CNG NGH SN XUT KH BIOGAS V NG DNG

MC LC
TM TT......................................................................................................................2
I.

................................................................................................. 3

II. CNG NGH BIOGAS..............................................................................................3

1. Kh biogas l g .........................................................................................................3
2. Ngun nguyn liu ....................................................................................................3
3. ng dng ca kh biogas...................................................................................... 4
III. C S L THUYT CA CNG NGH BIOGAS ..............................................5
1. Qu trnh ln men to Metan.....................................................................................5
2. Cc yu t nh hng................................................................................................7
IV. QUY TRNH SN XUT KH BIOGAS ................................................................8
1. Quy trnh sn xut Biogas .........................................................................................8
2. Cu to b cha biogas .............................................................................................9
V. CC CNG NGH BIOGAS PHT TRIN VIT NAM ..............................10
1. Hm biogas np c nh hnh vm hay phng ........................................................10
2. Hm biogas np ni (Indian) ...................................................................................10
3. Ti biogas bng nha do Polyethylene .................................................................11
4. Hm ng nm ngang bng b tng v bng composite .....................................12
5. Hm biogas ph bt nha HDPE hoc FPP resins..................................................12
VI. KT LUN ................................................................................................................13
VII.

VIII. S

GVHD: NGUYN PHC KHI

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C

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CNG NGH SN XUT KH BIOGAS V NG DNG

TM TT TIU LUN
Bi tiu lun ny cung cp cc thng tin tng qut v kh biogas, quy trnh sn xut v
ng dng ca n.
Phn I - Gii thiu ti: gii thiu ti ca tiu lun v nguyn nhn chn ti.
Phn II Cng ngh biogas: cung cp cc thng tin v khi nim kh biogas, nguyn
liu cn thit to kh biogas v cc ng dng ca n trong sinh hot, sn xut.
Phn III - C s l thuyt ca cng ngh biogas: nghin cu v c ch to ra kh
biogas v cc yu t nh hng ti qu trnh ny.
Phn IV Quy trnh sn xut kh biogas: cc bc c bn trong mt qu trnh sn
xut kh biogas; cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca b cha kh biogas.
Phn V Cc cng ngh biogas pht trin vit nam: lit k cc cng ngh sn
xut xut hin Vit Nam v u nhc im ca mi cng ngh.
Phn VI Kt lun: nh gi tim nng ng dng ca cng ngh biogas hin ti v
trong tng lai xa.
Phn VII Ti liu tham kho.

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CNG NGH SN XUT KH BIOGAS V NG DNG

I. GI I THI

TI

Hin nay vn tm ngun nng lng thay th cho nng lng ha thch ang l
ti ln m mi quc gia u ang phi i mt. Nng lng ti to ang l gii php hng
u c u tin nghin cu.
Ngoi cc ngun nng lng ti to ph bin nh mt tri, gi, nc, th ngun
nng lng sinh khi cng l mt ngun nng lng giu tim nng. Bi tiu lun cung cp
mt nghin cu s lc v mt loi nng lng sinh khi ang c p dng rng ri, l
nng lng biogas.
II. CNG NGH BIOGAS
1. Kh biogas l g.
Biogas hay kh sinh hc l hn hp kh methane (CH4) v mt s kh khc pht sinh t
s phn hu cc vt cht hu c. Methane cng l mt kh to ra hiu ng nh knh gp 21
ln hn kh carbonic (CO2).
Thnh phn chnh ca Biogas l CH4 (50 60%) v CO2 (> 30%) cn li l cc cht
khc nh hi nc N2, O2, H2S, CO c thu phn trong mi trng ym kh, xc tc
nh nhit t 20 40oC.

Hnh 1
Nhit tr thp ca CH4 l 37,71.103KJ/m3, do c th s dng biogas lm nhin liu
cho ng c t trong. s dng biogas lm nhin liu th phi x l biogas trc khi s
dng to nn hn hp n vi khng kh. Kh H2S c th n mn cc chi tit trong ng c,
sn phm ca n l SOx cng l mt kh rt c. Hi nc c hm lng nh nhng nh
hng ng k n nhit ngn la, gii hn chy, nhit tr thp v t l khng kh/nhin
liu ca Biogas.
2. Ngun nguyn liu
Cc loi bn t ao t, m ly, ph liu, ph thi trong sn xut nng, lm nghip,
v cc hot ng sng, sn xut v ch bin nng lm sn.
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CNG NGH SN XUT KH BIOGAS V NG DNG

Vi sinh vt thng s dng ngun hu c cacbon nhanh hn s dng ni t khong 30

ln. Do vy nguyn liu c t l C/N l 30/1 s thch hp nht cho ln men k kh. Phn
ng vt v cc cht thi rn nh rm r rt thch hp cho ln men k kh.
Trong thc t ngi ta thng c gng m bo t l trn trong khong 20 40. Phn
gia sc c t l C/N nm trong gii hn ny nn c xem l nguyn liu ch yu trong sn
xut biogas.
Bng 1: Kh nng cho phn v thnh phn ho hc ca phn gia sc,gia cm:

Vt nui

B sa
B tht
Ln
Tru
Gia cm

Kh nng cho phn ca

500kg vt nui/ngy

Thnh phn ho hc
( % khi lng phn ti )

Th tch
(m3)

Trng lng
ti (kg)

Cht tan
d tiu

0,038
0,038
0,028
---0,028

38,5
41,7
28,4
6,78
31,3

7,98
9,33
7,02
10,2
16,8

it
0,38
0,70
0,83
0,31
1,20

Photpho

T l
C/N

0,10
0,20
0,47
---1,20

20-25
20-25
20-25
---7-15

Bng 2: nh hng ca cc loi phn n sn lng v thnh phn ca kh thu c :

Nguyn liu

Sn lng kh
m3/kg phn kh

m lng
CH4 (%)

Thi gian ln
men (ngy)

Phn b
Phn gia cm
Phn g
Phn ln
Phn ngi

1,11
0,56
0,31
1,02
0,38

57
69
60
68
----

10
9
30
20
21

3. ng dng ca kh Biogas
Vi quy m nh, h gia nh, kh biogas c nhiu ng dng thit thc vo i sng
nh un nu, lm n thp sng, chy my pht in,

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CNG NGH SN XUT KH BIOGAS V NG DNG

Hnh 2
Trong cng nghip, ngi ta tinh ch kh biogas tng hm lng metan, b cc
thnh phn c hi nh SOx, H2S, tng cht lng, gn nh kh thin nhin. Kh sau
khi tinh ch c s dng pht in, dng lm nhin liu cho cc phng tin giao
thng nh xe my, t v thm ch l tu ha.

Hnh 3
III. C S L THUYT CA CNG NGH BIOGAS
Qu trnh to ra kh biogas l qu trnh da vo cc vi khun ym kh ln men phn
hu k kh cc cht hu c sinh ra mt hn hp kh c th chy c : H2, H2S, NH3, CH4,
C2H2, trong CH4 l sn phm kh ch yu, nn cn gi l qu trnh ln men to
Metan.
1. Qu trnh ln men to Metan
Gm 3 giai on chnh:
i. Giai on 1
Cc cht hu c cao phn t nh protein, a.amin, lipid, c vi sinh vt k kh nh
Closdium bipiclobacterium, Bacillus gram m khng sinh bo t, staphy loccus,

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CNG NGH SN XUT KH BIOGAS V NG DNG

chuyn thnh cc cc cht c trng lng thp hn axit hu c, ng, glyxerin,..(gi

chung l hydrat cacbon).
ii. Giai on 2
L giai on pht trin mnh cc loi vi khun metan chuyn hu nh ton b cc
cht hydrat cacbon thnh CH4 v CO2. u tin l s to thnh cc axit hu c nn pH
gim xung r rt
iii. Giai on 3
Sn phm ca giai on 2 l nguyn liu phn hu giai on ny, to ra hn hp
kh : CH4, CO2, H2S, N2, H2, v mui khong (pH ca mi trng chuyn sang kim).
Ta m hnh ha thnh s sau:
iai on 1

iai on 2

iai on 3

Khi Vi khun
Khi Vi khun
H2 ,CO2
Acid acetic

Cht hu c,
carbohydrates,
cht bo,
protein.

Khi Vi khun

Acid propionic, Acid

butyric, Cc thnh phn
khc

C 4, C 2

H2 , CO2
Acid acetic

Tc dng ca vi khun ln men v

thy phn

Vi khun
acetogenic

Vi khun sinh kh
Metan

S 1
2. Cc yu t nh hng
Ton b qu trnh ln men Metan b nh hng bi nhiu yu t:
u kin k kh: khng c O2 trong dch ln men.
Nhit : qui m nh thc hin 30-350C, qui m ln c c kh ha v t ng ha
thc hin 50-550C.
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CNG NGH SN XUT KH BIOGAS V NG DNG

pH: 6,5 7,5 (nu <6,4: vi sinh vt gim sinh trng v pht trin)
T l Cacbon/Nit: 30/1 l t l tt nht
T l pha long: T l nc/phn dao ng t 1/1 7/1. T l pha long i vi
phn b: 1/1, phn ln: 2/1 ang c ph bin nht.
S c mt ca khng kh v c t: tuyt i khng c oxy. Cc ion NH4, Ca, K, Zn,
SO4 nng cao c nh hng n sinh trng v pht trin ca vi khun sinh
metan.
c tnh v tc b sung nguyn liu: b sung cng u th sn lng kh thu
c cao
Khuy o mi trng ln men: tng cng s tip xc c cht.
Thi gian ln men: 30 60 ngy.

IV. QUY TRNH SN XUT KH BIOGAS

1. Quy trnh sn xut Biogas
Quy trnh sn xut tun theo 3 giai on chnh:
Giai on chun b nguyn liu: chn lc v x l nguyn liu ph hp vi yu cu
sau: giu xenluloza, t lignin, NH4 ban u khong 2000mg/1, t l C/N t 20-30, ha tan
trong nc (hm lc cht kh 9-9,4% vi cht tan d tiu khong 7%)
Giai on ln men: ln men theo m, bn lin tc hoc lin tc.

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CNG NGH SN XUT KH BIOGAS V NG DNG

Giai

on

sau

ln

men:

thu

lm

sch

kh.

Ti s dng
Nguyn liu
(phn, rc,
)

L phn ng
k kh sinh m
tan

Phi ch
(nguyn liu,
nc)

Bn
thi

B sung ging
VSV

Nc
ra

X l
S dng

Thu kh

Nc ra

em s dng
hoc x l hiu
kh tip

Mn (ch
bin phn
bn)

S 2

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CNG NGH SN XUT KH BIOGAS V NG DNG

2. Cu to b cha biogas
Mt b biogas composite c cu to v nguyn l nh sau:
i. Cu to

Hnh 4
V mt cu to b bao gm 3 b phn chnh l b phn gii, b phn cha kh v b
phn iu p. C ba b phn ny u c kt hp nm trong mt khi. C khi c
chn chm di mt t. Thit k ca thit b compozite gm:

B phn gii;
Ngn cha kh;
ng dn kh;
Ca np nguyn liu (ng li vo);
Ca x (ng li ra).

ii. Nguyn l hot ng

Nguyn liu np c np vo b phn gii qua ca np nguyn liu vo cho n khi
ngp mp di ca ca, ca np nguyn liu v ca x khong 60 cm. Lc ny p sut kh
trong b phn gii bng 0 (P=0).
Kh sinh ra c tch t trong ngn cha khi sinh ra p sut y dch phn gii dng
ln theo ca np nguyn liu v ca x. chnh gia hai b mt dch phn gii ca np
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CNG NGH SN XUT KH BIOGAS V NG DNG

nguyn liu/ca x v ngn cha kh to nn p sut trong b y kh sinh ra vo ng thu

kh v ng ng dn kh n ni s dng.
Kh c ly ra s dng v khi s dng ht, p sut trong ngn cha kh bng 0,
thit b tr v trng thi ban u. V ca np nguyn liu c bt kn nn trng thi
Pmax, dch phn gii ch c y ra theo ca x.
Trong qu trnh hot ng, b mt ca dch phn gii lun lun ln xung lm cho tit
din lun lun thay i trong ngy do vy c tc dng ph vng. Nng sut kh
m3 kh/m3 phn gii/ngy 0,32 lng kh dng. Sn lng kh trung bnh t 2,24
m3/ngy. T 10kg phn ln tr ln hng ngy c th sn xut c 400 - 500 lt kh,
cung cp nhin liu cho gia nh 04 ngi s dng, i vi chiu sng c th t sng
tng ng n si tc 60W...

V. CC CNG NGH BIOGAS PHT TRIN VIT NAM

1. Hm biogas np c nh hnh vm hay phng
y l loi hm thng dng v c nghin cu rng ri t Trung Quc nm 1936,
sau nhiu ni khc cho ti nay. c xy lp t gch v xi mng, hm c cu trc
vng v bn cao, biogas sinh ra c p xut cao. Tuy nhin nhc im ch yu l cn
phi c k thut vin c tay ngh cao xy dng v bo tr. Gi thnh kh cao (5-10 triu
ng/hm) cng l mt gii hn ca cng ngh ny.

Hnh 5
Trong nhng nm va qua, cng ngh loi ny pht trin ch yu l loi hm xy
gch np vm hay bn cu. Th tch hm thng bin ng t 5 n 30 m3. Loi hm ny
ch yu xy phc v cho cc chn nui gia nh hay tri chn nui nh v va.
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CNG NGH SN XUT KH BIOGAS V NG DNG

2. Hm biogas np ni (Indian)
Xut x t n nm 1956 do Jashu Bhai J Patel pht trin (Gobar Gas plant) sau
ci tin thnh mu KVIC. C cu trc gn, chim t din tch xy dng nhng do gi
thnh cao hn hn cc loi hm khc nn s lng lp t kh khim tn. Ngoi ra, cht
lng ca np ni cng l mt vn cn quan tm. Loi hm ny c mt s c s thit
k v xy dng nhng vi s lng t.

Hnh 6
3. Ti biogas bng nha do Polyethylene
Vi chi ph ch bng 1/4 - 1/5 gi hm xy, ti bng polyethylene tr nn rt ph
hp cho ngi s dng Vit nam. c bit ti c th lp ni trn mt nc, rt thch
hp cho nhng vng ngp nc, vng c ma nc ni nh cc tnh ng bng sng
Cu Long
u im ca biogas bng cht do so vi hm xy l:

K thut lp t d dng, chi ph lp t thp;

Vn hnh n gin, t tn chi ph vn hnh;
Sa cha d dng, ai cng lm c, khng cn tay ngh cao.
C th thay i v tr t hm mt cch d dng;
C th t ni trn mt nc nhng ni thiu din tch t.

Tuy nhin mt trong nhng im cn lu khi s dng ti bng cht do l vic

bo v trnh nng v tc ng c hc lm rch bch.

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CNG NGH SN XUT KH BIOGAS V NG DNG

Hnh 7
Gi thnh thp (trn di 1 triu ng/ti), thi gian hon vn nhanh nn cng ngh
ny c s dng rng ri ti Vit Nam
4. Hm ng nm ngang bng b tng v bng composite
Nhm a dng ho cc sn phm hm biogas, gn y, Trng H Nng Lm, H
Bch Khoa v mt s n v khc th nghim loi hm biogas ng nm ngang bng b
tng v bng vt liu composite vi u im:

bn cao,
Gi thnh va phi,
K thut lp t n gin,
Vn hnh thun tin, t phi bo tr, sa cha,
C th chuyn i v tr hm .

Loi hm ny cng pht trin tt mt s tnh nh Bn Tre, Long An, Tin Giang.
Tuy nhin, cn c mt s nghin cu pht trin cc cng ngh ny c th ng dng
rng ri trong iu kin ca cc c s sn xut trong cc vng khc nhau.
5. Hm biogas ph bt nha HDPE hoc FPP resins (cn gi l CIGAR)
a s cc cng ngh biogas va nu trn y ch yu thch hp cho cc c s sn
xut nh v va vi s lng cht thi t. Ngy nay, chn nui tp trung, cng ngh ch
bin nng sc hi sn tp trung ang c xu hng pht trin mnh. Nhiu c s ln s
dng cc lai nha do nh HDPE, FPP resins lm tm bt ph trn h cha phn v nc
thi (cn gi l cng ngh CIGAR- Covered In-Ground Anaerobic Reactor) thu biogas
v gim nhim mi trng.

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CNG NGH SN XUT KH BIOGAS V NG DNG

Hnh 8
Kt qu cho thy c rt nhiu trin vng c bit cho cc trang tri vi s u gia sc
ln (hng ngn con), cc nh my ch bin c lng nc thi hng ngn khi. Cc
lai nha ny c tui th v bn cao (10-15 nm), mc d u t tn km, nhng gi
thnh tnh trn n v th tch h ga th li rt r. C mt s s liu v tnh nng ca cc
cht liu ny mt s nc trn th gii. Cc u, nhc im chnh ca cng ngh
CIGAR gm:

Chi ph u t thp so vi hm b tng

Vn hnh n gin, bo tr d
T sut pht sinh kh Biogas thp
Hm lng TS trong dung dch cp vo thp nn dung tch b ln

Cc kt qu theo di vn hnh cc b phn ng CIGAR cho thy thng sau nm th

3 c vn tch lu cht rn lm gim hiu qu phn hu.
VI. KT LUN
Vit Nam l nc c t trng nng nghip cao trong nn kinh t vi sn xut quy m
nh ph bin, cc rc thi t qu trnh trng trt chn nui ca cc h gia nh tuy phn
tn nhng kh phong ph. Do p dng cng ngh sn xut kh biogas quy m nh cho
mi h gia nh l mt gii php ph hp phc v cho nhu cu sinh hot nh thp sng,
nu n, gp phn gim bt qu ti cho cc ngnh sn xut nng lng (in, xng du)
ng thi gim bt nh hng ti mi trng t cc qu trnh phn hy cht thi .
Trong tng lai xa, vi cc tri chn nui ln, tp trung th vic sn xut kh biogas
cng tr nn cn thit gii quyt rc thi v to ra ngun kh biogas di do phc v
cho cc mc ch vi quy m ln, nh cung cp nhin liu cho nh my nhit in, lm
nhin liu cho cc phng tin giao thng, Biogas s l mt ngun nng lng ng k
thay th cho cc nhin liu ha thch ang c nguy c cn kit.
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CNG NGH SN XUT KH BIOGAS V NG DNG

VII.

TI LIU THAM KHO

Thng tin:
1. http://en.wikipedia.org
2. http://www.doko.vn/luan-van/tim-hieu-ve-tiem-nang-va-hien-trang-su-dungnang-luong-biogas-tai-thi-xa-son-tay-thanh-pho-ha-noi-223814
3. http://www.doko.vn/luan-van/tim-hieu-ve-tiem-nang-va-hien-trang-su-dungnang-luong-biogas-tai-thi-xa-son-tay-thanh-pho-ha-noi-223814
4. http://lamdong.pc2.vn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1047
%3Ain-mt-tri-co-th-to-ra-bc-t-pha-v-kinh-t&Itemid=265
5. http://www.hoahocngaynay.com/vi/hoa-hoc-hien-dai/nhien-lieu-sinh-hoc/1633lich-su-biogas-ung-dung-va-phat-trien.html
Hnh nh:
1. Hnh 1: http://udkhcnbinhduong.vn/upload/fckeditor/upload_50593c
03e8b26_123.30.74.24_h1.jpg
2. Hnh 2: http://nangluongtoancau.com/uploads/details/0bhjatv5.jpg
3. Hnh 3: http://udkhcnbinhduong.vn/upload/fckeditor/upload_50593c03e8b26_
123.30.74.24_h1.jpg
4. Hnh 4: http://www.asiabiogas.com/main/images/stories/CICAR/cicar.jpg
5. Hnh 5: http://moitruongxanhcomposite.com/images/stories/nlhoatdong.jpg
6. Hnh 6: http://moitruonghungphat.vn/images/stories/san-pham-thiet-bi/denbiogas.jpg
7. Hnh 7: http://moitruonghungphat.vn/images/stories/san-pham-thiet-bi/maychay-biogas.jpg
8. Hnh 8: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/
BioGasBus.png/ 800px-BioGasBus.png
VIII. SINH VIN TH C HIN
H v tn:
Nguyn Vn Nhn
MSSV:
40901817
Lp:
VP09VT
Chng trnh k s cht lng cao Vit Php, trng i hc Bch Khoa thnh
ph H Ch Minh.

THE END !

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