Natalie Focha 8 May 2013 Anthro 7, Sec 1E Homework Assignment #5 8.

2) Selection may favor genes that increase fitness early in life but decrease fitness later in life. There is a trade-off between long life and early reproduction, so the same genes that increase their frequency in future generations by causing the bodies in which they reside to reproduce early in life, will also cause the bodies in which they reside to age and die. This trade-off is thought to be the result of genes with pleiotropic effects. 8.3) Organisms that reproduce early tend to have small body sizes, small brains, short gestation times, large litters, high rates of mortality, and short life spans. These are species that live in environments where expending time and energy on growth does not pay off in terms of increasing fitness of the animal. Thus, a strategy of growing quickly, reproducing fast, and dying young is common. Organisims that reproduce late tend to have large body sizes, large brains, large gestation times, small litters, low rates of mortality, and long life spans. For the species reproduction can wait, so the pace of maturation is slow, allowing organisms a juvenile phase. 8.7) It seems that a theory of mind is not a necessary prerequisite to predicting the behavior of others. The ability of monkeys and apes to predict the behavior of others might be based on several other abilities, such as associative learning capacities, prodigious memory of past events, or some understanding of conceptual categories such as kinship and dominance. However, a theory of mind does seem to be necessary for some behaviors such as effective deception. Effective deception requires the ability to manipulate or take advantage of others beliefs about the world.