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What are Fiber Optics
Long thin strands of very pure glass about the size
of human hair
Arranged in bundles called optical cables
consists of :
core inner part where wave propagates
cladding outer part used to keep wave in core
buffer protective coating
jacket outer protective shield
Passage of light from a material with a high index of
refraction(n1) to a material with a lower index of
refraction(n2)
At the critical angle light will not go into n2 but
instead travel along the surface between the two media
What a re Optical Fibr es ?
• Optical Fibres are fibres of glass, usually
about 120 micrometres in diameter, which
are used to carry signals in the form of
pulses of light over distances up to 50 km
without the need for repeaters. These
signals may be coded voice
communications or computer data
• The optical fiber can be used as a
medium for telecommunication and
networking because it is flexible and
can be bundled as cables.
• The light transmitted through the fiber is
confined due to total internal reflection
within the material.
• In telecommunications applications, the
light used is typically infrared light
• Fibers are generally used in pairs, with
one fiber of the pair carrying a signal in
each direction
• Fibers, like waveguides, can have
various transmission modes. The fibers
used for long-distance communication
are known as si ngl e m ode fibers, as
they have only one strong propagation
• Mul ti -mode fibers, where light
transmitted in the different modes
arrives at different times, resulting in
dispersion of the transmitted signal.
• single mode equipment is generally more
expensive than multi-mode equipment.
• single-mode optical fiber, data rates of
up to 40 Gbit/s are possible in real-world
use on a single wavelength.
Wavelength division multiplexing can
then be used to allow many wavelengths
to be used at once on a single fiber
Types of optical fibers
• Single mode
– only one signal can be transmitted
– use of single frequency
• Multi mode
– Several signals can be transmitted
– Several frequencies used to
modulate the signal
Types of Fibres
nf
nc
Typical core and
cladding diameters
Multimode 50 125
62.5 125
100 140
Launching the Light
Factors that e ffe ct the
Launchin g o f L ig ht
•Intensity
•Area
•Acceptance Angle
•Fresnell Loss
Signal Production
• Convert electrical
input to modulated
light
2 Basic Schemes
On/Off
Linear Variation
2 Common Devices used
n i .sin θ i n t .sin θ t
nt
sin θ c
ni
Types of fiber ends
beam patterns can be:
spherical
cylindrical
Fibers carry modes of
light
number of modes ~ V 2
a mode is :
• a solution to the wave equation
• a given path/distribution of light
(1) NA
(2) diameter (wrt λ)
• Metropolitan trunks
to join phone exchanges in
metro areas
• Rural exchange trunks
connect exchanges of different
phone companies
• Subscriber loops
central exchange to subscriber
• LANs
Can support hundreds of
stations on a campus
Other Applications
• Endoscope
• X-ray Imaging
• Night Vision
Advantages of optical
Fibres
• Can carry much more information
• Much higher data rates
• Much longer distances than co-axial
cables
• Immune to electromagnetic noise
• Light in weight
• Unaffected by atmospheric agents
Disadvantages of
optical Fibres
• expensive
• need to convert electrical signal
into optical signal when
transmitting and convert it back
to electrical signal when
receiving
The Op tical T ra nsmitt er:
•
• The source of the optical signal can be either a light
emitting diode, or a solid state laser diode.
• The transmitter converts an electrical analog or digital
signal into a corresponding optical signal.
• The most popular wavelengths of operation for optical
transmitters are 850, 1300, or 1550 nanometers.
Optical Receivers
Converts modulated
light from the cable
into the original
signal
• Photodiode: Pin or
Avalanche type
• High gain internal
amplifiers
• Large sensitive
detecting area
several microns
thick
The Op tical R eceiver: