You need to recreate the combined footing to edit it. This will generate the following error message.
Delete All To delete all the combined footing at a click, simply click on Delete All button.
Opens when Combined Footing Job > Design Parameters > Concrete and Rebar is selected in the Main Navigator pane.
Unit Weight of Concrete Specify a density to be used for concrete (wC), in the selected units. Minimum / Maximum Bar Spacing Specify the minimum and maximum distances to be allowed between reinforcing bars, in the selected units. Strength of Concrete Specify the ultimate strength of the concrete (f'c), in the selected units. Yield Strength of Steel Specify the yield strength of steel reinforcing bars (fy), in the selected units. Minimum / Maximum Bar Size 220 STAAD.foundation
Select the minimum and maximum allowed reinforcing bar sizes to be used in the design. Sizes listed correspond to the appropriate bar sizes used in the selected Design Code. Set as Default Select Yes to have the current parameter values set as the defaults for new Combined Footing: Concrete and Rebar parameters.
Pedestal Clear Clover Specify a concrete clear cover distance to be used for the pedestal
reinforcement, in the selected units. Footing Clear Cover Specify a concrete clear cover distance to be used for the bottom-most layer of footing reinforcement, in the selected units. Unit Weight of Soil Specify a density to be used for the soil, in the selected units. Soil Bearing Capacity Specify the allowable (?) capacity of the soil, in the selected units. Depth of Soil Above Footing Specify the depth from soil surface to the top of footing, in the selected units. Surcharge for Loading Specify a surcharge loading above the footing, in the selected units. Depth of Water Table Specify the depth from soil surface to the water table, in the selected units. If water table is not to be considered for this footing, Factor of Safety against Overturning Specify a factor of safety against overturning. Set as Default Select Yes to have the current parameter values set as the defaults for new Combined Footing: Cover, Soil, and Safety parameters.
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Design Type There are two types of design one is calculate dimension another is set dimension:
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Calculate Dimension - The footing size will be checked and resized to the smallest size which meets all specified loads; ranging between the minimum and maximum dimensions provided (inclusive). Calculate dimension is set by default. Set Dimension - then the minimum dimensions will constitute the only footing size checked.
Fixed Width / Left Overhang / Right Overhang Select if these values are fixed lengths or if they will be optimized during the design.
Minimum Left / Right Overhand Specify the minimum overhang length (direction parallel to the X axis) to be used for the footing design, along with unit. Minimum Width Specify the width (direction parallel to the Y axis) to be used for the footing, along with unit. For a Calculate Dimension design, this is used as the minimum dimension to check. Minimum Thickness Specify the thickness (direction parallel to the Z axis; or out-of plan dimension) to be used for the footing, along with unit. For a Calculate Dimension design, this is used as the minimum dimension to check. Maximum Length (Calculate only) Specify the maximum length (direction parallel to the X axis) to be used for the footing design, along with unit. Maximum Width (Calculate only) Specify the maximum width (direction parallel to the Z axis) to be used for the footing design, along with unit. Maximum Thickness (Calculate only) Specify the maximum thickness (direction parallel to the Z axis; or out-of plan dimension) to be used for the footing, along with unit. Length Increment (Calculate only) Specify the length and width increments to be used when performing footing design, along with unit. This allows you control over how to step footing sizes in design results. Thickness Increment (Calculate only) Specify the thickness increments to be used when performing footing design, along with unit. Set as Default Select Yes to have the current parameter values set as the defaults for new Combined Footing: Footing Geometry parameters.
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The Design Progress Report is displayed in the Output pane. When the design is complete, a summary of the design is displayed on the Strip Footing Design Summary tab in the Output pane and the Calculation Sheet is opened to review the design calculations. A graphical report of Bending Moment and Shear Force for the footing will be generated in the Graphs tab of the main view window. Note: After a successful analysis/design, you may wish to print the calculation sheet or create a report.
Section 3
Plant Foundations
3.1 Introduction
Plant foundations allow you to parametrically model both Vertical Vessel foundations and Heat Exchanger (Horizontal Vessel) foundations. Both foundation modules are completely wizard guided. You will be able to skip to any point in the process using the module navigation tree. Note: This feature requires STAAD.foundation 4.0 or later.
Press <CTRL+N>, select Plant Foundation in the Create New Project dialog, and click Open. The program window opens a new project in the Plant Foundation mode (displayed in the Main Navigation Window). 2. (Optional) Select either General Information or Review History in the Project Info section of the Main Navigation Window to enter general project or review data. 3. Select one of the following options in the Project Info section of the Main Navigation Window:
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The corresponding wizard dialog opens. 4. Once you have completed the wizard, a new leaf is entered into the Main Navigation Window for the new foundation.
5. Repeat steps 1 through 3 to add additional jobs to the project. Select the current job using the Job Selection list found in the Standard toolbar. Note: Different footing types may be added to the same project to explore different footing scenarios or to contain all footing types to be used within a single structure.
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Geometry page
Used to input all the geometric parameters. STAAD.foundation can model both square and octagonal footings for vertical vessels.
Unit Select the unit of length (this page only). Foundation Type Select either Octagonal Foundationand Square foundation for the vertical vessel. Hint: For vessels larger than 5 ft. in diameter, an octagonal foundation is typically more economical (this practice varies from user to user). Foundation Support Type Select whether the foundation is to be supported on a Soil Foundation or on a Pile Cap Foundation. Note: If Pile Cap Foundation is selected, the Pile Cap Geometry page is added to the wizard. Vessel Geometry Effective Diameter (Dve) The effective diameter is the diameter that will be used to calculate the wind pressure on the vessel. Effective Height (Hve) The effective height is the effective height of the vessel that will be used to calculate the wind pressure and the seismic effect on the vessel.
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Pedestal Geometry Diameter (Dp) Input pedestal diameter which will be used for shear check and pedestal design (as shown in the input page sketch). Thickness (Tp) Height of the pedestal from top of footing (as shown in the input page sketch) Bottom Of Footing Elevation (B.O.F) Bottom of footing elevation is used for detail drawing purpose. Based on this input elevation at top of concrete (T.O.C.), elevation at top of soil (T.O.S) and elevation at top of pedestal (T.O.P.) are displayed in detail drawing. Footing Geometry Diameter (Df) Min / Max (Octagonal type) Specify the range of sizes used for checking in the design. The diameter is that of a circle on which the octagonal foundation is circumscribed in plan. The minimum diameter is first checked in the design process. If it is not adequate, then subsequent sizes are checked, up to the maximum diameter, until the design reaches the safety limit. Footing Dimension Increment This input is for increment interval for width/ length or diameter of the footing. Length Min / Max (Square type) Specify the range of sizes used for checking in the design. The minimum length is first checked in the design process. If it is not adequate, then subsequent sizes are checked, up to the maximum length, until the design reaches the safety limit. Height (Tf) Min / Max Enter the minimum height which will be used in starting the design and will be checked up to the maximum value until the design reaches the safety limit. Overburden and Buoyancy Depth of Water Table (Dw) Depth of the water tables measured from the ground level. This level is used to calculate buoyant force on the footing. Soil Depth (Ts)
Depth of soil above the foundation measured from the top face of the footing base. Soil depth is used to calculate weight of soil over the footing Next > Proceeds the Wizard to the next step. Cancel Exits the Wizard without creating a new Vertical Vessel Footing job.
Unit Select the unit of length (this page only). Bolt Circle Diameter (BCD) Bolt circle diameter along which bolt will be placed Number of Anchor Bolt (Nb)
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Count of total anchor bolts. This parameter is used to calculate An as defined in appendix of PIP standard Bolt Diameter (BD Nominal diameter of individual bolt. This parameter is used to calculate An as defined in appendix of PIP standard. Sleeve Diameter (SD) Anchor Bolt Effective Embedment Depth < Previous Steps the Wizard to the previous step. Next > Proceeds the Wizard to the next step. Cancel Exits the Wizard without creating a new Vertical Vessel Footing job.
Unit Select the input unit for vertical force, base shear and base moment; for this page only. Standard Loads For vertical vessels, the standard loaded conditions are:
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Vertical (Axial) Force, Base Shear, and Base Moment may be entered for each of these loading conditions. Note: Sign conventions for the applied loads are explained in Primary Load Cases page sketch. Applied load at top of the pedestal are calculated based on PIP STE03350. User Defined Load This table is used for entering non-standard loads. By default first load in user defined load table is set to Live. More User defined load can be entered in the same table. < Previous Steps the Wizard to the previous step. Next > Proceeds the Wizard to the next step. Cancel Exits the Wizard without creating a new Vertical Vessel Footing job.
Directly input the shear force & moment values The program can calculate those values using ASCE 7-2005. The inputs are described in the page, along with code section and/or table numbers for reference.
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Note: You may manually enter in any value to override the codespecified table values. Kz (Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficient) This is described in section 6.5.6.4 and Table 6.5. Choose the required combination of combo boxes for them. Kzt (Topographic Factor) This is defined in section 6.5.7.2 and determined from figure 6.2. I (Importance Factor) Importance is defined in section 6.5.5 and determined from figure 6.1. Click on the Table 6.1 button to open a table of code I values.
Select a value and then click the OK button to use it. Note: You may manually enter in any value to override the codespecified table values. G (Gust Effect Factor) This is the Gust Effect Factor and it is user defined. Cf (Net Force Coefficient) Value of Cf according to table T6-10. Partial Wind Case % This value represents percentage of full wind speed used in case of test load or erection load combination. As probability of getting full wind speed while test is being carried out is very low. < Previous Steps the Wizard to the previous step. Next > Proceeds the Wizard to the next step. Cancel Exits the Wizard without creating a new Vertical Vessel Footing job.
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Time Period Calculation Select the method you wish to use for determining the time period.
Direct Input
Fundamental Period (T) Specify the fundamental time period of the vessel.
Mass Table
The time period is calculated using Von Mises Theorem equation:
Where:
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H = Overall height in feet, D = Diameter of each section in feet, w = Distributed weight per foot of each section, W = Weight of each concentrated mass, t = Shell thickness of each section in inches, E = Modulus of elasticity for each section in millions of psi, a,b and g = Are coefficient for a given level depending on hi/H(the ratio of height of the level above grade to the overall height). Da and Dg are the difference in the values of a and g,from the top to the bottom of each section of uniform weight, diameter and thickness. b is determined for each concentrated mass.
Units Specify the values of Length, Force/Length, and Force used in both tables on this page to describe the mass of the vessel. Distributed Mass table This table is used to describe how the mass is distributed over one or more vertical sections of the vessel. Mass/Length Specify a mass per unit of vertical height for this section of mass. Height (Top / Bot) Specify the top and bottom heights, respectively, above base of this section of mass. Diameter The diameter of the vertical vessel for this section. Thickness The wall thickness of the vessel for this section. Concentrated Mass table This table is used to specify point masses in the vessel, such as ladders, platforms, etc.. Mass Specify the amount of lumped mass. Height The height above base where the lumped mass is centered. Calculate Time Period The program calculates the Fundamental Period and enters this value for the Fundamental Period(T) (non-editable).
Program Calculated
Fundamental Period is calculated by using formula as described below,
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Where:
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w = Weight of the structure, kips L = Length of the structure, inch E = Modulus of Elasticity, ksi I = Moment of Inertia, in4 g = Gravitational acceleration
Long-Period Transition Period Long-period transition period (TL), in seconds, determined in ASCE Section 11.4.5 < Previous Steps the Wizard to the previous step. Next > Proceeds the Wizard to the next step. Cancel Exits the Wizard without creating a new Vertical Vessel Footing job.
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Directly Input Seismic Loads - specify values for shear force and moment Mass Table C.G. - If mass data has been entered in the Time Period page for the calculation of the vessel's fundamental period, that data can also be used by the program to determine the center of gravity. User Defined C.G. - Specify the center of gravity of the vertical vessel.
Select using Zip Code- Populates the Select Zip combo box with all U.S. zip codes. Choosing any one of them will (or simply type in the value to select faster) will selected mapped acceleration values for that geographic location. Enter Value Manually- Specify values for S1 and Ss in the respective fields.
City / Latitude / Longitude (non editable) Displayed for the specified zip code to verify location. S1 / Ss The 1-second and short period acceleration values from ASCE 7 maps. Site Class Value of Fa and Fv, which are functions of Site Class and mapped acceleration values. Note: If Site Class is selected as F, Fa and Fv may be entered manually. Response Modification Factor (R) Select the response modification factor (either 2 or 3). Occupancy Importance Factor (I) Select the importance factor for the structure (1.00, 1.25, or 1.50)
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Load Combination Table Select either of the two code specified load combinations or input your own.
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Update Table Default load combinations are saved in external data files (ACILOAD.INI files). Clicking the Update Table button saves any changes made to the associated table to the file as a default. Otherwise, any changes are saved in the active project file only. Delete Removes the selected row (load combination) from the associated table. Note: To delete any combination from the default list (kept in an external .INI file) you need to click the Update Table button after deleting. Allowable Load Combination and Ultimate Load Combination tables Each row in a table represents the ID for a different load combination.
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Index - The first column indicates the index of the load combination. toggle - Select the check boxes of the combination which you wish to use. Load Type columns - Primary Load cases are assigned a load type, each of which is represented by a separate column in the load combination tables. Enter the load combination factor for a given load type in the cell. Hint: The cell with zero values appears in gray color where as with values other than zero it appears in blue.
To add a new load combination to the table, add factors to the last (empty) row. Note: To add or change any combination from the default list (kept in an external .INI file) you need to click the Update Table button after making changes. < Previous Steps the Wizard to the previous step. Next > Proceeds the Wizard to the next step. Cancel Exits the Wizard without creating a new Vertical Vessel Footing job.
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Water Density Density of water with unit to use for a Buoyancy Check, in the selected units. Buoyancy Check Select this option to have the program perform a check for buoyancy. Concrete Density Specify a density to be used for concrete (wC), in the selected units. Soil Density Density of soil supporting the foundation, in the selected units. Allowable Bearing Pressure Value of allowable bearing pressure used for design, in the selected units. Minimum Stability ratio Value of minimum stability ratio used for design. Bar Type Types of bar used for the design (e.g. Imperial or Metric). Cover Value of clear cover, in the selected units. Fc Specify the ultimate strength of the concrete (f'c), in the selected units. Fy Specify the yield strength of steel reinforcing bars (fy), in the selected units.
Minimum / Maximum Bar Dia Select the minimum and maximum allowed reinforcing bar sizes to be used in the design. < Previous Steps the Wizard to the previous step. Next > (for Pile Cap foundation only) Proceeds the Wizard to the next step. Cancel Exits the Wizard without creating a new Vertical Vessel Footing job. Finish (for Soil Foundation only) Closes the Wizard and creates the Vertical Vessel Footing job in the current project.
Unit Choose Units for force and length, these units are only applicable to Pile Cap Geometry Page. Minimum Pile cap Depth Lateral Specify the lateral capacity of a pile.
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Vertical Specify the vertical capacity of a pile. Uplift Specify the uplifting capacity of a pile. Dia Diameter of a pile. Edge The Edge Distance field allows you to specify the distance between the edges of a pile. In Pile Data, enter Lateral, Uplift, Vertical capacities of pile from geotechnical report. Arrangement Type Pile arrangement can be either rectangular or circular. Pile cap having circular arrangement will be design as octagonal pile cap. For octagonal foundation, pile arrangement is automatically set as circular. Rectangular arrangement needs following inputs,
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Number of Rows - Usually for vertical vessel foundation, pile cap is kept as square pile cap. To do so, enter same number of rows and column with same row and column spacing. Number of Columns Row Spacing Column Spacing
By default program will create symmetric pile arrangement from the above input but user can change the default setup by editing the table below. Both row and column grid lines can be adjusted by selecting appropriate radio button. Circular arrangement needs following inputs as shown below.
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Number of Piles Total number of piles, excluding the center pile (if option is selected). Number of Layers Number of concentric circles in the circular arrangement. Pile Spacing Minimum spacing between piles Use Center Pile Select this option to add a pile at center of pile arrangement.
By default, program will try to assign equal number of piles for all concentric circular layers. The arrangement can be edited using the table below. Create Pile Arrangement User Manual 245
Creates the pile layout and opens a dialog box to display the pile coordinates table and a figure. Note: Pile coordinates in this table are editable.
Delete Row - Click to delete the current row from the pile coordinate table and figure. Select Arrangement Once a satisfactory pile layout has been found, click the Select Current Arrangement button to select and apply that layout. The program will check the pile reaction against pile capacity to make sure pile reactions do not exceed pile capacity values. Show Pile Reactions The Show Pile Reactions button opens a table displaying the reaction on each pile. The figure below shows the pile reaction table.
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Note: To get the pile reaction, the file needs to be run once. Once you have designed the Vertical Vessel Foundation job, select Vertical Vessel Footing >Edit to return to this page to view the Pile Reaction table. spacing type and table Once a pile arrangement is started, the table displays the spacing for each row, column, layer, or circumference; depending on what arrangement type and table spacing type is selected. < Previous Steps the Wizard to the previous step. Cancel Exits the Wizard without creating a new Vertical Vessel Footing job. Finish Closes the Wizard and creates the Vertical Vessel Footing job in the current project.
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Exchanger / Vessel Type Select either a Single Exchanger or Stacked Exchanger, for the type of heat exchanger vessel will be supported by the foundation. Footing Type
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Combined Footing - footing will be designed as monolithic footing connecting two piers. Design philosophy is same as combined footing from General Mode. Isolated Footing - footing will be designed as two isolated footing supporting each pier. These footing can be made identical from footing geometry page. Design philosophy is same as isolated footing from General Mode.
Strap Beam (Isolated Footing type only) Exchanger footing will be designed as two isolated footing below the piers connected by a strap beam. Bottom of Footing Elevation (B.O.F.) Bottom of footing elevation is used for detail drawing purpose. Based on this input elevation at top of concrete (T.O.C.), elevation at top of soil (T.O.S) and elevation at top of pedestal (T.O.P.) are displayed in detail drawing Unit Unit of length for all the input in this page only. Heat Exchanger Length (L) Length of the heat exchanger. Upper Exchanger Diameter (UD) (Stacked Exchanger only) Diameter of the upper exchanger.
Lower Exchanger Diameter (LD) Diameter of the lower exchanger or, if a Single Exchanger, the diameter of the sole exchanger. Height from Pier Top to Upper Exchanger (H) Height from the top of the pier to the center line of the upper exchanger. For a single exchanger, the height is measured to the center line of the single vessel. Soil Depth (SD) Depth of soil from top of the footing. Height of Pier Top from Base (B) Height from the top of the pier to the base of the foundation. Spacing of Exchanger (S) (Stacked Exchanger only) Spacing of the central line of the exchanger in case of stacked exchanger. Next > Proceeds the Wizard to the next step. Cancel Exits the Wizard without creating a new Heat Exchanger Footing job.
Combined Footing
Here you have to input the geometrical data relate to the footing.
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Unit Choose the length dimension unit. Pier to Pier Distance Distance of the central lines of the pier. Pier Width Width of the pier. Pier length Breadth of the pier. Right Overhang Length of the right overhang from the central line of the right pier. Choose Yes from the combo box right next to it if you wish to make it fix else No if you wish to allow it to increase by the design engine. Left Overhang Length of the left overhang from the central line of the left pier. Choose Yes from the combo box right next to it if you wish to make it fix else No if you wish to allow it to increase by the design engine. Width Minimum width of the footing. Choose Yes from the combo box right next to it if you wish to make it fix else No if you wish to allow it to increase by the design engine. Width (Max) The maximum width allowed up to which it will be incremented by the design engine. Thickness Minimum thickness of the footing. Thickness (Max) The maximum thickness allowed up to which it will be incremented by the design engine. The rate increment will have to be given on the right Increment input field. Length (Max) The maximum total length allowed up to which it will be incremented by the design engine. The rate increment will have to be given on the right Increment input field. Thickness Increment This input is for increment interval for thickness of the footing. Length / Width Increment This input is for increment interval for width and length of the footing.
Isolated Footing
The dialog displays the following
Unit Choose the length dimension unit. Pier to Pier Distance Distance of the central lines of the pier. Water Table Depth Depth of water table from top of soil. This input is used to calculate buoyant forces on foundation. Pier Width Width of the pier. Pier length Breadth of the pier. Width Minimum width of the footing. Choose Yes from the combo box right next to it if you wish to make it fix else No if you wish to allow it to increase by the design engine. Width (Max) The maximum width allowed up to which it will be incremented by the design engine. Thickness Minimum thickness of the footing. Thickness (Max) The maximum thickness allowed up to which it will be incremented by the design engine. The rate increment will have to be given on the right Increment input field. Length (Max)
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The maximum total length allowed up to which it will be incremented by the design engine. The rate increment will have to be given on the right Increment input field. Thickness Increment This input is for increment interval for thickness of the footing. Length / Width Increment This input is for increment interval for width and length of the footing. Identical Footings Option By making this option ticked, both isolated footing will be identical.
Strap Beam
Note: Beam geometry can be entered through the beam geometry page. < Previous Steps the Wizard to the previous step. Next > Proceeds the Wizard to the next step. Cancel Exits the Wizard without creating a new Heat Exchanger Footing job.
Here UDL with unit over beam option is available. Max & Min Depth Range of Beam, Width of Beam (with unit input), Main Bar Range, Stirrup Bar Range, Stirrup Type (Number of legs), Stirrup Spacing Range ( with input) are available in this page. Beam Loading - UDL On Beam Specify a uniform dead load applied over the length of the grade beam, in the selected units. For example, this may be the weight of a wall load over the beam. Min / Max Depth Enter the range of beam depth permissible for design, in the selected units. The design process will begin with the minimum depth and iterate designs up to and including the maximum depth specified. Note: Beam depth is taken from top of grade beam to bottom of spread footing. Beam Width Width of the beam above the spread footing, in the selected units. Min / Max Bars Size (Main Bar) Specify the range of permissible longitudinal reinforcing bar sizes. Min / Max Bars Size (Stirrup) Specify the range of permissible stirrup sizes. Min / Max Spacing of Stirrup Specify the permissible range of stirrup spacing, in the selected units. Type of Stirrup Select the number of stirrup legs present in a cross section. < Previous Steps the Wizard to the previous step. Next > Proceeds the Wizard to the next step. Cancel Exits the Wizard without creating a new Heat Exchanger Footing job.
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Force Unit Select a unit for all axial loads specified on this page. Moment Unit Select a unit for all moment loads specified on this page. Heat Exchanger Loads Six types of axial forces are used for input. They are:
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Empty Load - Exchanger assembly Weight in empty condition Operating Load - Exchanger assembly weight with fluids at operating level condition Test Load - Exchanger assembly weight with fluids at test level condition Live Load - Superimposed live load on exchanger assembly e.g. platform live load attached to the exchanger Erection Load - Construction loading on exchanger assembly e.g. crane loading Miscellaneous Axial Load Thermal load - Load generated by thermal expansion of exchanger assembly, thermal load is entirely applied at fixed end Bundle Pull - Axial couple loading is considered on piers for Bundle pull force. Lateral load imposed on exchanger assembly under maintenance procedure, program distributes bundle pull force equally on piers.
The program generates axial, lateral forces and moments based on primary load input. Additional loading can be entered through user defined moment. User Defined Moment Four types of moments are used for input. They are:
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Empty Moment Operating Moment Longitudinal Miscellaneous Moment Transverse Miscellaneous Moment
Note: Direct inputs are always applied at top of pedestal (bottom of base plate), it is per industry standards. Vendors provide the loads at bottom of base plate of vessel. All program generated loads are applied at center of vessel. Pedestal Load Distribution % Give the load distribution percentage for Shell End and Channel End. Channel End is usually considered as sliding end and Shell End is considered as fixed end. Note: Vertical loads are not affected by pedestal type (fixed or sliding). Vertical loads are distributed per pedestal load distribution percentage. Conventionally channel end is heavier than shell end. Standard percentage of distribution for vertical loads is - Channel End 60% & Shell End 40%. Design Self Weight This option enables user to select self weight of the footing, self weight of the pedestal and self weight of the soil above footing to be considered for reinforcement design or not. Note: Self weight is always considered for service checks. Self Weight Factor Coefficient of calculated self weight for use in dead load cases. Further to design self weight option, self weight considered can be modified using this factor. Slide Plate Parameter Sliding plate coefficient only affects the seismic loads on exchanger assembly.
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Slide plate coefficient of friction is used to determine % longitudinal lateral loads distributed on Shell End and Channel End. Per PIPSTE03360 4.3.2.3, for low friction plates (0.2) entire earthquake load is applied on fixed pier (Shell End). In case of high friction plates ( 0.2), 70% of earthquake load applied on fixed pier. < Previous Steps the Wizard to the previous step. Next > Proceeds the Wizard to the next step. Cancel Exits the Wizard without creating a new Heat Exchanger Footing job.
Specify a base moment due to wind about both X and Z global directions, in the selected units.
Select a value and then click the OK button to use it. Note: You may manually enter in any value to override the codespecified table values. Kz (Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficient) This is described in section 6.5.6.4 and Table 6.5. Choose the required combination of combo boxes for them. Kzt (Topographic Factor) This is defined in section 6.5.7.2 and determined from figure 6.2. I (Importance Factor) Importance is defined in section 6.5.5 and determined from figure 6.1. Click on the Table 6.1 button to open a table of code I values.
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Note: You may manually enter in any value to override the codespecified table values. G (Gust Effect Factor) This is the Gust Effect Factor and it is user defined. Cf (Net Force Coefficient) Value of Cf according to table T6-10. Partial Wind Case % This value represents percentage of full wind speed used in case of test load or erection load combination. As probability of getting full wind speed while test is being carried out is very low. < Previous Steps the Wizard to the previous step. Next > Proceeds the Wizard to the next step. Cancel Exits the Wizard without creating a new Heat Exchanger Footing job.
Select this option to specify values for shear force and moment. Otherwise, seismic load generation parameters are required to generate loads.
Program Calculated
The program will calculate seismic loads for you, with the option to have mapped acceleration values looked up or to provide values if known.
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Select using Zip Code- Populates the Select Zip combo box with all U.S. zip codes. Choosing any one of them will (or simply type in the value to select faster) will selected mapped acceleration values for that geographic location. Enter Value Manually- Specify values for S1 and Ss in the respective fields.
City / Latitude / Longitude (non editable) Displayed for the specified zip code to verify location. S1 / Ss The 1-second and short period acceleration values from ASCE 7 maps. Site Class Value of Fa and Fv, which are functions of Site Class and mapped acceleration values. Note: If Site Class is selected as F, Fa and Fv may be entered manually. Response Modification Factor (R) Select the response modification factor (either 2 or 3). Note: The value may be selected from the drop-down list a custom value may be entered manually. Occupancy Importance Factor (I) Select the importance factor for the structure (1.00, 1.25, or 1.50)
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Note: The value may be selected from the drop-down list a custom value may be entered manually. Transverse Direction Fundamental Period (T) in the direction transverse to the length of the horizontal heat exchanger vessel(s). Longitudinal Direction Fundamental Period (T) in the direction parallel to the length of the vessel(s). Long-Period Transition Period (TL) The Period for Long Transition defined in section 11.4.5. < Previous Steps the Wizard to the previous step. Next > Proceeds the Wizard to the next step. Cancel Exits the Wizard without creating a new Heat Exchanger Footing job.
Load Combination Table Select either of the two code specified load combinations or input your own.
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Update Table Default load combinations are saved in external data files (ACILOAD.INI files). Clicking the Update Table button saves any changes made to the associated table to the file as a default. Otherwise, any changes are saved in the active project file only. Delete Removes the selected row (load combination) from the associated table. Note: To delete any combination from the default list (kept in an external .INI file) you need to click the Update Table button after deleting. Allowable Load Combination and Ultimate Load Combination tables Each row in a table represents the ID for a different load combination.
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Index - The first column indicates the index of the load combination. toggle - Select the check boxes of the combination which you wish to use. Load Type columns - Primary Load cases are assigned a load type, each of which is represented by a separate column in the load combination tables. Enter the load combination factor for a given load type in the cell. Hint: The cell with zero values appears in gray color where as with values other than zero it appears in blue.
To add a new load combination to the table, add factors to the last (empty) row. Note: To add or change any combination from the default list (kept in an external .INI file) you need to click the Update Table button after making changes. < Previous 262 STAAD.foundation
Steps the Wizard to the previous step. Next > Proceeds the Wizard to the next step. Cancel Exits the Wizard without creating a new Heat Exchanger Footing job.
Unit First give the units for three types of dimensions, density, length and stress.
Select the minimum and maximum allowed reinforcing bar sizes to be used in the design.
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Section 4
Foundation Toolkit
4.1 Introduction
The foundation toolkit allows you to parametrically model a variety of common foundation types such as combined footings, drilled piers, dead man anchor guys, etc. These foundation modules are completely wizard guided. You will be able to skip to any point in the process using the module navigation tree. Note: This feature requires STAAD.foundation V8i, release 5.0 or later.
Press <CTRL+N>, select Foundation Toolkit in the Create New Project dialog, and click Open. The program window opens a new project in the Foundation Toolkit mode (displayed in the Main Navigation Window). 2. (Optional) Select either General Information or Review History in the Project Info section of the Main Navigation Window to enter general project or review data. 3. Select one of the following options in the Project Info section of the Main Navigation Window:
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Create Isolated Footing / Block Create Combined Footing Create Dead Man Anchor / Guyed Tower Foundation Created Drilled Pier CreatePile Cap Job Create Ribbed (Beam) Footing
The corresponding wizard dialog opens. 4. Once you have completed the wizard, a new leaf is entered into the Main Navigation Window for the new foundation. 5. Repeat steps 1 through 3 to add additional jobs to the project. Select the current job using the Job Selection list found in the Standard toolbar. Note: Different footing types may be added to the same project to explore different footing scenarios or to contain all footing types to be used within a single structure. This will create the GUI for Foundation Toolkit. In the left side of the window there will be a tree control in the Foundation Toolkit Menu pane as the following figure shows.
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In Main Navigator five new leafs are added Create Isolated Footing/Block, Create Combined Footing, Create Dead Man Anchor guy Tower foundation, Create Drilled Pier and Create Pile Job. Click on a specific leaf will help you to create the job. You can create more than one job for each of them (Create isolated Footing/Block, Create Combined Footing, Create dead man Anchor, Create Drilled pier, Create Pile Job). The created jobs will be listed in the tree view as following.
Edit Delete and Design These three features of a particular job helps the user to edit the fields after creation and click on Delete deletes the job. Design will design the corresponding foundation.
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Once the process is complete, the program will automatically display a Design Summary table in the Output pane and the detailed design calculations in the Calculation Sheet tab of the View window.
3. Make changes as needed. 4. Click the OK to accept the changes and dismiss the dialog.
Job Name This should be unique for each job. By default Job Name is set as "Isolated Job." Design Code The following countries' design codes are available:
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English (default) SI
Next > Proceeds the Wizard to the next step. Cancel Exits the Wizard without creating a new Isolated Footing Job.
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Unit Weight of Concrete Specify a density to be used for concrete (wC), in the selected units. Minimum / Maximum Bar Spacing Specify the minimum and maximum distances to be allowed between reinforcing bars, in the selected units. Strength of Concrete Specify the ultimate strength of the concrete (f'c), in the selected units. Yield Strength of Steel Specify the yield strength of steel reinforcing bars (fy), in the selected units. Minimum / Maximum Bar Size Select the minimum and maximum allowed reinforcing bar sizes to be used in the design. Sizes listed correspond to the appropriate bar sizes used in the selected Design Code. < Previous Steps the Wizard to the previous step. Next > Proceeds the Wizard to the next step. Cancel Exits the Wizard without creating a new Isolated Footing Job.
Unit Weight of Soil Specify a density to be used for the soil, in the selected units. Soil Bearing Capacity Specify the allowable bearing capacity of the soil, in the selected units. Depth of Soil Above Footing Specify the depth from soil surface to the top of footing, in the selected units. Depth of Water Table Specify the depth from soil surface to the water table, in the selected units. If water table is not to be considered for this footing, Surcharge for Loading Specify a surcharge loading above the footing, in the selected units. Cohesion (Drained Condition only) For footings in a drained condition, specify a cohesion pressure, in the selected units. Undrained Shear Strength (Undrained Condition only) Specify a shear strength for the soil, in the
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selected units. Bottom Clear Cover Specify a concrete clear cover distance to be used for the bottom-most layer of footing reinforcement, in the selected units. Friction Angle (Drained Condition only) Specify a angle of internal friction for the soil, in degrees. < Previous Steps the Wizard to the previous step. Next > Proceeds the Wizard to the next step. Cancel Exits the Wizard without creating a new Isolated Footing Job.
Design Type There are two types of design one is calculate dimension another is set dimension:
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Calculate - The footing size will be checked and resized to the smallest size which meets all specified loads; ranging between the minimum and maximum dimensions provided (inclusive). Calculate
dimension is set by default. Set Dimension - then the minimum dimensions will constitute the only footing size checked.
Minimum Length Specify the minimum length (direction parallel to the X axis) to be used for the footing design, along with unit. Minimum Width Specify the minimum width (direction parallel to the Y axis) to be used for the footing, along with unit. Minimum Thickness Specify the minimum thickness (direction parallel to the Z axis; or outof plan dimension) to be used for the footing, along with unit. Maximum Length (Calculate only) Specify the maximum length (direction parallel to the X axis) to be used for the footing design, along with unit. Maximum Width (Calculate only) Specify the maximum width (direction parallel to the Y axis) to be used for the footing, along with unit. Maximum Thickness (Calculate only) Specify the maximum thickness (direction parallel to the Z axis; or out-of plan dimension) to be used for the footing, along with unit. Plan Dimension Inc. (Calculate only) Specify the length and width increments to be used when performing footing design, along with unit. This allows you control over how to step footing sizes in design results. Thickness Increment (Calculate only) Specify the thickness increments to be used when performing footing design, along with unit. Offset X / Z Direction If the loads do not pass through the CG of the footing, specify the offset dimension in the X and Z directions (parallel to length and width, respectively), along with unit. Length Width Ratio (Calculate only) Specify a plan aspect ratio to control the relative length and width of the footing design.
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For example, a value of one results in a square footing where as a value of two results in a footing twice as long along the X axis as the Z axis width. < Previous Steps the Wizard to the previous step. Next > Proceeds the Wizard to the next step. Cancel Exits the Wizard without creating a new Isolated Footing Job.
Coefficient of Friction Specify a coefficient value of friction between the soil and concrete. Factor of Safety Against Sliding Specify a factor of safety against sliding. Factor of Safety against Overturning Specify a factor of safety against overturning. Pedestal Height If a pedestal is used a this support, specify a height, in the selected units. Note: Pedestal Design is support for US (ACI 318) code only.
Column / Pedestal Depth Specify a column (or pedestal, if height is specified) depth (dimension parallel to the X axis), in the selected units. Column / Pedestal Width Specify a column (or pedestal, if height is specified) depth (dimension parallel to the Z axis), in the selected units. < Previous Steps the Wizard to the previous step. Next > Proceeds the Wizard to the next step. Cancel Exits the Wizard without creating a new Isolated Footing Job.
Load page
Used to provide support force and moment values applied to the isolated footing.
Moment / Force Unit Units for force and Moment. Load table Each line of the load table represents a separate primary load case.
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Note: Refer to the sketch on the load page for applied load sign conventions. In particular, note that negative Y represents applied gravity load.
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Fx- Value of Load applied to the X direction. Fy - Value of Load applied to the Y direction. Fz- Value of Load applied about the Z direction. Mx- Value of Moment applied about the X direction. Mz - Value of Moment applied about the Z direction. Loading Type - Select a class of load (i.e. - dead, live, wind, seismic, etc.) from the drop-down list.
< Previous Steps the Wizard to the previous step. Next > Proceeds the Wizard to the next step. Cancel Exits the Wizard without creating a new Isolated Footing Job.
Update Table Default load combinations are saved in external data files (ACILOAD.INI files). Clicking the Update Table button saves any changes made to the associated table to the file as a default. Otherwise, any changes are saved in the active project file only. Delete Removes the selected row (load combination) from the associated table. Note: To delete any combination from the default list (kept in an external .INI file) you need to click the Update Table button after deleting. Allowable Load Combination and Ultimate Load Combination tables Each row in a table represents the ID for a different load combination.
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Index - The first column indicates the index of the load combination. toggle - Select the check boxes of the combination which you wish to use. Load Type columns - Primary Load cases are assigned a load type, each of which is represented by a separate column in the load combination tables. Enter the load combination factor for a given load type in the cell. Hint: The cell with zero values appears in gray color where as with values other than zero it appears in blue.
To add a new load combination to the table, add factors to the last (empty) row. Note: To add or change any combination from the default list (kept in an external .INI file) you need to click the Update Table button after making changes. < Previous Steps the Wizard to the previous step. Cancel Exits the Wizard without creating a new Isolated Footing Job. Finish Completes the Wizard and adds the new Isolated Footing Job to the
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The progress of the foundation design is displayed in the Output pane. The Status bar also provides feedback on the progress of each step. Once the process is complete, the program will automatically display a Design Summary table in the Output pane and the detailed design calculations in the Calculation Sheet tab of the View window.
3. Make changes as needed. 4. Click the OK to accept the changes and dismiss the dialog.
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Job Name This should be unique for each job. By default Job Name is set as "Combined Job." Design Code The following countries' design codes are available:
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Next > Proceeds the Wizard to the next step. Cancel Exits the Wizard without creating a new Combined Footing Job.
Unit Weight of Concrete Specify a density to be used for concrete, in the selected units. Minimum / Maximum Bar Spacing Specify the minimum and maximum distances to be allowed between reinforcing bars, in the selected units. Strength of Concrete Specify the ultimate strength of the concrete (f'c), in the selected units. Yield Strength of Steel Specify the yield strength of steel reinforcing bars (fy), in the selected units. Minimum / Maximum Bar Size Select the minimum and maximum allowed reinforcing bar sizes to be used in the design. Sizes listed correspond to the < Previous Steps the Wizard to the previous step. Next > Proceeds the Wizard to the next step. Cancel Exits the Wizard without creating a new Combined Footing Job.
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Factor of Safety Against Overturning Specify a factor of safety against overturning. Unit Weight of Soil Specify a density to be used for the soil, in the selected units. Depth of Soil Above Footing Specify the depth from soil surface to the top of footing, in the selected units. Soil Bearing Capacity Specify the allowable (?) capacity of the soil, in the selected units. Surcharge for Loading Specify a surcharge loading above the footing, in the selected units. Bottom Clear Cover Specify a concrete clear cover distance to be used for the bottom-most layer of footing reinforcement, in the selected units. Depth of Water Table Specify the depth from soil surface to the water table, in the selected units. If water table is not to be considered for this footing, Pedestal Dimensions table Table rows represent supports with the same numbers. Provide the pedestal dimensions for the corresponding support.
Ped Ht - If a pedestal is used a this support, specify a height, in the selected units. Ped Depth - Specify a column (or pedestal, height is specified) depth (dimension parallel to the X axis), in the selected units. Ped Width - Specify a column (or pedestal, height is specified) depth (dimension parallel to the X axis), in the selected units.
Note: Pedestal Design is support for US (ACI 318) code only. < Previous Steps the Wizard to the previous step. Next > Proceeds the Wizard to the next step. Cancel Exits the Wizard without creating a new Isolated Footing Job.
Design Type There are two types of design one is calculate dimension another is set dimension:
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Calculate Dimension - The footing size will be checked and resized to the smallest size which meets all specified loads; ranging
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between the minimum and maximum dimensions provided (inclusive). Calculate dimension is set by default. Set Dimension - then the minimum dimensions will constitute the only footing size checked.
Minimum Left / Right Overhand Specify the minimum overhang length (direction parallel to the X axis) to be used for the footing design, along with unit. Fixed Width / Left Overhang / Right Overhang Select if these values are fixed lengths or if they will be optimized during the design. Column Distance Specify the distance between the columns (direction parallel to the X axis) to be used for the footing, along with unit. For a Calculate Dimension design, this is used as the minimum dimension to check. Width Specify the width (direction parallel to the Y axis) to be used for the footing, along with unit. For a Calculate Dimension design, this is used as the minimum dimension to check. Thickness Specify the thickness (direction parallel to the Z axis; or out-of plan dimension) to be used for the footing, along with unit. For a Calculate Dimension design, this is used as the minimum dimension to check. Maximum Length (Calculate only) Specify the maximum length (direction parallel to the X axis) to be used for the footing design, along with unit. Maximum Width (Calculate only) Specify the maximum width (direction parallel to the Z axis) to be used for the footing design, along with unit. Maximum Thickness (Calculate only) Specify the maximum thickness (direction parallel to the Z axis; or out-of plan dimension) to be used for the footing, along with unit. Length Increment (Calculate only) Specify the length and width increments to be used when performing footing design, along with unit. This allows you control over how to step footing sizes in design results. Thickness Increment (Calculate only) Specify the thickness increments to be used when
performing footing design, along with unit. < Previous Steps the Wizard to the previous step. Next > Proceeds the Wizard to the next step. Cancel Exits the Wizard without creating a new Combined Footing Job.
Load page
Used to provide support force and moment values applied to the combined footing. Both supports have a load table.
Moment / Force Unit Units for force and Moment. Load tables Each line of the load table represents a separate primary load case. Note: Refer to the sketch on the load page for applied load sign conventions. In particular, note that negative Y represents applied gravity load.
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Fx- Value of Load applied to the X direction. Fy - Value of Load applied to the Y direction.
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Fz- Value of Load applied about the Z direction. Mx- Value of Moment applied about the X direction. Mz - Value of Moment applied about the Z direction. Loading Type - Select a class of load (i.e. - dead, live, wind, seismic, etc.) from the drop-down list.
< Previous Steps the Wizard to the previous step. Next > Proceeds the Wizard to the next step. Cancel Exits the Wizard without creating a new Combined Footing Job.
Update Table Default load combinations are saved in external data files (ACILOAD.INI files). Clicking the Update Table button saves any changes made to the associated table to the file as a default. Otherwise, any changes are saved in the active project file only.
Delete Removes the selected row (load combination) from the associated table. Note: To delete any combination from the default list (kept in an external .INI file) you need to click the Update Table button after deleting. Allowable Load Combination and Ultimate Load Combination tables Each row in a table represents the ID for a different load combination.
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Index - The first column indicates the index of the load combination. toggle - Select the check boxes of the combination which you wish to use. Load Type columns - Primary Load cases are assigned a load type, each of which is represented by a separate column in the load combination tables. Enter the load combination factor for a given load type in the cell. Hint: The cell with zero values appears in gray color where as with values other than zero it appears in blue.
To add a new load combination to the table, add factors to the last (empty) row. Note: To add or change any combination from the default list (kept in an external .INI file) you need to click the Update Table button after making changes. < Previous Steps the Wizard to the previous step. Cancel Exits the Wizard without creating a new Combined Footing Job. Finish Completes the Wizard and adds the new Combined Footing Job to the active project file.
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typically used in tower guy anchors. Complete the data fields on each page and then click Next to proceed. Once you are finished, click the Finish button to complete the wizard.
Job Name This should be unique for each job. By default Job Name is set as "Dead Man Anchor Guy Job." Design Code Dead man anchors may only be designed using the US code. Default Unit Type There are two types of Unit Type.
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English (default) SI
Next > Proceeds the Wizard to the next step. Cancel Exits the Wizard without creating a new Dead Man Anchor Guy Foundation Job.
Concrete Strength Specify the ultimate strength of the concrete (f'c), in the selected units. Rebar Steel Specify the yield strength of steel reinforcing bars (fy), in the selected units. Guy Rod Steel Strength Specify the yield strength of steel guy rod, in the selected units. Size of Top Rebar Select the size of reinforcing bar to be used along the top face of the dead man anchor.
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Size of Rebar Ties Select the size of reinforcing bar to be used in the ties (stirrups). Size of Rebar in Front Face Select the size of reinforcing bar to be used along the front face of the dead man anchor. Quantity of Top Rebar Specify the number of reinforcing bars to be used along the top face of the dead man anchor. Quantity of Rebar in Front Face Specify the number of reinforcing bars to be used long the front face of the dead man anchor. Cover Specify a concrete clear cover distance to be used for the rebar ties, in the selected units. < Previous Steps the Wizard to the previous step. Next > Proceeds the Wizard to the next step. Cancel Exits the Wizard without creating a new Dead Man Anchor Foundation Job.
Load page
Used to input loads on foundation and factor of safety for design.
Force Unit Select the type of units in which the force is given. Load options There are two methods for entering in the load: by magnitude and direction (By Slope) or by vector components (By Force).
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By Slope - Specify the Tension Force value, in selected units, and Slope, in degrees. By force - Specify Horizontal and Vertical components of force subjected to foundation, with selected force units.
Uplift Safety Factor Specify a factor of safety against uplift Horizontal Safety Factor Specify a factor of safety against sliding. Ultimate Load Factor Specify a factor of safety against ultimate (factored) loads. < Previous Steps the Wizard to the previous step. Next > Proceeds the Wizard to the next step. Cancel Exits the Wizard without creating a new Dead Man Anchor Foundation Job.
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Dead Man Block Height Vertical dimension of dead man anchor block, in the selected units. Dead Man Block Width Horizontal dimension of dead man anchor block, in the selected units. Dead Man Block Length Out-of-page/screen dimension of dead man anchor block, in the selected units. Depth of Water Table Depth from finished grade to the water table, in the selected units. Depth of Bottom of Dead Man Depth from finished grade to the bottom of the dead man anchor, in the selected units. Dimension of Toe Specify the dimension of toes, in the selected units. Soil Wedge Angle Specify the angle of soil wedge, in degrees. < Previous Steps the Wizard to the previous step. Next > Proceeds the Wizard to the next step. Cancel Exits the Wizard without creating a new Dead Man Anchor Foundation Job.
Unit Units for Soil Layer Depth, Soil Cohesion (undrained shear strength) and Soil Density. Soil Layers table The soil profile is input via a table, with each row representing a different layer of soil. Soil Type - Select the type that best describes the contents of the selected layer. Depth - Depth for each soil layer is measured from Ground Elevation (GE, by default 0ft) to top of the ground surface to the bottom of each layer. Friction Angle - This is an input for Effective Friction Angle (Soil-Pile Friction Angle) for cohesionless soil layer (such as sand, gravel, or rock). The unit of Friction Angle is in degrees. Note: It is assumed that the soils Angle of Internal Friction equal to the Effective Friction Angle. Cohesion - The undrained shear strength of the soil. For cohesion soils, such as clays and silts.
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Average Density - This is an input for average soil density for the respective soil layer. Note: If the water table is located within a soil layer, soil layer should be split into two parts with different soil densities. < Previous Steps the Wizard to the previous step. Next > Proceeds the Wizard to the next step. Cancel Exits the Wizard without creating a new Dead Man Anchor Foundation Job.
For information on the methodology used by STAAD.foundation on the capacity checks used for drilled piers, refer to Section 8.12.
Job Name Should be unique for each job. By default Job Name is set as Drilled Pier Job. Design Method There are three methods for analyzing/designing drilled pier:
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API Method (based on API RP 2A-WSD) FHWA 1999 Method (based on FHWA-IF-99-025) Vesic method (based on Design of Pile Foundations, by A.S. Vesic, 1977 - National Transportation Research Board, National Research Council)
Next > Proceeds the Wizard to the next step. Cancel Exits the Wizard without creating a new Drilled Pier Job.
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Shaft Profile STAAD.foundation can design both Straight and (angle) Belled drilled piers. The BD, ST, and BT dimensions are only used for Belled shafts. Pier Ht Above Ground (PG) Measured from ground elevation to top of shaft, with selected units. Shaft Diameter (SD) Diameter of main shaft, with selected units. Pier Height (PH) Total pier height, measured from top of shaft above ground to bottom of bell (if present) or shaft bearing end, , with selected units. Water Level (WL) Measured from Ground Elevation (GE), with selected units. Ground Elevation (GE) Arbitrary elevation value, with selected units. Bell Diameter (BD) (Belled only) Diameter of belled shaft end, with selected units. Slope Thickness (ST) (Belled only) The height of the sloped portion of the bell, with selected units. Bell Thickness (BT) (Belled only) Height of bell from bottom to toe of sloped portion, with selected units. < Previous
Steps the Wizard to the previous step. Next > Proceeds the Wizard to the next step. Cancel Exits the Wizard without creating a new Drilled Pier Job.
Elasticity of Soil Young's modulus for soil in the layer containing the tip (bearing)(E ), in s the selected units. Note: The default value of 0.3 ksi may be high for some loose sands or soft clays, but is generally conservative for most soils used for drilled pier tips. Number of Layers Specify the number of soil layers to be added to the table. Note: If the water table is located within a soil layer, soil layer should be split into two parts. Generate Table
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Click to generate a table with a number of rows corresponding to the No. of Layers specified. Warning: If data has already been added to the table, clicking this button again will delete the current data and rebuild the table. Depth / Cohesion / Density Unit Units used for Soil Layer Depth, Soil Cohesion (undrained shear strength) and Soil Density in the Soil Profile table cells. All cells in a column must be entered in the same type of units. Soil Profile Table Column Soil Type Description Select the soil type that best describes the layer (API Method) Select from Clay, Silt, Sand, Gravel, Sand-Silt and Others l (FHWA Method) Select from Clay and Sand. Clay is selected in case of cohesive soil and either of Silt, Sand, Gravel, Sand-Silt is chosen for Cohesionless soil. (API method) Select soil density from Very Loose, Loose, Medium, Dense, Very Dense.
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Density Type
Depth
Friction Angle
Selection is used to determine Nq values from Table 6.4.3-1 "Design Parameters for Cohesionless Siliceous Soil" Depth for each soil layer is measured from Ground Elevation (GE, by default 0ft) to top of the respective soil layer. Effective Friction Angle (Soil-Pile Friction Angle) for cohesionless soil layer, in degrees. It is assumed that the soils Angle of Internal Friction equal to the Effective Friction Angle. Undrained shear strength of a cohesive soil. Average soil density for the respective soil layer. Note: If the water table is located within
Column
Description a soil layer, soil layer should be split into two parts with different soil densities.
N60
(FHWA Method) Input for design value for SPT (Standard Penetration Test) blow count, taken as average value within the soil layer. Unit for N60 is B/ft (Blows/ft).
< Previous Steps the Wizard to the previous step. Next > Proceeds the Wizard to the next step. Cancel Exits the Wizard without creating a new Drilled Pier Job.
Load page
Used to input load, factors of safety and resistance parameters.
Axial Load Load along axial direction, in the selected units. Note: A positive value indicates a compressive force and a negative value indicates an uplift force. End bearing
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Factor of safety for base resistance. Skin Friction Factor of safety for side resistance. Tip Resistance for Axial Capacity Percentage of base resistance (end bearing) force to be considered in axial capacity. Skin Resistance for Axial Capacity Percentage of the maximum skin friction that is being developed as a function of downward deflection of the pile, where that downward deflection has been normalized to units of pile diameters. < Previous Steps the Wizard to the previous step. Next > Proceeds the Wizard to the next step. Cancel Exits the Wizard without creating a new Drilled Pier Job.
Specify the yield strength of steel reinforcing bars (fy), in the selected units. Modulus of Elasticity (Steel) Young's modulus for steel reinforcing bars (ES), in the selected units. Max Rebar Size Specify the maximum size of reinforcing bar to be used in the longitudinal reinforcement. Min Rebar Size Specify the minimum size of reinforcing bar to be used in the longitudinal reinforcement. Max Spiral Reinf Size Specify the maximum size of reinforcing bar to be used in the spiral ties. Concrete parameters Concrete Strength Specify the ultimate strength of the concrete (f'C ), in the selected units. Modulus of Elasticity (Concrete) Young's modulus for steel reinforcing bars (EC), in the selected units. Concrete Density Specify a unit weight to be used for concrete (wC), in the selected units. Concrete Cover Specify a concrete clear cover distance to be used for spiral ties, in the selected units. General Parameters Critical Depth Ratio calculation Select Calculate to have the program determine the Critical Depth Ratio or User Input to specify a Critical Depth Ratio in the following field. Critical Depth Ratio Soil depth at which vertical stress appears to become constant is known as the Critical Depth. This value is the ratio of critical depth to the pier diameter. Typical range of critical depth ratio lies from 10 to 20. Neglected Soil Resistance Zone Neglected soil zone at top at bottom are regions excluded from skin friction calculation. Neglected Top Soil Layer for Skin Friction
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For top layer skin friction, typically first five feet are neglected. Additionally, any backfill layer should be neglected for skin friction. Neglected Bottom Soil Layer for Skin Friction For bottom layer skin friction, in case of Straight pier profile typically soil layer equal to one pier diameter thickness is neglected and in the case of Belled pier profile, a soil layer equal to sum of bell periphery and pier diameter is neglected. < Previous Steps the Wizard to the previous step. Cancel Exits the Wizard without creating a new Drilled Pier Job. Finish Completes the Wizard and adds the new Drilled Pier Job to the active project file.
Job Name This should be unique for each job. By default Job Name is set as Pile Cap Job. Design Code The following countries' design codes are available:
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English (default) SI
Next > Proceeds the Wizard to the next step. Cancel Exits the Wizard without creating a new Pile Cap Job.
Load page
Used to provide support force and moment values applied to the pile cap.
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Moment / Force Unit Units for force and Moment. Load table Each line of the load table represents a separate primary load case. Note: Refer to the sketch on the load page for applied load sign conventions. In particular, note that negative Y represents applied gravity load.
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Fx- Value of Load applied to the X direction. Fy - Value of Load applied to the Y direction. Fz- Value of Load applied about the Z direction. Mx- Value of Moment applied about the X direction. Mz - Value of Moment applied about the Z direction. Loading Type - Select a class of load (i.e. - dead, live, wind, seismic, etc.) from the drop-down list.
< Previous Steps the Wizard to the previous step. Next > Proceeds the Wizard to the next step. Cancel Exits the Wizard without creating a new Pile Cap Job.
Update Table Default load combinations are saved in external data files (ACILOAD.INI files). Clicking the Update Table button saves any changes made to the associated table to the file as a default. Otherwise, any changes are saved in the active project file only. Delete Removes the selected row (load combination) from the associated table. Note: To delete any combination from the default list (kept in an external .INI file) you need to click the Update Table button after deleting. Allowable Load Combination and Ultimate Load Combination tables Each row in a table represents the ID for a different load combination.
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Index - The first column indicates the index of the load combination.
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toggle - Select the check boxes of the combination which you wish to use. Load Type columns - Primary Load cases are assigned a load type, each of which is represented by a separate column in the load combination tables. Enter the load combination factor for a given load type in the cell. Hint: The cell with zero values appears in gray color where as with values other than zero it appears in blue.
To add a new load combination to the table, add factors to the last (empty) row. Note: To add or change any combination from the default list (kept in an external .INI file) you need to click the Update Table button after making changes. < Previous Steps the Wizard to the previous step. Next > Proceeds the Wizard to the next step. Cancel Exits the Wizard without creating a new Pile Cap Job.
Column / Pedestal Depth Specify a column (or pedestal, if height is specified) depth (dimension parallel to the X axis), in the selected units. Note: Pedestal Design is support for US (ACI 318) code only. Column / Pedestal Width Specify a column (or pedestal, if height is specified) depth (dimension parallel to the Z axis), in the selected units. Strength of Concrete Specify the ultimate strength of the concrete (f'c), in the selected units. Wt of Concrete Specify a density to be used for concrete (w ), in the selected units.
C
Yield Strength of Steel Specify the yield strength of steel reinforcing bars (fy), in the selected units. Side Cover (Cs) Specify a concrete clear cover distance to be used for the sides of the pile cap reinforcement, in the selected units. Bottom Clear Cover (Cb) Specify a concrete clear cover distance to be used for the bottom-most layer of pile cap reinforcement above the piles, in the selected units. Pile in Pile Cap (Cp) The distance from the bottom of the pile cap to the top of the piles, in the selected units. Initial Thickness The minimum thickness used in design, in the selected units. Minimum / Maximum Bar Spacing Specify the minimum and maximum distances to be allowed between reinforcing bars, in the selected units. Pedestal Height Height of a pedestal used at the support, taken from top of pile cap, in the selected units. < Previous Steps the Wizard to the previous step. Next > Proceeds the Wizard to the next step. Cancel
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Pile Arrangement for Support Select a support from the current job for which you would like to input pile arrangement. Pile Capacity The Pile Capacity group box allows you to input the forces that a pile is meant to bear. Unit Select the force unit used for Pile Capacity parameters. Lateral Specify the lateral force a pile is meant to bear. Vertical Specify the vertical force a pile is meant to bear. Uplift Specify the uplifting force a pile is meant to bear. Pile Dia
Diameter of a pile, in the selected units. Spacing Spacing between piles, in the selected units. Edge Distance Distance between the edges of the pile cap and edge piles, in the selected units. Show Loading on Support Opens the Load Table for Support <#> dialog, which displays the total loading on the support for each load case selected under Support for Pile Arrangement. Pile Arrangement Type The Pile Arrangement Type group box allows you to input the coordinates for a pile arrangement or have STAAD.foundation calculate a pile arrangement automatically. Auto Arrangement The Auto Arrangement radio option allows you to have STAAD.foundation calculate the pile arrangement. In order to have STAAD.foundation calculate the pile arrangement, select Auto Arrangement and click on the Calculate button. A window will appear displaying all possible pile arrangements corresponding to the pile loads in all the load cases according to the BOCA standard. Calculate Opens a window displaying all possible pile arrangements corresponding to the pile loads in all the load cases according to the BOCA standard when the Auto Arrangement radio option is selected. Given below is the figure of possible pile arrangement.
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Show Pile Reactions The Show Pile Reactions button opens a table displaying the reaction on each pile. The figure below shows the pile reaction table.
Select Arrangement The Select Arrangement button allows you to select the current pile
arrangement for the design of the pile cap. If you do not want to use the current pile arrangement, recalculate the arrangement. < Previous Steps the Wizard to the previous step. Next > Proceeds the Wizard to the next step. Note: If you are using the predefined pile layout method, do not enter any values into the Pile Layout (Parametric) page. Simply click Finish. Cancel Exits the Wizard without creating a new Pile Cap Job.
Pile Arrangement for Support Used to select a support from the current job for which you would like to input pile arrangement. Spacing selection 312 STAAD.foundation
Select to use either a Row Spacing or Column spacing for Rectangular layout. Pile Data Used to input the forces that a pile is meant to bear. Unit The Unit drop-down list box allows you to select the force unit used for Pile Capacity and length unit used for spacing, diameter, edge distance etc. Lateral Specify the lateral capacity of a pile. Vertical Specify the vertical capacity of a pile. Uplift Specify the uplifting capacity of a pile. Dia Diameter of a pile. Edge The Edge Distance field allows you to specify the distance between the edges of a pile. Arrangement Type Pile arrangement can be either rectangular or circular. Pile cap having circular arrangement will be design as octagonal pile cap. Rectangular arrangement needs following inputs,
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By default program will create symmetric pile arrangement from the above input but user can change the default setup by editing the table below. Both row and column grid lines can be adjusted by selecting appropriate radio button. Circular arrangement needs following inputs as shown below.
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Number of Piles Total number of piles, excluding the center pile (if option is selected). Number of Layers Number of concentric circles in the circular arrangement. Pile Spacing Minimum spacing between piles
Use Center Pile Select this option to add a pile at center of pile arrangement.
By default, program will try to assign equal number of piles for all concentric circular layers. The arrangement can be edited using the table below. Create Pile Arrangement Creates the pile layout and opens a dialog box to display the pile coordinates table and a figure. Note: Pile coordinates in this table are editable.
Delete Row - Click to delete the current row from the pile coordinate table and figure. Select Current Arrangement Once a satisfactory pile layout has been found, click the Select Current Arrangement button to select and apply that layout. The program will check the pile reaction against pile capacity to make sure pile reactions do not exceed pile capacity values. Show Pile Reactions The Show Pile Reactions button opens a table displaying the reaction on each pile. The figure below shows the pile reaction table.
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< Previous Steps the Wizard to the previous step. Cancel Exits the Wizard without creating a new Pile Cap Job. Next > Completes the Wizard and adds the new Pile Cap Job to the active project file.
2. Input the parameters on each page and click Next > to proceed. Hint: You may jump to any step using the table of contents found on the left side of each wizard dialog page or move to the prior page by clicking <Previous. 3. Repeat through all input pages until the Finish button is enabled. 4. Click the Finish button to exit the wizard. The new Ribbed Beam Footing job is added to the project in the Main Navigator pane.
3. Make changes as needed. 4. Click the OK to accept the changes and dismiss the dialog.
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Design Philosophy
In current release of the program Grade beam (ribbed beam) foundation is only supported for Indian code. For Grade Beam (Ribbed Beam) footing, Service Design, soil bearing check and overturning check is same as combined footing(only the self wt of Beam and & UDL on beam are considered and volume of beam projected inside soil is excluded to calculate soil weight properly) For ultimate design (factored design), entire longitudinal moment (Sagging & Hogging) and shear force are resisted by beam. Slab portion only resist transverse moment & shear force (As an inverted cantilever slab projected from both side face of Beam) Beam Design is strictly done as Balanced Section Design. Over Reinforced Section is not allowed. Program will automatically choose single layer/double layer Reinforcement according to the requirement. Stirrup Calculation is done when shear force is more than c.b.d. For other case only nominal stirrup would be provided. Concrete & Steel Bond safety is checked in working stress method.
Job Name This should be unique for each job. By default Job Name is set as "Ribbed(Beam) Footing." Design Code Ribbed beams may only be designed using the Indian code. Default Unit Type Ribbed beams may only use SI units. Next > Proceeds the Wizard to the next step. Cancel Exits the Wizard without creating a new Ribbed Beam Footing Job.
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Unit Weight of Concrete Specify a density to be used for concrete, in the selected units. Minimum / Maximum Bar Spacing Specify the minimum and maximum distances to be allowed between reinforcing bars, in the selected units. Strength of Concrete Specify the ultimate strength of the concrete (f'c), in the selected units. Yield Strength of Steel Specify the yield strength of steel reinforcing bars (fy), in the selected units. Minimum / Maximum Bar Size Select the minimum and maximum allowed reinforcing bar sizes to be used in the design. Sizes listed correspond to the < Previous Steps the Wizard to the previous step. Next > Proceeds the Wizard to the next step. Cancel Exits the Wizard without creating a new Combined Footing Job.
Factor of Safety Against Overturning Specify a factor of safety against overturning. Unit Weight of Soil Specify a density to be used for the soil, in the selected units. Depth of Soil Above Footing Specify the depth from soil surface to the top of footing, in the selected units. Soil Bearing Capacity Specify the allowable (?) capacity of the soil, in the selected units. Surcharge for Loading Specify a surcharge loading above the footing, in the selected units. Note: For surcharge calculation only the cantilever portion of slab projected from each side of beam are to be considered. While calculation of soil weight above footing STAAD.foundation engine automatically excludes beam volume and pedestal volume for accurate estimation of soil weight. Bottom Clear Cover Specify a concrete clear cover distance to be used for the bottom-most layer of footing reinforcement, in the selected units. Depth of Water Table Specify the depth from soil surface to the water table, in the selected
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units. If water table is not to be considered for this footing, Pedestal Dimensions table Table rows represent supports with the same numbers. Provide the pedestal dimensions for the corresponding support.
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Ped Ht - If a pedestal is used a this support, specify a height, in the selected units. Ped Depth - Specify a column (or pedestal, height is specified) depth (dimension parallel to the X axis), in the selected units. Ped Width - Specify a column (or pedestal, height is specified) depth (dimension parallel to the X axis), in the selected units.
Note: Pedestal Design is support for US (ACI 318) code only. < Previous Steps the Wizard to the previous step. Next > Proceeds the Wizard to the next step. Cancel Exits the Wizard without creating a new Isolated Footing Job.
Design Type There are two types of design one is calculate dimension another is set dimension:
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Calculate Dimension - The footing size will be checked and resized to the smallest size which meets all specified loads; ranging between the minimum and maximum dimensions provided (inclusive). Calculate dimension is set by default. Set Dimension - then the minimum dimensions will constitute the only footing size checked.
Minimum Left / Right Overhand Specify the minimum overhang length (direction parallel to the X axis) to be used for the footing design, along with unit. Fixed Width / Left Overhang / Right Overhang Select if these values are fixed lengths or if they will be optimized during the design. Column Distance Specify the distance between the columns (direction parallel to the X axis) to be used for the footing, along with unit. For a Calculate Dimension design, this is used as the minimum dimension to check. Width Specify the width (direction parallel to the Y axis) to be used for the footing, along with unit. For a Calculate Dimension design, this is used as the minimum dimension to check. Thickness Specify the thickness (direction parallel to the Z axis; or out-of plan dimension) to be used for the footing, along with unit. For a Calculate Dimension design, this is used as the minimum dimension to check. Maximum Length (Calculate only) Specify the maximum length (direction parallel to the X axis) to be used for the footing design, along with unit. Maximum Width (Calculate only) Specify the maximum width (direction parallel to the Z axis) to be used for the footing design, along with unit. Maximum Thickness (Calculate only) Specify the maximum thickness (direction parallel to the Z axis; or out-of plan dimension) to be used for the footing, along with unit. Length Increment
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(Calculate only) Specify the length and width increments to be used when performing footing design, along with unit. This allows you control over how to step footing sizes in design results. Thickness Increment (Calculate only) Specify the thickness increments to be used when performing footing design, along with unit. < Previous Steps the Wizard to the previous step. Next > Proceeds the Wizard to the next step. Cancel Exits the Wizard without creating a new Ribbed Footing Job.
Beam Loading - UDL On Beam Specify a uniform dead load applied over the length of the grade beam, in the selected units. For example, this may be the weight of a wall load over the beam. Min / Max Depth Enter the range of beam depth permissible for design, in the selected units. The design process will begin with the minimum depth and iterate
designs up to and including the maximum depth specified. Note: Beam depth is taken from top of grade beam to bottom of spread footing. Beam Width Width of the beam above the spread footing, in the selected units. Min / Max Bars Size (Main Bar) Specify the range of permissible longitudinal reinforcing bar sizes. Min / Max Bars Size (Stirrup) Specify the range of permissible stirrup sizes. Stirrup Type Select the number of stirrup legs present in a cross section. Min / Max Spacing of Stirrup Specify the permissible range of stirrup spacing, in the selected units. < Previous Steps the Wizard to the previous step. Next > Proceeds the Wizard to the next step. Cancel Exits the Wizard without creating a new Combined Footing Job.
Load page
Used to provide support force and moment values applied to the ribbed footing.Both supports have a load table
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Moment / Force Unit Units for force and Moment. Load tables Each line of the load table represents a separate primary load case. Note: Refer to the sketch on the load page for applied load sign conventions. In particular, note that negative Y represents applied gravity load.
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Fx- Value of Load applied to the X direction. Fy - Value of Load applied to the Y direction. Fz- Value of Load applied about the Z direction. Mx- Value of Moment applied about the X direction. Mz - Value of Moment applied about the Z direction. Loading Type - Select a class of load (i.e. - dead, live, wind, seismic, etc.) from the drop-down list.
< Previous Steps the Wizard to the previous step. Next > Proceeds the Wizard to the next step. Cancel Exits the Wizard without creating a new Ribbed Footing Job.
Update Table Default load combinations are saved in external data files (ACILOAD.INI files). Clicking the Update Table button saves any changes made to the associated table to the file as a default. Otherwise, any changes are saved in the active project file only. Delete Removes the selected row (load combination) from the associated table. Note: To delete any combination from the default list (kept in an external .INI file) you need to click the Update Table button after deleting. Allowable Load Combination and Ultimate Load Combination tables Each row in a table represents the ID for a different load combination.
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Index - The first column indicates the index of the load combination.
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toggle - Select the check boxes of the combination which you wish to use. Load Type columns - Primary Load cases are assigned a load type, each of which is represented by a separate column in the load combination tables. Enter the load combination factor for a given load type in the cell. Hint: The cell with zero values appears in gray color where as with values other than zero it appears in blue.
To add a new load combination to the table, add factors to the last (empty) row. Note: To add or change any combination from the default list (kept in an external .INI file) you need to click the Update Table button after making changes. < Previous Steps the Wizard to the previous step. Cancel Exits the Wizard without creating a new Ribbed Footing Job. Finish Completes the Wizard and adds the new Ribbed Footing Job to the active project file.
Section 5
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output to hard copy. Hint: If changes have been made to a job, you will need to re-analyze and/or re-design the job before printing the calculations. Otherwise, these changes will not be reflected in the output.
7. Click the Save Drawing As button. The Save Drawing As dialog opens. 8. Specify a name for the drawing and select the location where it will be saved. 9. Click the Save button.
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Section 6
Note: You must first perform an analysis and design on a STAAD.Pro model in STAAD.Pro before importing the model into STAAD.foundation.
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Note: You may be asked to save any changes made to the current STAAD.foundation project. The STAAD.Pro File Import dialog opens. 2. Select the STAAD input file (file extension .STD) from which you wish to import data. 3. Click the Open button.
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The copied data must have same number of columns as the STAAD.foundation input table. To copy and paste data from Microsoft Excel to STAAD.foundation 1. Highlight the extents of the data in the spreadsheet program.
2. 3. 4. 5.
Copy the cell contents. Switch to the STAAD.foundation program. Open the form or dialog containing the table where data will be pasted. Select first cell of input table in either the Data Input form or dialog. Note: Make sure the whole cell is selected (blinking text line should not appear). Clicking the cell field away from the number
6. Press CTRL+V to paste the data into the table. Please refer to document for Neutral file format (xml read and write function) to explore more connectivity options with other software. The following tables contained in Data Input data or dialogs can be used to paste data:
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Linear grid Radial grid Column position Column dimension Add Self Weight - Multiplier values may be pasted from spreadsheet application. Applied Load Safety Factor Mat Foundation: Physical Beam table Mat Foundation:Pile Position table Mat Foundation: Pile Spring table Mat Foundation: Polyline region Mat Foundation: Edit Meshing region - Once a mat region has been created, it can then be transformed to any arbitrary shape by pasting coordinates into the Edit Meshing region dialog. Load Combination table - The checkbox column can also be manipulated by using a 1 to signify selected (checked) and 0 to signify unselected in the spreadsheet data. Hint: This facility can be particularly useful when importing a large number of load combinations from analysis software.
To copy and paste data from STAAD.foundation to Excel Similarly, output tables generated by a successful analysis/design can be copied and pasted into a spreadsheet. 1. Perform an analysis/design on the STAAD.foundation job. Output tables are displayed on one or more tabs in the Output pane. 2. Select the cells, columns, or rows you wish to copy. Hint: The entire table can be selected by clicking the top-left most heading cell. 3. Press CTRL+C. 4. Switch to the spreadsheet application. 5. Paste the contents into the spreadsheet.
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The first part of this feature is an included Microsoft Office Excel 2003 spreadsheet (named MULTIPLE JOBS EXCEL INPUT.XLS) which is used to enter global and local data for any type of General Foundation mode job. Next, the program can read the data from this spreadsheet and create a new project using the new Import from Excel feature. Warning: It is recommended to save a copy of MULTIPLE JOBS EXCEL INPUT.XLS to a different location on your computer or network so as the original may be re-used as a template. Note: You may download a new copy of the spreadsheet from the Be Communities site at http://communities.bentley.com/products/structural/structural_analysis__ _design/m/structural_analysis_and_design_gallery/default.aspx. This feature can be used as flexible means to import geometry, loads, and other data from virtually any structural analysis & design software. By creating macros in Excel, this process can be streamlined for re-use in your organization. Input data into the Excel spreadsheet 1. Open MULTIPLE JOBS EXCEL INPUT.XLS in Microsoft Office Excel. 2. (Optional) Save the file in a new location. Hint: You may wish to save the file under a different name (e.g., the physical project's name or your companies job number). 3. Select the Units you wish to use on the Units tab. 4. Global data is entered on the first set of spreadsheet tabs: a. Set the number and location of X- and Z- axis grids on the Grid Tables tab. Hint: The correct number of grids will be highlighted in both tables. Values in gray cells will not be imported into STAAD.foundation. b. Node coordinates and column / pedestal data are entered on the Support Data tab. c. Load case data is entered on the Load Table tab. d. Column reaction loads are entered on the Loads tab.
5. Enter the local data for all of the job types you wish to add to your STAAD.foundation project. Data entry is analogous to the type of foundation for each tab: a. Isolated Foundation b. Combined Foundation c. Mat Foundation d. Pile Cap Job Hint: Right click and delete tabs for foundation types you won't need in your project to prevent any unnecessary data being imported. 6. Save the spreadsheet and exit Excel. Import data from MULTIPLE JOBS EXCEL INPUT.XLS into a STAAD.foundation project 1. Select Tools >Import from Excel. A Windows open dialog opens, with the filter set for Excel Files (.XLS file extension). 2. Navigate to the folder where the copy of the Excel spreadsheet was saved. Note: If you have not saved a copy of MULTIPLE JOBS EXCEL INPUT.XLS, it will be located in the save folder where STAAD.foundation was installed. The default directory path is C:\...\STAAD.FOUNDATION V5.2\ 3. Click the Open button. The project data is imported. For each foundation type tab included in the Excel spreadsheet, a new job is created.
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party package. e.g. Loading and geometry input from a piping software can be imported to STAAD.foundation using xml technology, batch import is also possible. STAAD.foundation V8i (SELECTseries 2), release 5.1 or later supports full import/export of isolated footing job to xml format, including design parameters. For other jobs, loading and geometry data can be imported/exported. This feature can be further extended based on the user request. Please contact us through a service ticket at http://selectservices.bentley.com/en-US/
Section 7
Quick Tour
The following is a short tutorial on using the General Foundations mode of STAAD.foundation. If this is the first time you have ever used the program, it is recommended that you perform this exercise to familiarize yourself with the program. This Quick Tour is a set of short example exercises that illustrate how to use STAAD.foundation to design several different types of foundations. The procedure for importing support co-ordinates and forces/moments on the individual supports from STAAD.Pro is also discussed.
Click the General button on the Start Page. or Press <CTRL+N>, Select General Foundation, and click Open. The program window opens an empty project file in the General Foundation mode.
2. Input the support coordinates (0,0,0), (10,0,0), (10,0,10), (0,0,15), (14,0,0) and (5,0,5) for position numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively. The tab key or the arrow keys may be used to move from one cell to the next in the table.
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Hint: Make sure length unit is set as ft. To change/set current length unit, click the Set Input/Output Unit tool found in the Standard toolbar. Note: The supports along with their respective node numbers are displayed in the Graphics Window once you click on a cell outside of the row you are currently in.
The Load Description page opens in the Data Area pane. This page allows you to define loads for load cases, as well as assign loads. 2. Select Loads &Factors >Create New Load Case entry in Main Navigator. A form under the load description area will appear allowing you to create a new load case.
3. Enter Load Case 1 for Load Title. The Load Title allows you to give each load case a descriptive name to help identify between load cases. Leave the Load Type set as Primary. Note: Three load types are available: Primary, Service, and Ultimate. Primary loads can be further used to create combination loads. Service loads are not factored and are used for soil bearing pressure checks. Ultimate loads are factored and are used for shear and reinforcement design.
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4. While creating a new load case, load items from an existing load case can be copied. As there are no defined load case yet, leave the Load Case No field as None. 5. Select No for the Add Self Weight field. 6. Click on the Add button to have the load case created. The new load case appears in the Load Description Tree in the Load pane.
7. Repeat Steps 1 through 5 and create a similar load cased titled Live Load.
2. Enter a value of 5 for Fx, and a value of 5 for Fy field. 3. Then click on the Add button to accept the load input.
Note: Negative and positive values follow the sign conventions of the axis system. Negative values are downward, compressive forces and positive values are upward, tensile forces. The load will now appear under the Column Reaction Loading folder in the Load Description pane. 4. Repeat steps 1 through 3 to add a column reaction load to the "Live Load" case with Fz = 10 kip.
2. Click the Assign button to have the load assigned to all the supports in the project. 3. Then select Assign To View from the drop-down list as the assignment method. The assigned loadings are displayed on the nodes in the graphics window. 4. Repeat steps 1 through 3 and assign the Live Load case to all supports in the view. Note: Alternatively, we could have selected all the supports in the Graphics window by clicking on them and then selected Assign To Selection. Or, we could have selected Assign To Edit List and then typed in the list of nodes for each support.
Load Combinations
If you have multiple load cases and want to combine them, you can use the Load Combination feature. 1. Click on the Create New Load Combination leaf under the Loads & Factors group in Main navigator pane.
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2. To define serviceability and design factors for each load case in a project, you may use the Safety Factor Table. To bring up the Safety Factors page, click on the Safety Factors leaf under Loads and Factors group in Main Navigator pane. A table allowing you to input serviceability and design factors for each load case will be displayed in the Data Area pane.
By default, STAAD.foundation will assign values for the safety factors depending on the load type. Refer to section 4.3.3.2 for a detailed explanation of the default values. The default values can be changed by inputting new values into the table like any spreadsheet. The tab key or arrow keys may be used to move from one cell to the next in the table. The serviceability factor will be applied when checking the base pressure of a foundation (geotechnical design). The design factor will be used for design.
1. Click on Job Setup >Create a New Job in the Main Navigator pane.
The Job Info and Loading forms open in the Data Area pane.
2. Enter the following values in the Job Info form (top half of the Data area):
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3. Enter Job1 for the Job Name. 4. Select Isolated for the Job Type. 5. Select Assign to all support for the Support Assignment method. 6. Click the Select All ( ) button to move all the load cases over to the Selected Load Cases list on the bottom of the page. 7. Click the Create Job button. A new leaf is added to the Main Navigation pane for the Isolated Footing job. Note: When there are multiple jobs and load cases in a project, you can quickly switch between jobs or loads using the tools in the Standard toolbar. Job settings of the selected job may be edited by clicking the Edit Current Job leaf under job setup group in Main Navigator pane.
Note: STAAD.foundation gives the user flexibility to check an existing foundation by specifying footing geometry like Length, Width and Thickness or design a new foundation where the program will calculate footing dimension.
A warning dialog opens to confirm you wish to proceed with the design. 2. Click Yes. The progress of the foundation design is displayed in the Output pane. The Status bar also provides feedback on the progress of each step.
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Once the process is complete, the program will automatically display a Design Summary table in the Output pane and the detailed design calculations in the Calculation Sheet tab of the View window. 3. Select File >Save As or Press <CTRL-S> to save the project. Provide a file name and locate the file where you would like it stored before clicking Save.
2. Enter a job name, choose Job Type as Mat, and Design Code as US.
3. Click the button to include all the Load Cases. 4. Click the Create Job button. The new Mat Foundation job is added to the Main Navigator pane.
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The Rectangular Boundary form opens in the Data Input pane. 2. Set Unit as inch and input X1,Z1 as -30,-30. Enter a Length of 515 inches and Width of 345 inches. Leave the Y level as 0.0 as our support columns are all at the same elevation.
Note: To make the rectangular boundary easier to see, you may want to toggle off the grid if it is currently displayed. Use the Toggle grid tool in the Standard toolbar or the Linear Grid setup form. Hint: Now it would be a good idea to save your model, since you have done a substantial amount of work to get to this point. Select File > Save or press CTRL+S.
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2. In the Main View window, select the rectangular boundary region created in the previous step. The boundary is highlighted in red.
3. Select the Boundary option and specify a title for the boundary as the Region Identifier.
Note: In this example project we will not create any holes in the mesh. 4. Click the Add Region button to add the rectangular region as a meshing
boundary. 5. Select the Region Identifier name you entered from the Meshing setup tree. 6. Specify a maximum element size of 12 inches. 7. Click the Generate Mesh button. The Meshing Options dialog opens.
8. Select the option for Quadrilateral Meshing since our boundary is rectangular. Leave other options as their default. 9. Click OK. The mesh is automatically generated.
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The Slab Thickness form is displayed in the Data Input pane. 2. Specify an Analysis Thickness of 1.0 ft and a Design Thickness of 0.9167 ft (12 inches). 3. Select Mat Foundation Job >Mesh Generation >Soil Property in the Main Navigator pane.
The Soil Property form opens in the Data Input pane. 4. Select the option to Use Soil Spring.Leave the default value for the Subgrade Modulus.
1. Select either: Mat Foundation job > Mat Slab analysis/design options > Analyze in the Main Navigator pane. or The Analyze / Design tool in the Standard toolbar. The progress of the analysis process is displayed in the Status Bar along with the steps being performed by the program in the Design Progress Report of the Output pane.
The analysis engine opens to display the progress of the finite element analysis.
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Once the analysis process is complete, the deformed shape of the slab is displayed.
2. By default the deformed plates showing the node displacements appear in the graphics display window.
If the slabs deformed shape is not apparent in your graphics display, you may need to change the scaling values. Click on the toolbar for changing scale which will bring up Scale Setup page in data area pane.
3. Under the Result Scales category, decrease the Displacement value to increase the amount of deflection shown. Hint: Why do you decrease it to increase the deflection? The Displacement value in the dialog box is the actual displacement of the structure per unit distance on the graphic diagram. Therefore, if you reduce the amount of actual structural deflection required to display a unit distance of deflection on the diagram, you will see a larger apparent displacement on the diagram. After a successful analysis, the program will add several tables in the output pane below. 4. Click on the Displacement tab to view nodal displacement for current selected load case.
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This table lists the node displacement for the three translational and three rotational degrees of freedom. 5. Click on Disp Summary tab to view node displacement summary for all six degrees of freedom among all load cases. Note: Maximum positive displacement in Y direction is 0.049418 in and maximum negative displacement is .792751 in.
6. Click on the Support Reactions tab to view soil pressure for the current load case. To view the maximum reaction among all load cases please click on Reaction Summary tab.
7. To view soil pressure contour, please click on the Output View Options leaf under Mat slab design options group in main navigator pane.
The Output View Options form opens in the Data pane. 8. Select the Show Soil Pressure option to view the soil pressure contour in the View window.
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A soil pressure legend will be displayed at the left of the view pane along with the soil pressure contour. Please note, the maximum soil pressure for load case 1 is 4.556 kip/ft2. Also, minimum soil pressure is 0.0 which means that some part of the mat has lost contact with the soil and the program has distributed the pressure of that portion to the rest of the mat slab.
9. We can easily verify the slabs loss of contact with the soil by reviewing Contact Area table. Please note for both load cases more than 80% of total area is in contact with the soil.
To review plates stresses please click on the Plate Stress and Plate Stress Summary pages. Please note that the stress summary page displays a maximum value 68.636 kip-ft/ft. Please note that all plate stress values are based on plate local axis system.
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10. To view plate stress contours please click on the Output View Options leaf under Mat slab design options group
A form will appear at data area pane. Please select Show Plate Stress radio button and then choose Global Mx stress type.
The screen will look like the following figure. Please note that this contour is based on the global X axis.
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The Moment Envelope Generation form opens in the Data Input pane. 2. Define the longitudinal axis of the slab by specifying Starting X / Z coordinates of 0,0 and Ending X/ Z coordinates of 100, 0.
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3. Select Use all load cases for the Select load type list. 4. Click the Generate Moment Envelope button to generate moment envelope. The program generates a finite number of discrete points which are used as design points. 5. Select Mat Foundation job >Mat slab analysis/design options >Design Parameters in the Main Navigator pane.
3. Select support node 1 in Main View window. Support assignment type will be automatically switched to Assign to selected support. 4. Click the button to include all the Load Cases.
5. Click the Create Job button. The new Pile Cap Foundation job is added to the Main Navigator pane. The new job name also appears in the Job selection list in the Standard toolbar.
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1. Select Mat Foundation Job >Mesh Generation >Add Meshing region > Add a rectangular region in the Main Navigator pane
The Pile Arrangement Predefined form opens in the Data Input pane.
2. Select support number 1 as the Support for Pile Arrangement 3. Input the following values for Pile Capacity: vertical = 60 kips, lateral = 40 kips, and uplift = 40 kips. 4. Input the following values for pile geometry data: pile diameter = 10 inches, Spacing = 36 inches, and Edge Distance = 24 inches Hint: The total loading on the support is shown if we click on the Show Loading On Support button. 5. Select Auto Arrangement and click the Calculate button. A pop-up list opens containing all possible regular pile arrangements which satisfy pile capacity criteria.
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6. Choose 4 Pile Arrangement in the list and click OK. The pile arrangement table is populated with the selected pile arrangement.
7. (Optional) Click the Show Pile Reactions button to review the reaction on each pile. 8. Click the Select Arrangement button to select the arrangement for the design of this support's foundation.
The Design Parameters form opens in the Data Input pane. 2. Enter the following design parameters in the form, ensuring that the correct units are displayed for each:
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Strength of Concrete: 4 ksi Yield Strength of Steel: 60 ksi Minimum Bar Size: 6 Maximum Bar Size: 11 Side cover (Cs): 4 in Bottom Cover (Cb): 3 in Pile in Pile Cap (Cp): 4 in Initial thickness: 18 in
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1. Select either: Pile Cap Job > Design in the Main Navigator pane. or The Analyze / Design tool in the Standard toolbar. The progress of the analysis process is displayed in the Status Bar along with the steps being performed by the program in the Design Progress Report of the Output pane. Once the analysis process is complete, a results table appears in the Output pane showing the pile cap dimensions and the bar size and spacing in the longitudinal and transverse directions.
Note: The results are for only one of the six supports in the project because pile arrangements were selected for only support 1. The Calculation Sheet opens in the Main View window for reviewing the detailed code checks.
4. Click the
5. Click the Create Job button to create a new combined footing job. The new Strip Footing job is added to the Main Navigator pane. The new job name also appears in the Job selection list in the Standard toolbar. Additionally, strip footing controls appear in the Job Info form. 6. Select node 2 and 3 in Main View window. Nodes will be shown as selected as shown below.
7. Click the Create from Selected Node button in the . A tree view showing the support assignment will appear.
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The strip footing is graphically added between the two selected supports.
2. Select Calculate Dimensions for the Design Type. 3. Specify other footing dimensions as follows:
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Minimum Left over hang length = 36 in Minimum Right over hang length = 36 in Minimum Width = 48 in Minimum Thickness = 12 in Maximum Length = 400 in Maximum Width = 400 in Maximum Thickness = 36 in
Once the analysis process is complete, a results table appears in the Output pane showing the pile cap dimensions and the bar size and spacing in the longitudinal and transverse directions.
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Note: The results are for only one of the six supports in the project because pile arrangements were selected for only support 1. The Calculation Sheet opens in the Main View window for reviewing the detailed code checks. 2. Click the Graphs tab in the Main View window to display both Bending Moment and Shear Force diagrams.
7.5 Conclusion
We hope you have enjoyed this Quick Tour of STAAD.foundation. If you would like additional assistance in learning how to use STAAD.foundation, there are many resources available to you. Within the Online Help facility, you will find
documentation describing the program theory and a detailed description of every command in the program. You may also view a number of animated movie files that demonstrate how to perform various tasks. Additional STAAD.foundation learning resources are available at Bentley Systems, Inc. web site at http://www.bentley.com/enUS/Products/STAAD.foundation/. Finally, we strongly encourage you to take advantage of Bentleys technical support service. Our support staff is most eager and willing to help you learn to use the program correctly. You may contact our STAAD.foundation technical support staff by visiting http://www.bentley.com/serviceticketmanager We hope you enjoy using the program and hope that it adds value and efficiency to your engineering endeavors. If you have any comments regarding the program, or suggestions on how it could be improved to better serve your needs, we would very much like to hear from you.
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Section 8
Technical Reference
8.1 Introduction to Finite Element Analysis
If you want to model a surface entity like a wall, a roof or a slab, where the load is distributed in more than one direction, you need a surface entity to carry that kind of loading. The kind of entity that is used to model a beam or a column cannot be used to model a slab. We need to use another kind of structural entity known as a finite element. In a finite element analysis, you take a wall or a slab and subdivide it into smaller parts consisting of triangles or quadrilaterals. Finite elements are often referred to as plates. In our discussion, we may use these two words interchangeably. The difference between a beam and a plate is a load that is applied to a beam can only go in two directions: towards one end, or the other, or both.
In a plate, there is more than one path for the load to flow.
Joint loads at element nodes in global directions. Concentrated loads at any user specified point within the element in global or local directions. Uniform pressure on an element surface in global or local directions. Partial uniform pressure on a user specified portion of an element surface in global or local directions. Linearly varying pressure on an element surface in local directions.
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The vector pointing from "A" to "B" is defined to be parallel to the local X-axis. The cross product of vectors "AB" and "AC" defines a vector parallel to the local Z-axis, i.e., z = AB x AC. The cross product of vectors z and x defines a vector parallel to the local Y-axis, i.e., y = z x x. The origin of the axes is at the center (average) of the 4 joint locations (3 joint locations for a triangle).
Figure - STAAD plate element orientation for both Quatdrilateral and Triangular elements The sign convention of output force and moment resultants is illustrated in Section 2.6.
Center point of the element. All corner nodes of the element. At any user specified point within the element.
The following is a list of the items included in the ELEMENT STRESS output: User Manual 385
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SQX, SQY Shear stresses (Force/ unit len./thk.) SX, SY, SXY Membrane stresses (Force/unit len./thk) MX, MY, MXYBending moments per unit width (Moment/unit len.) SMAX, SMIN Principal stresses (Force/unit area) TMAX Maximum shear stress (Force/unit area) ANGLE Orientation of the principal plane (Degrees) VONT, VONB Von Mises stress, where
TRESCAT, TRESCAB Tresca stress, where TRESCA = MAX[ |(SMAX-SMIN)| , |(SMAX)| , |(SMIN)| ]
Note: Note:
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All element stress output is in the local coordinate system. The direction and sense of the element stresses are explained in Section 2.6. To obtain element stresses at a specified point within the element, the user must provide the coordinate system for the element. Note that the origin of the local coordinate system coincides with the center node of the element. Principal stresses (SMAX & SMIN), the maximum shear stress (TMAX), the orientation of the principal plane (ANGLE), the Von Mises stress (VONT & VONB), and the Tresca stress (TRESCAT & TRESCAB) are also printed for the top and bottom surfaces of the elements. The top and the bottom surfaces are determined on the basis of the direction of the local Z-axis.
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Figure - Bending moments Mx and My Mx is the Bending moment on the local x face. the local x-face is the face perpendicular to the local x-axis. My is the Bending moment on the local y face. the local y-face is the face perpendicular to the local y-axis.
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xy
and S
yx
Figure - Out-of plane shear stresses SQx and SQy User Manual 389
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bearing resistance of the soil and foundation should be stable in sliding and overturning. 2. Development length is checked for straight rebars. If development criterion is not met by the footing geometry a warning message is displayed in the calculation sheet, user can go for other detailing options like bent bars. Future release of STAAD.foundation will take bent up bars into consideration. 3. Calculate footing thickness based on structural capacity in shear and bending. Structural design of the footing consists of the following:
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Punching shear check, in accordance with ACI 318 Section 11.12.2 (for US Job), at a distance of d/2 from the pedestal. The critical section comprises four straight-line segments, parallel to the corresponding sides of the pedestal. One-way shear (beam action), in accordance with ACI 318 Section 11.1 through 11.5 (for US Job), at a distance of d from the face of the pedestal, in both orthogonal directions. The critical plane is assumed to extend over the entire width/length of the footing. Bending, in accordance with Sections 15.4.2 and 10.3.4 (for US code), with the critical planes located at both orthogonal faces of the pedestal and extending across the full width/length of the footing. Design output displays applicable code sections used for foundation design for all codes.
arm used in case of lateral loads is (Pedestal height + Pile cap thickness). Pile reactions are calculated based on Bolt Theory. Geometry of the pile cap based on shear and bending strength requirements at critical sections of the footing. 1. Pile Arrangement The user provides the following pile properties: capacity (bearing, uplift, and lateral), diameter, spacing, and edge distance. Based on these parameters, the program determines the required pile configuration as well as plan dimensions of the footing from the condition, that the force, along with the self weight of pilecap, transferred to any pile should not exceed its capacity. For a general case of vertical and horizontal forces, and bending moments acting on the cap, that stipulation is equivalent to satisfying the following two equations: Hpile >= Happl / N Vpile >= Vappl / N + Mxappl * Ry / Ixg + Myappl * Rx / Iyg Where: Hpile - Single pile horizontal capacity Vpile - Single pile vertical capacity Happl - Total horizontal load applied Vappl - Total vertical load applied N - Total number of piles in footing Mxappl - Applied bending moment about X-axis Myappl- Applied bending moment about Y-axis Rx- Distance from Y-axis to the farthest pile Ry- Distance from X-axis to the farthest pile Ixg- pile group moment of inertia about X-axis Iyg- pile group moment of inertia about Y-axis Note: X and Y-axes above are centroidal axes of the pile group, Ixg and Iyg are calculated treating each pile as a unit, and are equal (1*yi2) and (1*xi2), respectively. The program includes a library of possible pile layouts for quantities from 2 to 25 piles. Based on the user input, the program recommends the most economical (least number of piles) layout. The user may select
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any other layout/quantity if desired, however. In addition, changing the coordinates of individual piles may modify the selected pile layout. Alternatively, the user may input the entire configuration by hand. The layout recommended by the program is guaranteed to satisfy the load/capacity ratio for all piles. Should the user-modified or manually input layouts result in pile overstressing, the program will flag this deficiency in the design output. 2. Design of Pile Cap Proportioning of the pile cap involves satisfying the shear (one and two way) and bending requirements at applicable critical sections, in accordance with Chapter 15 of ACI 318-02 (for US job). One way shear is checked in two areas: At outer piles, with the critical section located at a min. distance d from the face of a corner pile or faces of a pile group along the edge of the footing, l At the distance d from two orthogonal faces of the pedestal. The critical shear plane is assumed along a shortest straight line connecting free edges of the footing. The design is then performed for the total pile reaction force on one side of the shear plane, in accordance with Sections 11.1 through 11.5.
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Two way shear is checked in three areas: At outer piles, with the critical section located at a min. distance d/2 from the face of a corner pile or faces of a pile group along the edge of the footing. The critical plane is assumed to be positioned along a straight and curved line, so that the total section length is minimized. l At the distance d/2 around the pedestal. The section comprises four straight-line segments, parallel to corresponding sides of the column. l At the distance d/2 around a pile. The design is performed for the total pile reaction force acting within the perimeter of the critical section, in accordance with ACI 318 Sections 11.12.2 through 11.12.6 (for US job).
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Development length is checked for straight rebars. If development criterion is not met by the footing geometry a warning message is displayed in the calculation sheet, user can go for other detailing options like bent bars. Future release of STAAD.foundation will take bent up bars into consideration.
Flexure is checked for critical planes located at both faces of the pedestal. The bending moment is calculated as an aggregate of moments due to pile reactions on one side of the plane. Determination of an individual pile contribution to the forces at a critical section is based on whether the pile is outside this section (full reaction value assumed), inside the section (reaction ignored), or at an intermediate location (partial reaction assumed), as per Section 15.5.4(for US job). Pilecap design through IS Code
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3 Pile Combination Design method in IS code is not similar with other combinations. The design philosophy followed in STAAD.foundation is explained belowPile cap module is following rigid method. Pile Reaction calculation is done using Bolt Theory. For combinations other than 2/3 pile, Moment is calculated at column face in both direction (Considering each pile reaction and pile location. If any pile area is intersected by section line taken for moment calculation, partial reaction of the respective pile is considered). Same thing is done for shear but at a dist of deffective from column face. For 3 piles, although pile reactions calculation are done using bolt theory but shear force & bending moment calculations are slightly different for IS code. Instead of considering whole triangular slab, two beams are considered; one beam extends from one pile to another pile and another beam extends from third pile to centre of
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first beam. In plan these beams make T shape. These beams are named as BASE BEAM & ALTERNATE BEAM.
Two Pile Combination Designed only for axial load and Moment along longitudinal direction; program does not consider transverse moment in design. Two Pile reactions are calculated from Rivet theory, pilecap design is done as a beam (shear force and bending moment along longitudinal direction) Only minimum steel is provided in transverse direction.
Design output displays applicable code sections used for foundation design for all codes.
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by employing non-linear (compression only) spring supports to model subgrade reactions. Pile reactions, if present, are proportional to linear displacements of the supported node and include both compression and tension (uplift). Using control regions different soil properties can be assigned a single mat model. Also mat can be partially resting on soil and pile supports. The program calculates internal forces and deflections for all slab and beam elements of the foundation. This information is then used in the design stage of the program to: Establish the required top and bottom flexural reinforcing in two orthogonal directions, check punching shear capacity at column locations. The flexural design is done in accordance with ACI 318 Chapter 10 of the Code (for US jobs). The reinforcement areas are computed for a notional band one unit of length wide. The program allows the designer, as an option, to use the Wood-Armer equations for reinforcement calculations, as follows: Mx, My, and Mxy are fetched or calculated, as described above. They are used to compute the values of design moments, Mxd and Myd. For top reinforcement, the program computes: Mx1 = Mx + abs(Mxy) My1 = My + abs(Mxy) Mx2 = Mx + abs(Mxy2 / My) My2 = My + abs(Mxy2 / Mx) If both Mx1 and My1 are positive, Mxd = Mx1 and Myd = My1. If both Mx1 and My1 are negative, Mxd = 0 and Myd = 0. If Mx1 is negative and My1 positive, Mxd = 0 and Myd = My2. If My1 is negative and Mx1 positive, Mxd = Mx2 and Myd = 0. For bottom reinforcement: Mx1 = Mx - abs(Mxy) My1 = My - abs(Mxy) Mx2 = Mx - abs(Mxy2 / My) My2 = My - abs(Mxy2 / Mx) If both Mx1 and My1 are positive, Mxd = 0 and Myd = 0. If both Mx1 and My1 are negative, Mxd = Mx1 and Myd = My1. User Manual 397
If Mx1 is negative and My1 positive, Mxd = Mx2 and Myd = 0. If My1 is negative and Mx1 positive, Mxd = 0 and Myd = My2. Mxd and Myd are then used in lieu of Mx and My for calculations of the required reinforcing. Use of the modified bending moments brings about more accurate distribution of the reinforcing, better matching critical areas of the slab. Note: Notes: Flexural design notes (for US jobs): Reinforcement calculations for slab panels are based on Chapter 10 of ACI 318-02. The minimum-reinforcing ratio complies with the limits prescribed for shrinkage and temperature reinforcement in Section 7.12. Maximum spacing of rebar is 18 in. The maximum reinforcing ratio corresponds to the net tensile strain at nominal strength equal to 0.004 (Clause 10.3.5). Strength reduction factor is established in accordance with Section 9.3.2. Punching shear design notes (for US jobs): Design for two-way shear is carried out in accordance with Section 11.12. The unbalanced moment transfer by eccentricity of shear is based on Clause 11.12.6. Shear strength of concrete is based on Clause 11.12.2.1. Strength reduction factor used is 0.75, in accordance with Section 9.3.2. The program computes shear stress values at four corners of the rectangular critical section located at the distance of d/2 from edges of a column. The calculations include the unbalanced moment transfer effect, if applicable, in accordance with 11.12.6.2. Design output displays applicable code sections used for foundation design for all codes.
398 STAAD.foundation
level and bearing resistance of the soil. Stress distribution under the footing is assumed to be linear. For eccentrically loaded footings, the stresses may become tensile under part of the foundation. In such cases the program sets stress values in uplift zones to zero and calculates new values elsewhere for the revised equilibrium condition. Stability checks in both orthogonal directions are performed. The final plan dimensions of the footing are established iteratively from the condition that the maximum stress should not exceed the factored bearing resistance of the soil. 2. Development length is checked for straight rebars. If development criterion is not met by the footing geometry a warning message is displayed in the calculation sheet, user can go for other detailing options like bent bars. Future release of STAAD.foundation will take bent up bars into consideration. Calculate footing thickness based on structural capacity in shear and bending. Structural design of the footing consists of the following:
l
Punching shear check, in accordance with ACI 318 Section 11.12.2 (for US jobs), at a distance of d/2 from the pedestal. The critical section comprises four straight-line segments, parallel to the corresponding sides of the pedestal. One-way shear (beam action), in accordance with Sections 11.1 through 11.5, at a distance of d from the face of the pedestal, in both orthogonal directions. The critical plane is assumed to extend over the entire width/length of the footing. Bending, in accordance with ACI 318 Sections 15.4.2 and 10.3.4 (for US jobs), with the critical planes located at both orthogonal faces of the pedestal and extending across the full width/length of the footing.
Design output displays applicable code sections used for foundation design for all codes.
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q = po Nq Where: po =effective overburden pressure lb/ft 2 (kPa)at the point in question Nq = dimensionless bearing capacity factor
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considered For cohesionless soils, unit end bearing capacity is calculated based on FHWAIF-99-025 Eq 11.4 q=57.5NSPT Where: NSPT = design value for SPT blow counts
Axial Load only Axial Load & Uni-axial bending Axial Load & Bi-axial bending
404 STAAD.foundation
C change Clashing Combined Footing recreate Coordinate System copied CSA A23.3.-04 current load case 219 385 69 390 214 57 39 D Default deflection increase A ACI 318-05 API RP 2A-WSD Application Look AS3600 2001 B Biaxial Moment Distribution391 Biaxial Uplift Bolt Theory BS 8110 391 392 390, 404 Edit Menu 390 399 39 390 delete Delete Delete All design design factor Detail Drawing diagram dockable drag floating toolbar close E 38 User Manual 405 362 219 38 219 343 349 84 362 57 57 57 57 Combined Footing Theory 398 69 91
Section 9
cursor Customize
Index
Element Load Specification 384 End bearing Resistance End Bearing Resistance Exit F FHWA-IF-99-025 File Menu Finite Element Finite Element Analysis Finite Element Method forces/moments foundation rotate Foundation Toolkit G GA Drawing generate Grouping H Heat Exchanger Horizontal Vessel I Import From STAAD.Pro IS 465 2000 L length 406 STAAD.foundation 69 27, 35 334 390, 404 227 227 90 219 225 401 25 384 383 396 343 343 77 265 402403 400 28
Live Load Load Case New M Main Navigator Mat Foundation Theory Menu Edit View menu bar below menu commands Menus File Moment mouse cursor Move multiple copied objects N New O offers tooltip help One-way shear Open Orientation original object Output Element Force Element Stress
130 118
344 396 38 38 57 57 46 25 57 57 47 69
26
Output View Options form Overlap P Pedestal Design Theory BS 8110 IS 456-2000 Pile Arrangement Pile Cap Theory Plane Stress Plant Foundations Plate Element Polyline Print Punching Shear Check Punching Shear Design Q Quick Tour R Raft Foundation Theory recreate Redo Rivet theory rotate Rotate Toolbar S Safety Factor Safety Factor Table
190 91
349 127 26 57 57 349 343 343 387 248 400, 402 164 404 69 390 57 35 248 57 384 214 398 362 362 343 219 343 343 57
404 404 404 392 391 384 227 384 171 27 399 398
serviceability short example exercises set Sign Convention Single Exchanger Skin Friction Resistance Slab Design SP- 16 specified STAAD.foundation STAAD.foundation offers set STAAD.Pro
343
Import Stacked Exchanger Standard Toolbar Stress Distribution stress types Strip Footing Theory structural structure Support Deletion support co-ordinates supports sure
349 349
T table table allowing term hence Theoretical Basis toolbar drag Toolbars Translational Repeat Tresca Stress types U Undo Unit unit used Units use Safety Factor Table use STAAD.foundation design several different types343 V Verification Manual Vesic method View Menu Von Mises stress 55 403 38 386 349 38 69, 362 69 74 57 16 68 386 214 214, 349 349 57 57 384
408 STAAD.foundation