GISC9231-D3 December 12, 2012 Lisa Atkinson

GISC9231 Deliverable 3

Georeferencing of Scanned Aerial Imagery and Change Detection

Cover Art Produced By: Lisa Atkinson

Lisa Atkinson Niagara College 12/14/2012

December 12, 2012 GISC9231-D3

Janet Finlay Program Coordinator GIS-Geospatial Management Niagara College 135 Taylor Road Niagara on the Lake, ON L0S 1J0

Dear Ms. Finlay, RE: GISC9231 Deliverable 3 Georeferencing of Scanned Aerial Imagery and Change Detection Please accept this letter as my formal submission of Deliverable 3: Georeferencing of Scanned Aerial Imagery and Change Detection for GISC 9231 Introduction to Remote Sensing. This deliverable contains one document displaying knowledgeable application photogrammetry principles. Georeferencing was executed for several unrectified ortho images using ESRIs ArcGIS. Should you have any questions or concerns regarding the enclosed document please contact me at your convenience by email at lisaclaire87@gmail.com or by phone at (705) 499-6768. Thank you for your time and attention. I look forward to your comments and suggestions.

Sincerely,

Lisa Atkinson BA (Honours) Geography, Nipissing University GIS-GM Certificate Candidate L.A./l.a.

Enclosures: 1) Georeferencing of Scanned Aerial Imagery and Change Detection

GISC9231-D3 December 12, 2012 Lisa Atkinson Executive Summary The Welland Canal is one of the great historical achievements for Canada and represents ingenuity and progress. Larger ships sanction an increased volume of trade, thus, encouraging the economic growth of the country. Hence, the canal project was deemed necessary and supported as a worthwhile endeavour. Georeferencing is the process of calibrating the measurements on a photo, through the use of ground control points, to identify the same point on the ground. Georeferencing was employed in order to provide spatial reference to several otho images. By orientating the images from 1921 and 1934, in regards to a 2003 rectified IKONOS satellite image, it was possible to complete a change detection analysis to further the understanding of the Welland Canal. A rectified image of the study area was supplied, courtesy of Niagara College, to serve as a geographic reference for the aerial photos of the Welland Canal from 1921 and 1934. The IKONOS 2003 Satellite Image was projected in UTM Zone 17N NAD 83 coordinates. This investigation proposes to utilize knowledge of photogrammetry to georeference the provided unrectified images, from 1921 and 1934, with the 2003 IKONOS satellite imagery, using ESRIs ArcGIS. The results were analyzed to produce a change detection report. Change detection analysis provided a thorough understanding of the Welland Canal history, and the technological advancements defining the economic success of Canada.

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GISC9231-D3 December 12, 2012 Lisa Atkinson

Table of Contents
Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................... i 1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 1 2.0 Background ............................................................................................................................................. 2 3.0 Goal Statement....................................................................................................................................... 3 4.0 Methodology .......................................................................................................................................... 4 5.0 Image Georeferencing Results ............................................................................................................... 6 5.1 Analysis Based on the 1934 Aerial Imagery .................................................................................... 7 5.1.1 Operational Status in 1934 ..................................................................................................... 7 5.1.2 Sediment Site .......................................................................................................................... 8 5.1.3 Blue Ghost Tunnel ................................................................................................................... 9 5.1.4 Pond at Location C ................................................................................................................ 10 5.1.5 Wetland Areas ...................................................................................................................... 11 5.2 Analysis Based on the 1921 Aerial Imagery .................................................................................. 12 5.3 Analysis Based on the 2003 IKONOS Satellite Imagery................................................................. 13 6.0 Overlay Analysis Discussion ................................................................................................................. 14 6.1 Lock Visibility From 1934 to 2003 ................................................................................................. 14 6.2 Fuller Plan ..................................................................................................................................... 16 6.3 2003 IKONOS Image Analysis of Location A .................................................................................. 17 7.0 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................................... 18 8.0 Bibliography.......................................................................................................................................... 19 Appendix A ................................................................................................................ Cartographic Products Appendix B...........................................................................................Copy of Original Terms of Reference

List of Figures
Figure 1: Aerial Image Prior to Georeferencing........................................................................................... 3 Figure 2: Selecting Ground Control Points .................................................................................................. 4 Figure 3: Georeferencing Results ................................................................................................................. 5 Figure 4: The 3rd and 4th Welland Canal Structures ..................................................................................... 6 Figure 5: Indicators of Operational Status................................................................................................... 7 Figure 6: Location A (Sediment Site Circa 1934).......................................................................................... 8 Figure 7: Abandoned Railroad at Blue Ghost Tunnel .................................................................................. 9 Figure 8: Natural Pond Feature .................................................................................................................. 10 Figure 9: Wetlands ..................................................................................................................................... 11 Figure 10: 1921 Status ................................................................................................................................ 12 Figure 11: 2003 IKONOS Image of Welland Canal ..................................................................................... 13 Figure 12: Decline of the Fuller Plan: 1921, 1934 and 2003 Imagery ....................................................... 16 Figure 13: Location A Circa 2003 ................................................................................................................ 17

List of Tables
Table 1: Change Detection Summary Based on 1934 Ortho Imagery ...................................................... 14 Table 2: Change Detection Summary Based on 2003 IKONOS Image ...................................................... 15

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GISC9231-D3 December 12, 2012 Lisa Atkinson 1.0 Introduction The Welland Canal is one of the great historical achievements for Canada and represents ingenuity and progress. Initially, the project was proposed by William Hamilton Merritt, a young entrepreneur responsible for conceptualizing the economic importance of a vessel passage route connecting Lake Erie and Lake Ontario, circumventing the treacherous Niagara River and Niagara Falls (The St Lawrence Seaway Management Corporation, 2003). Construction of the first canal began in 1824 and would be completed after five years of labour, resulting in a pinnacle of innovative engineering (The St Lawrence Seaway Management Corporation, 2003). The first Welland Canal was comprised of forty wooden locks (Westwater, 2010), guiding ships towards Lake Ontario. The government procured control of the Welland Canal project in 1841, initiating a second system of locks, constructed between the years of 1842 and 1845 (Westwater, 2010). This phase of canal construction facilitated the passage of larger ships travelling the St. Lawrence River, and linked Quebec and Ontario via water route (The St Lawrence Seaway Management Corporation, 2003). Due to the increasing size of seafaring vessels, and institution of the steam engine, a more sophisticated canal system was fashioned (Westwater, 2010). Larger ships sanction an increased volume of trade, thus, encouraging the economic growth of the country. Hence, the canal project was deemed necessary and supported as a worthwhile endeavour. Construction of the fourth Welland Canal began in 1913 and persisted until 1932, providing a nearly direct north-south route to promote efficiency (St Lawrence Seaway Management Corporation, 2003). The gates, constructed of metal, offer large ships ease of passage to the interior North American trading market (Westwater, 2010). Several modifications have been executed since 1932 to apply technological advances. The Welland Canal represents one of the greatest achievements in Canadian history and continues to support Canadas economic prosperity.

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GISC9231-D3 December 12, 2012 Lisa Atkinson 2.0 Background A rectified image of the study area was supplied, courtesy of Niagara College, to serve as a geographic reference for the aerial photos of the Welland Canal from 1921 and 1934. The IKONOS 2003 Satellite Image was projected in UTM Zone 17N NAD 83 coordinates. This image was a raster, true colour representation of the St. Catherines area, focused on the Welland Canal. The unrectified aerial photograph imagery was identified as follows: 1921 Aerial Photo Images: H20-1, H20-2, H22-25 and H22-91 1934 Aerial Photo Images: A4873_19, A4873_20 and A4873_21

Each image was displayed in gray scale colour values and featured specific portions of the Welland Canal. 3.0 Goal Statement This investigation proposes to utilize knowledge of photogrammetry to georeference the provided unrectified images, from 1921 and 1934, with the 2003 IKONOS satellite imagery, using ESRIs ArcGIS. The results were analyzed to produce a change detection report. Change detection analysis provided a thorough understanding of the Welland Canal history, and the technological advancements defining the economic success of Canada.

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GISC9231-D3 December 12, 2012 Lisa Atkinson 4.0 Methodology Aerial photographs can provide insight regarding the constructional progression of the Welland Canals, and facilitate change detection analyses. This process includes the georeferencing of scanned aerial imagery. Although historical research offers a basic time line of the changes to the Welland Canal, aerial imagery is unique, as it provides a visual progression of a feature. This renders visual explanation as to the scope and magnitude of a project, which may be diminished by simple historical accounts. Georeferencing is the process of calibrating the measurements on a photo, through the use of ground control points, to identify the same point on the ground (via rectified imagery containing an XY coordinate system) and on the photo (Lillesand, 2008). This references the photograph to real world placement. Ground control points must be identifiable on both images and may include cultural features such as road intersections (Lillesand, 2008). In this investigation, ArcGIS 10.0 was utilized to orientate the aerial imagery from 1921 and 1934, with the spatial data of the 2003 IKONOS satellite image. The photos required georeferencing in order to display with the correct orientation. If this process is not executed correctly, then the visual representation of the Welland Canal locks would not be accurate and subsequently, affect the results of the change detection analysis. The following methodology will explain the georeferencing process. First, the unrectified image is fit to display over the 2003 IKONOS image using the georeferencing toolbar. This is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1: Aerial Image Prior to Georeferencing

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GISC9231-D3 December 12, 2012 Lisa Atkinson Ground control points were selected for features common to the aerial photo and the 2003 IKONOS image. The control point must first be identified on the image to be rectified, and then subsequently identified on the referenced image. This is necessary to produce accurate georeferencing results. A minimum of three ground control points must be defined in order to carry out georeferencing. Figure 2 displays the selected ground control points for one of the aerial images to be rectified. Figure 2: Selecting Ground Control Points

First, a control point is identified on the photo; second, the same feature is identified on the rectified image.

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GISC9231-D3 December 12, 2012 Lisa Atkinson Once the display has been updated to show the result of georeferencing, more control points may be added to shift the image as needed. Otherwise, if the image is satisfactorily positioned, georeferencing can be updated using the georeferencing toolbar, in order to save the results. This process was employed for each air photo. Figure 3 displays the transformation, resulting from the use of control points to georeference the image. All photo transformations can be observed in Appendix A: Cartographic Products. The maps include georeferencing error to some extent, especially for the 1921 imagery. This is due to the differentiating features over time. Hence, the difficulty in locating the exact control point on both the 1921 and 2003 images. Approximations result in slightly stretched or skewed transformations. Figure 3: Georeferencing Results

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GISC9231-D3 December 12, 2012 Lisa Atkinson 5.0 Image Georeferencing Results The following discussion focuses on the analysis of the georeferenced imagery for 1921 and 1934, in reference to the 2003 IKONOS satellite image. A change detection analysis will be conducted for the third and fourth Welland Canal structures, as displayed in Figure 4. Figure 4: The 3rd and 4th Welland Canal Structures

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GISC9231-D3 December 12, 2012 Lisa Atkinson 5.1 Analysis Based on the 1934 Aerial Imagery 5.1.1 Operational Status in 1934

By examining map 1: Change Detection of the Welland Canal Using 1934 Ortho Imagery, locate d in Appendix A, it was determined that the fourth canal was fully functional. The consistent tone and limited texture, suggests that the canal is full of water, indicating functionality of the locks. Linear features at each side of the canal edge advocate that the construction of this canal was complete, and the canal was fully reinforced to accommodate vessel passage. The linear pattern maintains the direct north-south intent of the canal. Shadows are present at the junctions of the canal and road ways, indicating the presence of lift bridges to accommodate travelling vessels. This evidence supports the conclusion, hypothesizing the operational status of the fourth canal as fully functional in 1934. However, the map Change Detection of the Welland Canal Using 1934 Ortho Imagery also indicates that the third canal is not functional in any capacity. Several of the locks have been submerged in water and therefore, unfit for vessels to traverse. The tone of the locks and adjacent reservoirs is inconsistent and highly texturized. This suggests that the water has been emptied from these areas, either partially or completely. The pattern of the locks is interrupted by areas of flooding, resulting in completely submerged sections. This presents several dangerous situations for travelling vessels. Figure 5 displays the differences between the fourth and third Welland Canals in 1934. Figure 5: Indicators of Operational Status

Fourth Welland Canal

Third Welland Canal

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GISC9231-D3 December 12, 2012 Lisa Atkinson 5.1.2 Sediment Site

The wedge shaped site, denoted as location A, shown as Figure 6, is a sediment pile, used as a dump site during the construction of the fourth Welland Canal. Since the fourth Welland Canal circumvents the Niagara River and Falls, earth sediments were excavated to form the lock structures. The tonal variance of location A produces the appearance of a textured area, thus supporting the hypothesis that this site was utilized for dumping excavated earth. The size of location A, in comparison to the adjacent canal, advocates that this area is extremely large; required to host the sediment created during construction of a canal designed to accommodate large steam vessels. As this site is adjacent to the fourth canal, it was reasonably assumed that its presence has historical significance to the construction of the fourth canal. Striations at this location are apparent in Figure 6. As construction progressed, more area would be required for dumping sediments. Since the fourth canal was built to accommodate stem engine ships, it was deduced that steam engine locomotives were utilized to transfer excavated earth to the dump site. The striations at location A are reminiscent of the shifting rail lines as the dump site area was expanded. This hypothesis was confirmed as all striations converge at the apex of the wedge shaped area, in close proximity to the fourth canal. Figure 6: Location A (Sediment Site Circa 1934)

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GISC9231-D3 December 12, 2012 Lisa Atkinson 5.1.3 Blue Ghost Tunnel

The feature at location B, displayed as Figure 7, is a segment of a railroad. This was determined based on the narrow size of the feature and the linear shape. Historical evidence identified this feature as the Grand Trunk Railway, of the Great Western Railway Company (Brady, 2005). The linear pattern is interrupted by the third Welland Canal. However, the shadows present at location B, suggest that this feature has been recessed into the ground. The reappearance of the rail on the opposite side of the canal proposes that the rail traverses through a tunnel. Lift bridges are associated with motor vehicle traffic. Thus, since this feature runs through a tunnel, it further supports the hypothesis that this is a rail line. The tunnel present at location B is now known as Blue Ghost Tunnel, a site of modern historic lore in the St. Catherines community (Brady, 2005). The rail was not operational in 1934. Research suggests that the tunnel was erected to accommodate single track locomotives (Brady, 2005). However, the railway company began to lay double tracks rendering the tunnel obsolete (Brady, 2005). By 1915, the rail feature displayed, in Figure 7 was abandoned (Brady, 2005). The ortho image displays a rough texture on either side of the linear rail feature. This indicates that the track is abandoned and beginning to foliage overgrowth. Figure 7: Abandoned Railroad at Blue Ghost Tunnel

Sections of the Grand Trunk Railroad and Blue Ghost Bridge.

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GISC9231-D3 December 12, 2012 Lisa Atkinson 5.1.4 Pond at Location C

The pond at location C, featured in Figure 8, was likely a consequential water feature created during the construction of the fourth Welland Canal. This feature is absent from the ortho imagery from 1921, displayed as map 3: Change Detection of the Welland Canal Using 1921 Ortho Imagery, locate in Appendix A. The uniform tone and lack of texture indicate that this feature water, however, the irregular shape indicates that it is naturally occuring. The geometric reservoirs of the third Welland Canal, located adjacent to location C, display the expected shape of an artificial water feature. Since the fourth Welland Canal was functional in 1934, the reservoirs of the third canal were drained. Low lying areas, such as location C, were advantageous to the draining of the reservoirs. This hypothesis is supported by the proximity of the pond in respect to the empty reservoirs. The construction of the fourth Welland Canal was a massive undertaking, requiring the disposal of excavated earth. Not only were dump sites created for this purpose, but the old reservoirs of the third canal were utilized. This is indicated by the varying tone and texture of the reservoirs, and the slight shadows indicating a change of elevation. Figure 8: Natural Pond Feature

Drained Reservoirs

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GISC9231-D3 December 12, 2012 Lisa Atkinson 5.1.5 Wetland Areas

The large area displayed as location E, shown in Figure 9, is a wetland. The area is very large and irregular in shape suggesting that it is a naturally occurring feature. There is no regular pattern existing within this area. However, there are many tonal variances, suggesting this area is comprised of different types of land cover including, but not limited to, water, shrubs, bare earth and trees. This hypothesis is supported by the texture visible in Figure 9. The prevalent dark meandering features are streams characteristic of a wetland location and indicate slight changes in elevation. Since this feature exists between the obsolete third canal and the functional fourth canal, there is the possibility that the ridge, indicated by the bright toned area in the center of the wetland, was utilized as a precaution against flooding. Figure 9: Wetlands

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GISC9231-D3 December 12, 2012 Lisa Atkinson 5.2 Analysis Based on the 1921 Aerial Imagery By examining map 3: Change Detection of the Welland Canal Using 1921 Ortho Imagery, located in Appendix A, it was determined that the third canal was fully functional in 1921. The presence of a vessel in lock #12, shown in Figure 10, overwhelmingly supports this hypothesis. Based on consistent tone, all locks and reservoirs were filled with water in 1921 to accommodate travelling ships. The pattern consists of several water features connected by a series of narrow locks. Absence of shadows presents the locks as level to the surrounding land and reinforcement structures. However, as viewed in map 3, some sections of the third canal begin to experience small amounts of localized flooding in 1921, as a result of the construction of the fourth Welland Canal. Vessels require constant access to Lake Ontario therefore, if the third canal was functional in 1921, the fourth canal was not yet able to accommodate vessel traffic. As observed from map 3, the fourth Welland Canal has no clear pattern or shape in 1921. The tonal variance and texture suggest that the lock system for the fourth canal was in the process of being excavated. Additionally, roads, rails and dump sites can all be identified in close proximity to the construction site of the fourth canal in 1921. Figure 10: 1921 Status

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GISC9231-D3 December 12, 2012 Lisa Atkinson 5.3 Analysis Based on the 2003 IKONOS Satellite Imagery The operational status of the fourth Welland Canal is fully functional in 2003, based on the IKONOS satellite imagery. There is clearly a boat travelling though the lock system, as shown in Figure 11. True colour satellite imagery noticeably distinguishes the difference between water, roads, land, and vegetation features. Therefore, the image supports the proclaimed operation status of the fourth Welland Canals as operational. The locks are filled with water and the retaining wall is easily identified as a linear feature. Both of these factors were discussed in the analysis of the 1934 ortho imagery, but appear more defined in the 2003 IKONOS image of Figure 11. The 2003 operational status of the third Welland Canal remains, as indicated in the 1934 analysis, not functional. Satellite imagery allows water features to be clearly distinguishable, however, the lock system of the third canal is difficult to discern due to vegetation overgrowth. Some reservoirs are devoid of water and several of the locks are completely flooded making passage along this canal system highly dangerous for vessels. Figure 11 displays these findings. Figure 11: 2003 IKONOS Image of Welland Canal

Flooded and Overgrown Locks

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GISC9231-D3 December 12, 2012 Lisa Atkinson 6.0 Change Detection

6.1 Lock Visibility From 1934 to 2003 The following two tables summarize the change of the third Welland Canal from 1934 to 2003 based on the visibility of the locks numbering 11 through 24. Table 1: Change Detection Summary Based on 1934 Ortho Imagery Lock Number 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Visible Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Partly Visible No Yes Yes Not Shown Not Shown Comments Although lock #11 is visible, portions of the canal system to the north and south are submerged in water.

Although lock #17 is visible, a small amount of flooding is beginning to affect a portion of the canal system to the north. Only a small portion of lock #19 (to the north) is visible in 1934 and the rest of the lock is flooded. Lock #20 is completely submerged due to the creation of a new reservoir for the fourth Welland Canal functionality. Lock #21 is visible but a large portion of the third Welland Canal system is submerged in water just to the north. Although lock #22 is visible, a small amount of flooding is visible to a portion of the canal system to the north. Lock #23 is not shown in the extent visible within the ortho imagery being examined. Lock #24 is not shown in the extent visible within the ortho imagery being examined.

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Table 2: Change Detection Summary Based on 2003 IKONOS Image Lock Number 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Visible Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Partly Visible No No Comments Although lock #11 is visible, portions of the canal to the north and south are submerged in water. Lock #12 is visible however it is difficult to distinguish due to vegetation overgrowth. Lock #13 is visible however it is difficult to distinguish due to vegetation overgrowth. Lock #14 is visible however it is difficult to distinguish due to vegetation overgrowth. Lock #15 is visible however it is difficult to distinguish due to vegetation overgrowth.

Lock #19 appears to be completely submerged in water. Lock #20 appears to be completely submerged in water. Lock #22 is partly visible but very difficult to distinguish due to vegetation overgrowth. Lock #23 is included in the visual extent of the IKONOS image and appears to be completely submerged in water. Lock #24 is included in the visual extent of the IKONOS image and appears to be completely submerged in water.

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GISC9231-D3 December 12, 2012 Lisa Atkinson 6.2 Fuller Plan The Fuller Plan consisted of a parcel of land located directly south of the Canadian National Railway and between the third and fourth Welland Canals. This piece of land belonged to Thomas Brock Fuller, and it was his intent to subdivide the land to accommodate housing. This background is summarized in Appendix B: Copy of the Original Terms of Reference. Figure 12 displays the temporal changes to the Fuller Plan land via 1921 ortho imagery, 1934 ortho imagery and 2003 IKONOS satellite imagery, respectively. The 1921 image of the Fuller Plan site reveals a populated area of agricultural production. Slight variations in tone indicate property plots. The groomed texture of these lands and linear striations suggest the presence of well-maintained agricultural land. Also visible, are several meandering lines, most likely driveways and access roads. This further proves that in 1921 this land was populated and agriculturally productive. As of 1921, proximity to modes of community connection translated to economic prosperity. Therefore, many communities would be established in proximity to railroads. The land of the Fuller Plan was created based on this principle. The 1934 image of the Fuller Plan site suggests that the land has been abandoned sometime since 1921. The tonal variance of this area has decreased and the geometric shapes and patterns are no longer visible. This suggests that the land is no longer inhabited or agriculturally productive. The roads and housing structures that were visible in 1921, no longer exist as of 1934. This is largely due to the development of the fourth Welland Canal. The land once regarded as a possibility for future prosperity, had become an area associated with the noise and pollution caused by canal construction and the constant passage of vessels. As the railway was reconstructed the land became isolated and undesirable. The 2003 image of the Fuller Plan site displays an undeniably abandoned area of land. There is no longer any indication that the land was once a prosperous and well maintained. The tonal variance, texture and lack of discernible shape or pattern, fully support the hypothesis that this plot of land has been completely reclaimed by natural vegetation. Figure 12: Decline of the Fuller Plan: 1921, 1934 and 2003 Imagery

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GISC9231-D3 December 12, 2012 Lisa Atkinson 6.3 2003 IKONOS Image Analysis of Location A The wedge shaped area, previously discussed as location A, has become an area overgrown with vegetation as of 2003, indicated by Figure 13. There appears to be a subset of access roads slightly discernible, and the general shape of the area has been maintained. However, there is no clear textural pattern to this location. The variance in tone further suggests that this location is now a wooded area, thus supporting the hypothesis. Figure 13: Location A Circa 2003

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GISC9231-D3 December 12, 2012 Lisa Atkinson 7.0 Conclusions Georeferencing was employed in order to provide spatial reference to several otho images. By orientating the images from 1921 and 1934, in regards to a 2003 rectified IKONOS satellite image, it was possible to complete a change detection analysis to further the understanding of the Welland Canal. Throughout this investigation, it has becoming glaring obvious that the St. Catherines area can credit much of the economic success, to the continued development and improvement of the Welland Canal. This is stated, however, with the possible exception of the failing productivity of the Fuller Plan land site. Scholarly research is capable of surmising the conclusions reached in this investigation. However, the examination of historical aerial photographs, not only offers a visual display of history, but can perhaps provide a more meaningful understanding of changes taking place over time.

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GISC9231-D3 December 12, 2012 Lisa Atkinson 8.0 Bibliography Brady, G & C. (2005). Hamilton Paranormal: Blue Ghost Tunnel. Retrieved December 10, 2012 from http://hamiltonparanormal.com/tunnel.html Lillesand, Kiefer, & Chipman. (2008). Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation: Sixth Edition. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. The St Lawrence Seaway Management Corporation. (2003). The Welland Canal Section of the St Lawrence Seaway. Retrieved December 10, 2012 from http://www.media-seaway.com/seaway_handbook/welland.pdf Westwater, G. (2010). Welland Canals: Welland Canals History. Retrieved December 10, 2012 from http://www.wellandcanals.com/History.html

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Appendix A Cartographic Products