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Section1: Characteristics and classification of living organisms Respiration Sensitivity Movement Nutrition Growth Excretion Reproduction Complex organization,

n, variation (evolution) Classification Taxonomists (ppl) -> classification key (Questions!) 5 Kingdoms Distinguished Hierarchy of classification Kingdom -> Phylum (vertebrates) -> Class-> Order-> Family-> Genus-> Species More similarities and fewer differences Binomial system of nomenclature 2 names (Genus, Species) Vertebrates (vertebrae separate bone in backbones) 1) Fish 3) Reptiles 4) Birds 5) Mammals Pinna (Ear) -> moved -> Mas. Efficiency sound detect Whiskers (Sensitive) Mouth -> wider variety food Penis (Males) -> internal fertilization Fur -> endothermy -> Keep Temp. Dry scales skin -> limit water loss Tail -> crocodiles Limbs Mouth (bony ridges) aid feeding Forelimbs wing Nostril -> lung Beak Scales (Legs) -> perching Feathers -> Flight -> endothermy (insulation heat lost) Scales (Mucus) -> streamlining Lateral line (sense organs) -> vibration Operculum -> cover gills (large area -> Gas exchange) Fins -> Movement + Stability Nostrils -> lung Wide mouth (Carnivorous) Moist skin Four limbs hind limbs webbed

2) Amphibians

E.g. Human -> adv. Brains + upright posture

Invertebrates 1) Nematodes (e.g. hookworms) Body Covering Segments visible Movements Feeding Method Specialized Parasites Mouth sucking -> blood Muscles(long) -> wriggling Long, thing -> do not washed out Mucus -> resist attack (digestive juice) Anus Large sex organs -> Sperms + eggs Single segment Mouth -> bite Clitellum -> bine two worms together Chaetae (Bristles) (each segment) -> movement Long, cylindrical -> mucus layer -> stop drying out Snails -> single, coiled shell Shell -> CaCo3 -> hardened -> protection Eye -> tentacle Mouthparts -> scrape at vege. Foot -> mucle (slimy covering )-> creeping over surface Annelids Hard, slightly waterproof Yes Chaetae (1 move to 1) Herbivores No Wriggles (stay 1 place) Mainly parasites Nematodes Soft -> Not waterproof Molluscs Soft -> shells help save H2O No Creeps (1 move to 1) Mainly herbivores (some carnivores) 4) Arthropods Metamorphosis [change of body form] Exoskeleton Jointed limbs Insects (mosquito) Legs : 3pairs Body parts 3 -> Head / Thorax / Abdomen Adult butterfly -> highly adapted for locomotion

2) Annelids (e.g. Earthworms)

3) Molluscs (e.g. snails)

Spider Spider silk (Spinneret produced)-> strong, thin Legs: 4 pairs Body parts: 2 Head, thorax / Abdomen (spinneret) Unusual Segments under body Legs: 10/10+ Body parts: Claw, Jointed limbs, Gills under shell (O2 water) Carapace : thick, hardened shell -> protection Antennae-> sense organs (chemical + moisture) Mouthparts-> modified legs (hard edges) -> bite vegetation Hard exoskeleton -> protection Legs -> Joints + internal muscles-> movements on rough surfaces Waterproof -> help living on land Body Segmentssssssssss -> flexible + wriggling (nder leaves + stones)

Crustacea (Crabs)

Myriapods (millipede)

Organisation of living organisms (Multicellular + Specialised) Animal Cells Red Blood -> haemoglobin(pigment)-> oxygen No nucleus Biconcave dix shape -> larger surface area -> take up + lose O2 ->flexible -> squeeze through narrow capillaries Muslce -> contracts -> closer Plant Cell Root hair -> absorbs minerals + water (soil water) + long extension increases the surface area -> absorbing materials Xylem vessels -> transport water -> (waterproof) = lignin Cells -> Tissues (a group of cells) -> Organ (several tissues) -> Organ system (group of organs) support plant + No cytoplasm -> water pass freely + No end wall -> continuous tube + Wall strengthened Long + many protein fibres in cytoplasm (enlongated, contractile filament -> change shapes) Ciliated tiny hair-> move mucus in breathing tube + trap dust, microbes Motor nerve -> Conduct nerve impulses + long fibre -> axon -> impulses travel + connects cells

Movement in, out Vital role -> regulating materials pass in + out Diffusion (high conc. -> low conc.) - movements within gas / liquid + equilibrium Partially permeable membranes (Permeable: glucose / H2O ; Imper. : protein) Factors : distance (short), conc.gradient (maintained), temp (higher -> faster), surface area (large) Substances O2 CO2 Food CO2 Osmosis Plant Cells Higher -> water enters by osmosis Cytoplasm pushes hard -> cell wall + cell + turgid (firm) Normal -> No net movement Cytoplasm presses against cell wall Lower -> water leaves Cytoplasm pulls away <- cell wall + cell -> flaccid (floppy) Osmoregulation Animal Cells Higher -> cell takes in water -> swells + burst (haemolysis) Normal -> equilibrium Lower -> cell shrink -> crenated Biochemical process -> solution The movement of H2O through partially permeable membrane down a water potential Diffusion of water molecules High conc. -> low conc. Across a partially permeable membrane From alveoli blood gut air To blood alveoli blood leaves For respiration Excretion nutrition photosynthesis

gradient

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