1 TRANSMISSION LINE

(Power)
(Communication)

3
1. ()

Transmission Line
2.


Transmission Line
3. 2


(Transmission Line Characteristics)

1-1

Gen.

load

1-1 Load

 1-2
1-1 LOAD
LOAD LOAD

Transmission Line

Gen.

load

1-2
1-2 LOAD
Transmission Line LOAD

Transmission Line

LOAD

Transmission Line Transmission Line

Transmission Line
Transmission Line (Constants of the Transmission Line)
1. (Lumped Constants)
(Resistance) Transmission Line
Transmission Line
2. (Distributed Constants)
Transmission Line Transmission Line
4
1. SERIES RESISTANCE
2. SERIES INDUCTANCE
3. SHUNT CAPACITANCE
4. SHUNT CONDUCTANCE ( LEAKAGE)

 1-3
(Unit Length)
Transmission Line 1 Loop Mile
1-3
1 Mile

Tx

Rx

1 Mile

1-3 1 Loop Mile

1-3 Transmission Line
Transmission Line

Transmission Line
2 Mile
SERIES RESISTANCE
Transmission Line 2
Mile
r ()

=
r

Transmission Line
=
r/2
1-4

r/2
I/P

r
O/P

I/P

O/P

r/2
1-4
1-4 DISTRIBUTED SERIES RESISTANCE
Transmission Line

 1-4

10
100

1000 DISTRIBUTED RESISTACE

Transmission Line

Skin
effects


1. Transmission Line
r

1/A
A
A
=

2. Transmission Line
r
f

SERIES INDUCTANCE
(Self Induction)
(Counter Electromotive Force)
Transmission Line
Transmission Line
L
(Henry per Loop Mile)

Transmission Line

(Inductive Reactance - XL) ()
XL
XL
=
2fL
Ohms
f
=

L
=
Henry
(L)
1. L

 1-5
L

D
D
=

2. L

D
L

1/d
d
=

d

1.
L

2.
L
L

L/2
I/P

O/P

I/P

O/P

L/2

1-5 DISTRIBUTED SERIES INDUCTANCE

INDUCTANCE COUNTER VOLTAGE
TRANSMISSION LINE
VOLTAGE INDUCED SERIES INDUCTANCE
LINE

L
HENRY LOOP SERIES INDUCTANCE
INDUCTIVE REACTANCE (XL)

 1-6
SHUNT CAPACITANCE
Transmission Line
(Capacitor) Transmission Line
Dielectric
(Capacitive Reactance = Xc) Transmission Line

Capacitive Reactance
Xc
=
1 / 2fC
f
=

C
=
(Farads)
C Xc

C

C Xc C

C Transmission Line
1. C Transmission Line
C

d
d
d
=

2. C

1/D
D
=

3. C Dielectric Constant
C
K

K
Dielectric Constant

 1-7
Transmission Line

I/P

O/P

1-6 Shunt Capacitance

1-6 DISTRIBUTED SHUNT CAPACITANCE CAPACITOR

DIELECTRIC CAPACITANCE CONDUCTOR
PLATE CAPACITOR CAPACITANCE
PLATE TRANSMISSION LINE
DIELECTRIC CAPACITANCE
TRANSMISSION LINE
PLATE CAPACITOR
DISTRIBUTED
CAPACITANCE TRANSMISSION LINE SHUNT
CAPACITANCE
DIELECTRIC

DIELECTRIC DISTRIBUTED
CAPACITANCE
C FARAD LOOP
DISTRIBUTED CAPACITANCE CAPACITIVE REACTANCE (Xc)
TRANSMISSION LINE LINE
LOAD
4. SHUNT CONDUCTANCE
Dielectric Transmission Line
(Leak) Transmission Line

 1-8

(g)
Transmission Line Semen
g
=
1 / r Semen
Dielectric
Transmission Line

I/P

g O/P

1-7 DISTRIBUTED SHUNT CONDUCTANCE

1-7 DIELECTRIC TRANSMISSION
LINE
LEAKAGE
TRANSMISSION LINE (OPEN WIRE
LINE) DIELECTRIC

CONDUCTANCE
CONDUCTANCE SHUNT CONDUCTANCE
LEAKAGE

g LOOP g
LOAD

(Radio Communication)
(Telegraphy) (Telex) (Telephone) (Facsimile)
(Pagger)



40 100

10
100



5
Telephone Tele Phone




ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL BELL

 2-2
Transmitter

Receiver

Receiver

Transmitter

2-1 BELL
Alexander Transmitter Receiver
Diaphragm
Diaphragm
Receiver
Receiver Transmitter
AC

Receiver
Receiver Receive
Diaphragm Diaphragm

Transmitter
ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL

..2420 THOMAS ALWA EDISON Transmitter
Transmitter Edison Carbon Transmitter

 2-3




(TELEPHONE SYSTEM)




TELEPHONE CENTRAL OFFICE

(SWITCHING
DEVICE)

TELEPHONE SYSTEM CENTRAL OFFICE
CENTRAL OFFICE

2
2 - 3

TELEPHONE EXCHANGE
CENTRAL OFFICE

EXCHANGE
CENTRAL OFFICE TELEPHONE
TRUNK LINE...
3
1. (LOCAL BATTERY )


DROP SIGNALS CENTRAL
OFFICE LOCAL BATTERY

 2-4
CENTRAL OFFICE DROP SIGNALS

2. COMMON BATTERY
CENTRAL OFFICE
CENTRAL OFFICE
CENTRAL OFFICE

COMMON BATTERY SIGNAL LAMP

DROP SIGNAL LOCAL BATTERY LOCAL BATTERY
COMMON BATTERY
LOCAL BATTERY CENTRAL OFFICE
COMMON BATTERY CENTRAL OFFICE
3. COMMON BATTERY SIGNALING
DIAL

LOCAL BATTERY AND COMMON BATTERY LOCAL
BATTERY
CENTRAL OFFICE COMMON BATTERY

2
1. ( SOUND POWER TELEPHONE )
2. (ELECTRICAL POWER TELEPHONE)
- 3
LOCAL BATTERY
COMMON BATTERY
COMMON BATTERY SIGNALLING

 2-5

1. MANUAL
1.1 (MANUAL)

2-2

OPERTOR

2-2

(MANUAL)

EXCHANGE

2.

2.1 STEP-BY-STEP


ELECTRO-MECHANICAL

 2-6
2.2 CROSS BAR
STEP-BY-STEP
CROSSBAR



(SWITCHING UNIT)

2
(RELAY) CROSSBAR-SWITCH

(SWITCHING UNIT)

(CONTROL UNIT)

2-3 CROSSBAR
CROSSBAR

CROSSBAR




CROSSBAR (SWITCHING UNIT)

 2-7

CROSSBAR ELECTRO-MECHANICAL
ALL SOLID STATE

2.3 STORED PROGRAM CONTROL (SPC)


(INTEGRATED
CIRCUIT) IC
DIGITAL

COMPUTER
(PROGRAM)
(MEMORY) STORED PROGRAM CONTROL (SPC)
CROSSBAR
SPC
-
- (LOCAL EXCHANGE)

(TRANSIT EXCHANGE TOLL OFFICE)

- (FACCILITIES)
-
-
- (CONTROL SYSTEM)
- NUMBERING PLAN
(CHARGING SYSTEM)
-
SPC
AIR CONDITION

 2-8

YEAR

1870 s

EVOLUTION OF SYSTEMS

COMPONENTS

CONCEPTS

MANUAL
SWITCHING
ELECTRO
MECHANICAL

1890 s

AUTOMATIC
STEP-BY-STEP
SWITCHING
COMMON
CONTROL

1930 s

CROSSBAR
SWITCHING
ELECTRONIC

1960 s

1965 s

ELECTRONIC
SWITCHING

SPC
ELECTRONIC
SWITCHING

STORE
PROGRAM
CONTROL

TIME
DIVISION
1970 s

SPC
TIME DIVISION
ELECTRONIC
SWITCHING

2-4

.. 2429 - 2468
.. 2424
5

1

 2-9
1 2

""
"

"
.. 2415
.. 2425
2 2


.. 2429

Magneto Local Battery

61
86
Magneto
(Signaling)
Magneto

(Switchboard)
Magneto
20

.. 2450
(Common Battery Telephone System) (Manual
Telephone System)
Magneto

 2-10
Magneto
(Handset)




.. 2465
1,422
.. 2470
900



.. 2471

.. 2479 Step by Step
Operator Local Battery
Central Battery General Electric

2,300
1,200 2480
.. 2480

2
.. 2497


24 2497

 2-11
.. 2517 Cross Bar Cross
Bar Step By Step

.. 2526 SPC (Storage Program Control)

SPC Computer

SPC

SPC Digital
Analog

 3



3











3 3-1
1. (Electrical-Optical Converter)
2. (Optical Fiber)
3. (Optical-Electrical Converter)

3-1

 3-2

Electrical-to-Optical-Converter

Optical-Electrical
Converter
(distortion)
(Optical Repeater)

3
Optical connector
splices

3 3

1. ( Optical Fiber )
125 (m) 2

"CORE" core
" CLADDING "
core cladding (refractive index)
core Claddig core
cladding primary secondary coating
nylon 3-2

3-2

 3-3


8

3x10 m/s

3-3 core
core
core

Core Acceptance
Angle LENS Coupling
3-4

3-4 Source-To-Fiber Coupling

2.
3
2.1 Multimode step index Fiber
2.2 Multimode graded index Fiber
2.3 Single mode Fiber

 3-4

"Modes" mode
Modes
(Physical Path) Mode ,
Information Signals Core
" Multimode Fiber " " Single Mode Fiber "
"step-index" "graded-index" core
cladding (step-index)
(graded-index)

3-5 3
3.
3
Absorption loss
Scattering loss
Microbending loss

 3-5

850, 1300 1550

" Optical window "

Bandwidth Distance
Pulse
(Distortion) Dispersion
2 modal dispersion chromatic dispersion
modal dispersion Mode
Multimode modal dispersion
chromatic dispersion

4.
Transmitter
Receiver

3-6

3-6



5. (light source)

"" (Information

 3-6
carrier) phase front

coherent source
phase front
incoherent source
6.
solid-state



Output Intensity




Output Power
(a) (s) A = 45 dB S = -45
dB 1 mW
10 100 mW
7. (Photo detector)
output
information photo detector

( )
photo detector

7.1 (response) (sensitivity)

7.2 noise
7.3 bandwidth data rate

 3-8
7.4

 3-7
7.5
7.6
7.7
Photodetector Photomultipliers based photoconductors ,
phototransistors photodiodes

photomultiplier photocathode electron multiplier
noise
photodetector photodiode

photodiodes 2
1. PIN diode
2. APD (avalanche photodiode)
8.

3-7 3
- Multiplex Equipment
- Optical Line Terminal Equipment
- Optical Fiber Cable

 3-8
( MICROWAVE )

1000 MHz (1 GHz) 40 GHz ( UHF 300 - 3000 MHz )

..1940
CAVITY MAGNETRON POWER
RADAR
1GHz-40 GHz

LINE OF SIGHT 50 .


PATH PROFILE

BACKBONE
BACKBONE

( REFLECTION ) (REFRACTION) (DIFFRACTION)

REFLECTION ( MEDIUM )
REFLECT REFLECT REFLECT
(ANGLE OF INCIDENCE)
REFRACTION
( MEDIUM )

( BENDING )
REFRACTIVE INDEX

 3-9
DIFFRACTION LINE OF
SIGHT

( LINE OF SIGHT )

-
-
-
-
-
6 - 8 GHz


3 - 30
KHz
30 - 300
KHz
300 - 3000 KHz
3 - 30
MHz
30 - 300
MHz
300 - 3000 MHz
3 - 30
GHz

VERY LOW FREQUENCY (VLF)

LOW FREQUENCY (LF)
MEDIUM FREQUENCY (MF)
HIGH FREQUENCY (HF)
VERY - HIGH FREQUENCY (VHF)
ULTRA - HIGH FREQUENCY (UHF)
SUPER - HIGH FREQUENCY (SHF)

30 - 300

EXTREMELY - HIGH FREQUENCY (EHF)

GHz

 3-10


1 - 2
GHz
2 - 3
GHz
3 - 4
GHz
4 - 6
GHz
6 - 8
GHz
8 - 10
GHz
10 - 12.4 GHz
12.4 - 18
GHz
18 - 20
GHz
20 - 26.5 GHz
26.5 - 40
GHz

L
S
S
C
C
X
X
KU
K
K
Ka

D
E
F
G
H
I
J
J
J
K
K

 3-11
- ANTENNA
- COAXIAL LINE
I/P

MOD

AMP

Rx
AMP

DEMOD

AMP

O/P

- WAVE GUIDE
-

OSC

OSC

3-8

4
1.
2. (COAXIAL)
3. (WAVE GUIDE)
4. (STRIP LINES & MICROSTRIP)
( )


(OUTTER
CONDUCTOR)

( SKIN EFFECT )
SHORT LINE LENGTH

 3-12

CHARACTERISTIC
IMPEDANCE ,



250 10
Transmission Line Wave Guide,
Coaxial Cable Surface Wave Transmission Line (SWTL OR G Line)
Parabolic Reflector (Beam)

(Oscillator)

Reflex Klystron Local Oscillator

Crystal Controlled Oscillator
Frequency Synthesizers
Modulator FM Mod Power Output TWT (Travelling
Wave Tube) Klystron

(Receiver Equipment)
(Highly Sensitive, Low Noise Receiver) (Input Signal) Parabolic
Antenna Transmission Line Transmission Line Wave Guide, Coaxial Cable
SWTL Multicavity Preselector High Q Filter

Pre Amplifier Cascode Amplifier
Tunnel Diode Amplifier Receiver noise Figure ( 6-16 dB)
(Antenna)
Parabolic Reflector Parabolic
Reflector
(Beam) Spotlight
Feed Horn
Parabolic Reflector
Gain

 3-13
(Microwave Communication System)

(Terminal Station) FM
Line of Sight System


(Repeater Station)
Line of Sight


2
- FDM
- TDM

TX

30-50
Km.

REPEATER

RX

39
3-9 Multi
Section Radio Relay Line of Sight Terminal Station 2
TX Station RX Station Repeater
Terminal Station 30-50 . 1 (HOP)

Data

(Power Loss)
Transmission Loss ()

 3-14
Transmission Loss

Transmission Loss
(Reflection) (Fading)

(Refraction)
(Diffraction)

Free Space ( )
First Fresnel Zone A B
AB /2
1

310 First Fresnel Zone

2 (TX RX Terminal Repeater)
First Fresnel Zone
Free Space

Line of Sight
Free Space
Atmosphere Antenna Diffraction Obstruction Loss
Free Space

2 (Second Signal)
2
Direct Signal

 3-15

4 ..02 SPUTNIK

,

TV. SYNCOM 3
..2507
INTELSAT
EARLYBIRD
INTELSAT 1
,, 6 2508
20 2507

GLOBAL INTERIM COMMECIAL COMMUNICATION

.. 2508
INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION SATTLELITE ORGANIZATION
INTELSAT INTELSAT 49 ..2509
26 .. 2509 INTELSAT INTELSAT II

1 ..2510
11 .. 2511 INTELSAT INTELSAT III
INTELSAT III F-4 TELSAT III F-3
1 ..2513

INTELSAT

PALAPA , ASIASAT

 3-15
..2536

..1958 ATHUR C CLACK

..1945
(GEOSTATIONARY ORBIT)

. (SPACE SEGMENT)
. (GROUND SEGMENT)

(SPACE SEGMENT)

TRANSPONDER



TELEMETRY TRACKING AND COMMAND FACCILTY TT&C (GROUND
SEGMENT)

FDMA (FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS) ,TDMA
(TIME DIVISION MULTPLEACCESS) , CDMA (CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS)

VSAT NETWORK

 3-16



LAN
(LOCALAREA NETWORK) WAN (WIDE AREA NETWORK)
(MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS)
INMARSAT


(PERSONAL COMMUNICATION)

LOW
EART ORBIT
INMARSAT P IRIDIUM

1.




2.

30

 3-17
3.
35,860 ..
1
1

3


1
3 - 4

1.
2. SOLAR CELL
3.
TRAVELING WAVE
TURE(TWT)

1.
2.


TT&C
(TELEMETRY TRACKING AND COMMAND)





1. (GEDSTATIONARY SATTLELITE)
7 - 15

 3-18
2. (STATION KEEPING, MASTER
CONTROL SATION)
3.

(FREE SPACE)
4. (EARTH STATION)
5. (LINKS) (USERES)
,
6.
(TERRESTRIAL NETWORK)

( CONVERAGE AREA )

1.
2. (POINT TO MULTIPOINT TRANSMISSION)
3. (THIN ROUTE)

4.
5. (VIDEO CONFERENCE)
,,
6. (TV BOARDCAST)
(SATELITE SYSTEM)

3-11
(BASE BAND)
(TERRESTRIAL NETWORK)


(MODULATE)

 3-19

(DEMODULATE) (BASE BAND)
(TERRESTRIAL NETWORK)

SATELLITE

EARTH STATION
TERESTRIAL
NETWORK

USER

3-11

(BANDWIDTH) 500 MHz
C-BAND, 6/4 GHz
2

 3-20
KU-BAND,14/12 GHz KU-BAND

( RAIN INDUCEED
ATTENUATION)
30/20 GHz

INTELSAT ..2509
..2510 ..2511 .
. INTELSAT
INTELSAT,PALAPA ASIASAT

..2533


" " ()
(THAICOM)
1 HS376 HUGESH AIRCRAFT
12 TRANSPONDER C-BAND
10 TRANSPONDER KU-BAND 2 TRANSPONDER
(FOOTPRINT)
..2536 1
ARICERPACE 35,768 .
1 2537
2 2538

ORBIT SLOT 101

78.5

 3-21
-

VIDEO CONFERECING

- (SILICON)
- 13
PALAPA

TRANSPONDER PALAPA TRANSPONDER

24
TRANSPONDER POLARIZATION VERTICAL HORIZONTAL
12 TRANSPONDER
PALAPA
1. PALAPA-B1 118
2. PALAPA-B2P 113
3. PALAPA-B2R 108
TRANSPONDER C-BAND
ASIASAT
ASIASAT 105.5

C-BAND TRANSPONDER

24
TRANSPONDER
1. NORTHERN AREA 12 TRANSPONDER
2. SOUTHERN AREA 12 TRANSPONDER

 3-22
SOUTHERN AREA
NORTHERN AREA
POLARIZATION HORIZONTAL SOUTHERN AREA
NORTHERN AREA POLARIZATION VERTICAL
INTELSAT
C-BAND KU-BAND TRANSPONDER 12
TRANSPONDER