GENETICS- branch of biology that deals with the mechanisms of heredity.

HEREDITY- refers to the passing characteristics from parents to offspring... Eye color, height, texture of hair, shape of earlobes and skin color. 1. Mendelian Genetics- reviews the basic laws of inheritance 2. Molecular Genetics- deals with the chemical nature of the gene, the mechanisms of transmission and its varies application 3. Population Genetics- focus on how particular gene behaves a group of organisms , the frequency of genes and how environmental factors affect it. CENTRAL DOGMA OF MOLECULAR GENETICS

Family tree

Pedigree- twins

Genetic code

Pedigree Analysis
Pedigree- is a chart showing the family

history that shows how a trait is inherited over several generations.

Pedigree Analysis- is important in

determining the chances of passing a trait to an offspring.

Reverse genetics

Principles of SegregationIt describes the behaviour of the chromosomes during Meiosis. . It states that two alleles of one trait segregate from each other during gamete formation.

Principle of Dominance and Recessiveness

It states that one factor in a pair mask the

expression of the other.

Monohybrid Cross P1- parental generation F1- First filial generation F2- second filial generation

 Phenotype- observable expression of trait

Genotype- traits responsible Homozygous pure Heterozygous- hybrid Dominant trait Recessive trait

Punnet Square
It is a diagram made of boxes used to predict

the expected results of a genetic cross by considering all the possible combinations of gametes in a cross. It is named after its inventor , Reginald Punnet

Dihybrid Cross
Law of Independent Assortment- This state that the alleles of different genes separate independently from each other during gamete formation. 3 types of chromosomes according to its centromere location: 1. metacentric- center 2. acrocentric- submedianly located 3. telocentric- centromere at one end of the chromatid arm.

Dihybrid cross- Punnet Square

Flowers

Genetic counseling

Human traits Multiple Alleles- Ex. ABO blood typing

Genetic disorder

Polydactyly

Queen Victoria