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0 оценок0% нашли этот документ полезным (0 голосов)
22 просмотров139 страницEgorov
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Victor YegorovОписание:
Авторское право:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 139
.
.. .
.. ..
. .. 1909 .
.., 2003-2006 .
1.1 . . . . . . . .
1.2 . . . . . . .
1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
1.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
2 1-
19
2.1 1- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
2.3 . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
2.3.1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
2.3.2
, . . . . . . . . . .
26
2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
2.4.1
. . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4.2
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
33
2.4.3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
2.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
2.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
2.6.1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
2.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50
2.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64
2.8.1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65
2.8.2
(, ) = 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68
2.8.3
(, ) = 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
72
2.8.4
(, , ) = 0 . . . . . . . . .
73
2.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
76
82
3.1 ( ) . . . . . . . . . . .
82
3.2 . . . .
86
3.3 . . . .
97
3.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
3.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
4 .
102
4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . 104
4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . 109
5 .
116
5.1 . . . . 119
5.1.1
1: (, () ) = 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
5.1.2
2: ( , (1) ) = 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
5.1.3
3: ( () , (2) ) = 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
5.1.4
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
5.2 , . . 130
5.3 ,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
5.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
5.4.1
, 132
5.4.2
, , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
, .. , 1909 2- , .
, .
. ..
.
.. , 26 . 2012 .
- .
,
, . :
1 , 2 , 3 , . . .
1 , 2 , 3 , . . . .
, ,
)
(
2 1
2 1
1
=0
,...
,
,
,...
1 , . . . , 1 , . . . ,
1
21 1 2
; page:2
. = 1,
, , > 1,
.
, ( = 1)
( = 1);
:
(
)
2 3
, ,
,
,
, . . . = 0;
2 3
, - .
5
, , .
: . , , ,
, ,
= ()
() +
,
().
-, , , ,
. page:3
, ,
, , . ,
.
, ,
, , . , , .
1
1.1
- :
(, , , , , . . . () ) = 0,
(1.1)
, , , . . . () .
, , .
.
, , ,
, ,
, , , , , . . . () , ,
page:4
, . .
.
+ 2 = 0,
7
3eq1
. 1-
:
+ + 2 = 0
; 1-
, :
(1 ) + 2 = 0.
,
1- , . , . ; , :
( )2 cos . + 2 . = 0.
,
.
1.2
, , . ,
. , = (),
(, ) = 0,
page:5
. . ,
= ()
,
. 8
.
, .
(J. Bernulli) (16911692), . , - ,
, .
(Lagrange, 1774), , ,
(Poincare).
= ().
= () + .
. 1, 2, 4, . . . 2, . . . . ,
.
, 1 , 2 , . . . :
(, , 1 , 2 , . . . ) = 0.
(1.2)
5eq1
, , (1.2), :
(, , 1 , 2 , . . . ) = 0
+ = 0
2 + 2 2 + 2 2 + = 0
2
2
...
1
1 1
(1)
=0
1 +
2 + +
+ 1 + + () = 0
(1.3)
page:6
, , , , . . . () 1 , 2 , . . . ,
+1.
1 , 2 , . . . , :
(, , , , , . . . () ) = 0,
(1.4)
6eq2
(1.5)
6eq3
.
(1.2) ,
= (, 1 , 2 , . . . ),
(1.4), , ,
, ,
= (, 1 , 2 , . . . )
(1.4). , .
(1.5) (1.4),
(1.2) .
, . , , . ,
.
, , 17 , 17- -
18 . . 1
log() = log() ,
log() =
()
=
= log().
> 1 ;
, .
() = () ,
1, -
1
, 9 1728, Bibl. Math. (3) 4 (1903), p. 352
10
. . 2 ,
. 1739-1740
3 ,
, ,
, .
(, ) = 0
,
; ,
= ()
,
page:7
.
1.2.1 (, 17364 ).
= +
1- ; ,
= + 2 ,
. , = ,
+ 2 = + 2
. ,
= + 2 ,
.
2
3
Teylor B. Meth. increm. Londres, 1715, p. 9-14
. , 15 1739 19 1740; Bibl. Math. (3) 6 (1905),
p. 38.47
4
Clairaut A.C. Mem. Ac. Paris, 1736.
. [Meth. increm. Londres, 1715, p. 9-14].
5
, .
(, , ) = 2 = 0
11
, , = 0,
= + 1 . ,
=
2
4
2
2 2
= , = +
2
4
2
4
. , . ,
, ,
2- ; , .
, :
. . . [ , ], , , , , , ,
, , ,
6 .
1.3
page:8
, (1.2) , , - . : (1.3),
(1.3)
{
2 = 0
= 0
,
2
= 0,
. , , = + 2
2
= + .
6
Euler L. Opera omnima, series I, v. 22, p. 230; . -2.
12
(, , 1 , 2 , . . . ) = 0
+ = 0
2
2
2 2
+
2
+
+
= 0
2
2
...
1 + 1 1 + + (1) = 0
1
1 2
(1.6)
1 , 2 , . . . , , , . . . () (1.3); (1.4).
, 1 , 2 , . . .
,
(1.6). (1.6),
( 1)- ; ( 1),
( 2), . . . (1.3), ( 1)-, ( 2)- .. .
, (1.2) (
); , - ,
1 , 2 , . . . (1.6).
- ,
; , (1.2)
(1.4),
(1.3).
1.3.1. 2- ,
.
11 2 + 212 + 22 2 + 213 + 223 + 33 = 0
(1.7)
5 , . ,
= +
2 + 2 + ,
13
8eq4
, , , , ,
, . :
=
+
;
2 + 2 +
( + )2
2
=
3 =
3
2 + 2 + (2 + 2 + ) 2
(2 + 2 + ) 2
32 :
2
2 + 2 +
2
( 2 ) 3
3 , :
3 23
=0
3
,
3
40 45 (4) + 9 (5) = 0
(1.8)
9eq5
5- ; (1.7) .7
, = 0,
2 23
=0
2
, , :
2
5 3 (4) = 0
(1.9)
9eq6
4- . ,
(1.9) (1.8).
1.3.2.
= 1 +2
7
(1.10)
(. . ).
14
10eq7
2 .
,
= 1 +2 ,
(1.11)
10eq8
= 1 +2 .
(1.12)
10eq9
, 1 2
(1.10)-(1.11) (1.12),
, , 1 2 (1.10)(1.11): (1.10) (1.11) ,
= 1,
(1.13)
1- , 2- ,
. , 1 2 (1.10) . ,
:
= 1 2 ,
1 2 = ,
=
,
(1.13) = .
:
1.3.3.
2 = 2 + 2
, ,
- .
= + + ,
15
10eq10
page:11
2
+ = + 2 + .
.
. ,
( ) = ( + )
( ) = +
1- ,
= ,
1- . 2. , .
:
2
2
=0
2
= 1 ,
= 1 ,
1 = +
2 + ,
2 =
2 +
,
= 1 ,
= 2
,
= 1 ,
= 2
, =
, ,
1 2 .
16
1.4
:
(, , , , . . . () ) = 0
page:12
(, , 1 , 2 , . . . ) = 0,
, -
= 0
( 1)- :
(1)
= 0 , = 0 , . . . (1) = 0
, (, , 1 , 2 , . . . ) = 0
, :
= 0,
+
= 0,
2
+ = 0,
2
(1.6) 0 , ,
(1)
= 0 , = 0 , . . . (1) = 0
, 1 , 2 , . . . , . ,
. ,
:
(1)
= 0 : = 0 , = 0 , . . . (1) = 0
1.4.1.
=
= 1 + 2
17
, , :
= 1 2 ,
page:13
= 1 + 2 ,
= . ,
= 1 + 2
. = 0 = 2, = 0.
; = 0, = 2, = 0,
0 = 1 2 .
2 = 1 + 2 ,
1 = 1 2 = 1
= + .
18
2
1-
2.1
1-
1- ,
:
(, , ) = 0
(2.1)
13eq1
(, , ) = 0
(2.2)
. ,
, (2.1)
,
,
page:14
.
,
(, , ) = 0
19
13eq2
.
.
(, ).
. , .
, 1- .
:
+ = 0,
(2.3)
14eq3
.
,
= = (, ).
(2.4)
(2.1), -
14eq3
, ;
,
(2.1) .
2.2
(2.3) ,
+ = 0,
(2.5)
. ,
; ,
,
= ,
=;
20
14eq3
+ = 0.
(2.6)
15eq5
. ,
+
0
= ,
(2.7)
, 0 , 0 . (2.7) . , ,
(2.6).
.1 (aequatio separato )
.
(1691-1692).
2.2.1.
+
=0
1 2
1 2
.
:
+
1 2
1 2
arcsin() + arcsin() =
1
1675 .
=
2 = const.
.: Der Briefwechsel von G.W. Leibniz mit Mathematikern, 1, Berlin, 1899, p. 161.
21
15eq6
(2.6)
1 1 + 2 2 = 0,
= 1 1 = 2 2 .
, 2 2 ,
2
1
+ = 0
2
1
.
.
2.2.2.
1
3 + 2 2 = 0
2 3 , :
1
1
+ = 0
2
1
1
2 +
= ;
+ ln() = .
2.2.3. ,
:
+
= 0;
= ;
ln() + ln() = .
22
(2.8)
16A
. ,
+ = 0
() = 0
,
= .
(2.9)
(2.8) (2.9) . : = 1 = ( ).
(2.8) (2.9) = 1 ln() = , = . ,
ln() + ln() = ln(),
= ,
, ,
ln() = ln() + ln()
.
:
,
, , ,
. , ,
,
. , , ,
,
, ,
. (. . . ) .2
2
. . . 1, 405.
23
17B
2.3
,
2.3.1
( )
=
,
(2.10)
17eq1
.
. (1691-1692).
, ( ) 3 , :
+
(2.11)
17eq2
. , ,
:
= 1
page:18
( )
= 2
( )
(2.12)
(2.11) ,
( )
( )
1
+ 2
= 0,
( )
1
= =
= ;
= ;
=+
= (),
= ()
1 , . . . , ,
(1 , . . . , ) = (1 , . . . ).
24
17eq3
()
=
;
=
.
()
; , :
=
= ln() + ln().
()
; ,
( )
()
=
.
= () =
,
( )
=
.
, .
,
() .
, , .
2.3.1.
(2 2 ) + = 0
= = .
= +
2 (1 2 ) + 2 ( + ) = 0;
2 ,
= 0;
25
+ = 0
2ln() + 2 =
2 = .
.
, :
2
2 ( ) = ,
.
2.3.2
:
(
)
+ +
=
,
+ +
(2.13)
. , , , , , . ,
= = 0,
, ; ,
+
+
=
+
+
, ,
, .
. :
= + ,
= + ,
26
19eq4
,
.
. ,
= ,
= ,
= .
,
:
=
=
+ + ( + + )
+ + ( + + )
+ + + +
, , .
+ + = 0 + + = 0
(2.14)
,
.
, . , . ,
(2.14) . , ,
=
,
0, . .
= 0,
= ;
27
20eq5
, :
= , =
:
(
)
+ +
=
,
( + ) +
+ = ,
(
)
(
)
+ +
+
=
=
.
( + ) +
+
,
.
,
=
:
1
=
=
+
+
= (),
(
() = +
+
+
=
()
=+
()
28
)
.
.
, ,
, . ,
= 0
:
+ = 0
= + + ,
= + + ,
( + + ) + ( + + ) = 0.
.
2.3.2.
(2 + 1) + ( 2 1) = 0.
= + ,
= + ,
= ;
= ,
[2 + + (2 + 1)] + [ 2 + ( 2 1)] = 0
2 + 1 = 0,
= 53 ,
2 1 = 0,
= 15
= ,
(2 + 1) + ( 2)( + ) = 0
(2 + 1) + ( 2) = 0.
:
( 2)
+
;
2 + 1
1
ln() + ln(2 + 1) 2arctg() = .
2
29
,
:
1
3
( + )2 + ( )2 =
5
5
)
(
3
5
4arctg
1
+ 5
2.3.3.
(2 + 3 + 2) + (4 + 6 + 3) = 0
2 + 3 = ,
( + 2) + (2 + 3) 2
=0
3
3(+2)
= 2 2+3
(2+3)
=
2+3
2 + 3ln() = + ,
:
4 + 6 + 3ln(2 + 3) = + ,
2.4
+ 2 + ln(2 + 3) =
,
.
= + ,
(2.15)
,
0
+ 1 + 2 = 0,
0 , 1 , 2 . . , 2 = 0;
.
:
30
24eq1
) . . ,
= ( ),
= (),
= ( ) .
; ,
1
=
( )
, ,
= + ,
.
b) . ,
= + ,
. :
+ + = ( + ) +
2.4.1
= .
, :
= , ln = + ln ,
.
31
2.4.1.
= , = =
, -
1 = 1 ()
, :
= 1 .
,
(2.16)
26eq3
(2.17)
26eq4
= ,
1 =
(2.16) (2.17),
= ,
1
= , = 1 .
. .
= ;
1 ,
1
= 1
1- 1 , ,
=0
32
12 ,
=0
1
, ,
,
= 1
2.4.2
.
:
= + ,
= 0. ,
, = 0.
, , .
.
, ,
:
+
= + ,
= +
[
]
=
+
33
(2.18)
27eq5
. ,
.
:
,
=
,
+ ,
, (2.18)
. .
:
= () + ()
(2.19)
. , (2.19) .
, (2.19)
= () + ()
,
()
() =
34
28eq6
2.4.3
, 1 2 . , , ,
. ,
= 1 + ;
(2.15), :
1
+
= 1 + + ,
.
1 = 2 1 ,
,
= 2
= (2 1)
,
= 1 + (2 1 ).
, .
,
1
=
2 1
35
(2.20)
29eq7
(2.20)
. - 3 ,
3 1
=
2 1
.
[, , ]
1 (2.15),
= 1 + ,
= ,
, , (2.15) .
2.4.2.
= + .
= ,
(. )
=
,
= ,
= 1,
=+
, ,
= 2 + .
= 0 = 1,
1 = 2 ,
2 = 2 + .
36
,
(2.20):
2
= .
2.5
= + ,
. .
1695, . 4 .
.
.
,
= 1 +
1 =
,
= (1 ) ,
:
+ =
1
1
.
2.5.1.
= + 2 2 ;
= 2.
1 = ,
4
Acta Eroditorum, 1697
37
2 :
= + 2
.
,
=
, :
1
= 2 ;
4
3
= ; = +
3
= + ,
4
2.6
1
4 +
3
4
.
4 4
Riccati
= 2 + + ,
(2.21)
, , . 5 ,
, . 6 ,
+ 2 + = 0
, , (2.21).
(2.21) .
, , ,
:
5
6
Jacopo di Rccati, Acta eruditirum, 1723, p. 502-504
, 1725, p. 473-475
38
32eq1
1) . ,
,
= ( )
:
1
=
=
( )
2 + + =
1
;
( )
= ( ) 2 + ( ) + ( )
2) - . , -
+
,
(2.22)
=
+
, . . . , .
-:
=
+
.
( )(
+ + ) ( + )(
+ + )
( + )2
( )
+ 0 2 + 1 + 2
( + )2
0 , 1 , 2 , . . . , . -
,
( + )2 , ,
= 2 + + ,
, , . ,
.
39
32eq2
.
1) ,
- , 1. . ,
= ()
- (2.22). ,
()
+ () = 2 () 2 + () + ,
2
= () + ( ) + .
2
().
() = 1,
1
.. () = .
() ,
2 1.
2) , .
= + ()
:
+ () = 2 + (2 + ) + 2 + + ;
()
= 2 + (2 + ) + 2 + + ().
.
,
2 () + = 0.
40
() =
.
2
,
= + () =
,
2
, .
. ,
,
= 2 +
.7
+ 2 = ,
, ; .
:
, , ,
. 1 ,
:
= 1 +
, ,
1
+
= 2 + (2 1 + ) + 12 + 1 + ;
. ,
=
(, ),
( )2
2 +
)2
= ()
= ()
,
.
41
1
= 12 + 1 + ,
= 2 + (2 1 + );
0 . ,
: = 1
1
= 1 + .
, ,
.
.
= () + (),
,
= 1 +
1 () + 1 () + 1
1
=
() + ()
() + ()
:
=
1 () + 2 ()
3 () + 4 ()
(2.23)
- .
: - .8 - , ,
8
: = (, ) -
= (, )
, ,
. [Painleve P. Lecon sur la theorie analytique des
equations differentielles. Paris, 1897. = vres. T. 1. Paris, 1971]
42
35eq3
- :
=
1 () + 2 ()
,
3 () + 4 ()
(2.24)
(2.24) ,
:
(3 + 4 )(1
+ 1 + 2 ) (1 + 2 )(3 + 3 + 4 ) = 0
, :
(1 4 2 3 )
+ 0 2 + 1 + 2 = 0,
0 , 1 , 2 .
.
2 ;
1
= 1 + ,
1
.
1
2 , :
=
1 =
1
2 1
,
,
. , , .
1 , 2 , 3 ,
.9 , :
1 =
9
1
2 1
2 =
1
3 1
. 1875 [Weyr Eduard, Abh.
Der b
ohm. Gesellsch. d. Wissensch. (6), 8 (1875), p. 30] (. )
43
36eq4
, , . , ,
:
1
= .
2 1
, 1 2 , 1 , 2 , 3 , :
1
1
1 2 1
1
1
3 1 2 1
, :
(2 )(3 1 )(2 1 )
= .
( 1 )(2 1 )(2 3 )
,
2 3 2
:
=
1 3 1
1 3 1
:
=
(2.25)
2 3 2
, , -
37eq5
1 , 2 , , 3 . , 1 , 2 , 3
, (2.25). - , . : .
, = 4 :
3 1 4 1
:
= Const.
3 2 4 2
.
2.6.1
:
+ 2 = ,
44
(2.26)
37eq6
. ,
.
1) = 0,
+ 2 = ;
= 2 ,
= .
= + ;
2
arctg .
2) = 2.
, ,
, .
,
:
2
+
=
.
2
2
2
2 , :
+ 2 = ,
,
1 2 . ,
1 =
2 =
. 1 = 2 ,
.
, ,
=
+ ,
45
. ,
:
+ 2 2 + ( + 2)
= 2 .
(2.27)
39eq7
, ,
+ 2 = 0.
, , ; :
= 2
1
1
2 = , = , =
+ 2 = 0
,
- . :
2
=
,
ln = 2 ln +
, , = 0,
=
1
.
2
:
=
+ =
1
1
+
.
2
, (2.27), :
2
= +2 .
(2.28)
2
, ,
+
, , , .
:
= 1 ;
46
39eq8
= +2 12
2
, .
1
, 12 .
+2 :
1
+2
+ 12 = (+4)
, +2 :
1 = +3 ,
= 1+3
:
( + 3)
1
+4
+ 12 = 1 +3 .
1
+ 3:
+4
1
+3
2
.
+
=
1 + 3 1 + 3 1
.
1 =
,
+3
1 =
+3
+4
.
+3
, 1 =
, 1 , .
; 1 2:
1 + 2 =
+2
,
+3
1
+3
=
,
1 + 2 + 2
1
1
=1+
.
1 + 2
+2
47
(1 + 2)1 ( + 2)1 1. ,
; :
1
1
=1+
1 + 2
+2
1
1
=1+
2 + 2
1 + 2
...
1
1
=1+
+ 2
1 + 2
, :
1
1
=+
+ 2
+2
(2.29)
.
, - . , .
,
. , ,
= 2. ,
. (2.29), ,
. , 2 ,
= 2, .
, .
; , , = 0.
, :
1
1
1 2
= =
;
+2 2
2
+2=
4
.
2 1
48
2
2
=
1 2
2 1
41eq9
, ,
,
= 0. ,
,
= 0. , = 1, = 4,
; = 2 = 83 , = 3
= 12
5 ..
.
.
, . , , , , , ,
(2.29) , ; :
1
1
1
1
=+
,
=
,
(2.30)
+2
+ 2
+ 2 + 2
,
42eq10
. , , = 0.
:
4
2 + 1
, , , ,
=
4
(2.31)
2 1
=
. , , ,
, , ,
.
49
42eq11
( ..). ,
,
. = 2
, ,
. , , , ,
(Liouville, Joseph) 1841 .10
2.7
,
+ = 0
= (, ),
(2.32)
, ,
(, ) =
,
(, ) (
, (, )
). (, ) = .
,
(, ) = , (, ) (0 , 0 ) = ()
10
, ,
.. .
50
43eq1
(, ) = (0 , 0 ). , = ()
(2.32),
(, ())
0=
=
+
(, )
=()
, , = 0 , = 0 ,
, , . 0, ,
(, ) =
+
(, ) = 0.
(2.33)
, (, ) ,
= () (2.32)
(, ())
=
+
(, )
=0
=()
(2.32)
(, ()) = = () (, ) =
(, ())
()
0=
=
+
=0
=()
(, ()) =
(2.32). , (, ) = (2.32).
, ,
, =
,
, ,
=
(2.33)
=0
(, ) = .
2.7.1. :
+ = 0;
=
51
, =
,
20_02_05
, =
() = 0.
,
= ,
, . ,
:
(2.34)
,
=
=
, , ,
(2.34).11 , (2.34) , (2.32)
.
(2.34) . ,
,
(2.34) .
( , )
+ = 0
11
(,
)
+
(0 , 0 )
, (0 , 0 ) (, ).
(0 , 0 ), .
,
=
[Mem Ac. Paris, (1740) 1742].
52
44eq2
,
,
= 0 . ,
, (2.34),
=
.
(2.35)
20_02_05
. .
. , . . . . (1691- 1692). ,
.
(1842),
. .
, ,
(, ) = ,
(2.36)
. = (, )
(2.36),
+
= 0,
(, (, )), , , (, ).
,
53
45eq3
, :
= .
(, ), , . ,
= ,
= .
,
,
+
= 0,
, . , ,
.
2.7.2.
= 0
(2.34) , :
= 1,
= 1
, . = 2 ;
( )
=
2
, ;
= .
54
, (, ) = (2.32),
((, )) = ()
,
(, ) = . , , (, ) = ,
+ = .
1 = (), ()
. , :
1 = ()
() (), ,
(),
() =
().
, 1 .
, :
1 ( + ) = ()( + ) = () = ();
, 1 .
2.7.3. ,
= 0;
, = 2 .
( )
=
2
1 ,
(
= ), , ;
1 =
1
1
=
.
2
55
1 . ,
:
= (ln ln ).
, (, ) = (, ) =
(2.32), (, ) = ((, )),
( + ) = ,
(2.37)
48eq4
1 ( + ) = .
(2.38)
48eq5
(2.32). ,
:
1
1
=
1
=
1
+ .
,
1
1
=
,
1
1
1
=
1
= 0.
, ,
,
= ().
, = (),
= ()
56
, (2.38) (2.37), :
1
= ()
, .
: , . = 2 1 = ()1 ; ,
= .
- (2.35),
=
,
+
=
+
,
, ,
)
.
(2.39)
49eqI
, , . , :
ln
ln
)
.
(2.40)
ln ,
(2.40) , . ,
, ,
.
.
57
50eqI
,
. , . (1691- 1692)
= 0
1 /2
( /) = 0,
= .
, :
=
+
ln = ln + .
( ),
, ,
(2.32) . , , ,
. , . ,
(2.40),
, .
, , , - ,
= ().
ln
= 0;
ln ()
=
= ()
()
58
-a. (2.40), :
= ()
(2.41)
, , ,
(2.41) . ,
ln
; ln = (),
() =
()
-. (2.41), ,
. :
=
+ ().
,
}
{
+ ()
=
,
(2.32).
, 1, , . = 1,
= ()
= () + ().
,
. , . , ,
+ () + () = 0,
59
51eq6
, ,
+ + = 0.
()
. -
.
- .
2.7.4.
+ + 22 = 0.
1 ,
=
= ln .
= . , :
+ ( + 23 ) = 0.
, ,
. . ,
= + (),
() . () ,
.
,
+ () = + 23 .
() . , . ,
4
+
= .
2
60
, ,
.
.
= 1,
:
( )
=
;
. ,
( )
+ = 0.
. , (2.40):
( ) ln
1 ( )
ln
=
.
ln . ,
,
( )
. ,
ln = ln + ln .
( )
ln ,
( )
ln =
.
ln , (2.40):
( )
( ) ( ) 1
1 ( )
=
.
2- 3-
( ) {
( )
( )}
+
=
.
61
( )
( )
=
( )
. , . ,
= ,
()
() =
+ ()
. ,
, , .
= 1, ,
,
() = ln = ln + ()
( ,
- ).
=
,
=
1
.
+ ()
1
1
1
( ) =
( ) .
+
+
. 1.
, = 1. ,
. , , , 1 ;
[ ].
,
1 =
+
62
( )
1
(2.42)
+
.
1 =
2.7.5.
(2 + 2 ) = 0.
2- .
1
(2
2 )
1
.
3
, 3
. :
2 + 2
= 0.
3
2
. 2- ,
2
+ ().
22
();
, 1- ,
2
2 + 2
+ () =
3
3
() = 1 .
() = ln .
,
2
2 + ln = .
2
63
55eqB
2.8
, .
,
) = 0.
(2.43)
(2.43) ,
(, ,
56eq1
= (, ).
, (2.43) , - ,
+ 1 1 + 2 2 + + = 0,
(2.44)
56eq2
1 , 2 , . . . , ; ,
.12
(2.44),
= (, ) ( = 1, 2, . . . , ).
(, , ) = 0
(2.45)
56eq3
(2.46)
56eq4
, , , (2.44); , , ,
(2.45) .
12
, -
, . ., .,
.. .
64
2.8.1
(2.44). (2.44)
,
, , .
, . ,
=0
(2.47)
, 2
57eq5
, :
)( +
) = 0,
(
. ,
2 ( + 2 ) + 2 = 0
(2.48)
57eq6
(2.49)
57eq7
,
( )( 2 ) = 0
= = 2
(2.44) , (2.45)
(2.45) .
(2.47) (2.45)
= +
=
,
65
(2.50)
57eq8
, . , (2.46) ,
,
(, , ) = 0
(2.51)
58eq9
(2.44) , (
, 5) (2.46). , (2.50)
= + ,
: ,
= + 2 + 2 ,
, ,
( 2 ) = 4 2
(2.52)
58eq10
(2.47), (2.52), ,
(2.50).
, (2.44) , (2.45) , . , (2.49), (2.48),
2
1
=
+ =
(2.53)
2
.
58eq11
(2.44)
, , .
:
1 (, , ) = 0, 2 (, , ) = 0, . . . , (, , ) = 0.
66
(2.54)
59eq12
(2.44) , (2.54):
1 (, , )2 (, , ) . . . (, , ) = 0.
(2.55)
59eq13
, (2.54) , (2.44). (2.48), (2.53),
(
2
1
)(
)=0
2
, :
2
2
+ =0
( ) [1 + ( )( + )] +
2
2
2
(2.56)
59eq14
(2.57)
59eq1-2
2.8.1. .
4 ( + ) 2 + = 0
( 2 )( 2 ) = 0
2 = 2 = .
. ,
= = .
(2.57) .
=
2
= 3/2 +
3
2 =+
67
. (2.57) , :
4
( )2 = 3
9
,
4 = ( + )2
.
4
[( )2 3 ][4 ( + )2 ] = 0.
9
(2.43) (2.45), ,
,
1) (, ) = 0 2) (, ) = 0.
2.8.2
(, ) = 0
.
(, ) = 0
(2.58)
60eqI
, .
, .
:
= ( );
, ,
= , :
= ()
68
(2.59)
60eq15
,
, , . , . , . .
= =
= ,
= (),
,
= ().
()
=
()
+ .
(2.60)
,
. , ,
(, , ) = 0
. ,
(2.59)-(2.60) .13 , ,
.
=
()
13
, , ,
. , , ,
(, , ) = 0
()
+ ,
= ()
, = ( ).
,
()
=
=
()
= ( ).
69
61eq16
, ,
= .
(2.58), ,
(, ) = 0
, ,
,
= ()
= (),
(2.61)
61eq17
, , .
.
,
=
= ,
= (),
()
=
()
()
+
=
()
(2.62)
61eq18
= (), , .
()
=
+ , = ().
()
(2.63)
2.8.2. 1)
= 2
.
= ,
= ,
= 2 ,
2
= (2 + ),
2 + 2
=
,
= (2 + 2 );
70
61eq17
:
= 2 + + ,
= 2 .
2)
2 ( 1) = (2 )2
; . ,
2 = ;
:
2 ( 1) = 2 2 = 2 + 1
1 2
,
=
2 1
= = 2
= 2 ;
+1
1
+ ,
1
.
,
=
1
.
.
. ,
, , ,:
(, ) = 0
= (),
= ()
, = 0 ,
, , ,
71
, ,
. Maple
, ;
, .
2.8.3
(, ) = 0
,
(, ) = 0.
(2.64)
.
, ,
, .
,
. = = ,
. ,
= ().
= (),
= = () (),
() () + .
= (), .
. ,
= () (),
, .
2.8.3. :
= + cos ,
= ,
= + cos ,
72
= ;
60eqII
2
+ cos sin + .
2
= (1 sin ),
.
2.8.4
(, , ) = 0
, (2.43) . ,
, . , .
(, , ) = 0,
:
= (, ).
(2.65)
63eqIII
,
= ,
= (, ).
,
=
, ,
, , .
, , . ,
= (, ),
73
(2.66)
64eqIV
= ,
= (, )
:
1=
+
.
, ,
=
= ,
:
1=
, . , . , ,
(, , ) = 0,
= (, ) ,
.
, . ,
, , .
.
,
, , , , :
(, , ) = 0.
74
, , , ( ).14
= (, ),
= (, ).
= (, ),
( , .) ,
,
. , ,
=
+
,
+
.
(, ) =
+
+
,
]
[
+
= (, )
+
.
( , ,
).
:
(, , ) = 0.
:
= (, ),
= (, ),
.
14
75
. ,
.
( ) + ( ) + ( ) = 0
.
2.9
,
. 15 .
= ( ) + ( ).
(2.67)
= , ,
. ,
= () + [ () + ()]
, . . , .
, .
, -
:
[ ()]
15
= () + ()
. 1694, . -
[ , (1727) 1729]. , . ,
, ,
( ) = [Mem Ac. Paris, (1734) 1736].
76
66eq1
()
()
=
+
()
()
, , . , , . ,
(, , ) = 0.
= () + ()
,
(, , ) = 0
(
, , ).
2.9.1. . ,
= 2 + 3
, ,
= 2 + 3 ;
, :
= 2(2 + 32 )
+ 2 + 32 = 0.
,
2
+ + 3 = 0.
77
3 2
.
2 4
= 2 + , . ,
.
.
, ( ) = . . ,
= + ( )
.
, = + (). , :
= + [ + ()]
, ,
[ + ()]
= 0.
,
. , . -,
= 0,
-,
+ () = 0
(2.68)
= .
. ,
= + ()
.
= + ().
78
68eq3
. :
, , ,
.
.
, . , .
, (2.68),
= + ()
. ,
. , . , ; :
= () + [()],
() , (2.68).
,
. ,
, . , ,
2- ( 1- ),
, . ,
, -, , - ( ()
). , ,
.
, .
. , :
= + ();
0 = + ().
,
, 79
. , , 2-
. , , ,
,
.
2.9.2. :
= +
1
;
2
= +
1
.
2
,
= +
1
2
0=
1
2 2
. 2-
1-, :
= +
2
2 2
=
2
2
2 2 = 2. .
.
, , . ,
= + ()
. ,
.
,
= + () 0 = + ()
80
. . ,
, .
,
. , , .
, , , .
1-
.
, , 1- . . ,
,
1- .
81
3
3.1
( )
= 1 (, , , . . . , ),
= (, , , . . . , ),
2
...................
= (, , , . . . , ),
(3.1)
71eq1
, , , . . . ,
. = 0 ,
= 0 , = 0 , . . . , = 0 .
(3.2)
, , , . . . , ,
(3.1) = 0 . ,
, , , . . . , , , .
82
71eqA
.
1 , 19
:
. . .
= (, )
, . . . ,
, , (, ),
, , - , (, ).
= (, )
, , , . , = , = , (, )
, + . ,
+ = ,
= + (, ),
( , ) +. , -
,
, , ,
. ,
, , .2
( ), . 1835 3
1
Lacrois S. F. Traite du calcul differentiel et du calcul integral. 2 ed., 2, Paris, 1814, p.295, 325-9
. . . 2, -.-., 1868.
3
Cauchy A.L. uvres. II ser. T. 11, Paris 1913, p. 399.
2
83
(3.1),
. ,
. 0 ,
- 0 0 + .
, , . . . , .
:
() 0 0 +
() 0 0 +
...
() 0 0 +
, , , , . . . , . .
, , 1 , 2 , . . . , (+1) , , . . . , .
. ,
, , . . . , (.. , , . . . , ,
),
...,
,
.. , , . . . , ,
< ,
< ,
...,
<
, ,
- -
, , . . . , ,
(, , , . . . , ) (, , , . . . , );
84
, , , . . . , , ,
+ ( )
+ + ( )
,
( )
=
=
=
(3.3)
73eq2
, , . . . , , , . . . , .
| (, , , . . . , ) (, , , . . . , )|
(3.3). ,
,
| (, , , . . . , ) (, , , . . . , )|
(3.4)
73eq3
< | | + | | + + | |.
, (3.4), . ,
(3.4), . (3.4) .
, : , , . . . , , :
| (, , , . . . , ) (, , , . . . , )|
< | | + | | + + | |.
(3.5)
, .
4 .
4
Lipschitz R. Lehrbuch der Analysis 2. Bonn, 1880, p. 504; Bull. Sc. Math. (1) 10 (1876), p. 149; Ann.
Mat. Pura Appl. (2) 2 (1868-9), p. 288.
85
73eq3
[]:
0 0 + ,
,
,..., ,
, , . . . , , ,
(3.1) = 0
0 , 0 , . . . , 0 . , ,
| (, , , . . . , )| <
.
3.2
5 .
. , , . . . ,
0 , 0 , . . . , 0 . .
1 , 1 , . . . , 1 .
= 1 (, 0 , 0 , . . . , 0 ),
1 = (, , , . . . , ),
2
0 0
0
(3.6)
...................
1
= (, 0 , 0 , . . . , 0 ),
-. 1 , 1 , . . . , 1
= 0 1 = 0 , 1 = 0 , . . . , 1 = 0 .
5
Picard E. J. Math. Pure Appl. (4) 6 (1890), p. 145; (4) 9 (1893), p. 217; Traite dAnalyse. T. 2. Paris,
1926, p. 368.
86
74eq4
. ,
1 0 =
1 (, 0 , 0 , . . . , 0 ),
0
= 0 .
1 0 =
2 (, 0 , 0 , . . . , 0 )
0
.. , 1 (), 1 (), . . . , 1 (). . ,
2 , 2 , . . . , 2 . -a,
0 , 0 , . . . , 0 = 0
:
= 1 (, 1 , 1 , . . . , 1 ),
= 2 (, 1 , 1 , . . . , 1 ),
...................
2
= (, 1 , 1 , . . . , 1 ),
(3.7)
-, ,
2 , 2 , . . . , 2 :
2 0 =
1 (, 1 , 1 , . . . , 1 )
0
.. , 2 (), 2 (), . . . , 2 (),
(3.2).
. 1 , 1 , . . . , 1 .
87
75eq5
, , . . . , . :
= 1 (, 1 , 1 , . . . , 1 ),
= (,
2
1 , 1 , . . . , 1 ),
...................
= (, 1 , 1 , . . . , 1 ),
(3.8)
(3.2), , , . . . ,
0 =
1 (, 1 , 1 , . . . , 1 )
0
..
. ,
- 0 0 + , , . . . ,
. -, ,
,
lim () = (),
lim () = ()
.., , , . . . , ,
(3.1) (3.2).
, .
, 0 , 0 , . . . , 0 ;
1 0 =
1 (, 0 , 0 , . . . , 0 )
0
.. , 1 |1 |,
,
|1 () 0 | < | 0 | < ,
88
75eq6
0 .
|1 () 0 | < | 0 | <
.. ,
,
, ,..., ,
, . . .
, ,
|1 () 0 | < ,
|1 () 0 | < , . . . |1 () 0 | < .
, , 1 , 1 , . . . , 1
.
, 2 , 2 , . . . , 2 .
2 0 =
1 (, 1 , 1 , . . . , 1 )
0
.. ,
1 , 1 , . . . , 1 , ,
,
|2 () 0 | < ,
|2 () 0 | < , . . . |2 () 0 | < .
, , ,
,
|2 () 0 | < ,
|2 () 0 | < , . . . |2 () 0 | < .
2 , 2 , . . . , 2 .
, , 1 , 1 , . . . , 1 , ,
, , , . . . , . ,
| () 0 | < ,
| () 0 | < , . . . | () 0 | < .
89
| () 0 | < ,
| () 0 | < , . . . | () 0 | < .
. , , ,
, - 0 0 +
.6
, . ,
. ,
|1 0 | < | 0 |
|1 0 | < | 0 |
.. . 2 1 .
2 0 1 0 ,
, ,
, ,
2 1 =
{1 (, 1 , 1 , . . . , 1 ) 1 (, 0 , 0 , . . . , 0 )} .
0
2 1 . . 1
6
,
|1 () 0 | < ,
|1 () 0 | < , . . . |1 () 0 | < .
, = = = = , , ,
,
(
)
1
( + + + )
ln 1 +
,
+ + +
0
0 |1 (, 0 , 0 , . . . )|, . . . .
E. C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris, 118 (1894),
0 0 + [Lindelof
p. 454; . Picard E. Traite dAnalyse. T. 2. Paris, 1926, p. 372.]
90
, , , . . . , .
. ,
. ,
, :
|2 1 | < {|1 0 | + |1 0 | + + |1 0 |} .
, |1 0 |, |1 0 |, . . .
| 0 |, ,
| 0 |.
,
= + + + ,
.
|2 1 | < | 0 | ;
:
| 0 |2
|2 1 | <
.
12
|2 1 |;
|2 1 |, . . . , |2 1 |,
| 0 |2
| 0 |2
, |2 1 | <
.
|2 1 | <
12
12
3 2 .
3 2 =
{1 (, 2 , 2 , . . . , 2 1 (, 1 , 1 , . . . , 1 )} .
0
91
|3 2 |, , ,
|3 2 | < {|2 1 | + |2 1 | + + |2 1 |} .
,
2
0|
|2 1 |, |2 1 |, . . . |
12 ;
3
2
|
0
2 | 0 |
2
|3 2 | <
=
.
1
2
1
|2 1 | . ,
| 0 |3
| 0 |3
, |3 2 | < 2
...
123
123
. ,
|3 2 | < 2
. , :
| 0 |
| 0 |
, | 1 | < 1
...
!
!
, . ,
| 1 | < 1
1
0 |1
2 | 0 |
, |1 2 | <
...
( 1)!
( 1)!
2 |
|1 2 | <
1 = {1 (, 1 , 1 , . . . , 1 ) 1 (, 2 , 2 , . . . , 2 )} .
0
| 1 | < {|1 2 | + |1 2 | + + |1 2 |} ;
92
|1 2 | ,
| 0 |
|
|
0
|3 2 | < 1
= 1
.
(
1)!
!
,
1 |
| 1 | <
0 |
1 | 0 |
, | 1 | <
...
!
!
.
0 + (1 0 ) + (2 1 ) + + ( 1 ) + . . .
(3.9)
80eq7
. ( + 1)
,
= 0 + (1 0 ) + (2 1 ) + + ( 1 ) = .
, . ,
(3.9). ,
lim = ;
, , ,
lim = ().
lim = ().
, , .
| 0 |
| 0 |2
2 | 0 |
1 | 0 |
+
+
+ +
+ ...
12
123
!
(3.10)
93
80eq8
, |0 | .
, (3.10)
|0 | 1
(3.10), ,
.
. .
,
,
, (3.9),
|0 | + |1 0 | + |2 1 | + + | 1 | + . . . ,
(3.9) . ,
,
(3.10), . , . ,
lim = ().
. ,
, ,
. [ , ]
, ,
. . : 1 , 1 , . . . , 1 , , 2 , 2 , . . . , 2 ,
.. ,
94
,
lim = (),
() .. , (3.2) (3.1). , , = 0
(0 ) = 0 , . . .
,
lim (0 ) = 0 , lim (0 ) = 0 , . . .
,
. , :
= 1 (, 1 , . . . , 1 ),
= 2 (, 1 , . . . , 1 ), . . .
,
. ,
. , , . ,
, ,
, .
0 =
1 (, 1 , 1 , . . . , 1 )
0
. 1 , 1 , . . . , 1
, , . . . , , ,
95
, ,
| () 1 ()| < , |() 1 ()| < , . . .
| () ()| < , |() ()| < , . . . ,
. , :
( ) + ( 0 ) = [1 (, 1 , 1 , . . . , 1 ) 1 (, , , . . . , )]+
0
1 (, , , . . . , ).
0
. , (
)
[1 (, 1 , 1 , . . . , 1 ) 1 (, , , . . . , )] <
< [| | + | | + . . . ] .
, , . . . , , , ,
| 0 |. , , , ,
=
[1 (, 1 , 1 , . . . , 1 ) 1 (, , , . . . , )] = 0
lim
=
0
, , ,
0 = 1 (, , , . . . , ).
0
96
,
= 1 (, , , . . . ),
, , , . . .
. ,
. , , , , . . . ,
(3.1).
3.3
, ,
, (3.2), .
, , . . . , ( ,
). ,
(), (), . . . ()
(3.11)
84eqI
(3.12)
84eqII
(), (), . . . (),
= 0 (3.11) (3.12) ,
-a .
- 0 0 + . ,
- (. . 1).
, -.
| () ()|, |() ()|, . . . | () ()|.
97
(3.13)
84eqIII
-. , ( ) ; = 0 .
. 1-, 2- ..
1 , 2 , . . . . , [ ].
, , 1 , 2 , . . . , < . (3.13)
;
, (3.11) (3.12) . ,
:
( )
= 1 (, , , . . . ) 1 (, , , . . . , ),
( )
= 2 (, , , . . . ) 2 (, , , . . . , )
.. , . 0 , ,
= 0 , , . . . , , . . . ,
[1 (, , , . . . ) 1 (, , , . . . , )].
0
| | . , | () ()|
, ,
:
| () ()| < [| | + | | + . . . | |]
98
, : , 0 0 + , , . . .
(
). = 0 , , . . . , , ,
.
| |, | |, . . .
, ;
, , ,
, + + . . . ,
| () ()| < | 0 |.
. ,
| () ()|, |() ()|, . . . | () ()|
| 0 | < ,
, . . ,
1/2,
1
.
2
,
1
;
2
(3.13) 12 . ,
0 + 0 +
1
1
1
| () ()| < , |() ()| < , . . . | () ()| < .
2
2
2
99
,
0 + 0 + . ,
(3.13) . = 0, ,
. , , 0 +
0 + .
? ,
. , ,
.
,
(3.11) (3.12) .
: , 0 + 0
, .
, , (3.2) , [
].
3.4
. , , , .
0 + 0 + . 0 + = 0
, 0 + 0 + ,
. ,
; .7
7
. (1842) -
100
3.5
= 1,
= (, ).
,
(, ), ,
(, ) ,
0 0 + 0 0 + ,
| (, )| < . ,
0 0 + (
) , = 0
0 . 0 ;
. ,
= (, 0 ),
0 .
. /*, , . , ,
= (, ),
, ,
, ,
= 0 = 0 ,
0 = (0 , ),
0 .*/
101
4
.
, ,
.
= (, )
(4.1)
= ()
. - 0
0 = (0 ).
(4.1), = 0 0 ,
0 , 0 (, )
(, ). ,
= ()
, , ,
,
. 0 0 (, )
, 0
102
88eq1
= () .
,
= ()
, , , = () (, ) . , ,
(, ) 1
, -
= () , ,
, , = ()
. -
, - 0 0 = (0 ) (, )
= ()
.
4.0.1. 1.
=
+ 1.
=
.
2
, ,
(, ) =
+ 1,
.
= .
()
= 1,
; , .
1
, (, ) -
, , , [Peano R.].
103
, , .
=+
( + )2
.
4
= ,
, .
4.1
(, , ) = 0.
(4.2)
90eq2
, , ,
:
= (, ),
( = 1, 2, . . . )
(4.3)
0 , 0 , , ,
,
(4.3). (4.2), (, , )
. ,
= ()
(4.2) . (4.2) (, ) , ,
. ,
+
= 0.
104
90eq3
, - 0
0 = (0 ) = (0 )
= 0,
= () ,
= (, )
. , = () ,
= (), = ()
(, , )
= 0.
(4.4)
91eq4
(, , ) = 0,
, , = () (4.2) (4.4). ,
, , (4.2) .
(4.2) (4.4)
(, ) = 0,
(4.5)
= ()
. , (4.5) . , , (4.5)
(4.2), , (4.5),
. , , , (4.5)
105
91eq5
.
, . (4.5) (4.2);
, . ,
, , .
, ,
(4.2) (4.4) . ,
(4.2) ,
= ();
+
+ = 0,
, (4.4),
+
= 0.
(4.6)
,
(4.2), (4.4) (4.6). (4.2)
(4.2), (4.4) (4.6), ,
, , , , , .
, , ; , (4.2), (4.4)
(4.6) ,
. ,
, .
, (4.2), (4.4)
(4.6) ,
, , , (4.2). ,
106
92eq6
(4.2), (4.4) (4.6) []
= ().
= (),
(4.2) ,
+
() + () = 0.
(4.4),
+
() = 0,
(4.6),
+
() = 0,
() = (), =
, : , ,
, (, ).
, , . (4.2), (4.4) (4.6) , , .
, , ,
, =
:
1) (4.2) (4.4) ; (4.5)
, , ,
(4.2).
107
2) (4.2), (4.4) (4.6); ,
, , , .
= ()
, , ,
-
.
4.1.1. 2.
2 (1 + 2 ) 2 = 0.
,
2 2 = 0.
,
2 2 = 0 = .
, = 0, , , = ,
, , ,
( )2 + 2 = 2 ,
= .
, , , ,
,
. , .
4.1.2. 3.
0 + 1 + 2 = 0,
108
0 , 1 , 2 . ,
0 = 0,
;
, .
4.2
- = () (4.2). ,
, = (), = ()
. ,
(, (), ()) = 0.
,
+
() + () = 0.
(4.7)
(4.4),
= (), = ()
, ,
, , = ,
= (), = ().
(4.7) , (4.4),
(4.6), , ,
= , = (), = ()
.
109
95eq7
, (4.2) ;
, , .
, ,
, . , ,
, ,
, , .
.
(, , ) = 0
(4.8)
96eq8
(4.2). (4.8)
, . , (4.8)
(, , )
= 0.
(4.9)
, , ,
, (4.8). , ,
(4.2), , ,
, .
, , ,
(4.8), , . , ,
(4.8) (4.9) ,
; .
110
96eq9
. (4.8) :
= (, ).
(4.10)
97eq10
, , , (4.1),
(, )
= (, (, )).
(4.11)
97eq11
, , , . ,
= (, ).
(4.12)
97eq12
(4.13)
97eq13
(4.14)
97eq14
(4.1) :
(, ) (, )
+
= (, (, ))
, ,
(, )
= 0.
= 0,
(, )
= 0.
(4.15)
= Const , ,
98eq15
(4.10). , , (4.12) (4.15).
, , (4.10)
(, )
= 0.
(4.16)
, , , , ,
. , , (4.10) , (4.16),
.
111
98eq16
(4.8),
, (4.8) ,
;
(, )
+
= 0,
(4.16)
(, , )
= 0.
(4.17)
, (4.8) (4.9),
. ,
.
, , -, :
(4.1), , , , (4.8) , , .
, , < >
: < >
(4.2);
(4.8).
[ , ]
, , , .
4.2.1. 4.
( )2 = ( )2 ,
8
4
= 2 3.
9
27
,
2( ) = 3( )2 .
112
98eq9
= 0, = 0,
4
8
= , = ,
9
27
= 0 =
4
27
= , = 1
.
4
, = 1
27
. ,
=
4
27
, ,
.
. , = . ,
= 0
2 = 3 ;
,
= , = . = ,
, ,
. = 4/27, ,
(. . 2).
113
4.2.2. 5.
9 2 = 4
3 = ( )2 ,
, (, 0) (. . 3). ,
2( ) = 0;
,
=0
. , , [ ] . = 0, = 0, ; , .
4.2.3. 6.
3 4 + 3 2 = 0
= ( )2 ,
,
.
, = 0
= 0 (. . 4).
,
0 = ( )2 2( ),
( )( 3) = 0.
114
= 0,
3 = 0.
= 0,
4 3
.
27
,
=
4
= 0 = 2 .
9
, ,
. ,
= 0, ,
. = 0 ,
, , ,
, ( = 0);
4 3
27
, .
=
115
5
.
-
(, , , , . . . , () ) = 0,
(5.1)
108eq1
, , . . . , () . ,
- 1- . , 1 , 2 , . . . , 1
{
1
(, , 1 , 2 , . . . , 1 ,
) = 0,
(5.2)
2
1
,
=
,
.
.
.
,
=
.
1
2
1
, . (5.2) :
1 =
2 =
= ,
1
2
2
3
= 2 = , 3 =
= 3 =
1
= 1 = (1)
, ,
1
= = () .
(5.2) :
(, , , , . . . , () ) = 0,
116
108eq2-3
(5.1).
(5.2)
,
, , . . . , : - (5.1) ,
:
(1)
= 0 = 0 , = 0 , . . . , (1) = 0
(1)
0 , 0 , . . . , 0
( 1)
. , , (5.2), .
(, , 1 , 2 , . . . , 1 ,
)=0
1
,
, ,
(5.1) - () :
() = (, , , . . . , (1) ).
(5.3)
109eq4
, (5.3) , , , , . . . , (1) , (1)
0 , 0 , 0 , . . . , 0
, (5.1) (5.3) () ,
(5.1)
() = (, , , . . . , (1) ),
( = 1, 2, 3, . . . ),
(5.4) , ,
()
(1)
0 = (0 , 0 , 0 , . . . , 0
.
117
(5.4)
110eq5
(1)
, 0 , 0 , . . . , 0
( -
0 ) , ,
(1)
= (, 0 , 0 , . . . , 0
, , ,
, , , ,
. , -
(, 1 , 2 , . . . , ) = 0
(5.5)
110eq6
(5.1), , , = 0
(1)
= 0 , = 0 , . . . , (1) = 0
(1)
0 , 0 , . . . , 0
. (5.5) ( 1)
0 ,
(0 , 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . , ) = 0,
+
0 = 0,
= , =
0
=0 , =0
+
=0 , =0
= , =
0
0
(1)
= 0,
, ,
1 , 2 , . . . , . , (5.5), .
(5.5) ( < ) + 1 1 , 2 , . . . , ,
(, , . . . , () , +1 , . . . , ) = 0,
(5.6)
- ( ) +1 , . . . , . (5.6)
(5.1) - .
118
111eq7
(5.1) 1
(, , . . . , (1) , 1 ) = 0,
(5.7)
111eq8
,
( 1)- ,
1 (, , . . . , (2) , 1 , 2 ) = 0,
(5.8)
.., , ,
(, 1 , 2 , . . . , ) = 0
(5.1).
5.1
5.1.1
1: (, () ) = 0
= ().
,
1
=
1
() + 1 .
0
; ,
2
=
2
() +
0
119
1
+ 2
1
111eq9
, ,
...
() +
1
2
1 +
2 + + .
( 1)!
( 2)!
,
- . , - . ,
...
()
0
, ,
. , , = 0 ;
, , , . . . , (1) = 0 ,
0 . ,
, -, , , -,
:
= 0 = 0, = 0, = 0, . . . , (1) = 0.
1
=
( 1)!
()( )1 .
1
=
( 1)!
()( )
0
1
=
( 2)!
]
1
(
+
()( ) 1)
( 1)!
=
()( )2
120
2
1
=
2
( 3)!
()( )3
; ,
1
1
=
1
( 3)!
()
= ().
, ; , = 0
= 0, = 0,
(1) = 0.
,
1
=
( 1)!
()( )1 +
1
1 + + .
( 1)!
(, () ) = 0
(5.9)
,
. , ,
() :
= (),
() = ();
(5.9).
.
.
(1) = () = () (),
121
1 =
() ().
113eq1
. ,
( 2)-
(2)
(1)
=
= [ () ()] ()
.. , , ,
,
= (),
= (, 1 , . . . , );
, . , , .
5.1.2
2: ( , (1) ) = 0
:
( , (1) ) = 0,
(5.10)
115eq3
. ,
() = (),
(1) = (),
(5.11)
,
, ( 1)- , (5.10) () . .
. :
(1) = () ,
() = (),
()
;
=
()
122
115eq4
()
,
()
. (
2)- :
(2)
(1)
()
.
= ()
()
(2)
()
()
;
()
, - - ,
( 1)-
(1) = ()
. , , , , . , .
, . .
5.1.3
3: ( () , (2) ) = 0
,
:
( () , (2) ) = 0,
(5.12)
116eq5
, ,
() = (),
(2) = ().
(5.13)
.
, :
(1) = () ,
(2) = (1) .
123
116eq6
,
. , :
(1)
()
= (1) ,
(2)
(1) (1) = () (2) .
() (2) = () ().
(1) .
(1) (1) = () ()
, . , :
1 ( (1) )2
= () (),
2
(1)
= 2 () ()
.
( 1)- , .
(1) = ()
(1)
;
=
()
(1) ,
() ()
.
=
2 () () ()
,
()
=
,
2 () ()
124
.
. () , (1) (2) , (3) ..;
:
(3)
(2)
() ()
.
=
2 () ()
(3)
() ()
.
2 () ()
, () ,
(3) = (2)
(1) . , , , . , . ,
, ,
.
5.1.4
( , ) = 0,
( , ) = 0,
( , ) = 0.
(5.14)
118eqI-I
. ,
.
.
( , ) = 0.
125
(5.15)
118eqI
= ,
, = 0;
, 1- . ,
)
(
, , = 0.
(, , ) = 0
, . 1- .
( , ) = 0.
= ,
(5.16)
118eqII
, = 0;
, 1- (
. ,
(, , ) = 0, =
, .
, , :
( , ) = 0.
(5.17)
1- .
: ,
126
118eqIII
;
1- .
= ,
=
= ;
)
(
, = 0.
1- , , -, ,
,
. , ,
, ,
1 2
= .
2
)
= 0.
1- .
)
( ( )
2
1
, , = 0.
(, , ) = 0
2
, .
, (5.17) , . ,
= (),
, : :
= () = ().
127
; :
1 2
( ) = (), = 2 ().
2
= 2 (),
=
.
2 ()
.
2 ()
.
, , , 2- ,
.
( () , (2) ) = 0
( , ) = 0,
(2) = . ,
(, , 1 , 2 ) = 0,
1- ,
2 .
5.1.1.
= +
. = ,
= + , = ( + 1), = = ( + );
= ( + ) = + 2 + 1 .
2
128
= =
)
1
+ 2 + 1 ( + 1).
2
, :
=
2 2 1 2
1
+ (1 1) + 3 + 1 + 2 .
2
4
2
6
, . ,
1 2 .1
5.1.2.
= 2 ,
. ,
2 = 2 2
, :
2 = 2 2 ,
( )2 = 2 2 2 .
22 2
22 2
+ =
.
22 2
:
= ch
1
, -
= + .
129
= .
= arcch(/).
= sh ,
+ =
ch(( + )) = ch =
(+ ) + (+ )
=
+
= + ,
=
2
2
2
.
5.2
- ,
,
( () , (1) , (2) , . . . , , ) = 0.
(5.18)
.
= ,
( 1
)
2
,
,
, , = 0.
1 2
( 1)- . ,
(, , 1 , . . . , 1 ) = 0
. :
(
)
, , 1 , . . . , 1 = 0.
, , .
130
122eq1
- ,
( () , (1) , (2) , . . . , () , ) = 0.
(5.19)
123eq2
, () = ,
(
)
1
,
,
, , = 0.
1
.
,
- :
(, , 1 , . . . , ) = 0,
( ) . ,
.
() , + =
.
5.3
, , :
( () , (1) , (2) , . . . , , ) = 0.
(5.20)
= , ,
( )2
2
2
=
=
= , =
=
= 2 +
,...
, , - :
(
)
2
1
() = , , 2 , . . . 1 ,
131
123eq3
( 1
)
,
, . . . , , = 0.
1 2
(1)- . ,
(, , 1 , . . . , 1 ) = 0.
,
.
( , , ) = 0.
.
= ,
, ,
)
= 0.
,
(, , 1 ) = 0,
= . .
2 .
5.4
5.4.1
,
(, , , . . . , () ) = 0,
132
, . .,
( )2 = 0
, , .
, .
=
= /.
)
2 + ,
3 + 3 +
; , exp
. , ,
()
1 [],
1 [] , ( 1)- . ,
(
)
(+1)
=
1 [] + 1 [] = [],
, .
.
exp ,
,
exp
(, 1, , 2 + , . . . , 1 []) = 0.
,
(, , , . . . , (1) ) = 0.
. , ,
. .
133
5.4.1.
( )2 = 0.
:
=
)
2 + ,
,
2 + 2 = 0.
= 2 ( 1)
= ( 1),
2
1 ( 1)2 1
+
+
= 0.
2
2
2
=
,
1 ( 1)2
= exp
2
.
1 ( 1)2
1 = 2 ,
1 = ,
2
=
1 ( 1)2
1 +
2
=
ln
+ 2 ,
2 2
1 +
+
= exp ln
+ 2 =
,
.
134
( =
1 ).
: ,
-
= (), = (),
.
, ,
.. ,
,
, , , . . . :
(, , , , . . . ) = (, , , , . . . ) = 0
, = (),
= (),
.
5.4.2
, ,
, . ,
= ;
(, , , , . . . ) = 0
(, , , , 2 , . . . , ) = 0.
.,
2 + + 2 = 0,
,
2 2 + + 22 = 0.
135
.
, , , , 2 , . . . , . ,
.
, , , , . ,
: .., ,
, , ,
. , -.
, ,
, .
=
, : , .
, ,
. , .
, :
= ,
= ,
= , = ( + ), 2 = ( 2 + 2 + 2 ), . . .
. , , .
, . , ,
, .
136
, :
5.4.2.
2 + + 2 = 0.
= ,
= ,
= , = ( + ), 2 = ( 2 + 2 + 2 )
2
2
= + , = 2 = ( +
+
)
=
2
:
( + + ) + ( + ) + 2 = 0.
:
+ + + 2 + 3 = 0.
2- , .
, .
= , =
= ,
+ + + 2 + 3 = 0.
1- .
= ,
= ,
), . . .
, 1- , -,
= (1) ( +
( 1)- ..,
, .2
2
, (1 , . . . ) 1 , . . . 1 , . . . , ,
137
(1 1 , . . . ) = (1 , . . . , ).
138
