CHUYN MNG TINH TH

CHC KHT

BI TP CHUYN MNG TINH TH

1. St dng (Fe) kt tinh trong mng lp phng tm khi, nguyn t c bn knh r = 1,24 . Hy tnh:
a) Cnh a ca t bo s ng
b) T khi ca Fe theo g/cm3.
c) Khong cch ngn nht gia hai nguyn t Fe
GII:
a) Mng t bo c s ca Fe (hnh v)
B
A

A
E

E
a

C
D

Theo hnh v, s nguyn t Fe l

1
tm nh lp phng = 8 = 1
8
tm lp phng = 1
Vy tng s nguyn t Cu cha trong t bo s ng = 1 + 1 = 2 (nguyn t)
b) T hnh v, ta c: AD2 = a2 + a2= 2a2
xt mt ABCD: AC2 = a2 + AD2 = 3a2
mt khc, ta thy AC = 4r = a 3
4r
4 1,24
nn a =
=
= 2,85
3
3
c) Khong cch ngn nht gia 2 nguyn t l on AE:
AC a 3 2,85 3
AE =
=
= 2,468
=
2
2
2
d) + 1 mol Fe = 56 gam
+ Th tch ca 1 t bo c s = a3 cha 2 nguyn t Fe
3

+ 1 mol Fe c NA = 6,02 1023 nguyn t

m
Khi lng ring d =
V
56
=2
= 7,95 g/cm3
23
6,02 10 (2,85 108)3
2. Tnh nng lng mng li tinh th ion mui BaCl2 t cc d kin thc nghim sau y:
Nhit to thnh tiu chun BaCl2 tinh th: -205,6 kcal. mol-1
Nhit thng hoa ca Ba(rn): + 46,0 kcal.mol-1
Nng lng lin kt ca Cl2: + 57,0 kcal.mol-1
i lc electron ca clo: - 87,0 kcal.mol-1
Nng lng ion ha ln th nht ca Ba: + 119,8 kcal.mol-1
Nng lng ion ha ln th hai ca Ba: + 230,0 kcal. mol-1
p s: 484,4 KCal/mol

3: Tinh th ng kim loi c cu trc lp phng tm din.

a) Hy v cu trc mng t bo c s v cho bit s nguyn t Cu cha trong t bo s ng ny
b) Tnh cnh lp phng a() ca mng tinh th, bit nguyn t Cu c bn knh bng 1,28
c) Xc nh khong cch gn nht gia hai nguyn t Cu trong mng
d) Tnh khi lng ring ca Cu theo g/cm3
CCH GII

KT QU

IM

a) Mng t bo c s ca Cu (hnh v)
B

A
a

B
E

1,0
C

Theo hnh v, s nguyn t Cu l

1
tm nh lp phng = 8 = 1
8
1
6 mt lp phng = 6 = 3
2
Vy tng s nguyn t Cu cha trong t bo s ng
= 1 + 3 = 4 (nguyn t)
b) Xt mt lp phng ABCD ta c: AC = a 2 = 4 rCu
0

a = 4 rCu = 4 1,28A = 3,62

2
2
c) Khong cch ngn nht gia 2 nguyn t l on AE:
AC a 2
AE =
= 2,56
=
2
2
d) + 1 mol Cu = 64 gam
+ Th tch ca 1 t bo c s = a3 cha 4 nguyn t Cu

4 (nguyn t)

1,0

a = 3,62
khong cch
= 2,56

1,0
1,0

Khi lng ring:

4

+ 1 mol Cu c NA = 6,02 1023 nguyn t

64
m
Khi lng ring d =
=4
23
6,02 10 (3,63 108)3
V
= 8,96 g/cm3

= 8,96 g/cm3
1,0

4. T nhit phng n 1185K st tn ti dng Fe vi cu trc lp phng tm khi; t 1185K n

1667K st tn ti dng Fe vi cu trc lp phng tm din. 293K st c khi lng ring d = 7,874
g/cm3.
a) Tnh bn knh nguyn t ca st (cho khi lng mol nguyn t Fe = 55,847 g/mol)
b) Tnh khi lng ring ca st 1250K (b qua nh hng khng ng k do s dn n nhit)
GII:
m 55,847
=
a) Mt mol Fe c th tch V =
= 7,093 cm3.
d 7,874
Mi t bo lp phng tm khi c 2 nguyn t Fe nn th tch t bo s ng
B
A

E
a

C
C

V1 =

7,093 2
= 2,3561023 cm3
6,0221023

Cnh a ca t bo a3 = V a =

8
2,3561023 = 2,86710 cm
Vi cu trc lp phng tm din, ng cho ca lp phng AC = a 3 = 4r
2,86710-8 1,732
Bn knh ca nguyn t Fe r = a 3 =
= 1,241108 cm
4
4
b) 1250K st dng Fe vi cu trc lp phng tm din.

A
a

B
E

Khi ng cho ca mt mt = a 2 = 4r a =

4r
2

41,241108
= 3,511108 cm
1,414
5

Th tch t bo s ng V = (a)3 = (3,511108)3 = 4,3271023 cm3

Vi cu cu trc lp phng tm din, mi t bo s ng cha 4 nguyn t Fe
m
4 55,847
=
Suy ra khi lng ring d =
= 8,573 g/cm3
V ' 6,0221023 4,3271023
5: Tnh bn knh nguyn t gn ng ca Ca 200C, bit ti nhit khi lng ring ca Ca bng 1,55
g/cm3. Gi thit trong tinh th cc nguyn t Ca c hnh cu, c c kht l 74%.
CCH GII
40,08
Th tch ca 1 mol Ca =
= 25,858 cm3,
1,55

KT QU

IM

V = 25,858 cm3

1,0

V = 3,18 1023 cm3

2,0

r = 1,965 108 cm

2,0

mt mol Ca cha NA = 6,02 1023 nguyn t Ca

Theo c kht, th tch ca 1 nguyn t Fe =

25,858 0,74
6,02 1023

= 3,18 10

23

T V =

cm

4
r3
3

Bn knh nguyn t Ca = r =

3V
=
4

3 3,18 1023
4 3,14

= 1,965 108 cm

6: Tnh bn knh nguyn t gn ng ca Fe 200C, bit ti nhit khi lng ring ca Fe bng 7,87 g/cm3.
Gi thit trong tinh th cc nguyn t Fe c hnh cu, c c kht l 68%.
Cho nguyn t khi ca 55,85 = 40

CCH GII
Th tch ca 1 mol Fe =

KT QU

IM

55,85
= 7,097 cm3.
7,87

mt mol Fe cha NA = 6,02 1023 nguyn t Fe

7,097 0,68
Theo c kht, th tch ca 1 nguyn t Fe =
6,02 1023

Vmol = 0,8 1023

2,0
3

(cm )

= 0,8 1023 cm3

T V =

4
r3
3

Bn knh nguyn t Fe = r =
r=

3V
4

3 0,8 1023
= 1,24 108 cm
4 3,14

r = 1,24 108 cm

3,0

7: Silic c cu trc tinh th ging kim cng.

Tnh bn knh ca nguyn t silic. Cho khi lng ring ca silic tinh th bng 2,33g/cm 3; khi lng mol
nguyn t ca Si bng 28,1g/mol.
6

CCH GII
Trong cu trc kiu kim cng (Hnh bn)
di ca lin kt C-C bng 1/8 di
ng cho d ca t bo n v (unit cell).
Mt khc, d = a 3, vi a l di ca
cnh t bo.
Gi l khi lng ring ca Si.
T nhng d kin ca u bi ta c:
nM
8.28,1
=
=
= 2,33
NV
6, 02.1023.a 3

KT QU

IM
2,0

Hnh v v
s nguyn
t
1,0
Biu thc
1,0

8 28,1
suy ra: a = 3
= 5,43108 cm
6,021023 2,33

5,43108
cm

1,0

8. Cesiclorua c cu trc lp phng n gin (hai lp phng lch nhau mt na ng cho ca lp

phng) v Natriclorua c cu trc lp phng tm mt (hai lp phng lch nhau mt na cnh). Bn

knh cc ion Cs+, Na+ v Cl ln lt l 169pm, 97pm v 181pm. Hy tnh:
a) Thng s mng (cnh a) ca mi loi mng tinh th trn
b) cht kht (C) ca mi loi mng tinh th trn
c) Khi lng ring (D) theo kg/m3 ca mi loi clorua ni trn.
CCH GII
Cs

KT QU

IM

1
Na

Cl

aCsCl

Cl

aNaCl

a) Tnh thng s mng (a)

* CsCl: s tip xc ca cc ion Cs+ v Cl dc ng cho chnh ca
lp phng (c 1 phn t trong mng).
2 3
aCsCl =
(R + r) = 1,1547(169 + 181) = 404,145 pm
3
* NaCl: s tip xc ca cc ion Na+ v Cl dc theo cnh hnh lp
phng (c 4 phn t trong mng).
aNaCl = 2(R + r) = 2(181 + 97) = 556 pm
thtch ph
n t
100%
b) Tnh cht kht =
thtch mng
* CsCl:
4
4
( R3 + r 3) 1
4 (181)3 + (169)3 = 0,682 68,2%
CCsCl = 3
3
=

aCsCl 3
3
(404,145)3
* NaCl:

4
4
( R3 + r 3) 4
16 (181)3 + (97)3 = 0,667 66,7%
CNaCl = 3
3
=

aCsCl 3
3
(556)3
m Z MMCl
=
c) Tnh khi lng ring =
(z l s phn t, NA l s
V aMCl 3 NA
avogaro)
1 (132,91+ 35,45) 103
* CsCl: DCsCl =
= 4,23673103 kg/m3
(404,145 1012 )3 6,02 1023
4 (22,989+ 35,45) 103
* NaCl: DNaCl =
= 2,25913103 kg/m3
(556 1012 )3 6,02 1023

4,24103
kg/m3
2,26103
kg/m3

9. Mt hp kim ca vng - bc vi mt thnh phn c bit (dung dch rn) v kt tinh di dng lp

phng mt tm vi hng s mng thu c bng phng php nhiu x tia X l 408 pm. Bit trong hp
kim vng chim 0,1 phn khi lng.
a) Tnh hm lng phn trm s mol ca vng trong hp kim?
b) Xc nh khi lng ring (theo kg/m3) ca hp kim kho st?
CCH GII
a) Gi s mol ca Au l 1 mol, Ag c x mol nn tng s mol
trong hp kim l 1 + x mol
1 196,97
= 0,1 x = 16,434
Gi thit:
196,97 1+ 107,87 x
1
Vy % s mol Au =
100% = 5,736%
1+ 16,434
b) M =

KT QU

IM

196,97 1+ 107,87 16,434

= 112,98
1+ 16,434

N M 103
4 112,98 103
=
d=
NA a3
6,02 1023 (408.1012 )3
= 1,1053104 kg/m3
10.

11.

12.

13.

10

Cu 14: Nguyn t kim loi M c bn knh nguyn t l 143pm. n cht ca kim loi kt tinh dng lp
phng tm din, khi lng ring ca kim loi l 2,7 g/cm3. Xc nh kim loi M. (p n: Al)

11