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10-1
Pipenearlyconstanttemperature
Tn =82oC
L = 30oC
-3o)t'o
= 7.27L
h --|s2(12
= 0.g
\0 .0 5 6 4)
mz .oC
qconv= Q.27)n(0.0564X15X82-30)
= 1005W
- 3034)= 898w
erad=(5.669x t0-8)z(0.0564X15X0.8X3554
LTn- 0.76"C
4tot=1903= (0.6)(4175)LTw
7,u(exit)= 82 0.76 =8l.2oC
tG.2
- 60)= 2.508x 105W
q = mrcrLTn = (2)(4180X90
40- 50
^4
Lr^=;eI=44.81oC
q=UALTn
u=150u1{ =27e.8y
(20)(4.81)
By NTU method
m'.oc
-$"= 39=g.75
e=9=0.5
g0
c'no 40
=
-(2)(4180)=3369
Cma* Cn
FromFig. 1Gl3
Cmin= Cr=(0.75X8360)=6270
NTTJ=O.g= lA
Crin
=282 y
u =(o.e)!9270)
20
10-3
InsideTube
T=473K
m''oc
d=0.025
2.O7
= 1 . 5xl}s
25
'g = *(287)(473)
u^=6m/sec
k=0.0385
F=2.58x10-5
cp=1030
=45.4J7a=#(8s66)0's(0.681)0.3
'-'
0.025
-2.oc
Conductionresistance
negligible.
l9e
Pr=0.681
Chapterl0
. OutsideTube
',
,f =ry=
I l0oc= 383K
kr =0.69
vf =25.15x
l0{
p"= (12X0'026?--12,691
x 1025.15
=A.0266
do=0.025+0.0016
: c = 0,193
n = 0.618
kf =0.0324
fromChap.6
(
8(0.6e)I/3='
= : 0'o3?:l^9
= 7t .36 +:
;91)''"'"(0.69;"'
2,.6s
r)0'61
0
:re3)
0.0266
h
lBaseUon\
"( J i =
m, .oc
=2 t.4t*
45.4 ' (0.0266X71.36)
'r
- u
Cmin=(4.4glxtO-3XtO30)=4.626
-
$io=
C**
: NT(J_Q8.41)(0.236)
=t.45
e = 0.78
4.626
L4 =(0.7SX200- 20)= l4O.4"C 4xit = 2OA- ]1;0.4=59.6oC
, If reduceair flow in half, NT(I = (2)0.45) =2.90
e = 0.95
-20)
-l7l
=(0.95X200
=171
=200
=29oC
L4
Texit
. 10-5
, Water in tube
, utn=4 mls TO=90oC d=2.5cm
: k =0.676
Pr = 1.98
p=3.15x10a
p=965
(99sx4xojg2t x
los
r Rea= 3 .1 5x l 0 - = 3.06
= 2o000 I, _
x l0s)0.8(r.9s;0.+
4' =ff10.023x3.06
.oC
0.025
m'
j Oil acrosstube
: T=20"C
u =7 m/s
Tf =40"C
4zfs k=2870
i v = 0 . 0 0 0 2m
n=0.466
;C=0.093
'
, flo=
d= 0.0266m
k=0.r44
R e 4=
Nu=CRe'tPrl/3
0&p.og3)(776\0.466(zr7o)u3
_ _ ( z 6 t u ) _=
. _l t o /
y
=1t67
O.OZOO
#_."C
i R-conduction
= .ln(#) = 2.74xloa
2n(36)
R-inside=-l
44
-l6.36xlo-41
(20,000)zr(0.025)
78,
W^
p= 876
=776
Chapter 10
=
R-outside
=0.0103
: +
hoAo (l I 67)n(o.oz66)
UAI =
=89'2
- l"*,h
**
(Jn= 89'2 -1067-y-u
0-0836
r'v'
- - - -A; - - = 7 c ( 0 . A 2 6 6 ) = 0 . 0 8 3 6
m lengm
^ 2 -o c
,10-6
i Waterat 90"C:p =965
F =3.16x lOa
k = 0.676
(995X4X0.025)
= 3.05x 105
Re_
3 . 1 6x l 0 {
pr = L96
=18,590
x ros;o.s1t.9o)0.3
4 =ffi(0.023x3.05
,ft
y=0.0009
Engineoilat20oC:
pr=10,400
p" = (2(ffi192 = 84.78
k=0.145
= 8.82x 105
RePr= (84.78X10,400)
ftois smallercomparedto [. so
approximatelyho canbe obtainedfrom const.Temp.eq.
(8.82x 105Y0-ot
oqt
Repr4 t
ff=1602.3
at90'C
s
y
-:':!:=(r.86xl602.rrtr{
h"=
--')o'to= '468.6
" 0.0 1 0 9
(0.2S9l
m Z.oc
Based
on4 : (/;=#
=485.6
;ft
?8u
vw=0.289x104
Chapter10
i
10-7
k-43 y 'oc
dt = 0'957 in'
d o = l ' 3 1 5i n '
,n2
rnl'a)
For I m length:
'i
\1/-l.l'r6xlo-3
2nkL
I
I
= 0.05294
hoAo (l 80)zr(l.315X0.0254)
. lI
=0.20146
=
i
hiAi 65)n(0.957X0.0254)
!_
I
- 3.9127
UA=
!'/'r
,
ff
'
m" .oC
n(0.957X0.0254)
10-8
l
l(a)
i
j
t'
L T *--
( 2 0 0 - 8 s ) - ( e 3 - 3 5-)
'"(H)
83.30C
,r\93
2w-93
:t
=2.14
F - 0.gz
p - 0.303
R85-35
- 35)= (180)A(0.92X83.3)
= 521.8 kW
q - (2.5X4175)(85
A=37.8m2
- 35)
- 93)= (2.5)(4175X85
|(b) mscs(200
Cmin-
4877
=A.467
10,437
c**
= 37.9 m2
A _ Q.4-)(4877)
180
t-
mscs-4877-C-in
2oo-93=0.648
200- 35
7as
AU =1.4
C*i'
Chapter10
10-11
mw- 230 kg/hr
4n= 35oC
A- I-4*2
7bint"t = l20oc
co=2100 :--lkg'oc
T*(exit max) - 99"C
u -280 y o C
To(exitmin) - 60oC
mt.
t20
min
Crnin
e=
(289)g'4) --1.47
267
&
=0.753
t20-35
= 6.2
*i6 -9nnin
Forcounterflow,
double-pipe
thiscanbeaccomplished
vmax
Co=
=107.ZoCwhichis'greaterthan
the allowedvalueof 60'C
te+
L0-12
: l.s3 Iv[\M
q : (2s00X2202)(1000)/3600
: 84.9"C
AT* -(90-80)/1n(90/80)
l(s4.s)(47)' J83m2
A - (1.s3xlo6)
l0-13
- 153000
cair: 1.53xtO6l(40-30)
New Coi,-(0.6X153000)91800
c*#cmax- 0; NTU - (47x383y91800 0-196
196)- 0.178
s : 1 - exp(-O.
: r -49N{\M
q : (0.178X12a40X91800)
ratefor 4tr/odropin
only 2.6vo dropin condensation
air flow rate.
10-14
A - 4 . 64^ 2
cw = 4175
q =(280)(4-64)
ffiw=
= 1009
ma= 0'45 kg/sec ca
U -280
q_(m),(gl_20)=(0.45)0009X260_7,)
By iteration:T, = 45 '4oC
- 45'4)
009X260
(0.45)(1
= 0.32 kg/sec
- 2A)
(417sxe3
3Ef
ChapFr 1O
lt)-ls
q/ =(5X4180)=20,900
Co=(8)(2100)=16,800
a
ZT=0.8038
vmax
\
uA - - =(120)0^
o-714
iY=Cmin
,
16,800
f =0.41 -
FromFig. 10-13
LTo
A7..* u*
?" (exit)=100-2O.5=79-5"C
2O.5"C
AT^=(0.41X100-50)=
20.5)= 3.44xt05 W
4 = C^LT.=(15,800X
l0-16- T")=1ffi,740W
- 35)= (0.95X2100X175
q = (O.7')(4175X90
1#
85-59'4=71'44
=5.294
' m2
L
o=a*r(.1.u)-J'-'
LT*=ffi
h" =94.4oc
jco
i
,
Oil is min fluid: e =,1 7 5 -9 4 .4=0.575
nS_35
94.4
-3s
.t:
10-18
=205,6s0
w
cp=2742 q-1# et4zx140-s0)
Glycol
u -8s0 y
i:
s=tix*(4175x85-35)
Cw - 4ll2
rl
Cs =
r40- 80
vv
=0.571
- 'Y
Eir
140- 35
t
tiF
** = 0.985kg/sec
(4s00)(2742)
-3428
3600
C-in =
0.834
C**
( u')o=r.3
I C'in I
i9u
mt.oc
A- 5.24m z
Chapter | 0
l0-19
lA =2.e
Cmin
9""=0.417
C-"*
- 35)= 86.loc
LT,=(0.82X140
reduction
of 28.2vo
inq.
s=o.82
q= tm.r{!1?9)=l+z,szs
w
LT,=ffi=
35.9t
Tw,=1o.gc
10-20
= Cs=4877 Cma*
= C*=(10,437X0.7)=7306
Cmin
LT,
=!977=0.667
t6'l
=0.62=
e=o'62
e
c^ * 7306
200-3s
=
=
q (4877)(102.3) 498.9kW
4.5Voreduction
@
9=t.+
Cmin
LTr= 102'3oc
10-21
LT^ = 83.3oC
(a) P=0.303
R=2.14
521.8x103= 080)A(0.86X83.3)
( b ) @=0 .4 6 7
C**
F=0.86
A= 40.5m2
uA =1.55
e =0.648
Cmin
A _ Q.5)(4877)= 40.6m2
180
r0-22
-9
Ctin
- 1.5
= 0.934
+"
C,n*
q = (4877')(87.45)=
426.5kW
e = 0.53
LT,= 87.45
521'8- 426'5=l8.3Lo
vo reduction521.8
It'1
Chapter10
..
:
l0-23
(230)(2100)- 1,3 4 . 1 7
TTioCo=-:r
, "v
3600
:z\
i
266.7
-,\
LTo - (93 -3fi(
+ l= t 15.3
17)
134.17
A 'T' = 82 24.7 = 47.7
7.75"C
LT*
f - r . ,
i
F x .I
i
i
A-
ffiwcw=W
Toour1
- 7 5 - l 1 5. 3 - s g J " C
q-(266.7X93-35)-15,469W
0
15,469
+:0.568
(570X47.75
5)
not largeenough
m2
'= Q.876^2
,,::tf'
E^-2 A- (370X47.75
.75)
t
=266."1
0.g4 *2 is largeenough
10-24
,
psia
p = 83 kN/*t - 12psi
2 . 2 7 x 1 0V
6ke
ihfr = 976 Btu/lbm ==2.
q - ( 2 . 2 7 x 1 0)6W ) =
\60 )
|M*=ffi=5e
59oC
A-
28'753
=Q. 143^2
uLTm (3400Xs9)
95.6
tf37
7tI"
28,753
10-2s
28,753 = (3400X0.t43)LTm
LT^ = 59oC
(95'6-30)-(95.6- rA
LT*= 59
By iteration To, = 42.6oC
28,753- q = hr(417 5)(42.6-30)
**=
= Q.1465kg/sec
=
Voincrease
=Z73Vo
0.I 465
l0-26
o\r,
\zo
Lrm=ffi=42,6oc
q - UALT*
A- ..t?"9=- - 4.ll m2
(340X42.06)
l0-27
e0_20
A- ==l-= t''1f,1
lo:.=J.86m2
uLTm (2000)(46.54)
l0-29
q : (120-95x
I 900)(3
: 0.488Mw
700y3600
- 16300; :4gg
Cwate,:4880A0.30
Coil
000/25- lg120
c'"#cmax: 25/30- 0.833; e - 30/Oza-20):
0.3
F i g .l 0 -1 5 :N T U :0 .4 5
- 133
A - (0.45)(16300y5s
m,
Ite
t0-29
= l0"Ci C*.. :(3X16300) :
AT'nlarer
4g900
Coir: Cmin:19520;
Crnir,/Cnrr:0.4
NTU: (55X133y1
9520: 0.375
Fig. l0-15: e a,0.3
q : (0.3)(l2o.40)(tss}o0: 0.468
MW
Heattransferhasonlydroppedby 4.r
percentsono adjustments
maybencessary
r00
=
0.000),
u -r43 y
2000
m2.oc
NTU= YA - (141)(7:96)
=e.rc76
C*in
10,450
-0. rc20=;fu
g=l-e4.t076
LT* =).l8oc
c-1.0
20)- l90oc
10-32
,\48
\->
\,0
cc=loo5 o"=
ffi
=r.247
kel^3
tite= (1500)0.247)=1871
kg/min= 31.19kg/sec
Both fluids unmixed
Lr*=ffi=40.45oc
^=ffi=r.r8
"=#i3=0.385
F = 0.96
q = mocoLTo
= el.l9)0005x37 -10) = g.46x t05 W
A=J-=
'=.,Y9I19.t=435.7
m2
,,
UFLTL (50)(0.96X40.4s)
79.o
Chapter10
10-33
4s
*\
\>>
\,0
Both fluids unmixed
A'--, 30-25
^4
LT*=*7of :27.42"C
R-
\zJ I
P = 0 .9 1
_4_
q
UFLTm
35,000
-20
p - 45
= 0.455
75-20
75-45 :1.2
45- 20
=28.05^2
(50x0.9t)(27
.42)
l0-34
co = l92O
cr=
cw = 4180
(ssx4l80)
=Jg3z
60
t1 _(95)(1920)_"
co:ff=3040
c m i n= a J 9 3
(min)
NTU =
Ct*
(2s0)(r4)
3040
1.151
LTo
f -0.5 - ..
LTo = 45oC
Tor-120-45=75"C
t20 - 30
- 1.368x lOs W
q - CoLTo= (3040X45)
_(3040) ,
LT*
Tr, = 30+35.7- 65.7"C
l= 35.7oC
r r = 451\ 38321
h(#m)
%
f I O n
JT
lqt
- 31)
(20,900x60
=
(4800x20)
6.31kg/sec
Chapter10
10-36
tf86's
u -lsO y
A-30 mz
LTo = 76.5oC
To,='76.5+ l0 = 86.5oC
LTo
t-
100- l0
mt.oc
= 0.85
90- 13.5:4A.32"C
LT^ =
'"(#)
l .81xlOsW
q - U AL T *= (l 5 0 X 3 0 X 4 0 .3=2)
l0-37
n-0.775
t'0.693
N-(2Xl .59)=J.18
LT = (0.693)(400-20)=263.3
Tn,- f 36.7oC
Tr, - 283..3oC
N - lrt.59=
) a.795
LT-1SS.Z
2'
Tr, 178.2oC
n-1 .052
f,-0.416
Tt, = 241.8oC
10-38
65,.
.-.,--(1006)1090w'c
cn
u
60'
U =52
A- 8.0
t-45-30 =a.25
90-30
N_(52X8)_0.382
1090
LT*
LTo = CLT*
LTo - 15
0.6
0.636
1 . 1 0 4 0.405
24.3
14.6
4.42
0.48
0.795
1.052
28.8
13.82
- 1. r 7
0.50
0.764
0.4664 27.98
13.99
-1.008
0.7
0.546
0.3574 21.44
15.01
+0.01
t.t43
0.48
79a
Chapter10
ro-ig
=(5X4180)=20,900 n=4
Cmin
f,tP
,"-l+(n-l)e,
-, -P-
e=ffi=0'5
05
t
=0.20
=
4
(
0
.
5
)
+
0
'
5
n(l-e)+e
[tO- I - I - (2)t''1=O'253
-= +
-(l
=
U
tfr
+l)-rtz"
N
2o'9oo
A_
(20,9q0)(0.253)
=6.6 m2
800
)-''LJJ
Arotal= (4X6.6)=26.4m2
l0-41
t - (120-90y(120-30): 0.333
Samefor parallelandcounterflow
lo-42
C-it/Cmax: 10/30 : 0.333
r - 0.333
Parallelflow : NTU x 0.45
Counterflow.NTU^,
0.47
l0-43
: 0.I 1l 1I
C*ir,/C^u*: 0; t - lO/(10-30)
l0-44
NTU - -ln(l - e) - 0.I178 for bothcases
lst
C=1.0
10-45
mp,=2.6 kg/s
- 81
,,F,
67
LT*=m=73'78
A-2.48^2
=rLr,=r1z-4)=r4
Lrn
S=
- 4)= (830)A(73'78)
q =(1 .3X4175)(32
32- 4 = 29.SVo
99-4
\ss
32
\4
l0-46
"c
Tr, _ Tcr
To, - Tcl
rA
-dr, =ydA
Th- T,
i-
hrc,
_e-T%
-r)l?=ffio L_fr,
-rn(h
Th - Tr,
T^
- c 2 -Tr,
'r
- l - ^-#
=!
Tn- Tr,
-- UA
f , = ' ? --7,
?t -I -e
fficc c
Th
10-47
LTn=75- 30 = 45oC
Water is minimum fluid'
LTo=48-25--23"C
45 =0.9
d- AT* =,
ATinu* 75-25
79+
Chapterl0
l0-49
0.004=:
tl
340
u -14l
A- (2.4r(340)- 5.7gm2
\rM)
Cmin
=A.714
C,n.,
LTo
NTU _QM)(2.45)=0.426
e - o.2g:
828.6
90 -25
(828.6X1
LTo l8.85oC
q
8.85) 15,619
W
reducedby 46Vo
l0-50
90
u\,0
\5
0=60 kW
(J -ll:00, ,y
mt -oC
90-s
NTU=1.5
= ug'otp= logl
Cmin
Crrrin
=20 =0.364
c!n*
55
.5)
A_(lOglxl _ I .4gmz
I100
60-5
I0_5I
NTU = 1.9
AZ;i" = 5l.75oC
q--(51.75)009t1=56,460W
AGin
s =0.6980-5
onlyreduced
by 6%
10-52
29,000= CoQs- 15)= C.(70- 40)
C- =966'7
C w- C m i n = 1 9 = 0 . 3 3 3
30 =
s=
0.545
ca c^*
30
70-15
.0 X 9 6 6 .7_)zl
A_ ( l
.5^ 2
45
)qr
UA =
1.0
Cmin
Chapter10
l0-53
9 6 q =3 2 2 .2
-'
L w= J
C.in. - 0'333 0. I t I
C*u*
3
g-_o9z: LT*
NTU=yA =(4?l(21:'5)=3.0
Cmin
Ln, = 50.6oC
70 - 15
322.2
q - CwLTw- 16,303W
r0-54
For parallel flow assume h, = ritn
q = rhhcpu(Tn,-Trrr) = ritrcpr(Tr, - frr!
cpo = cp,
ritn= it"
exp
^(+.+l="*n[--^
- -L
*=
[,.+t"ll
Tn,-Tr,
hrcp"l,Aoro^
\hncn ritncn
)
))
Tn,-Tr,
= eXD(-r-%-)
'I
Tor-Tr,
hrtp,)
- T"
considercold fluid: e -7"
To, - Tcr
Thr-Tr,
_Tnr-2Trr+Tr,
To, - Tr,
TO,- 7,,
TOr-Tht+Qrr-frr)
Trr) + e,
To,- Tct
For counter flow:
q-UA(Th-Tr)
e-
Q a c tQmax
9-l
-ze
UAgh-f)
=NT
ritc(T1rr frr)
NTU
I+ NTU
I _ e-zUA
l - -
2
dq=UdA(Th-Tr)
=Nru
,(ml =Nru(L
+
(,-e)
ffi]
10-55
cw(90-55)=Co(50-25)
c*
co
25
=_
Cw = Cmin
35
7lt
$-
90-55 =
53.8Vo
9A-25
Chapterl0
10-56
uA
=-
2057 =
Q.500
4ll2
Crnin -
Cs=(3428X0.6)-2056.8
c*u*
(850)(5.24)
f - 0.77
= 2.17
2057
C*in
-Twi) - (4112X85-T*,)
q QA5T(0.77X140
T*, = 50.54oC
1 1 5 - 9 9 ' 5- 1 o 7 o c
aLrTm*_- @ _
At T- l50oc=302oF
hf, -- 2.tl7x 106 JBe
A-
kg/sec
l0-59
ma= 5'0 kg/sec
A - 1 1 0^ 2
U =50
w
;rc
ms-ske/s
375"C
mg
_ 010xs0)
.. .-1.095
(sxl00s)
C-in
- 1.0
C-*
NTU-\'
LT = (0.49)(37
5 - 27)- I 70.5
t - 0.49
Tr, =375-170'5- 2045oC
To,- 1705+21- I 97.5"C
= 8.57x l0s w
q - (5025X170-5)
(b) g - 0.48
)g,l
about sarneresults
Chapterl0
10-59
mw= 30 kg/s
Tr, = 40oC
LTo
r90
r80
r40
80
10
20
60
t20
fYl
u -2t5
To,= 200oC
q - (125,220X40-24)=/.JQQ,x
106W
Tu"
T,^,=20"C
N_
c-l
m[r-l.)
\ce-l)
NTU
250,M0
0.5
0 .l l l l
0 .l 2 l 2
125,220 1 . 0
0 .l l l l
0.125
41,740 0.333 0.333 0.432
20,87A 0.167 0.667 1.177
10-60
mw = 50 kg/s
Ts= 200oC
T*, = 60"C
T*, = 90oC
Cw= (50)(4174)= 208,700
(J - 4500
C=0
30
N - -ln(l -0.2143)=0.2412
2W-60
(0.24t2)(209,700)
T*, - 60
- l l . 1 8m z
A_
s- "/ - 6 0 =0.2143
4500
4
T*r-=0-214Jfs
+ 47.1
S=
10-61
80-30 =0.7143
100- 30
_ (1.253)(5X4180)
=29.A9m 3
dA =
(900)(29.09)
= 4.818
(1.3X4190)
- 30)= 69.4oC
LT* = (0.992)(100
(b) N-
f,=
f,-l-e-N
=0.992
l0-62
=20f,l6
Cw= (0.48X4180)
1005
t1
:0.5
l- _
- 1005
Ca= (1.0X1005)
(s0x20)
:
1.0
f, - 0.55
2W6
1005
- l0) = 38.5oC
LTo= (0.55X80
To exit- 10+ 38.5= 48.5oC
= 19.25"C
LT* = (0.5X38.5)
T. exit= 80 - 19 '25- 60'75oC
NTU =
309
Chapterl0
10-63
A
T -=;7ggf
60-Lo
LT*
=49.33oc
'\40/
A- 40.55m2
f, =
160- 90
7A =
0.636
160-50 ll0
lg-64
-i
-r4o
\,0
(r -130 y
';z;c
co -2100+
kg'oc
it*=3.0 kg/sec
hcil
'\rq-20
)
Toz= 36oC
Solveby iteration,
Flow is reducedby 86Vo.
,q,
Co= 870.8
Chapter l0
10-65
ho =0.8 kg/sec
To,=30"C
Toz='loc
Tr, =3oC
= 804
U = 55 +
h* =0.75kg/se
c
Co=(0.8X1005)
m' .oc
3 )1 3 5 t = ? 9 ^ - 7 ^ = 0 . 8 5 @ = g
=0256
C , = ( 0 . 7 $ ( 4 1 8: 0
30-3
Ctn* 3135
NW =2.4
A=Q'4)(8M)=35.08m2
55
Watercutinhalf: +" =(2)(0.256)=0.512
NTU=2.4
L-"*
e=0116=:*,
30-3
7oreductio
n =(r\
LT|=20.52"C
20'52)
x 100=to.8vo
23)
10-66
-l
g - ::
=,- e.813
3 0- 1 .7
A_
(l .675X804)_
I 0.77^z
125
N TU-l 'Y s
?
Initial
NTu=-rn(r- s) = 1.675
Reduceairflowby
\TO
- -2
.5 1 2
LI.J
t - l - e- N- o.919- 30- 1.7
q - (804X30- 7) :18,492 W
Reduced q -(so4)(
l)t^
= 13,e36
w
Reducedby 24Vo
4oo
LT' = 26"C
Chapter10
10-67
mo=4W kg/hr=l.lll kglsec
Co=20O0+
"
kg'oc
, = -&-=
AG*
=#
N=-ln(l-e)=1.099
O,q=
0.667
,t=0.100 40
o=W=2.034m2
-mm
e- N= 0.889= ==!To
100- 40
=ffrtt.34)
= 59,260W = itrhy,
q = CoLTo
LTo= S3.34oC
*'=ffi=o'0262
=l-
kg/sec
10-6E
e=0.75-;AT':;
arn=37.5"c
100- 50
(1.386X5X4180)
= 24.t4m2
A_
N = -ln(l -) = 1.386
t2w
10-69
Reducewaterflow in half
=l-
e -N=0 .9 3 7 =
1'386=2.772
NT(J=
0.5
LT,
100- s0
Ar .,= 46.g"c
= 4.901x 105W
q = C*LT, = (5)(0.5)(41S0X46.9)
10-70
LT* = 80- 52 = 28oC
Airisminimumfluid:
LTo= 40 -7 = 33"C
33 =0.452
,=
80-7
io-zr
,ir* -- 150 kg/min=2.5 kg/sec
q = mrCyy(Z8)=ri1ogo13t',
=2.926x
q = (2.s)(4180X2s)
105w
NTU=o.g=V
co
I =3 = o.Sag
c. 33
(0'8x2'5)(4180x0'848)
=t4zm2
A50
4o,
Chapterl0
l0-72
tits = l0 kg/sec
tix, = 15 kg/sec
Cs = 2420
Cs=24'2w
Cw=62,700
Crnin
= e.3g6
C-*
f , = 0 9 - ? 4 = 0 . 4 N T U = 0 . 6 =UA
70-20
C*in
A=
c*-4180
+
kg'oc
(0.6x24,200)
-363 ^2
40
l0-73
- 41,800 U =35 - . -W
---C*in
= - = 0_24,200
.579
C. =(10X4180)
m"-oc
Cn,* 41,800
(35X363)
LT'
= 0.525
g -0.38 =
NTU_
LT, - lg"c
24,200
70-20
Ts=20+19-39oC
l0-74
C w = ( 4 X 4 1 8 0 ) - 1 6 , 7 2 0 = C m i n = C r n *U - 8 0 0
-20
C.in
= 0.66667
= 1.0
f, = 90
80-20
Crn*
Fromnextto lastentryof Tablelr3 for C =l
Solvingfor p, tp=
F r o m F i g .l f l 7 , a t
n-(n-1)e
C=l
800
nt' P
f,=
l- (n-l)ep
=0.4
T]A
=e
Np=0.8
t-0.4
(0.9x16,720)
-
o^p = -
n=3
16.72
^2
10-75
Wateris minimumfluid
q - 8 00 x1 0 6=C *(3 0 -2 5 )
LT*
ar
c -_- :
30 -?\' u
C*-1.6x108
u - 2000--6--
mt. oc
UA
N - -ln(l - t) = 0.069-
=0.06667
AG"* 100-25
^ = ( 0 . 0 6 9 .X61x t 0 8 )= , . , , l , r.r
Crrrin
5519 m:
4o.
Chapterl0
'0-76
Waterflow in half
NT(J=0.138
= I - e-N=0.12g9= =-^4^Tn==
100- 25
q= C,,LT'=7.73x108w =rirrhfe
LTn=g.67oc
hfs =2.255xt06 frg
.
7.73x 108=343
^ kg/sec=l'235xt06 kg/trr
hr=
z
rc-77
Ts,= 25"C
Ts, = 65oC
Cg= 2474
ms = | .2 kg/s
u -600 y
T*, = 55"c
LT, - LTw
m'-oc
C*in
- Cw
= 1.0
Cs = (l .2)(2474)=2969
Crn*
NTU- I .{=
UA
= 95oC
7.,
wl
f,=
40
95- 25
A-$.4)(2969) =6.93 m2
600
C*in
10-78
J
cp - 1 0 0 5
kg'oc
p - 1.1774
kel^3
F=1.846x10-s
Pr - 0.708
D n= 0 . 0 1 1 8 f t = 0 . 0 0 3 6 m
o = O . O g=
l *
--Q.6g7X0.18)
=o.1254m2
Frontalarea=(0.3X0.6)= 0.18m2
(l.l774xlo)
=17.57_$_
G=N-A ,4"
0.67
m' .s
(0.0036X12.5J)
=3426
n" 4G -
G, o
1.846x l0-r
= 88.09
ft = (Q,Q04)(I7.57X100SXO.ZOS)-2|3
,.ft
This coefficientis controlling
= 0.054m3
Volume = (0.3)2(0.0)
n'l =
= ro.oro{
40.56
m2
Area= (0.054)d
HeatTransfer
-(.rrn *x3.28
m)
ft'
- 27)
- - --itco(r2
e=nn(roo
+ +)
-27)
oos)(rz
(88.ex40.s6\10042 -?\=
2 ) e.r774)(10x0.18)0
Tz=93.93"C
&t
Chapter10
e = 1.4 3 x1 0 sW =,i rrh fs
h, = *=
nfs
hfs=2.ZSSxtO6
l/tg
0.63 kg/s
r0-81
=2382 J
cu
kg'"c
-=
=
q m*c*LT. = mrc
rL% (0.6X4I 80X80 60) = (0.8X2382)LT, 50,I 60 W
= UALT*
LT, =26.3"C
2 6 '3 =0 .4 3 9
e=
80- 20
Assumecounterflow
LT^-W=36.76,C
4=
5o160 =r.36m2
(1000x36.76)
80
*\uo
\,.
10-82
q = mrc *LT* = mocoLTo= (0.6)(4180X50- 20)= (l .2X2I 00)(100- Toe)
- 75,240W
LTo=29.86
Toe=70.14"C
Wateris min. fluid andmixed
Oil is max fluid andunmixed.
Cmin-29'86=0.995
,=-j9-=0.375
100- 20
Cnl*
30
=
"
o#
- 0.375)]
= 0.634
= uA
tn[r+ 0.9951n(r
Crnin
(0.634X0.6X4180)
=0.636m2
A_
250
r0-83
Water is min fluid and unmixed
Oil is max fluid and mixed
ru=-m{l*=*rntl-0.99s(0.37t1} =0.469
L 0.99s
)
{o4
A=o.470m2
ChapEr l0
r0_84
- l0) = (3X2100)0ZO-To")
q = mnc.LTn= mocoLTo=
(2)(4180X70
= 501,600N
LTo=79.62
To"= 40.38"C
Oil is min fluid.
79' 62 = 0.723g
c = - .6 0 ,,=0 .7 5 3 6
s=
n= 3
79.62
120- l0
It-tc\ttn_r'
\-t9-l
rSee
en=;;q,
(t prob. l0-S3)
- \'
\-T-6 /
( | - (o.7z7s)(0.
753oy1I / 3 -l
= _It-sinlz#-)
(@-r.rso6-oJsro
- w
\----l_o-tm-)
FromFig.10-16,
2.25= ,. V'-!,.
(3X2100)
l'1806-l_=0.423
10't5
C, =(l)(4180)=4139
Co-(3)(2100)=6399
= 3.391
NT(J=(3oox47'25)
4180
N (l shell)= I .13 ep = 0.54
f=*=0.663
c**
6300
FromFig.l9-l6
FromTable l0-3
Ir-(o.s+)(o.eor)]3
-' 1
LT.
[----]]'g';J
-= 0.836
v'vJv "=
120- l0
- o.oor
[1-(0i1*9663)]'
L T *=9 1 .9 7 " C
T *" = 1 0+ 91.97= 101.97"C
Fromenergybalance:
LTo= 6l.02oc
To"= L20- 61.02= 58.98"C
q = 3 . 8 4 4 x1 0 5w
4o6
Chapterl0
10-86
r-D
37.8
-26.7"
/zl .lo
(J=700 y
LT*=ffi-l3.7loc
hrcn = C*:4929
q-UAFLT*
A-
27,600
= 2.88m"
(700)(t
3.7r)
F-1.0
5.6
s=: i- =0.335
16.7
10-87
=#
r=l- e-N-0.559
0.818
A?ir=(0.559X16.7)=9.33ee
=Wx
%Reduction
loo=l7vo
I0-gg
mhch = fficcc = (3X4180) - I 2,540
c-1.0
n=4
g - 20 =0 .2 8 5 7
80-10
UsingEq. in Table1O-3for C =l
e[t+(n-l)ep]=ntp
tp=
e
n- e( n- l)
0.2957
= 0.0909
4- ( 3X0.2857)
FromTable 1014
(zz-l-l-",E) .=n
e ,.1n0n0^2 =r-I=A- l o o o A
l/-*h'
42 \22-l-l+42)
cmin (3x4180)
A - 1 . 2 5 ^6 2
4or
Chapterl0
r0-89
New Crin = 0.5X4180)=627O C=0.5
Oneshellpass
ry=12)(0.1002)=0.20M
Fromrabre
rG3
(r.rw#rf
eo=zlr+0.5+
=0.173
/l-o.o86s\a
_r
- =0.4943==%
8o-ro
(fffi).-c
LTn=34.6oc
= 2.156xlOs W
q = (1.5X4180X34.6)
ForProb.l0_8O
q=(3X4180X20)=2.508x10s\V
l4Vo relaction in heattransfer
10-90
C = 0.5 a n d1 .0
Take N (l shell)= 1.0
Fig. 1Ll6
ep=0.525
e p =0 .4 5
Fig. 1Gl7
N =2
at C=0.5
,=
at C= 1.0
at C=0.5
a t C= 1.0
ep = 0.76
at C = 0.5
sp=0.62
at C=1.0
(t-o.zozs\z-' r
\-lTEIzsJ
=0.73g
(ffi)'-o.s
(2X0'45)
-=O.621
n
4E1
Chapter10
r0-n
Co = Q.0)(2100)=14,'l0O
Twi=20oC
=(3.5X4180)
Cmixed C.
=14,630
Tor= 100"C
e= 0.6= ,=11=
-
Ar, = 48t
100 20
q = (14,630)(48)= (14,700)LTo
Toe=52.3oc
LTo= 47.BoC
cmixed=
l1'u?9=0.995
Cunmixed 14,7ffi
Twe= 6goC
N=2.5= LIA
14,630
U A =3 6 ,5 7 5
r0_93
C, =(1.0)(4180)=4180 NTU =(2500X0'8)=0.4785
4180
r = l - e 4 '4 7 8=0
s .3 g =,=1 1 =
LT*= 3o.4oc
100- 20
7., =20+30.4 = 50.4oC
t0-94
=6270
C, = (1.5)(4180)
C8= (3.0X2474)=7422
q = ( 62 7 0 )(5 0 -2 0=7
) 4 2 2 L Ts=l.88lxlgsW
LTr = ZS.34IC
, - -&-=
* = o.s
80-20 60
FromProb. lL77
= 0.845 n= 4
c- =9?7-o
7422
Ir-o.s(o.s+s)ll/a
-,
t--l:05-l
to=m=o'1914
[ 1-0.s l
FromTablel0-4
(l+ C2)rt2=1.3C-[t2
-l
=
N,nfofm-r-o-s+s-r.rogz)
v r.3os2
tadr4ffi)=o'234
= @)(0.234)=0.937=
Ntotar
?..qf
6n0
A=6.53m2
4at
Chapter| 0
l0-95
Cs=ry=3-lll =Cmin
t'''-- 37ll
L
:=0.592
Np_
(l+C2)rl2
6270
FromTable lO-3
ttp=rLr+0.
ssz+(r
.r6z)#]-t
(900X6.53)
_ o. 3gsg
(371X4)
- I .162
N(l + Cz)rtz:0.46
=e.zs:
lwJo_,
f,=
IryJ--at.5e2
LT, - 41.13"C
LT_
5
80-20
= 0.685-
LT. =
h, =20+24.34=M.34oC
(41.13x37
tt) -24.34"C
6270
10-96
= 2A87
Cw= (0.5)(4174)
U=57
(s7)(52) ,
=1.474
2010
C*n -2010=0.963
c*u* 2097
f =0.55 =
NTU-\-
LTo
1 3 0- 7 5
LTo=30.25oF-16.81oC
Lr*- (r6.8De:$
'\2087 : I 6.I eoc
)
= 33,788W
q - CaLTa- (2010X16.81)
l0-97
Ca= (1005X0.2)=201
NTU -
uA
e
Cmin
(40xs)=
201
C w- ( 4 1 8 0 X 0 . 2 ) = 3 3 6
1.0
e - 0.59=
LTo
90 -20
e-r-.*[#]
L--
Cmin -2Ol
=0.n4
c!n*
836
n=3
60-30 =o.375
e110-30
tp = o'158
4az
LTo - 41.3oC
=o.se
Chapterl0
10-99
=(31
x4l80x2A),
) == L ,(30)
Tab
Ta
L A rle
D r04
( l +' 1 2 ttz- I .zo2
q-
Co = Cmin= 8360
'I
_|.Z}ZJ
I(I :0.r
E_t_0.6.67
- - x I *tnl
= 0.
^vv
v ' lg3
1.202 \ 0 . 1g - I - 0 . 6 6 7+ 1 . 2 0 2
'YN
Np
v
230A
t:
l tal) = (3)(0.
Nv((ltoti
r8
33) =Q.548A (total)= lg.gz
:0.lI
8360
Red
[edlucte water to
. o ZT
2kel
= ( 2)(4180)
cw
(l+c2)rt2-1.414
c-l.o
) = '[$836, - c o
"w
+ exp(-0'183x 1'414)l-t
,lr+r+(r
= e. ls4
.47
[ l14)
,
- exp(-O.
-2
l;
'p =
Ep
(From
\- - - ---Tablel0-3)
183x l.4ta)J
"1
Nex
{exrt to
tc last Equa
uatiro n ( f Tablelf3 for C = |
,p
I x0'154) - 0.353- Lr* f,LT*=zg.zoc- LTo
l + ( n - l ) e ,p
l+
ll0- 30
p
-- 1 1 1 0- 2 9).2
I
- , 8 1 ioc
'we
" 2 )(0 .154) To,= 30+ 28.),:58.2"C
h'
we
2 ) - , 2 . 3i x l O s w
qt -- (8:
8360)(28.2)
i-
.Lt
10-l
0-l
D-l00
h=3ooo ho=l9o+m".oC
do=25mm
w
copperk -386
m-oC
ro - 12,5mm
r; - 11.7mm
I
ui
I -L Ailn(ro f ri) - | A,
'
'
hi
zrckL
ho Ao
ro-r;-0.8mm
di =23-4 mm
1
rr.7
-czreoJ
3m--n(0.023$ln(12.5111.7)L
- 190 ----:i-mt. oC
4to
Chapurl0
r0-102
\
ss\
60
\,0
LTn = 40oC
LT, =25"C
Hot fluid is minirnum fluid
t-#3
LT (min fluid)
LT (maxHx)
40 =
0.571
100-30
l0-103
4 tubepasses;
oil in tubes,90oCto 60oC;
2 shellpasss,
water in shell, l0"C to 50"C
LTn= 30
q- 500kw
vo - -\''\''\''
00J
kg'oc
^Z'oc
Water is min fluid
Lfc - 40
g=50-lo =0.5
90-10
UA
NTU= 0.9=
C*in
crnu* 40
=
q-Co(30)- Cw(40)
Cw - 12,500: C*in
Co 16,667
(0.9)(12,500)
_ ZtZm2
(e- NTU method)
A_
53
40-50
'
l''tg
--2.99kg/s
LMTD - LTm =@)-=44'8oc
mw=
+tgo
Tz.=60
\=90
p - 9= 0.5
80
A-
500,000
F -0.9g
- 215m2
(53X0.98X44.8)
tz=50
\=10
q-UAFLT*
(LMTD method)
4t,
R-
3 0= 0 . . / 5
40
Chapter l0
10-104
q = 250,000W
Co = 16,667
A-212 ^2
U=53 Y
^2.oc
cw
cw
co
NTU
5000
0.3
2.25
0.82
65.6
2000
0.12
5.62
0.97
77.6
3000
0.19
3.15
0.94
75.2
LT*
cw - 3500
% Reduction =
t2,500- 3500
x 100=-l7%o
12,500
10-105
Finnedtube,steamat 100'C
q- 44 kW
U=25 Y
^2.oc
100
50
e-
vsv 0 - 1
^ v0
-Q.Qp{{
r00 10
fu_o
C,n*
NTU =
UA
Crnin
A_
(0.588X1
100))
25.87m25
*tz
44,000
50-10
Crnin= _ - 1 1 0 0
329,000
155,2W
225,600
Chapter 10
10-106
Crnin 0
Crnu"
(J .- rix0.8- C0.8
f=l-e-N
=2e,3so
q-(?\<*,ooo)
w
a
\ll''
NTU
Cmin (C.ir)
r000
600
700
LTai,
23.16
0.599
0.45I
40.57
40,57A
1 5 .3 9
4.6&
0.485
43.66
26,194
17.41
0.644
0.474
42.7|
29,899
- 690
vo Reduction- lloo
x loo = 37Vo
1100
4 = 700MW
I shell,2 nrbepasses
AssumeU =2500 +.
m'.oC
,==)=0.38889
38-20
N=-ln(l-e)= 0.492
_ 7 o o x l o 6_ r x l o 8
rCw=6-=l
m_. . = b t n t =23,920kg/sec
Or*
NTU =0.492-
UA
Cmin
A_
(0.4gZXlx tO8)19,680m2
2500
10-108
q-7x108=C*(34-20)
34 -2 a =0 .7 'l '1 8
f ,=
38-20
A_
q=cnLT,
Cw-5x107
N--ln(l
-s)-l.J=
UA
C-in
(1.5X5x 107)
= 30,080mz
2500
4t3
Chapter,t0
t0-10s
A = 19,680m2
34-20
= a S _ 2 0= O . 7 7 7 8
/-V=-ln(l-0.X778)=1.5=
+Lmin
(2500X19'680J
=3.28x107
Cmtn-l-5
ZoReductio"=
x loo = 34.4vo
10-llr ,
do=1.315 di=1.049in.
4=80+@=70oC
P=858
pr =770
ft=0.139
k=43+
m.t"2
y=0.6x10+
cp=2090
(5Xl'049X0'0254)
Re- =2220
06"#Z--
Freeconvection Tr-70+20=45oc
&=4.2xl0ro
"2pk
k = 0.64
GrPr= (4.2xtol0)(t.lts)3(o.ozs+)3
(70 -20) ='I.B2x107
=
h,
" -X:
xloT)rt4 = 953
'-- +
q = itcrLT6=1tsty15y@-
- 60)= 99,970
w
e.0zsq2(2090x80
^(0.53X7.s2
(l .315)(0.0254t
m'2."C
Assumeinsidebarelyturbulent:
.3= '4re
- - J4.' = '=
: 2 5e.023)(2220)0.8(zzo)0
\' ' - l
(1 .0 4 9 x0 .0
4)
Neglectconductionresistance
= 2 9 1- W
u= r\
t-GC
E*E
- - + -1-.3
- -1- 5 , ro :=l.l8in.
6, l_=1 .M9
m 2.oc
q =UrdLLT
L, =
99,970
- '_
=7L.gm
(29r)n(r.r})(0.0254)(7020)
4r4
Chapterl0
| 0-113
q - 60,000 Btu/hr
At 40 mph
(J - hr03 = 0.0066v0'7
At 40 mph- 211,200ftltrr
G'w
LTo--
Tf - To,
o. rgz
Il = 35
Bt-n
h r - f t 2- o F
LT - l00F
hair = k z v = Q .l l S v
c*in =Q
Cr*
30 mnh = 158,000ftlhr
ix - 18,700
U 28.5
NTU
Cmin=34.3
NTU=0.20 A
ftz
U
-At
Lu a - 9 s
f,=0. 185=
Cmin -M90
NTU*'- = 0.218
Tr" - 105.2"F
55
3.3Voreduction
At 20 moh= 105,600ftltrr
--il-
U - 21.6
f - 0.20 -
ita - 12,450
L"a -es
cmin -2290
NTU*'.=0.248
Tr" - l06oF
55
q - 32,900 Btu/hr 45.2Vo
reduction
=
At
l0
moh
ftltrr
52,800
-....:
u - 13.3
NTUmax=0.305
ma - 6230
S=0.26
q - 21,400Btu/hr
&.4VoReducrion
-c
Cmin= | 495
Tr" l0g.3oF
100
O.
t1
r<
:80
vg
r{-{ C
oE
trtr
ox
EE
60
40
&
&, zo
s
0
l0
20
30
40
10-114
ta
q - (2800)A(45.&)
-45.64
LT*=fff
t"(Fl
1tt
ChapterI0
l0-l 15
Rf = o-ooo5
w
Udirty- I 167 ----
mt. oC
uoiny u.trun
- 182,636W
q: (l 167)(3.43)(45.64)
LT* =
T ; , = 9 9 - 5 . 8 3= 9 3 . 2 o C
192,636 5.930c
(7.5X4t75)
10-116
h (steam)- 9000
'v\'\' Y
t.oc
rr--=:--r.^E
tr*t
gmnfu
m"'oc
Cw =C,',in=(0.76)(4180)-3176
l2l" c
'19.4"
C
./
/lo" c
f lA
69'4
/t^F
'
a 'e - + = A . 6rr.
N - - l n (- l--\e- ) = 0 . Y
98
25
' ' - I' - L
111
c
(0.gg
lx3 176)
A
A_
t226
Waterflow reducedby 60Voto Cw= (0.4Xfnq - I 270
N_
u! _(t226)(2.54)
:2.45
cw
t270
LT* - l01.4oC
e - N= 0 . 9 1 4 = L T '
lll
T. exit- 10+ 101.4 I l l .4oC
e-l-
70-777
=+-*
o.moz+o.ooo4
A
^oiny
_ 150
30
137.6
u -r37.6 y
^2.oc
Ait'v = 32.7 ^2
9Voincrease
1t,'
Chapbrl0
l0_ll8
ps = 100psia
Satsteam:
Ts=328oF
i = 1000: ?t+ =
hr. ft" .oF
neglectwall resistance.
COz: hr=3ffi
T"r=2OO"F
so - su = 3
pc = 0.1106lum/ft3 ai 90"F
dd2
cp"=0.20g
lbm/hr
Pc=15psia Trr=7QoF
n=0.62
rirc
u*=+
*=0.0134
-tS,
P=0.0874rtnax=r-l
+l -d,/
q, = UAF(LT^) F =l
h"= k-g1p..r"
pA
Re,= ry
p-d
No=4=du'*"a}^
k
\v
)
( .s- \
Trt = 2 3 l o F
c=o.25
Assume
L=3.25,,=0.nlft
Un==_#.
A=0.1775ft2
mrm
LT^--W
z-=r99,oooft/hr
^'\r''-rc,
tlnax= 597'000ft/hr
Re4= 24,200
UA( T;=ritco(Tz-Tr)co,
Ue--fl
ft = 83.5
L=lO7.5
Ar=h=W=6.96m2
1,r
Chapterl0
l0-122
Wateris min fluid
F=|
(1
(LT^)r 38 25). (138 50)
r"(*3)
(LT*)z
At - 1.53$^2
= 99.98oC
rnil
Az = Q.863^2
80.27"C
o. l r6 kg/sec
l0-126
Bothunmixed
ho =174
hs = 5000
U - 168
c=0
Volume = (0.5X0.4)= 0.2 m3 = 7.063ft3 Area = (7.063)(229)
=1617
ftz
A=150-3m2
Cmin= 0.1774)(0.5X15X1006)=8883
ry.C
G68l-(ll0'3)
=2.g43 =l- e1.843=0,j942
N8883
- 300)= 68.7oC
LTo= (0.942)(373
ToZ= 368.7K= 95.7oC
q (S883X68
.7)=6. 1x lOsW
10-134
If the pair of heatexchangershu9 very large massflow of watercirculating
negligible lemperaturedrop wouldI occur in the waterandtherewould
be
maximumtransferof heatfrom the outsideto ins[deair. In addition,if the
areaof
theexchangers
is verylargethelimiting casewill be experienced
wherethe
temperatureof the air dischargedto outsidewill be
to the outsideair
temperature-eltering
"qout the limiting casefor
the system.Theseconditiorlsrefresent
-'
operationof qF system,andail othercaseswill involv" ,o-"*t ut
G;?J;
performance.
Selectionof an eventualdesignwouldhaveto balanceslstem costs
againstenergysavingsachieved.
1,9
Chapterl0
I0-136
Tdryr,= 95oC- 368K
ho=
Tairinlet- l0oc
A_ (l .ol32xlo5x34)
= Q.544kg/sec
RT (60X287X368)
10"c
l
t
^2.oc
llll,o
,lllllo
(J - 30
AZLiTA= AI"i, g
95"C
ChooseLT^, = 50oC
=2'7,340W
q- ircrLT - (0.5MX1005X50)
Sinceheatpipe tempremainsconstant,air is rnin fluid
s t r - p == = 4 0 =
-g
95-Te
s=
Te-10
40 = 0 . 9 4 - l - e - N
42.5
4.. 105
Tp=;=52.5oC
N - 2.833=
UA
C*in
(2.833X0.544X1005)
-
5 1 . 6^ 2
30
.34)= $2.321ht
Costsavingswith electricity= (0.0S5X27
A-
[iffi )=$0'886/hr
= $l0,l6llyr
savings(elec)=(2.32)(12X365)
= $388{yr
savings(gas)= (0.SS6X12)(365)
10-r43
Installationof the pipesin the groundcan be either in a vertical or horizontal
configuration,which will influencethe conductionshapefactor betweenth9 nine
andsoil. (Chapter3) Actual installationconditionsdependstronglyon the locale.
dueto
Both casesmight be examined.For the calculationsthe thermalresistance
the water sideheattransfercoefficientcan probablybe neglectedin comparisonto
the resistanceof the prpeandconductionresistanceto the soil.
4rs