Gram Staining Pattern and Organisms Identifying Key FeaturesGram-Positive Cocci
Enterococcus
spp. (
E. faecalis
) (Note: These are equivalentgroup D
Streptococcus
)Pairs, chains; catalase-negative
Peptostreptococcus
spp. Anaerobic
Staphylococcus
spp. Clusters; catalase-positive
Staphylococcus aureus
Clusters; catalase-positive; coagulase-positive; beta-hemolytic; yellow pigment
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Clusters; catalase-positive; coagulase-negative; skin flora
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Clusters; catalase-positive; coagulase-negative
Streptococcus
spp. Pairs, chains, catalase-negative
Streptococcus agalactiae
(group B) Pairs, chains; catalase-negative; vaginal flora
Streptococcus bovis
(group D
Enterococcus
) Pairs, chains; catalase-negative
Streptococcus faecalis
(group D
Enterococcus
) Pairs, chains; catalase-negative
Streptococcus pneumoniae
(
Pneumococcus
, group B) Pairs, lancet-shaped; alpha-hemolytic; optochin-sensitive
Streptococcus pyogenes
(group A) Beta-hemolytic
Streptococcus viridans
Pairs, chains; catalase-negative; alpha-hemolytic,optochin-resistant
Gram-Negative Cocci
Acinetobacter
spp. Filamentous, branching pattern
Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis
Diplococci in pairs
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
(gonococcus) Diplococci in pairs, often intracellular; ferments glucose
but not maltose
Neisseria meningitidis
(meningococcus) Diplococci in pairs; ferments glucose and maltose
Veillonella
spp. Anaerobic
Gram-Positive Bacilli
Actinomyces
Branching, beaded, rods; anaerobic
Bacilli anthracis
(anthrax) Spore-forming rod
Clostridium
spp. (
C. difficile, C. botulinum, C. tetani
) Large, with spores; anaerobic
Corynebacterium
spp. (
C. Diphtheriae
) Small, pleomorphic diphtheroid; skin flora
Eubacterium
spp. Anaerobic
Listeria monocytogene
s Beta-hemolytic
Mycobacterium
spp. (limited staining) Only rapidly growing species gram stain (
M. abscessus
,
M. chelonae
,
M. fortuitum
)
Nocardia
Beaded, branched rods; partially acid-fast-staining
Propionibacterium acne
Small, pleomorphic diphtheroid; anaerobic
Gram-Negative Bacilli
Acinetobacter
spp. Lactose-negative, oxidase-negative
Gram Staining Pattern and Organisms Identifying Key Features
Aeromonas hydrophilia
Lactose-negative (usually) oxidase-positive
Bacteroides fragilis
Anaerobic
Bordetella pertussis
Coccoid rod
Brucella
(brucellosis) Coccoid rod
Citrobacter
spp. Lactose-positive (usually)
Enterobacter
spp. Lactose-positive (usually)
Escherichia coli
Lactose-positive
Fusobacterium
spp. Long, pointed shape; anaerobic
Haemophilus ducreyi
Gram-negative bacilli
Haemophilus influenzae
Coccoid rod, requires chocolate agar to support growth
Klebsiella
spp. Lactose-positive
Legionella pneumophila
Stains poorly, use silver stain and special medium
Morganella morganii
Lactose-negative, oxidase-negative
Proteus mirabilis
Lactose-negative, oxidase-negative, indole-negative
Proteus vulgaris
Lactose-negative, oxidase-negative, indole-positive
Providencia
spp. Lactose-negative, oxidase-negative
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Lactose-negative, oxidase-positive blue-green pigment
Salmonella
spp. Lactose-negative, oxidase-negative
Serratia
spp. Lactose-negative, oxidase-negative
Serratia marcenscens
Lactose-negative, oxidase-negative, red pigment
Shigella
spp. Lactose-negative, oxidase-negative
Stenotrophomonas (Xanthomonas) maltophilia
Lactose-negative, oxidase-negative
Vibrio chloerae
(cholera) Gram-negative bacilli
Yersinia enterocolitica
Gram-negative bacilli
Yersinia pestis
(bubonic plague) Gram-negative bacilli
CocciCatalase +(clusters)STAPHYLOCOCCUSCoagulate +STAPH AUREUSCoagulase -S. epidermis(novobiocin sens)S. saprophyticus(novobiocinresistant)Catalase - (chains)STREPTOCOCCUSNo hemolysis -gammaenterococcus andpeptostreptococcus (anaerobe)complete (clear)hemolysis- betaGropu A - S.pyogenes(bacitracin sens)Group B - S.agaliactiae(bacitracinresistant)partial (green)hemolysis - alphaS. pneumoniae -capsule. Optochinsens. Bile soluble.Virdiansstreptococci nocapsule. Optochinresistant, not bilesolubleRods (bacillli)clostriudium
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