4.

1 Small Signal (
Transistor is active. Coupling & Bypass

10mV) Amplifier Analysis

VCC

Capacitors. Linearized BJT model. Voltage Gain A vi = vo / v i Input Resistance R i Output Resistance R o Transconductance G m
AC

vo
vi

Ro
Ri
Load

Source

4 Configurations: CE, CC, CB, CE with R E

4.2 Coupling (Cc ) & Bypass (Cb ) Capacitors

Large C X C = 1 / C 0 Coupling vb = v i ; vo = vc
AC

VCC
RC

VC+ vc
IC+i c

vo
Cco

vi
Cci

VB + vb
Cb

VE+ ve
RE

RL

Bypass ve = 0

DC Load Eq: VCE = VCC IC (R C + R E ) I B R E AC Load Eq: vce = i c (R C R L )

ELR [Sec.3], 13/12/2011

4.3 Signal Notations

VCC

v I (t)

v i (t)

Vi

VI
vO

vI

iB

IB

i B (t)
vO (t)

ib (t)
vo (t)

Ib

Vo
t

VO
v I = VI + v i (t); VI is DC; v i (t) is signal v i , ib ,vo are signals around VI ,I B ,VO

4.4 DC and AC Load Lines (1)

RC

VCC

iC
IC

DC Load Line
AC Load Line

I B+i b

I C+ic

VI+ v i
CE
RE

VCE+ v ce
VE+0

ic

IB

ib

vce

VCE

vCE VCC

DC : VCE = VCC IC R C (IC + I B )R E ; slope 1 / (R C + R E )

Total: VCE +vce = VCC (IC + i c )R C ( VE + 0) AC : vce = i c R C ; slope = 1 / R C

ELR [Sec.3], 13/12/2011

4.5 DC and AC Load Lines (2)

VCC
RC
+ VX

iC
IC

DC Load Line - - - AC Load Line

I B+i b VI + v i
RE

I C+ic

VCE+ v ce
+

RL

ic

IB

ib

VE

v ce

VCE

VCC

vCE

DC slope 1 / (R C + R E ) VX = VCE + VE
AC slope = 1 / (R C R L )

4.6 Output swing

iC (t), vCE (t) move along AC load line
Vce+ = IC slope AC

iC
IC
Q

DC Load Line AC Load Line

ic

IB

ib
vCE

VCE (sat)

VCE

vce
Vce+

vCE (max)

VCC

Vce = (VCE VCE (sat))

Vce

Vce (swing) = min{ Vce , Vce+ }

ELR [Sec.3], 13/12/2011

4.7 Linearized Device Model

i D = f (v D ) = f(VD + vd ) df (v ) D f(VD ) + vd dv D VD vd ID + rd

Non linear

iD

f (v D ) + vD Linearized
rd

i D id I D
+

rd = 1 /

di D dv D

+VD + vd vD
Small Signal

v id = i D I D = d rd

VD

id

rd

+vd

4.8 Small Signal Linear Model of BJT

ib v
+

ic

ib
+ _

v r

ib
gm v
gm v

ic ro

I gm = C VT

_
_

r =
v r + ib ib ro ic

gm

ib

ic

V ro = A IC
VA 1000 VT

VT = Thermal Voltage 26mV; VA = Early Voltage 250V;

gm ro =

ELR [Sec.3], 13/12/2011

4.9 Early Voltage (VA )

due to Base Width Modulation
B

C N d = Base Width P d 0 vCE N+

E

IC iC 1 = = vCE VA + VCE ro ro VA IC
VA 250V

iC
Q IB
vCE

IC
VCE

4.10 Small Signal Analysis of Amplifiers a) Direct method

- Draw a small signal circuit

- replace BJT with its small signal model - replace DC voltage source with short circuit
- replace DC current source with open circuit

- KVL, KCL: derive all variables in terms of v

b) Inspection method
- Use transconductance G m technique - others

ELR [Sec.3], 13/12/2011

4.11 Common Emitter (CE) Amplifier

VCC

RB

RC RL

vo

vi

vi

RB

RC

gm v
r

vo ro
RL

Direct analysis: Derive all variables in term of v

A vi =

vo = Voltage Gain vi gm v (ro R C R L )

A vi = gm (ro R C R L )

4.12 Thevenin Model of Amplifier

No load Gain

vs Rs ii

vi

A vin =

vo vi

R L =

R o io R i A vin v i R L
+

vo

v Input Resistance R i = i ii Output Resistance

v Ro = o io v =0 i

v RL A vi = o = A vin Ro + R L vi

Ri v v v A vs = o = o i i = A vi R i + Rs v i vs vs

ELR [Sec.3], 13/12/2011

4.13 Thevenin Model of CE Amplifier

VCC

RB

RC

vo
Ro

A vin =

vi
Ri

Ro
RL

no load no load R C = R L =

vo vi

= gm ro

R o = ro
R i = R B r A vi = A vin RC R L Ro + RC RL

= Ro RC Ro

vo A = g (r R C ); vin = v i no load m o

= gm (ro R C R L )

4.14 Transconductance Amplifier (Norton Model)

Transconductance

vi ii
Ri

vo
Ro

G m = io / v i R =0 L
Input Resistance

io

Gm vi

RL

R i = vi / ii
Output Resistance

R o = vo / io v =0 i

v A vi = o = G m (R o R L ) vi

Remark: G m = A vin /R o
CE amplifier: G m = gm, R i = r , R o = ro

ELR [Sec.3], 13/12/2011

4.15 Why Thevenin or Norton ?

A vin or G m are easy to determine. Its value can be used to find A vi
Norton is preferred because iC is controlled by voltage v BE

For direct method, express all variables in term of v

4.16 BJT Amplifier Configurations

out in
in out VEE

Common Emitter (CE)

Common Collector (CC) out

in RE

Common Base (CB)

CE with Emitter R

ELR [Sec.3], 13/12/2011

4.17 Common Collector (CC)

RB
vi Ri
VCC

vi

RB

vo
RE
Ri

r v r g vo m
RE

vo

vo = (gm + 1 / r ) v [ ro R E ];

v i = v + vo

(gmr + 1)[ ro R E ] vo Emitter = <1 v i r + (gmr + 1)[ ro R E ] Follower vi Ri = = r + (gmr + 1)(ro R E ) v / r Load Dependent

4.18 Thevenin Model of CC Amplifier (A vin )

RB

vi
no load

vi
vo

RB

1 + vo = g v ro ; m r

Ro

r v r g vo m

Ro

vo

v i = v + vo

A vin =

vo vi

=
no load

(gmr + 1)ro 1 r + (gm r + 1)ro

ELR [Sec.3], 13/12/2011

4.19 Thevenin Model of CC Amplifier (R o )

RB
vo

vi = 0

v r g v m
v o = v

ro

Ro

Ro

vo

R o = ro

vo 1 1 r = ro r gm v gm gm

R o is small & A vin 1 Voltage Buffer

4.20 CC Amplifier: Analysis using Thevenin Model

RB

A vi =

vo vi RE Ro + R E

vi

= A vin

Ro
R i
Ri RE

vo

Ro

< 1

= Ro R E Ro = Ri RB Ri

ELR [Sec.3], 13/12/2011

4.21 CC vs CE Amplifier
100mV vs

RS
99K

1mV

v i 100mV R o 50mV vo CE 10K R L Ri 100v i 10K 1K

100mV vs

R S 91mV v i 82mV R o 81mV vo CC 99K 100 R L Ri 0.9v i 10K 1M

4.22 Common Base (CB)

VCC

RB

RC

vi

vi gm v 1 = r High Gain, Low Input Resistance gm Sometime Called Current Buffer vo = = R o ic ie gm v v =0 R i = r

i

v ro = o v r Ri Ri vi RE RE

Ro

RC

vo = gm v R C

Ro v i = v vo g m v Avi = gmRC

ELR [Sec.3], 13/12/2011

4.23 Common Base (CB): Norton Model G m

RB
VCC RC

Ro

vo

RC

Gm vi
gm v ro

v r vi
RE

vi

Ri RE

vo = G m (R o R C ); vi

v G m v i = gm v i r 1 o G m = gm gm ro

4.24 Common Base (CB): R o VCC RC RB vo Ro v r

Ro
gm v ro
RE

vi

Ri RE

vi = 0

v = 0

R o = ro

ELR [Sec.3], 13/12/2011

4.25 Common Base (CB): R i

RB
VCC RC

vo

RC

vi

Ri RE

v = v i

v r
vi

gm v ro
Ri

R i = r

vi (v i gm ro v ) / (R C + ro ) (low)

R C + ro
v r g r v m o vi Ri

R C + ro 1 = r 1 + gm ro gm

4.26 CE with R E
RB
RC

VCC

vi

ro =
Ri
RE

Ro

vo

vi
Ri

RB
+

RC

v r

gm v
RE

Ro

vo

vo = gm v R C
1 v i = v + (gm + )v R E r

Ri =

vo R C R = C v i r + ( + 1)R E RE

vi = r + ( +1)R E v / r v Ro = o = gm v v =0
i

Emitter Degeneration

G m = gm / (1 + gm R E )

ELR [Sec.3], 13/12/2011

4.27 Comparison

Av CE HighCC Low<1 CB High+ CE/RE Medium-

Ri Ro Medium Medium High Low Low High High High

4.28 Cascade (Multi-Stage) Amplifier (assume ro = ) VCC VCC v v vo R B1 R B RC = oi c vc vc v i vi Q2 vo vi Q1 R C R i1 vo ( +1)R E = RE vc r 2 + ( +1)R E Ri Ro

R B1 R i1 vc ; R = r 2 + ( +1)R E =gm1R C R C + R B1 R i1 i1 vi
= gm1 (R C R B1 R i1 )
Ro = R E r 2 + (R B1 R C ) +1

ELR [Sec.3], 13/12/2011

4.29 Transformer Coupling

VCC
iC
DC load line

R
vI
n 1
Q
AC load line 1 slope = n2R

VCC

vCE

At low frequency (<1MHz), transformer is bulky. At high frequency (>1GHz), transformer can be integrated on chip.

4.30 Cascode (CE-CB) Amplifier

10V R

R
vO
gm1 v 1 r1
v 1

vO

vI

10V Q2

5V
vI

Q1

ro1
ro2 gm2 v 2

5V
R

Q1

Q2 v i

vO

v 2

r 2

vo = gm2 R 1 vi 1 + 1

if ro =

ELR [Sec.3], 13/12/2011

4.31 Folded Cascode (CE-CB) Amplifier

10V

10V

vI
Q1

Q2

5V

R
vO

vO
R

Q1

vI

Q2

5V

ELR [Sec.3], 13/12/2011