Arthropods: Sitti Wahyuni, MD, PHD Dept. Parasitology Dept. Parasitology Hasanuddin University

Arthropods
SittiWahyuni,MD,PhD Dept.Parasitology Hasanuddin University
2/11/2013
S.Wahyuni/Dept.Parasitology/Hasanuddin Univ.
Myiasis
infectionwiththelarvalstage(maggots)of variousflies. CausalAgentsarefliesinseveralgenera
Dermatobia hominis istheprimaryhumanbot fly. Cochliomyia y hominovorax isthep primary y screwwormflyintheNewWorld Chrysoma bezziana istheOldWorldscrewworm. Cordylobia anthropophaga isknownasthetumbu fly.
2/11/2013 S.Wahyuni/Dept.Parasitology/Hasanuddin Univ. 2
Lifecycle
2/11/2013
Adultscapturebloodsuckingarthropods(suchasmosquitoes)and layeggsontheirbodies,usingagluelikesubstanceforadherence. Bot flylarvaedevelopwithintheeggs,butremainonthevector untilittakesabloodmealfromamammalianoravianhost. Newlyemergedbot flylarvaethenpenetratethehost'stissue. Thelarvaefeedinasubdermal cavityfor510weeks,breathing throughaholeinthehost'sskin. Maturelarvaedroptothegroundandpupateintheenvironment. Afterapproximatelyonemonth,theadultsemergetomateand repeatthecycle. Otherpossibility:theadultflieslaytheireggsdirectlyin,orinthe vicinityof,woundsonthehost larvaefeedinthehostforaboutaweek,andmaymigratefromthe subdermis toothertissuesinthebody, body oftencausingextreme damageintheprocess.
Microscopic
LarvaofCochliomyiahominovorax AnteriorendofC.hominovorax showingthemandiblesandanteriorspiracle
2/11/2013
Posterior spiracles ofC.hominovorax S.Wahyuni/Dept. Parasitology/Hasanuddin

Univ.
ClinicalFeatures
InfestationswithD.hominis areoftencharacterizedby y cutaneous swellingsonthebodyorscalpthatmay producedischargesandbepainful. Infestations I f t ti with ithC. C hominovorax h i ,which hi hcauseswound d myiasis,canbemoreserious,asthisspeciesmaytravel through g living gtissueinthebody y Oestrus ovis hasbeenknowntocauseacondition calledophthalmomyiasis Phormia andPhaenicia causefacultativemyiasis, whereadultflieslaytheireggsinpreexisting,festering woundsanddonotinvadehealthy,livingtissue.
LaboratoryDiagnosis:
Findingofflylarvaeintissue. Travelhistorycanalsobehelpfulforgenusorspecieslevel identification.
Treatment:
usuallylimitedtothephysicalremovalofthelarvaefrom tissue. tissue OccasionallyinheavyinfestationsofC.hominovorax, surgerymaybenecessaryifthelarvaehavemigrated beyondthesubdermal tissue. tissue Antibiotictreatmentofsecondarybacterialinfectionsmay benecessary.
2/11/2013
Bedbugs
CausalAgent:
Cimex lectularius Cimex hemipterus.
GeographicDistribution:
Cimex lectularius iscosmopolitan C.hemipterus isdistributedinthetropicsandsub t i . tropics
2/11/2013
Lifecycle
Adults&nymphal stagesof Cimex spp.need warm bloodmeals Take510mtoobtainafull bloodmeal Femalelayegg5/day Mating: g malep penetrates thefemalesabdominalwall withhisexternalgenitalia& inseminatesintoherbody traumaticinsemination
Adults live 6-12 months & may survive without feeding
4-12 days y
2/11/2013
Morphology
.Adult:5mmlong, .ovalshapedanddorso ventrallyflattened. .
possesspiercingsucking h mouthparts.
NymphofC. lectularius. Thebluemarks represent1mm
2/11/2013
10
ClinicalFeatures:
Noteffectivevectorsofdisease. Theprimarymedicalimportanceisinflammation associatedwiththeirbites(allergicreactionstotheir saliva).
isbestachievedbyidentificationofadultsornymphs collectedinshelteredareasnearwherethepatient wasbitten. Bedbugspossessstinkglandsandemitadistinctive odor
2/11/2013
11
Management: usuallyselflimiting eliminatethesourceofthebedbugsintheir shelteredlocations.
2/11/2013
12
Phthirus pubis
Causeapubicorcrablouse AninsectoftheorderPsocodea Ectoparasite i whose h only l host h arehumans h Havethreestages:egg(laidonahairshaft), nymphandadult. Geographic g p Distribution:commonandis distributedworldwide.
2/11/2013
13
LifeCycle
2/11/2013
14
Femaleswilllayapproximately30eggsduringtheir34 weeklifespan. Eggshatchafteraboutaweekandbecomenymphs(look likesmallerversionsoftheadults) Thenymphsundergothreemoltsbeforebecomingadults. Adultsarefoundonlyonthehumanhostandrequire humanbloodtosurvive. Theywilldiewithin2448hourswithoutabloodfeeding. Transmission

C Commonly l f frompersonto t personmost tcommonly l via i sexual l contact Rarelythroughfomites (bedding,clothing)
2/11/2013
15
Morphology
Adult
1.52.0mmlongandaredorsoventrallyflattened. Thesecondandthirdlegshavealargemodifiedclawwith athumblikep projection, j ,usedforg grasping p gontohair shafts.
AdultfemaleP.pubis. Aneggcanbeseenwithinherbodycavity
2/11/2013
AdultmaleofP.pubis.
16
NymphofP.pubis.
Egg('nit')ofP.pubis.
2/11/2013
17
ClinicalFeatures:
Mostlyasymptomatic Mayincludeaticklingfeelingofsomethingmovinginthehair, itching(allergicreactiontolousesaliva)andirritability. Pruritis maybeveryintense,anddiscolorationoftheskinmay occuriftheinfestationisleftuntreatedforanextendedlength oftime.
ModesofTransmission:
Themainmodeispersontopersonbysexualcontactwith someonewho h i isalready l d infested. i f d Fomites (bedding,clothing)mayplayaminorrole,although rare.
2/11/2013
18
Bestmadebyfindingalivenymph,adultlouse,or anitonthehairofaperson person,usuallyinthepubic orperianalarea,althoughtheymayalsobefound onarmpit,moustacheandchesthairs.
Treatment:
Requiresusingeitheraprescriptionoranover thecounter(OTC)medication.
2/11/2013
19
Pediculushumanuscapitis
Causeaheadlouse IsaninsectoftheorderPsocodea andisan ectoparasite whoseonlyhostarehumans. Feedsonbloodseveraltimesdailyandresides closetothescalptomaintainitsbody temperature. GeographicDistribution:
Verycommonandisdistributedworldwide. Preschoolandelementaryagechildren(311) Femalesareinfestedmoreoftenthanmales,probably duetomorefrequentheadtoheadcontact.
LifeCycle
Hasthreestages:egg,nymph, andadult. Eggstake69dtohatch Nymph y p matureafterthreemolts andbecomeadults7daysafter hatching. Adultcanlay yup pto8nits/day. / y & liveupto30daysonapersons head. Needtofeedonbloodseveral timesdaily. Withoutbloodmeals,thelouse willdiewithin12days y offthe host.
S.Wahyuni/Dept.Parasitology/Hasanuddin Univ. 21
2/11/2013
Eggs:
Callednitsareheadliceeggs. Hardtoseeandareoften confusedfordandrufforhair spraydroplets. Laidbytheadultfemaleandare cementedatthebaseofthehair shaftnearestthescalp 0.8mmby0.3mm,ovaland usually s all yellow ello towhite. hite Viableeggsareusuallylocated within6mmofthescalp. Egghatchestoreleaseanymph
Nymphs:
Nitshellthenbecomes amorevisibledull yellowandremains attachedtothehair shaft. Lookslikeanadultbut isaboutthesizeofa pinhead.
Adults:
Sizeofasesameseed has6legs(eachwithclaws),and istantograyishwhite. Inpersonswithdarkhair hair,the adultlousewillappeardarker. Females>males Canlayupto8nits/day. Canliveupto30daysona personshead. Tolive, ,adultliceneedtofeedon bloodseveraltimesdaily. Withoutbloodmeals,thelouse willdiewithin12daysoffthe h t host.
ClinicalFeatures:
Commonlyareasymptomatic.
ModesofTransmission:
The emain a mode: ode head eadtohead eadco contact tactwith t aperson pe so who ois s alreadyinfested Lesscommonly,transmissionviafomites mayoccur.
Laboratory yDiagnosis: g
Bestmadebyfindingalivenymphoradultlouseonthescalpor inthehairofaperson. Finding gnumerousnitswithin6mmofthescalp pishighly g y suggestiveofactiveinfestation. Findingnitsonlymorethan6mmfromthescalpisonly indicativeofpreviousinfestation.
Sarcoptesscabieivar.hominis
Thehumanitchmite ThearthropodclassArachnida,subclassAcari,familySarcoptidae. Burrowintotheupperlayeroftheskinbutneverbelowthestratum corneum. The h burrows b appear:tinyraised dserpentinelines l that h aregrayish hor skincoloredandcanbe1cmormore Transmission
Primaril Primarilyby b thetransferoftheimpregnatedfemalesduring d ringpersonto person,skintoskincontact. Occasionallytransmissionmayoccurviafomites (e.g.,beddingor clothing). Humanscabiesmitesoftenarefoundbetweenthefingersandonthe wrists.
Scabiesmitesaredistributedworldwide,affectingallracesand socioeconomicclassesinallclimates climates.

Lifecycle
Has4stages:egg,larva, nymph&adult Femalesdeposit p 23eggs/day gg y astheyburrowundertheskin Egghatchin34dbecome larvae Larvamigrate g totheskin surface&burrowintothe intactstratumcorneum to constructalmostinvisible, shortburrows(molting pouches) Larvathenmolttonymph After34weeksnymph changetoadult Matingoccursafter f the h active malepenetratesthemolting pouchoftheadultfemale.
2/11/2013
27
Matingtakesplaceonlyonceandleavesthefemalefertilefor therestofherlife. life Impregnatedfemalesleavetheirmoltingpouchesandwander onthesurfaceoftheskinuntiltheyfindasuitablesitefora permanentburrow&layeggs Whileontheskinssurface,mitesholdontotheskinusing suckerlikep pulvilliattachedtothetwomostanteriorp pairsof legs. Femaleremainsintheskin&continuestolengthenher burrowandlayeggsfortherestofherlife(12months). months) 10%ofhereggseventuallygiverisetoadultmites. Malesarerarelyseen;theymaketemporaryshallowpitsin theskintofeeduntiltheylocateafemalesburrowandmate.
Eggs
Ovaland0.10to0.15mminlength
Larval
Has as3pa pairs so oflegs egs
Nymphs
have4pairsoflegs.
Adults
Round,saclikeeyelessmites. Femalesare0.300.45x0.250.35 mm Malesareslightlymorethanhalfthat size.
2/11/2013
29
ClinicalFeatures
Atfirst,symptomsmaynotappearuntil2mothswhenparasitebecomeinfested. Ifapersonhas h had h dscabies bi before, b f they th become b sensitized iti dt tomites it and dsymptoms t generallyoccurmuchsooner,within1to4days. Mitesburrowingundertheskincausearash Therashmostfrequentlyfoundonthehands,betweenthefingers;thefoldsof the h wrist, i elbow lb orknee; k the h penis; i the h breast; b and/or d/ the h shoulder h ld blades. bl d Apapular "scabiesrash"maybeseeninskinareassuchasthebuttocks,scapular regionandabdomenbutwithoutmites(maybearesultofsensitizationfroma previousinfection. S Severe itching, i hi especially i ll atnight i h and dfrequently f l overmuch hof fthe h body, b d including i l di areaswheremitesareundetectable,isthemostcommonsymptomofscabies. Amoresevereformismorecommonamongpersonswhoare immunocompromised,elderly,orinstitutionalizediscalledcrusted(Norwegian) scabies. scabies Norwegianscabies:characterizedbyvesiclesandformationofthickcrustsoverthe skin,accompaniedbyabundantmitesbutonlyslightitching. Complicationsdueto infestationareusuallycausedbysecondarybacterialinfections.
2/11/2013
30
LaboratoryDiagnosis
Mostaremadebasedupon p theappearance pp and distributionoftherashandthepresenceofburrows. Ifpossibleshouldbeconfirmedbyisolatingthemites, ovaorfeces f in i askin ki scraping. i Scrapingsshouldbemadeattheburrows,especiallyon thehandsbetweenthefingersandthefoldsofthe wrist. Alternatively,mitescanbeextractedfromaburrowby gentlyprickingopentheburrowwithaneedleand workingittowardtheendwherethemiteisliving.
2/11/2013
31
Treatment
Treatmentofchoiceisthetopicaluseofpermethrin cream(5%). Crotamiton andivermectin*arealternativedrugs. Secondlocaltreatmentwiththesameproductmaybenecessaryif itchingcontinuesmorethan24weeksorifnewburrowsorrash continuetoappear appear. Ivermectin*istakenorallyandhasbeenreportedeffectivefor treatingcrustedscabiesinimmunocompromised persons;asecond doseistakentwoweekslater. Lindane lotion(1.0%)isnotrecommendedasafirstlinetherapy; itsuseshouldberestrictedtopatientswhohavefailedtreatment with,orcannottolerate Allclothes,bedding,andtowelsusedbytheinfestedpersonduring the3daysbeforetreatmentshouldbewashedinhotwater,and driedinahotdryer.
2/11/2013
32

Arthropods: Sitti Wahyuni, MD, PHD Dept. Parasitology Dept. Parasitology Hasanuddin University

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Исходное описание:

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Arthropods: Sitti Wahyuni, MD, PHD Dept. Parasitology Dept. Parasitology Hasanuddin University

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Arthropods

SittiWahyuni,MD,PhD Dept.Parasitology Hasanuddin University

LarvaofCochliomyiahominovorax AnteriorendofC.hominovorax showingthemandiblesandanteriorspiracle

Posterior spiracles ofC.hominovorax S.Wahyuni/Dept. Parasitology/Hasanuddin

Adults live 6-12 months & may survive without feeding

.Adult:5mmlong, .ovalshapedanddorso ventrallyflattened. .

NymphofC. lectularius. Thebluemarks represent1mm

Management: usuallyselflimiting eliminatethesourceofthebedbugsintheir shelteredlocations.

Scabiesmitesaredistributedworldwide,affectingallracesand socioeconomicclassesinallclimates climates.

Вам также может понравиться