LI M U

C ph l mt loi thc ung mu en c cha cht caffein v c s dng rng ri, c sn xut t nhng ht c ph c rang ln, t cy c ph. C ph c s dng ln u tin vo th k th 9, khi n c khm ph ra t vng cao nguyn Ethiopia. T , n lan ra Ai Cp v Yemen, v ti th k th 15 th n Armenia, Persia, Th Nh K v pha bc Chu Phi. T th gii Hi gio, c ph n , sau l phn cn li ca Chu u, Indonesia v M. Ngy nay, c ph l mt trong nhng thc ung thng dng ton cu. Khng ging nh cc loi ung khc, chc nng chnh ca c ph khng phi l gii kht, mc d ngi dn M ung n nh thc ung gii kht. Nhiu ngi ung n vi mc ch to cm gic hng phn. Theo mt nghin cu c cng b vo thng 8 nm 2005 ca nh ho hc M Joe Vinson thuc i hc Scranton th c ph l mt ngun quan trng cung cp cc cht chng xi ha (antioxidant) cho c th, vai tr m trc y ngi ta ch thy hoa qu v rau xanh. Nhng cht ny cng gin tip lm gim nguy c b ung th ngi. C ph ng mt vai tr quan trng trong x hi xuyn sut lch s hin i. Khng nhng th, c ph l mt loi ung hng ngy rt thn thuc vi ngi dn vit nam. c ph bt l loi c ph rt tin dng v c s dng rng ri. Chnh v th m cng ngh sn xut c ph bt ngy cng pht trin cng vi cng ngh my mc hin i v tin tin.

1. Tng Quan V Nguyn Liu

C ph nhn dng thng phm gm c: nc, khong, lipid, gluxit. Ngoi ra cn c nhng cht khc m ta thng gp trong thc vt l nhng acid hu c ch yu nh acid clorogenic v cc ancaloit. Trn th gii cng nh trong nc ta, c nhiu nghin cu v phn tch thnh phn ha hc ca nhn c ph. Ngoi ra trong nhn c ph cn c mt lng ng k vitamin, cc cht bay hi v cc cu t gy mi thm. Hin nay ngi ta tm ra hn 70 cht thm hn hp li thnh mi thm ca c ph. Trong c ph ch yu l vitamin nhm B nh B1, B2, B6, B12 v cc loi acid hu c l tin cc loi
vitamin. Hnh 1.1: c ph nhn

Bng 1.1: thnh phn ha hc ca c ph nhn Thnh phn ha hc Nc Cht bo m Protein Cafein Acid clorogenic Trigonenlin Tanin Acid cafetanic Acid cafeic Pentozan Tinh bot Dextrin ng Xenlulo Hemixenlulo Linhin Tro Trong c: Ca P Fe Na Mn Rb, Cu, F Tnh bng g/100g 8 - 12 4 - 18 1,8 - 2,5 9 - 16 0,8 - 2 2-8 1-3 2 8-9 1 5 5 - 23 0,85 5 - 10 10 - 20 20 4 2,5 - 4,5 Tnh bng mg/100g

85 - 100 130 - 150 3 - 10 4 1 - 45 Vet

2. Quy Trnh Sn Xut C Ph Bt V Thuyt Minh Quy Trnh

2.1. Quy Trnh Sn Xut C Ph Bt

C ph nhn

Tip nhn Phn loi, lm sch rang

Lm ngui

Phi trn

xay

Bao gi, bo qun

Sp c ph bt

Hnh 2.1. Quy trnh sn xut c ph bt

2.2. Thuyt minh qui trnh

C ph bt l sn phm c sn xut t c ph nhn theo qui trnh cng ngh nh hnh 1.1. Sn phm c cc c tnh sau: + Mu nc en tuyn + Hng thm c trng ca c ph + V ng mnh hu ngt. 2.2.1. Tip nhn v lm sch c ph nhn: Tip nhn c ph nhn a vo sn xut nhm m bo v s lng. Vic tip nhn c th c thc hin bng tay hay bng cc thit b chuyn dng nh gu ti, vt ti, bng dng kh. C ph nhn c th l c ph nhn x hoc c ph nhn qua phn loi, lm sch. Nu l c ph nhn qua phn loi, lm sch th c th a i rang ngay, cn nu l c ph nhn x th phi qua phn loi v lm sch. Phn loi nhm to ra ng u v kch thc, khi lng ring, mu sc. Lm sch nhm loi b cc tp cht nh nh cnh cy, l cy,tp cht nng nh ct, , kim loi kh mi tp, loi b nhng ht km phm cht nh ht b thi en, mc, su mt thun li cho cc giai on sn xut tip theo, ng thi m bo cht lng sn phm. Phng php thc hin l phn loi theo kch thc, khi lng ring v mu sc, cn phng php lm sch l dng sng, my tch kim loi hoc dng nc kh mi cho ht c ph. 2.2.2. Rang c ph nhn 2.2.2.1. Mc ch v yu cu L qu trnh gia nhit cho c ph nhn to nn nhng bin i mu sc trong ht, hnh thnh nn nhng tnh cht c trng cho c ph v mu sc, mi v v thng qua s bin i v mu sc, cu trc v thnh phn ca ht. Gim m, tiu dit vi sinh vt, nm mc. bo qun, ht gin d xay. Hin nay c nhiu yu cu khc nhau v sn phm c ph rang, v vy c nhiu loi c ph rang khc nhau nh sau: a. C ph rang nht

Loi ny cn gi l c ph rang qu v sn phm c mu nu vng ging mu pha trong ca v bc ra t cy qu, mt loi cy thng gp vng ng Nam . Loi ny pha c mi v chua du, khi rang ht t mu nh vy th ht mt 3 n 5% khi lng kh.trong loi c ph rang ny hu ht cc hp cht t ra mi v thm ngon cha c mt y v hm lng thp. Mi v c ph cha tht m , nhng nu c mi v l th chng cha b mt i v rt d nhn thy khi nm. V vy loi ny thng dng cho th nm nh gi cht lng cc mu c ph. b. C ph rang va Loi ny cn gi l c ph rang kiu M v n ph bin nc ny. Sn phm c mu nu va?( trung gian gia mu socola m v socola sa). B mt ht kh cha c du tit ra b mt ht. Khi pha cho mi v m v chua nh. Trong loi c ph ny hu ht cc hp cht to ra mi v thm ngon c y v hm lng cao nht. Khi rang t mu nh vy th ht mt 5 n 8% khi lng kh. c. C ph rang hi m Loi ny gi l rang kiu php nht. Ht c ph rang c vt du lm m tit ra trn b mt ht. Ht b mt i 8% khi lng kh. d. C ph rang m kiu itallia hay kiu php C ph rang c nhiu du tit ra trn b mt ht nhng ht cha tht bng lng v cn rt t v chua, mu ht nu m nhng cha en. Ph bin php. Ht mt t 8 n 12% cht kh. e. C ph rang rt m/ rang chy Loi ny ch p dng cho my pha ch c bit espresso cn rang rt m v xay rt min c th trch ly nhanh cc cht tan c trong bt c ph ra ch trong vi gi. Ht c ph rang rt m lm cho du tit ra rt nhiu trn b mt ht rang v ht tr nn bng lng v c mu n tht s, nu tip tc rang th du mt ht v ht ging nh than. Kiu rang ny thng s dng cho c ph robusta m him khi cho c ph arabica. Nhit lm bay hng thm ca arabica nhng dng nh li cn thit tng mi v

ca robusta. Tt c v chua ngon b mt v mi v m b mt do than ha. Khi lng ht mt 14%. f. Loi c ph rang torrefacto C ngun gc t Ty Ban Nha cch y hn 160 nm. C ph c b sung ng to en bong cho ht. lng ng cho vo 15%. Loi ny ph bin c bit min nhit i. Loi ny gn ging vi loi c ph rang Vit Nam hin nay. 2.2.2.2. Cc bin i v yu t nh hng Trong qu trnh rang xy ra cc phn ng sau: Phn ng caramel: xy ra nhit nng chy ca ng, nhit nng chy ca ng glucoza l 145-1500C, ca fructoza l 95-1000C, saccaroza 160-1800C to nn cc hp cht mu v v. Phn ng melanoidin: xy ra gia ng kh v axit amin di tc dng ca ng kh + axit amin sn phm c mu v mi => Ngoi ra cn c cc phn ng khc nh phn ng cracking cc hp cht cao phn t( gluxit, protein) s v c cc hp cht cha cacbon to hnh dng v mu sc cho sn phm. S bin i mu sc ca c ph ph thuc vo nhit trong qu trnh rang, v nhit ny tng dn trong khi ht rang: nhit (>00C) to nn cc sn phm c mu v mi c trng

Bng 2.1: Bin i mu sc theo nhit Nhit rang (0C) Khong 100 120-130 150-180 >180 Khong 270 Khong 300 Bin i mu ca c ph Mu xanh sang vng Mu vng sang mu ht gi Mu ht gi sang mu xm Mu xm sang mu ti Mu ti sang mu en Mu en dng b hng v v vn

Nhit l yu t quan trng nht quyt nh n cht lng ca sn phm. Cc kt qu nghin cu cho thy nhit rang phi bt u khong 2000C nhit rang ti u l 210-1300C. Thi gian rang ph thuc vo nhit rang vi pht i vi rang lin tc v vi chc pht vi rang gin on v cc yu t khc. qu trnh rang qua 3 giai on: + giai on 1: nhit khi ht tng ln 1200C, hm m gim 13% xung 2%. Qu trnh bay hi nc lm tht thot cc cht d bay hi, kh thot ra c mi hng mu trng c, th tch ht tng ng k, b mt ht chai. Khi ht t n nhit rang th trong ht xy ra phn ng caramel ha sinh ra 1 lng ln kh CO2 tch t trong ht. ng thi c mt phn cht cha cacbon b v c ha to mui than. Qu trnh ny du c ph trong ti du thot ln b mt ht to cho ht bng, cc phn ng hnh thnh cht thm. + Gia on 2: nhit tng ln 1500C th tch ht c ph tng t ngt 49%-100%, ht bin thnh dng xp, kh thot ra mnh c mi c trng ca ht c ph. Kh c mu xanh lam, b mt ht tr nn rt bng. Trong qu trnh ny c mt lng cafein b tht thot do thng hoa. + Giai on 3: th tch ht khng tng na, kh thot ra t, ht en bng, v ng tng ln.

Nh vy trong qu trnh rang th tch ht tng t 50-100%, hao ht trng lng 14-23. cn m t 10-12% gim cn 2-2.5% trong c ph rang. Trong qu trnh rang mi hp cht trong c ph c th tng thm hoc gim i v hnh thnh nhng hp cht mi, mi v ca c ph l kt qu ca qu trnh ny. + Hydratcacbon: l thnh phn cao nht trong ca ph, phn ln l cc loi polysaccarit ha tan hay khng ha tan trong nc,phn nh l ng. Trong qu trnh rang cc polysaccarit thay i nhiu chng c th phn hy thnh cc hp cht khc nhau hoc bin mu hu nh hon ton cc cht ng. Cc polysaccarit khng ha tan trong nc chng to nn thnh t bo ht c ph v sau khi pha tr thnh b c ph. + Nc: trong khi rang nc gim cn 2-2.5% sau tng ln, theo qui nh ca cc nc tiu th c ph hm lng nc trong c ph khng c vt qu 5%. + Cc cht bo: trong c ph nhn tng hm lng cht bo chim t 10-13%. Hm lng cht bo hu nh khng i hoc tng ln. + Cc axit hu c: nhng i din quan trng nht ca nhm l cc loi axit chlorogen. y l nhng loi axit c trng i vi c ph trong qu trnh rang chng s b phn hy t 30-70%. + Protein: trong c ph nhn c khong 11% protein t nhin, di tc ng ca nhit cao trong qu trnh rang, chng b phn hy v mt s c ti to li v c mt trong c ph rang. Mt s sn phm to ra t s phn hy protein kt hp vi hydrocacbon v axit chlorogen to thnh hp cht mu nu. + Hp cht alcaloit: l hp cht c cha nit. Trong c ph khi rang cafein hu nh khng i nhng trigonellin gim 75%. C mt s cht mi hnh thnh niacin v nicotin acid li ch vi con ngi. + Cht khong: c phn nhn c khong 4% khong v 90% trong s ny c trong nc c ph ch yu l kali.

+ Cht thm: c ph rang l mt trong nhng loi thc phm c hm lng cht thm phong ph nht. Nhng cht thm ny khng c trong c ph nhn m chng ch hnh thnh khi rang,xay. 2.2.2.3. Phng php rang Rang th cng:

Hnh 2.2: rang bng th cng Rang bng my: + Phng php rang gin on + Phng php rang lin tc 2.2.2.4. My mc thit b rang S cu to cc c s sn xut nh, ngi ta tin hnh rang trong nhng thit b rang hnh cu hoc hnh tr, lng c ph cho vo 2 5 th tch thit b, trn thn thit b c b cc c s sn xut ln hn, tr ca np v tho nguyn liu v cc l thot m.

ngi ta thng s dng loi thit b rang kiu ng c s cu to nh sau:

Hnh 2.3: s cu to my rang c ph

Hnh 2.4: my rang c ph

Nguyn l hot ng: C ph nhn c chuyn vo trng rang, qua mng nguyn liu s c qut ht lm sch s b v la v tp cht nh. Trong sut qu trnh rang, c-ph nhn c o u lin tc nh cch o bn trong trng; vic cp nhit n nh bng h thng ga bn di trng rang cng vi ch ht khi lin tc. C-ph sau khi rang n chn s c chuyn vo khay lm ngui h thp nhit ca ht. Trong qu trnh lm ngui, c-ph c o u trong khay cng vi lc ht mnh ca qut chung quanh lp li ca khay lm c-ph ngui nhanh u. Khi v tp cht, v la theo ng dn qut ht thi vo mt b phn lng tp... Thi gian rang mi m t 18 n 20 pht; nguyn liu t 1,2 - 1,5 kg /gi ( 6kg/m ) 2.2.3. Lm ngui c ph rang C ph sau khi rang xong c em i lm ngui nhanh nhm tn nhit cho ht, trnh cc bin i khng c li xy ra v gii phng kh CO2 sinh ra trong qu trnh rang to thun li cho qu trnh bao gi ny. Lm ngui bng cch ri c ph ra sng kt hp vi qut thi khng kh hoc tt nht l ht chn khng trnh tn tht cht thm. 2.2.4. Phi trn c ph rang vi cc cht ph gia Sau khi lm ngui , c ph c a i phi trn theo n t hng gia cc chng, hng c ph vi nhau theo t l nht nh hoc vi cc nguyn liu ph v cc cht ph gia theo th hiu ngi tiu dng. Hon thin : phi trn nhiu loi c ph khc nhau v ngun gc: To nn hng v mi do s phi hp hng v ca nhiu loi c ph. H gi thnh sn phm bng cch tn dng nhng loi c ph cht lng thp (i vi nhng loi c ph cht lng cao th khng c giai on ny) Gim s ph thuc ca sn xut vo sn lng ca tng ma v.

Thit b phi trn

Hnh 2.5: thit b phi trn My trn thng quay : Thng cha vt liu c truyn ng quay qua cc trc c gn vi thng. Khi thng quay, di tc dng ca lc ly tm, vt liu trong thng s nng ln v ri xung to s o trn trong khi vt liu. Cc loi c ph khc nhau s phi trn li vi nhau theo mt cng thc no ( do nh sn xut t) to nn hng v t trng ring cho sn phm. Trn th trng hin nay c rt nhiu loi c ph m thng tin trn bao b khng ng vi thc cht ca c ph ng bn trong. V d ngi ta c th ghi tren bao b Hn hp c ph Arabica v Robusta nhng thc cht bn trong l 100% c ph vi Robusta, hoc ghi C ph nguyn cht 100%, nhng thc cht bn trong c mt t l rt cao ti 30% khi lng cc loi ph gia v cht n nh u tng v ng. Hoc c thng tin trn bao b hm lng Ochatoxn di 5 phn t nhng thc cht loi c ph ny cha bao gi c ly mu phn tch xc nh hm lng c t. tuy vy, ngi tiu dng t quan tm n nhng g ghi trn bao b m ch yu quan tm n vic loi c ph c ph hp vi khu v ca mnh hay khng. Nhiu ngi khng thch c ph nguyn cht bng c ph c u trn ng hoc u v chnh khu v ca ngi ung c ph l ng lc, ngun gc chnh ca s phi trn

2.2.5. c ph Sau khi phi trn, c ph c a i trong khong 40h. Qu trnh nhm lm cho cc cht ph gia ngm u vo trong ht nhng khng lm nh hng n cht lng ca c ph rang. Qu trnh thc hin trong cc thng hoc cc bao kn, khi lng ty thuc vo quy m sn xut. 2.2.6. Xay c ph rang Mc ch : chia nh c ph, lm v cc t bo tng din tch tip xc. Cng on xay rt quan trng, xay n mn ph hp v ng u. Nu bt th th khi pha rt kh c th chit c ht cc cht ha tan ra ngoi nn dch chit s long hoc thi gian pha ko di.Ngc li, nu bt qu mn th khi pha c ph s kh chy v c th dch chit s ln cn.Tuy nhin, mn ca bt cng ty thep phng php ( pha bng my mn phi hn bng tay) hoc ni tiu thu ( chu u bt phi mn hn M). mn ph hp khong 400um. Bin i : Vt l : S gim kch thc ht ca c ph. Gim khi lng ton ht v tng khi lng ring xp do kh cacbonic, h nc v cc cht d bay hi to thnh t giai on rang tip tc c gii phng. S gia nhit do ma st. Ha hc : c mt s phn ng phn hu oxy ha do nhit v b mt tip xc tng. Ha l : tng din tch b mt ring, s bay hi mt s cht mi. Thit b xay trong cng nghip c thit k gm nhiu con ln c tc quay khc nhau. Trn b mt cc con ln tc cao c cc rng ca hnh U nm nghing, cn trn b mt con ln tc thp c cc rng ca hnh U thng ng. Hai con ln vi tc quay khc nhau s to thnh 1 cp, gia mi cp s c mt khong cch thch hp vi mc nghin

Hnh 2.6: my xay c ph 2.2.7. Bao gi v bo qun Cng on bao gi cn ch n tnh cht ca sn phm c ph l kh nng d ht m, cc kh l v thot hng thm ra ngoi lm m tng ln to iu kin cho mc pht trin, tn tht hng thm v c ph c mi l lm gim cht lng thm tr lm h hng sn phm. v vy, ngi ta thng s dng l thy tinh mu, hp kim loi hoc bao b hn hp (nhiu lp) c kha nng ht m, chng thm kh v chng nh sang xuyn thu. Phng php ng bao thng i km vi loi vt liu lm bao. 2.2.7.1. ng bao chn khng dung hp kim loi Loi bao thng mi c in nht l hp kim loi (tc hp st m km v sn bng bn ngoi) c ng bao chn khng. Dung tch ca hp kim loi thng l 1 lt v c th cha khong 450g c ph. Loi ny co nhiu u im nh ngn cn hi nc v xy hay khng kh i vo v i ra khi hp, v c th chu ng p sut ln. Sauk hi cho c ph vo hp, ht ht khng kh bn trong hp v ng np hp li. do chnh lch p sut gia trong v ngoi hp (p sut bn ngoi cao hn p sut bn trong hp) nn np hp c ng cht.

2.2.7.2.

ng bao dung bao nha kt (laminates) nhiu lp cng:

Cc loi bao nha kt nhiu lp thng l mm do ch khng cng. n c gi l cng v sau khi cho c ph vo, p dng ht chn khng p sut cao v hn kn ming bao th bao tr nn cng tng t nh vin gch, mt cm nhn c c khi ta bp tay vo bao. Vt liu cu to nn bao nha kt nhiu lp gm 3 lp khc nhau: lp polyethylene (PE) trong cng ( dy tiu chun l 12 micron-met) d dung nhit hn bao, lp polypropyrene (PP) hoc nhm gia ( dy tiu chun l 12 micro-met) trnh cho c ph ht m v polyester ( dy tiu chun l 70 micron-met) lp ngoi cng cho php s dng cc loi mc dung mi hu c in cc thng tin v sn phn trn bao b. C ph sau khi c cho vo bao, c ht chn khng v c hn kn ming bao, sau bao ny c cho vo mt hp ng kht bn. Do c ng bao chn khng nn thng p sut khng kh bn ngoi bao lun cao hn p sut khng kh bn trong bao, v vy bao c ph lun lun cng v c th nhn khng p mt. Trong iu kin khng mong mun no , ch cn c mt l thng trn bao hoc do hn bao khng kn, ngay lp tc khng kh bn ngoi lt vo bn trong bao cn bng p sut, v lm cho bao tr nn xp, khng cn cng nh trc na. y l iu khng ng c v gy ran guy c xung cp cht lng c ph, nhng n vn c chp nhn bi ngi tiu dung do bao xp p hn v t nhn nhng hn bao cng. 2.2.7.3. ng bao dng bao mm hay bao xp: Phng php ng bao dng bao mm rt thng dng. vt liu lm bao rt a dng, c th dng bao kn bng hoc dng bao nha kt nhiu lp. bao mm cng c th c gn van-mt-chiu khng cho hi m v xy/khng kh bn ngoi xm nhp vo trong v cho php kh thot ra ngoi trnh gy phng bao. Loi bao ny c gi la mm v khng s dng trong ng bao chn khng.

Vic gim khng kh v xy trong bao mm trc khi ng gi c thc hin bng cch dn c ph nhn rang trong bao cng cht cng tt, v sau hn kn ming bao. Vi loi bao c gn van-mt-chiu, cn ch phi s dng bao dy v trnh vic hn khng kh bao hoc b thng bao. 2.2.7.4. Thit b ng gi

Hnh 2.7: my ng gi

Hnh 2.8: ng gi stick

My ng gi dng bt t ng DXD-F lp t h thng chit trc vt, m t bc chnh xc cao, n c th ng gi cc nh lng khc nhau trong khong nh lng ca my. My ny c s dng ng gi tt c cc loi bt, ht nh c trn nht nh nh: bt m, bt sa u, sa bt, cc sn phm dinh dng dng bt, tt c cc loi thuc c im: - My chy bng chng trnh iu khin PLC vi hin th ting Anh - Trung, s dng iu chnh d dng, thun tin, chnh xc cao. - S dng chc nng gia nhit hn mp, ng hn p, chc chn. - K thut to ti hon ton t ng, c mt thn nh v im ct chnh xc. - My t ng hon thnh cc khu: to ti, nh lng, liu, hn, ct v in