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y (n) + p1 (x)y (n1) + + pn1 (x)y 0 + pn (x)y = fi (x)

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(i = 1, , m)

y (n) + p1 (x)y (n1) + + pn1 (x)y 0 + pn (x)y = f1 (x) + f2 (x) + + fm (x)

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x

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c1 , c 2
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(1)

(1)

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(1)

y(x) = c(x)e

Rx

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(1)

Gm

c0 (x) = Q(x)e

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x0

x0

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(4)

=^:  z ;1213141511 :n$h  F \ 9

  w "
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(2y 2 + y x)dy ydx = 0

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2345
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;

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y

y 2 2 c
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 9:;03111/
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y=0

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2345
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(6)

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2

u = cex .

(6)

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1
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1
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 11 
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F/  11

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(4)

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u9 *

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dy
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"Ux ; Y

W
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x = ey + c,

y(0) = 0,

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5.3.1

QR

p(x), q(x), f (x)

67

9 :/
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(a, b)

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y 00 + p(x)y 0 + q(x)y = f (x),

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(I)

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(II)

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9

(II)

`Y=

1 (x), 2 (x), , m (x)

c1 , c 2 , , c m ,

,

c 1 , c2 ,

c1 y1 (x) + c2 y2 (x)

(II)

:; , 2a
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(a, b)

D1111;01 C =1[+*

D -.
,/- , ;  ~1-.
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c1 1 (x) + c2 2 (x) + + + cm m (x) 0,

1 , 2 , , m (

(a, b)

10

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0

"
1 m


= B / <D -<., .<; s 

-.
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* 

1, sin2 x, cos2 x

1, sin x, cos x

x = 0,
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\Y

-.
./ W

c1 + c3 = c1 + c2 = c1 c3 = 0,

c1 = c2 = c3 = 0.

2
3/0

1, sin x, cos x

1 + sin2 x + cos2 x 0,

G


1, sin x, cos x

1, sin2 x, cos2 x

6
(

2
2

67

y1 (x)

-.
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1, x, , xn

y1 (x), y2 (x)

y2 (x)

Wronsky

2 (Liouville)

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Z$ Fb/
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7
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Rx

x0

:; ,

p(t)dt

Wronsky

4
5

(a, b)

w0 (x) = (y1 (x)y20 (x) y10 (x)y2 (x))0 = p(x)w(x).

p9FF-.4511;0~11:19
A

Rx

p(t)dt

tt< ;t

1
:



4
1
5


t

[
/   =9Z;0p
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w(x) = w(x0 )e

(II)

y1 (x)

y2 (x)

y1 (x)

x0

Wronsky

y1 (x)

y2 (x)

Wronsky

(II)

y1 (x)

(a, b)

11

y2 (x)

y2 (x)

y1 (x)

y2 (x)

v *[
*  

c1 , c 2

(II)

-.
.:;01*


 y1 (x0 )

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x0 (a, b)


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c1 y1 (x0 ) + c2 y2 (x0 ) = c1 y10 (x0 ) + c2 y20 (x0 ) = 0.

y(x) = c1 y2 (x) + c2 y2 (x)

(II)

y(x0 ) = y 0 (x0 ) = 0.

y(x) 0

(II)

y(x) 0.

y1 (x)

y2 (x)

w(x)

(II)

y1 (x0 ) = 1,

y10 (x0 )

=0

~9-.
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(II)

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x0 (a, b),

(II)

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-.
.:; ,

<F< :

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(II)

:

y = c1 y1 (x) + c2 y2 (x).

(II)

<:</ a<m


 y1 (x0 )

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 y1 (x0 )

(II)


y2 (x0 ) 
 6= 0,
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c1 y1 (x0 ) + c2 y2 (x0 ) = y(x0 ),

c1 y10 (x0 ) + c2 y20 (x0 ) = y 0 (x0 ).

12

y(x),

m `
x0

(1)
y(x0 ) 6= 0.

ZW u
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y(x) = c1 y1 (x) + c2 y2 (x)

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y(x0 ) = y(x0 ),

y(x) y(x) = c1 y1 (x) + c2 y2 (x).

= Z$ m
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8 9 F : ;I=1^1F1d - .
.:
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x
y = sin
x

9

1 R p(x)dx
e
dx.
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y1 (x)

y2 (x)

(4)

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y +y =0
x

F:;0^ :/

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9  :/
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y(x)

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e
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y 00 +

y2 (x).

(ln z 0 )0 + p(x) + 2(ln y1 (x))0 = 0.

*:

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(II)

(II)


y10 (x)
00
z + p(x) + 2
z 0 = 0,
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(II)

(1)

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y = zy1 (x),



y 0,

(I)

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(I)

13

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:/t

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y(x) = c1 y1 (x) + c2 y2 (x) + y(x).

(1)

(I)

(1)

(I)

(II)

(I)

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y2 (x)

(II)

<<-

(I)

y(x) = c1 (x)y1 (x) + c2 (x)y2 (x)

:/0u9

(2)

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,*

d

ZW u
\Y

y1 (x)

(3)

x0

(3)

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(4)

:;

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y2 (x)

y(x)

(I)

(2),(4),(5)

  

(5)
(I)

c01 (x)y10 (x) + c02 (x)y20 (x) = f (x).

c1 (x) =
(a, b)

:;

(II)

M;0:Y

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y2 (t)f (t)
dt,
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5.4

x
x0

c2 (x) =

x
x0

y1 (t)f (t)
dt,
w(t)

y2 (x)y1 (t) y1 (x)y2 (t)

f (t)dt.
w(t)

KNO
14

(6)

5.4.1

P
Q
RNO
S
T
U
T

V
W
Euler 
X 

cos + i sin = ei

Y

e+i = e cos + ie sin ,

1
cos = (ei + ei ),
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1
sin = (ei ei ).
2i

2u
Y  *
z
Z *
,

d x
e = ex .
dx

6= 0

5.4.2

[
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p, q 9

 B ;0

ex dx =

1 x
e + c.

y 00 + py 0 + qy = 0

]


4^ 5I; / G
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(1)

(1)

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(1),

WZu
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 v *
 
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(2 + p + q)ex = 0.

ex 6= 0,

(1)

(2)

2 (2)

    
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(2)

(1)

1 6= 2 . (1)

*
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y = c 1 e 1 x + c 2 e 2 x .
p
= 2 . (1)

:
p

y = e 2 x (c1 + c2 x).
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(2)

3 (2)

*
a
b
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1 = + i, 2 = i ( 6= 0). (1)
y1 (x) = e(+i)x = ex (cos x + i sin x)

y2 (x) = e(i)x = ex (cos x i sin x).

u9

1
(
y1 (x) + y2 (x)) = ex cos x,
2
1
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y1 (x) y2 (x)) = ex sin x
2i

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\9

(1)

 B F :/tZs

(1)

:

y = ex (c1 cos x + c2 sin x).

^

 :k /
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*F
2 a
b
Y
 : 

y 00 + y 0 + y = 0

2 + + 1 = 0
1
2

y=e

x2

^

 :k /
 *
c
_
;0 : 

3i

!
3
3
c1 cos
x + c2 sin
x .
2
2

y 00 + 2y 0 + y = 0

1.

*:
ex ,

xex .

y = ex (c1 + c2 x).

16

*

Y
F:

[
\
T
JQR
WZu

d ^%

5.4.3


-.
.:;tWhD
e11G ;1 G1   1 ^n
y 00 + py 0 + qy = 0

<@ <:<;gf<s 45

C h
i
j+11
ST
F i/
1) f (x) = Pn (x),

] 
 !1" ^: *1

f (x) 
j:;G11`1^1:11o1:k
y 00 + py 0 + qy = f (x)

2) f (x) = Pn (x)ex ,

;  B /
] ^

Pn (x)

f (x) = Pn (x)ex sin x,

y 00 + y 0 2y = (x 2)ex + 4x3 8x2 12x + 3

 :k /
 
:

y 00 + y 0 2y = (x 2)ex


_  
1

=
nF%$Z

v { / p
  11Y

(2)

9F
5 l
m/
$  B ; 
5 l
m/

p 9 5
l
m
Pn (x)

3) f (x) = Pn (x)ex cos x

(1)

2345 : 

y 00 + y 0 2y = 4x3 8x2 12x + 3.

2.

c1 ex + c2 e2x .

y = zex ,

\*

z 00 + 3z 0 = x 2,
z = ax2 + bx,

17

Pn (x)

\Y
:Y

2a + 6ax + 3b = x 2.

a = 16 , b = 97 .


nF*:
y1 (x) =

8
n
*:

1 2 7x
x
6
9

ex .

y2 (x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d,

,*

6ax + 2b + 3ax2 + 2bx + c 2ax3 2bx2 2cx 2d

= 4x3 8x2 12x + 3,

:Y

a = 2, b = 1, c = 1, d = 0.

y2 (x) = 2x3 + x2 + x.

Z : 
x

y = c 1 e + c2 e

5.4.4 Euler

 /o

n
*:

2x

QR

 ; $

B D;t W

Euler

x2 7x

6
9

9 @ A B  /

ex 2x3 + x2 + x.

x2 y 00 + pxy 0 + qy = f (x)

p, q

x = et (x > 0)

x = et

x = et (x < 0),

t = ln |x|

G

(1)

(1)

]

-1.1

dy
dy dt
1 dy
=
=
,
dx  dt dx
x dt

d 1 dy
1 dy
1 d2 y dt
y 00 =
= 2
+
dx x dt
x dt
x dt2 dx
 2

1 d y dy
= 2

,
x
dt2
dt
y0 =

 

(1),

\Y

]

-.

d2 y
dy
+ (p 1)
+ qy = f (et ).
2
dt
dt

18

(2)

^:

x2 y 00 + 2xy 0 2y = 2x ln x + x 2

k
p9F

x = et ,

]

(x > 0).

(2)

d2 y dy
+
2y = 2tet + et 2.
dt2
dt

-.1/G1 " 11

d2 y dy
2y = et (2t + 1),
+
dt2
dt
d2 y dy
+
2y = 2
dt2
dt

:/0~ 2345111
_11 

nF
y = zet ,

z = at2 + bt

 ;0:%

y2 (t) = 1.

y = c 1 e + c2 e

 ;0Y :
c2
y = c1 x + 2 +
x

QR k
6 7 
5.5

5.5.1 n

YF:

a = 13 , b = 91 ,
 2

t
t
y1 (t) =
+
et .
3
9

t = ln x

1, 2.

z 00 + 3z 0 = 2t + 1,

x F *|}1:
 : 

*
_

2 + 2 = 0,

2t

t
t2
+
3
9

et + 1,


1 2
1
ln x + ln x x + 1
3
9

(x > 0).

K"p"q


%
&

y1 (x), y2 (x), , yn (x)

9-.45

y (n) + p1 (x)y (n1) + + pn (x)y = 0

19

(I)

 -.
.:;

y(x)

923 45

y (n) + p1 (x)y (n1) + + pn (x)y = f (x)

F:; , 

(I)

(II)

 :
" 1 9

(II)

y = c1 y1 (x) + c2 y2 (x) + + cn yn (x)

   
r
s:
t/

[
\
TQR


] 4511:1; y A
9 

y = c1 y1 (x) + c2 y2 (x) + + cn yn (x) + y(x).

y1 (x), y2 (x), , yn (x)

(I)

5.5.2 n

y = ex

]

45

y (n) + p1 y (n1) + + pn y = 0

(1)

n + p1 (n1) + + pn1 + pn = 0.

(2)

:; , HI
_

23u
23u

(2)

(2)

F
F2

B GY
,

(1)

 :
k

ex , xex , , xk1 ex .

c
a
b
Y

i,

GY

(1)

 :
2l

ex cos x, xex cos x, , xl1 ex cos x;

ex sin x, xex sin x, , xl1 ex sin x.

 :< *</ pi<:<; \
u  <-<..<<:<; ~1*-.
t
v; \19

] ^:
k
_
*F2
a
b
w c   F
t-.
.1: 
(1)

y (4) + 2y 00 + y = 0.

4 + 22 + 1 = 0

i,

2,

cos x, x cos x, sin x, x sin x.

20

(1)

 : 

y = (c1 + c2 x) cos x + (c3 + c4 x) sin x.

[
\
T
JQ1R
I=^ 451

5.5.3 n

F:/
 ;
 9

y (n) + p1 y (n1) + + pn y = f (x)


h
i
j
x
411/
$
9 ,
5 l
m/

c
_ ; G8
$
9<F<y A
] 1 5lm<</ 1 G A
 ] < /
$ 9 B /


z
{

^% 1x B111tF11
" t1 : ,
\9}| ~ F
:; H
 w
H1\ 91
5.4.3

(1)

1) f (x) = Pm (x),
0

f (x)

Pm (x)

s(s 0)

y = xs Qm (x),

Qm (x)

(1),

2) f (x) = Pm (x)ex ,

Qm (x)

y = zex ,

3) f (x) = Pm (x)ex cos x

(2)

Pm (x)ex sin x.

y (n) + p1 y (n1) + + pn1 y 0 + pn y = Pm (x)e(+i)x .

(3)

y = ze(+i)x .

z(x),

y(x) = z(x)e(+i)x

y (n) + p1 y (n1) + + pn1 y 0 + pn y = Pm (x)ex cos x

y (n) + p1 y (n1) + + pn1 y 0 + pn y = Pm (x)ex sin x

:/
] ^:
1

y (4) + 2y 00 + y = 9 sin 2x.

21

5.5.2


 @ Z 2345 : 
1

 ^:;0
z
{1

(c1 + c2 x) cos x + (c3 + c4 x) sin x.

y (4) + 2y 00 + y = 9ei2x .

,  

y = ei2x z,

z (4) + q1 z 000 + q2 z 00 + q3 z 0 + ((2i)4 + 2(2i)2 + 1)z = 9.

|}

z=

(2i)4

9:;0
z
{11*1:

9
=1
+ 2(2i)2 + 1

ei2x ,

w
H

sin 2x

\9:/0111 : 
y = (c1 + c2 x) cos x + (c3 + c4 x) sin x + sin 2x.

5.5.4 Euler
n

QR


Euler

xn y (n) + p1 xn1 y (n1) + + pn1 xy 0 + pn y = f (x)

%ZG  

x = et



]

-.

dn y
dn1 y
dy
+
q
+ + qn1
+ qn y = f (et ).
1
n
n1
dt
dt
dt

LQR

2! " !<" < tF
; C C s

=Z; 
: 
 t


11/
5.5.5

22


ST

^

^
t

dy
= 3y 2z

dx
dz
= 2y z
dx

 :k /
n F^;  n
111;0\1Y1
dy
dz
dy
d2 y
2
=3
2(2y z).
=3
dx2
dx
dx
dx

CW nFG
\Y  *F 1 
  1! " 1 

2z = 3y

 : Y
fs

dy
,
dx

d2 y
dy
2
+ y = 0.
2
dx
dx

y = (c1 + c2 x)ex ,
1
z=
2

dy
3y
dx



c2
= c1
+ c 2 x ex .
2

23