PRINSIP DASAR STRATIGRAFI

PRINSIP DASAR STRATIGRAFI Gambaran tentang bermacam jenis batuan dan strukturnya adalah mengikuti aturan atau pengertian mengenai hubungan dan kejadian geologinya. Dalam hal ini adalah letak antara tubuh batuan, dan sifat hubungannya yang menyangkut umur, urutan kejadian, dan sejarah pembentukannya.

BEBARAPA PRINSIP DASAR STRATIGRAFI YANG PENTING : 1. HUKUM STENO a. SUPERPOSISI b. HORISONTALITAS/KEDATARAN c. KESINAMBUNGAN 2 UNIFORMITARIANISME 3. HUKUM WALTHER 4. FASIES

HUKUM-HUKUM STENO (1669)

a. SUPERPOSISI Modified statement Law of Superposition : The younger strata at the top in an undisturbed sequence of sedimentary rocks (Anthony, 1955)
" DALAM KEADAAN NORMAL, SUATU LAPISAN BATUAN YANG LETAKNYA DIATAS SATUAN LAPISAN YANG LAIN, SELALU BERUMUR LEBIH MUDA DARIPADA LAPISAN BATUAN DIBAWAHNYA .

In an undisturbed rock sequence, the bottom layer of rock is older than the layer above it, or The younger strata at the top in an undisturbed sequence of sedimentary rocks.

Undisturbed strata

Disturbed strata

Disturbed strata

Penekanan pada : - waktu diterjemahkan hubungan yang bersifat fisik, antar perlapisan - strata/lapisan, bukan batuan - kondisi normal, belum mengalami gangguan

b. HORISONTALITAS / KEDATARAN Modified statement : Law of Horizontality Sedimentary strata are laid down nearly horizontally and are essentially parallel to the surface upon which they accumulate (Anthony, 1955) - Lapisan-lapisan sedimen diendapkan mendekati horisontal dan pada dasarnya sejajar dengan bidang permukaan dimana lapisan sedimen tersebut diendapkan. -Akumulasi lapisan-lapisan sedimen adalah secara vertikal. - Susunan lapisan yang kedudukannya tidak horisontal berarti telah mengalami proses geologi lain setelah pengendapannya.

c. KESINAMBUNGAN Modified statement : Law of Original continuity : The original continuity of water-laid sedimentary strata is terminated only by pinching out against the basin of deposition, at the time of their deposition (Anthony, 1955) Lapisan sedimen diendapkan secara menerus dan bersinambungan (continuity), sampai batas cekungan sedimentasinya Lapisan sedimen tidak mungkin terpotong secara tiba-tiba, dan berubah menjadi batuan lain dalam keadaan normal Pada dasarnya hasil suatu pengendapan yakni bidang perlapisan, akan menerus walaupun tidak kasat mata Pemancungan : Ketidakselarasan, erosi, morfologi

Berhentinya perlapisan akibat erosi/morfologi

Berhentinya perlapisan akibat ketidakselarasan

Sedimentary rocks

Sedimentary rocks

Berhentinya perlapisan akibat erosi/morfologi

Berhentinya perlapisan akibat erosi/morfologi

Berhentinya perlapisan akibat erosi/morfologi

Peneliti lain yang mempunyai sumbangan penting dalam stratigrafi adalah JAMES HUTTON (1785). Original statement " In examining things present, we have data from which to reason with regards to that which is to happen hereafter. Therefore, upon the superposition that the operations on nature are equable and steady, we rind, in natural appearances, means for concluding a certain portion of time to have necessarily elapsed in the production of these events of which we see the effects (Hutton, p.217) Modified statement " The Present is the Key to the Past Keterangan: Walaupun kita ketahui bahwa setiap zaman mempunyai ciri yang tertentu, misalnya ZAMAN PERM : umumnya beriklim panas, dan ini berbeda dengan iklim zaman sebelumnya yaitu ZAMAN, KARBON : dimana mempunyai iklim lebih bersifat lembab, namun proses-proses yang membentuk semua gejala Geologi dapat dikatakan sama. Proses di bumi terjadi secara berulang-ulang, membentuk suatu SIKLUS.

UNIFORMITARIANISM (HUTTON., 1785):

 MODIFIED STATEMENT The present is the key to the past"

The processes (plate tectonics, mountain building, erosion) we see today are believed to have been occurring since the Earth was formed.

HUTTONS DOCTRINE OF UNIFORMITY ( Playfair, 1802 )

No vestiges of the beginning, no vestiges of the end Everything changes, only the law of changes does not change Perubahan terjadi sangat lambat perubahan besar Proses di bumi terjadi secara berulang ulang siklus Bermacam jenis batuan

F A C I E S (Greeslv. 1836) Pada tahun 1836 seorang ahli dari SWISS bernama A. GREESLY menyebutkan caranya sendiri dalam mempelajari batuan. Modified statement " The term facies designates the differences, whatever they may be between formations of the same age; the differences may be either in petrographic composition. resulting the nature of the substances deposited, or paleontologic differnces, resulting from the living conditions of the animal and plant fossils ". " FACIES are then difinitely the different kinds of deposite, sedimentary or other, which can be produced simultaneously, at a given geological moment, just as is the case at the present time. One then speaks of the various facies of a formation as one would speak of the different deposits of modern times ". Keterangan . Greesly mulai melihat fosil sebagai bagian batuan, tidak berdiri sendiri sebagaimana peneliti sebelumnya.

River

Shallow marine Beach

Deep Deep marine marine Deep marine

Shallow marine

River

Beach

Shallow marine

Comparison of sediment deposited

WALTHER LAW (Walther, 1894)

Modified statement " In other words facies that occur in a conformable vertical core sequence were formed in laterally adjacent depositional environment ". Note " It is specialty important to note as MIDDELTON (1973) pointed out, that Walther's Law applies only to successions without major erosional or non depositional breaks. There it is extremely important to recognize such erosional or non depositional breaks in a vertical sequence". Keterangan FASIES yg pada dasarnya berarti perbedaan ciri paleontologi dan batuan pada umur yg sama, namun dalam praktek pengenalannya di lapangan sulit dikerjakan pada daerah tropis. Hal ini karena terbatasnya bentang singkapan. Oleh karena itu pemakaian Hukum Walther ini menolong kita dalam menafsirkan perubahan fasies yg bersifat lateral dan perubahan ciri paleontologi dan batuan dalam susunan vertikal. Tetapi pengertian bahwa perubahan vertikal adalah sama dgn perubahan fasies adalah pengertian yg salah, karena susunan vertikal menunjukkan urutan waktu yg berbeda (superposisi), yg tdk sesuai dgn pengertian facies menurut GREESLY.

Walthers Law

Time T2000

Time T0

Lithostratigraphy

A Sand B Sand

Nonmarine Member X Shale Z

Units are defined by lithology Rock Units vary in space and time Boundaries are subjective

Chronostratigraphy

Unconformity and correlative conformity Downlap surface and correlative conformity Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3

Units based on physically observable stratal surfaces Units vary in space only Represent natural stratigraphic divisions (genetically related)

Lithostratigraphy and Chronostratigraphy

Hypothetical Cross Section

Alluvial Plain Coastal Plain

Foreshore/Upper Shoreface Shoreface/Shelf

Correlation Styles
Lithostratigraphic Correlation

Chronostratigraphic Correlation

BiostratigraphyvsLithostratigraphyandChronostratigraphy
HypotheticalM icrofossilSignatureofCyclicDeposition
MIDDLE NERTIC INNER NERTIC

SPECIESDISTRIBUTIONCHART

TOT AL D IVERSITY

SEQUENCE SCALE

OUTER NERTIC

TO T AL A BUND AN CE

# NEW TERTIARY REWORKED ABUNDANCE FORAM/ AGE MESOZOIC UVIGERINA NANNO NANNOS NANNOS PEREGRINA TOPS

PALEOBA THYMETRY
GAMMA RAY

ACME ZONE MAXIMUMFLOODINGSURFACE * LAD S. ABIES M FS

SM W M FS CONDENSEDSECTION TST LSW

GEO TIME
AFTERH AQ,1991 MODIFIEDBY RFW7/02

HST
PEAK

* FADD. TAMALIS TROUGH TRUNCATE BASINWARDSHIFT = SEQUENCEBOUNDARY

PEAK

S E Q U E N C E B O U N D R A R Y

BFF HST

FLOODINGSURFACE

FLOODINGSURFACE

PARASEQUENCE SCALE FLOODING SURFACE FLOODINGSURFACE

DISTANCE NOTE DIACHRONOUS