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5
:
:
:
______________
_____
: 14
..
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" ___ " ______________ 2006 .
2006
5.1. y = f (x ) [a, b] .
b
f ( x)dx
n = 1, 2,...,10 (
h =
b-a
) , :
n
) ;
) ;
) ;
D) .
A)-D)
n = 1, 2,...,10 ( h )
n = 1, 2,...,10 ( h ). .
:
.
. :
n -1
: S= h f ( xi ) ;
i =0
M 1 (b - a )
2n
R=
: S= h f ( xi ) ;
i =1
R=
M 1 (b - a )
2n
n -1
: S= h f (
i =0
R =
M 2 (b - a)
24n 2
xi + xi +1
);
2
f ( x 0 ) + f ( x n ) n -1
: S= h
+ f ( xi ) ;
2
i =1
3
M (b - a )
R = 2
12n 2
:
f ( x) :=
1
2
9-x
[2;2]
a := -2
b := 2
f ( x)
:
:
-2
x
dx = arcsin
3
9 - x2
= arcsin
-2
2
-2
- arcsin
3
3
2 - asin -2 = ( 1.45945531245393)
3
3
true := asin
A) :
IntLeftRect ( f , a , b , n) :=
b-a
n := 0 .. 9
for i 0 .. n
integraln := IntLeftRect ( f , a , b , n + 1 )
xi a + h i
0
S0
for i 0 .. n - 1
( )
S S + f xi
S hS
S
0
0
0.329399069545899
0.10163854521265
0.048514093223115
0.028198397565906
E_Left = 4
0.01836817310573
0.012890550963647
9.5346969930636410 -3
7.3334239071438710 -3
5.8130517792942510 -3
4.7197117013022510 -3
1.78885438199983
1.56109385766658
1.50796940567705
1.48765371001984
integral = 4
1.47782348555966
1.47234586341758
1.468990009447
1.46678873636108
1.46526836423323
1.46417502415523
df ( x) :=
d
dx
f ( x)
M1 := absdf ( 2 )
absdf ( x) := df ( x)
n := 0 .. 9
absdf ( z) 0.1
M1 = 0.178885
R_Left ( f , a , b , n) :=
( b - a)
M1
2 n
2
R_Left ( f , a , b , n )
1
E_Left n
10
,
.
B)
:
Intentr ( f , a , b , n) :=
b-a
n := 0 .. 9
for i 0 .. n
integraln := Intentr ( f , a , b , n + 1 )
xi a + h i
S0
for i 1 .. n
h
S S + f xi -1 +
2
S hS
S
E_Centrn := true - integraln
0
0
1.33333333333333
1.41421356237309
1.43672232115811
1.44592376270231
integral = 4
1.45052656275081
1.45314060011584
1.45476123518253
1.45583272997773
1.45657688052445
1.45711415927405
0
0
0.126121979120599
0.045241750080838
0.022732991295821
E_Centr = 4
0.013531549751618
8.9287497031258510 -3
6.3147123380942210 -3
4.6940772713983710 -3
3.6225824762019510 -3
2.8784319294852310 -3
2.3411531798835910 -3
df2 ( x) :=
f ( x)
absdf2 ( x) := df2 ( x)
dx
M2 := absdf2 ( 2 )
0.4
n := 0 .. 9
absdf2( z) 0.2
M2 = 0.304105
R_Centr ( f , a , b , n) :=
( b - a)
M2
24 n
1
R_Centr ( f , a , b , n )
E_Centrn
0.5
10
,
.
C) :
IntRightRect ( f , a , b , n) :=
b-a
n := 0 .. 9
for i 0 .. n
integraln := IntRightRect ( f , a , b , n + 1 )
xi a + h i
S0
0
0
1.78885438199983
1.56109385766658
1.50796940567705
1.48765371001984
integral = 4
1.47782348555966
1.47234586341758
for i 1 .. n
( )
S S + f xi
S hS
S
1.468990009447
1.46678873636108
1.46526836423323
1.46417502415523
0
0
0.329399069545899
0.10163854521265
0.048514093223115
0.028198397565906
E_Right = 4
0.01836817310573
0.012890550963647
9.5346969930636410 -3
7.3334239071436410 -3
5.8130517792942510 -3
4.7197117013020310 -3
df ( x) :=
d
dx
f ( x)
M1 := absdf ( 2 )
absdf ( x) := df ( x)
n := 0 .. 9
absdf ( z) 0.1
M1 = 0.178885
R_Right ( f , a , b , n) :=
( b - a)
2 n
0
z
M1
2
R_Right ( f , a , b , n )
1
E_Rightn
10
,
.
D) :
Trapeia ( f , a , b , n) :=
b- a
n := 0 .. 9
n
integraln := Trapeia ( f , a , b , n + 1 )
for i 0 .. n
xi a + h i
S
( )
( )
f x0 + f xn
2
for i 1 .. n - 1
( )
S S + f xi
S hS
S
E_Trapecia n := true - integraln
0
0
3.90710783354556
0.10163854521265
0.048514093223115
0.028198397565906
E_Trapecia = 4
0.01836817310573
0.012890550963647
9.5346969930636410 -3
7.3334239071438710 -3
5.8130517792942510 -3
4.7197117013022510 -3
0
0
5.3665631459995
1.56109385766658
1.50796940567705
1.48765371001984
integral = 4
1.47782348555966
1.47234586341758
1.468990009447
1.46678873636108
1.46526836423323
1.46417502415523
df2 ( x) :=
f ( x)
absdf2 ( x) := df2 ( x)
0.4
dx
M2 := absdf2 ( 2 )
n := 0 .. 9
absdf2( z) 0.2
M2 = 0.304105
0
R_Trapecia ( f , a , b , n) :=
( b - a)
2
M2
12 n
4
R_Trapecia( f , a , b , n )
2
E_Trapecia n
10
,
n.
:
n := 9
n
norma_1 ( V , n) :=
Vi
norma_2 ( V , n) :=
i =0
i = 0
( Vi ) 2
norma_c ( V , n) :=
for i 0 .. n
si Vi
max ( s)
:
max_P ( V , n) :=
s1 norma_1 ( V , n)
s2 norma_2 ( V , n)
s3 norma_c ( V , n)
max ( s)
, :
-3
-3
-3
-3
: c
n
.
b
5.2. 5.1
f ( x)dx
n = 2,4,...,20 (
b-a
h =
) .
n
n = 2,4,...,10 ( h )
n = 2,4,...,10 ( h ). ,
, 5.1.
:
Simpson ( f , a , b , n) :=
b- a
integral := 0
n := 2 , 4 .. 20
for i 0 .. n
integral
xi a + h i
( )
( )
S f x0 + f xn
n - 1
for i 1 ..
for i 1 ..
( )
S S + 2 f x2 i
S
h
3
:= Simpson ( f , a , b , n)
S S + 4 f x2 i - 1
n- 1
n1 := 0 .. 9
2.08145847688878
1.46317366080426
1.46047134933109
1.45983374514149
integral = 4
1.45962553702043
1.45954235454975
1.45950415993736
1.45948473210551
1.45947404176071
1.45946778090111
df4 ( x) :=
f ( x)
absdf4 ( x) := df4 ( x)
dx
M4 := absdf4 ( 2 )
n := 0 .. 9
2
absdf4( z)
M4 = 2.651082
R_Simpson ( f , a , b , n) :=
( b - a)
M4
180 n
20
R_Simpson( f , a , b , n )
E_Simpsonn
10
10
,
.
:
-3
0
0
0.622003164434844
3.718348350324710 -3
1.016036877157910 -3
3.784326875564410 -4
E_Simpson = 4
1.702245664929610 -4
8.7042095819445110 -5
4.8847483422598310 -5
2.9419651579765110 -5
1.8729306774600810 -5
1.2468447178504110 -5
-3
-3
-3
-5
:
n := 2 , 4 .. 20
E_Centr := 0
integraln := Intentr ( f , a , b , n)
E_Centr
n - 1
:= true - integraln
-4
-5
n2 := 1 .. 9
0.015
0.01
E_Centrn2
E_Simpsonn2
0.005
10
n2
: c
.
5.3. , N (N=1,2,3,4)
m 2 N - 1 .
:
1) ( , , IntGauss( f , a , b, N ) ),
[ a, b ]
N (N=1,2,3,4).
2
m
2) Pm ( x ) = c 0 + c 1 x + c 2 x + ... + c m x
m = 0..7 .
3) ( -)
b
x2
x3
x m +1 b
I
=
P
(
x
)
dx
=
(
c
x
+
c
+
c
+
...
+
c
) |a .
m m
0
1
2
m
2
3
m
+
1
a
4)
IG m , N = IntGauss ( Pm , a , b, N ) , m = 0..7 , N=1,2,3,4.
5) N (N=1,2,3,4) I m
IG m , N . , c I m = IG m , N
m 2 N - 1 .
6) .
:
2
0
A :=
1
1
0
0
5
9
8
9
5
9
0
0.6521451549 t :=
0.6521451549
0.3478548451
0.3478548451
0 -0.5773502692 -0.7745966692
0
0 0.5773502692
0
0.7745966692
0
0
0
0
IntGauss ( f , a , b , N ) :=
-0.8611363116
-0.3399810436
0.8611363116
0.3399810436
b-a
2
S0
for i 0 .. N - 1
a + b + b - a t
i , N - 1
2
2
S S + Ai , N - 1 f
S hS
S
8 :
a := 0
b := 1
x := a , a + 0.01 .. b
0
P0 ( x) := 5 x
P1 ( x) := 11 + x
2
P2 ( x) := 5 + 9 x - x
P3 ( x) := 8 + 2 x + 9 x - 7 x
2
P4 ( x) := x + 4 x + 5 x + x
P5 ( x) := 31 - 2 x + 7 x - x + 12 x + 5 x
3
P6 ( x) := 32 x + 6 x - 3 x
2
P7 ( x) := 10 + 8 x + 4 x + 5 x + 7 x + 8 x
:
IP0 := 5 b - 5 a
- 11 a + a
2
2
IP1 := 11 b +
IP2 := 5 b + 9
IP3 := 8 b + 2
IP4 :=
2
3
- 5 a + 9 a - a
3
2
3
+ 9
- 7
2
3
4
- 8 a + 2 a + 9 a - 7 a
4
2
3
4
3
4
5 2
3
4
5
b2
+ 4 b + 5 b + b - a + 4 a + 5 a + a
3
4
5 2
3
4
5
2
IP5 := 31 b - 2
IP6 := 32
+ 7
IP7 := 10 b + 8
- 3
+ 6
+ 5
2
3
4
5
6
- 31 a - 2 a + 7 a - a + 12 a + 5 a
6
2
3
4
5
6
4
6
7
- 32 a + 6 a - 3 a
7
4
6
7
+ 4
+ 12
+ 5
+ 7
+ 8
2
3
4
7
8
- 10 a + 8 a + 4 a + 5 a + 7 a + 8 a
8
2
3
4
7
8
N m:
N := 1 .. 4
m := 0
IGm , N - 1 := IntGauss ( P0 , a , b , N )
m := 1
IGm , N - 1 := IntGauss ( P1 , a , b , N )
m := 2
IGm , N - 1 := IntGauss ( P2 , a , b , N )
m := 3
IGm , N - 1 := IntGauss ( P3 , a , b , N )
,
.
m := 4
IGm , N - 1 := IntGauss ( P4 , a , b , N )
m := 5
11.5
m := 6
9.25
IGm , N - 1 := IntGauss ( P6 , a , b , N ) IG = 10.375
2.1875
m := 7
32.53125
IGm , N - 1 := IntGauss ( P7 , a , b , N )
4.140625
IGm , N - 1 := IntGauss ( P5 , a , b , N )
11.5
11.5
11.5
, .
m := 0 .. 7
N := 1
40
IP m
IG m , N- 1
20
5
m
10
N := 2
40
IP m
IG m , N- 1
20
10
N := 3
40
IP m
IG m , N- 1
20
10
N := 4
40
IP m
IG m , N- 1
20
10
:
m := 0 .. 7
N := 1 .. 4
E m , N - 1 := IPm - IGm , N - 1
0
0
0
0
- 12
4.49240644684323 10
0.125
E=
1.09583333333333 5.55555551612397 10- 3
0.136111111009789
2.78541666666667
0.015873015713542
4.43080357142857
0.398148148045578
2.78645833333334
0
- 12
3.29158922340866 10
- 11
4.9382720135327 10
- 10
4.36197744591027 10
- 10
1.18234311230481 10
1.07142809292071 10
-3
1.7610979341498 10
0.012500000393182
1.3245227137304 10
8.92619311798626 10
1.33884014985597 10
1.18712151220279 10
3.31148442000995 10
- 12
- 12
- 11
- 10
- 10
- 10
,
m,
, m<=2*N-1, N - .
N:
N := 1 .. 4
m N := 2 N - 1
E
( m N) , N-1 =
0
4.4924064468432310 -12
3.3114844200099510 -10
1.324522713730410 -10
: c
,
m ,
: m<=2*N-1, N - .
5.4.
f ( x)dx 5.1,
a
, , , .
. .
, , 5.1 5.2.
:
1
f ( x) :=
[2;2]
a := -2
b := 2
9-x
2 - asin -2 = ( 1.45945531245393)
3
3
true := asin
N := 1 .. 4
integral := 0
integralN - 1 := IntGauss ( f , a , b , N )
E_GaussN - 1 := true - integralN - 1
0.126121979120599
0.014825075420188
E_Gauss =
-3
1.86389303204892 10
2.4224230036074 10- 4
1.33333333333333
1.44463023703374
integral =
1.45759141942188
1.45921307015357
0.2
E_GaussN- 1 0.1
0.329399069545899
0.622003164434844
E_LeftN - 1 = 1
0.10163854521265
E_SimpsonN - 1 = 1
3.718348350324710 -3
0.048514093223115
1.016036877157910 -3
0.028198397565906
3.784326875564410 -4
0.329399069545899
0.045241750080838
E_RightN - 1 = 1
0.10163854521265
E_CentrN -1 = 1
0.013531549751618
0.048514093223115
6.3147123380942210 -3
0.028198397565906
3.6225824762019510 -3
0
0
3.90710783354556
E_Trapecia N - 1 = 1
0.10163854521265
0.048514093223115
0.028198397565906
0.126121979120599
0.014825075420188
E_Gauss =
-3
1.86389303204892 10
2.4224230036074 10- 4
: c
.
5.5. y = f (x ) [a, b] .
b
f ( x)dx e = 10
-6
) ;
) .
n .
, MathCad.
:
n .
M (b - a ) 3
(b - a) 3 M 2
ceil
(
A) : 2
12e
12n 2
B) :
M 4 (b - a ) 5
(b - a ) 5 M 4
4
e
n
ceil
(
)
180e
180n 4
:
-6
e := 10
f ( x) :=
a := 3
atan ( x)
x-2
b := 6
A)
df2 ( x) :=
absdf2 ( x) := df2 ( x)
f ( x)
dx
M2 := absdf2 ( 3 )
n := 0 .. 9
df2( z) 0.5
M2 = 0.77678432929884
0
5
z
( b - a) 3
n := ceil
M2
12 e
Trapeia ( f , a , b , n) :=
n = 1323
b- a
n
for i 0 .. n
xi a + h i
S
( )
( )
f x0 + f xn
2
for i 1 .. n - 1
( )
S S + f xi
S hS
S
B)
df4 ( x) :=
f ( x)
absdf4 ( x) := df2 ( x)
dx
M4 := absdf2 ( 3 )
n := 0 .. 9
absdf4( z) 0.5
M4 = 0.77678432929884
0
(b - a) 5
n := ceil
M4
180 e
Simpson ( f , a , b , n) :=
n = 33
n := 34
b- a
n
for i 0 .. n
xi a + h i
( )
( )
S f x0 + f xn
for i 1 ..
S S + 4 f x2 i - 1
for i 1 ..
n- 1
2
( )
S S + 2 f x2 i
S
h
3
S
integral_S := Simpson ( f , a , b , n)
integral_S = 2.67094
MathCAD:
b
integral_M := f ( x) dx
integral_M = 2.67094
:
, .. 39 .
, ..
. ,
MathCAD,
,
.
5.6. y = f (x ) ( 5.1) [a, b]
b-a
a = x0 < x1 < ... < x n = b , xi = a + ih , y i = f ( xi ) , h =
.
n
,
( ) y i f ( xi ) ,
yi f ( xi ) .
, .
, .
n = 10,15,20. .
:
y = f (x )
a = x0 < x1 < ... < x n = b
y i f ( xi )
xi = a + ih
y i = f ( xi )
y i f ( xi )
yi +1 - yi -1
2h
y - 2 y i + y i +1
f ( xi ) y i = i -1
h2
h2
i = 1..n - 1
f ( xi ) yi =
- 3 y 0 + 4 y1 - y 2
2h
2 y - 5 y1 + 4 y 2 - y 3
f ( x0 ) y 0 = 0
h2
f ( x0 ) y 0 =
3 y n - 4 y n -1 + y n - 2
2h
2 y n - 5 y n -1 + 4 y n- 2 - y n -3
f ( x n ) y n =
h2
f ( x n ) y n =
[ a, b]
b-a
h=
n
y = f (x ) [a, b]
b-a
a = x0 < x1 < ... < x n = b , xi = a + ih , y i = f ( xi ) , h =
.
n
( )
y i f ( xi ) , y i f ( xi ) ( h 2 ):
( i = 1..n - 1 ):
y -y
f ( xi ) yi = i +1 i -1 ,
2h
y - 2 y i + y i +1
f ( xi ) y i = i -1
,
h2
( i = 0):
- 3 y 0 + 4 y1 - y 2
f ( x0 ) y 0 =
2h
2 y - 5 y1 + 4 y 2 - y 3
f ( x0 ) y 0 = 0
h2
( i = n):
3 y - 4 y n -1 + y n - 2
f ( x n ) y n = n
2h
2 y n - 5 y n -1 + 4 y n- 2 - y n -3
f ( x n ) y n =
h2
:
x := 0
1
f ( x) :=
[2;2]
9-x
-3
DF_DX_A ( x) := x 9 - x
-3
DF2_DX_A ( x) := 9 - x
-5
2
+ 3 x 9 - x
a := -2
b := 2
DF_DX ( f , a , b , n) :=
b- a
n
nn- 1
for i 0 .. n
xi a + h i
D0
( )
( )
( )
-3 f x0 + f x1 - f x2
2 h
for i 1 .. n - 1
Di
Dn
D
f xi +1 - f xi- 1
2 h
( )
3 f xn - 4 f xn -1 + f xn - 2
2 h
DF2_DX ( f , a , b , n) :=
b- a
n
nn- 1
for i 0 .. n
xi a + h i
D0
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 f x0 - 5 f x1 + 4 f x2 - f x3
2
h
for i 1 .. n - 1
Di
( )
f xi +1 - 2 f xi + f xi - 1
2
h
Dn
( )
2 f xn - 5 f xn -1 + 4 f xn - 2 - f xn - 3
h
D
A)
n := 10
i := 0 .. n - 1
h :=
b- a
n
h = 0.4
xi := a + h i
( )
Fi := f xi
DF_DX_ARR_1 := DF_DX ( f , a , b , n)
DF2_DX_ARR_1 := DF2_DX ( f , a , b , n)
0.2
DF_DX_A( z)
DF2_DX_A( z)
0.1
DF_DX_ARR_1i
DF2_DX_ARR_1 i
0.1
0
z , z , xi
B)
n := 15
i := 0 .. n - 1
h :=
b- a
n
h = 0.266666666666667
xi := a + h i
( )
Fi := f xi
DF_DX_ARR_2 := DF_DX ( f , a , b , n)
DF2_DX_ARR_2 := DF2_DX ( f , a , b , n)
0.2
DF_DX_A( z)
0.1
DF2_DX_A( z)
DF_DX_ARR_2i
DF2_DX_ARR_2 i
0.1
0
z , z , xi
C)
n := 20
i := 0 .. n - 1
h :=
b- a
n
h = 0.2
xi := a + h i
( )
Fi := f xi
DF_DX_ARR_3 := DF_DX ( f , a , b , n)
DF2_DX_ARR_3 := DF2_DX ( f , a , b , n)
0.2
DF_DX_A( z)
DF2_DX_A( z)
0.1
DF_DX_ARR_3i
DF2_DX_ARR_3 i
0.1
z , z , xi
: ,
, .. . ,
, . ,
, , .
,
.