NOCKHARDY

K NOTES
pH = log10 [ H [ H+(aq) ] = antilog ( pH) [ ] = concentration in mol dm-3
+ (aq)

ACIDS & BASES

]
GL AN C E

A LEVEL CHEMISTRY

AT

pH
[H+]
1 10

TWO THEORIES
-1
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

-2 - 11
10 10 10 10

-3 - 10 -9 -8 -7 -6
10

-4 -5
10

-5

-6

-7

-8

-9

LEWIS [OH]
10

ACIDS BASES
- 14
10 10 10

LONE PAIR ACCEPTORS LONE PAIR DONORS

- 13 - 12 pH

10

- 10 -4
10

10

- 11 -3
10

10

- 12 -2
10

10

- 13 -1
10

10

- 14

BRNSTED-LOWRY pH
strongly acidic weakly acidic 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

ACIDS BASES

PROTON DONORS PROTON ACCEPTORS

7 neutral

10 weakly alkaline

11

12

13

14 strongly alkaline

TYPES OF ACID IONIC PRODUCT OF WATER

HCl, H2SO4

Kw

STRONG

Completely dissociate into ions

HA(aq)
CH3COOH

>

(aq)

A(aq)

Water dissociates Kw = [H+(aq)] [OH(aq)]

H2O(l) =

H+(aq) + OH(aq) 10-14 mol2 dm-6 (at 25C)

WEAK

Partially dissociate into ions

HA(aq)

(aq)

A(aq)
The value of Kw varies with temperature - it is based on an equilibrium Temperature / C Kw / 10 -14 mol 2 dm-6 0 20 0.11 0.68 25 1.0 30 1.47 60 5.6

J. L. HOPTON 1999

www.XtremePapers.net
+ OH(aq) NH4
(aq) +

MONOPROTIC

HCl, CH3COOH, HNO3

DIPROTIC

H2SO4

TYPES OF BASE

STRONG

NaOH(s) > Na

(aq)

Ka

Ka =

[H

+ (aq)]

[A(aq)] [HA(aq)]

WEAK

NH3 (aq) + H2O(l)

+ OH(aq)

DISSOCIATION CONSTANT FOR A WEAK ACID

mol dm-3