(NEWSLETTER)

17

2008
, 8-10 2008 .

2010

 78.37

: .. , .. , .. ,
.. (), ..
(), .. (. .)
98

. . 17:

2008: , 8-10 2008 . .:
, 2010. 702 .

ISBN 978-5-89282-409-5
17
2008 (, 8-10
2008 .), .
, 50-
.
- ,
.
VII .
78.37
98

ISBN 978-5-89282-409-5

, 2010
, 2010
.. (., . ., -), 2010


Contents
9

Preface

1.

..

:
.

11

Shalyapina Z.M.

The Department of Asian and African languages of the Institute

of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences: the 5th decade of
scientific activities.
..

27

Alieva N.F.

Concerning the contribution of Russian scholars to the Austronesian

linguistics.
..

54

Alpatov V.M.

Japanese studies at the department of Asian and African languages of the

Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
..

50 .

59

Morev L.N.

The 50 years of the Thai languages studies at the Institute of oriental

studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences and in the USSR and the
Russian Federation in general.
..

, 2.
Remarchuk V.V.

My postgraduate studies at the Armyanskiy pereulok, 2.

72

88

..

!
Finkelberg N.D.

The Time Is Not Out of Joint!

2.

2.1.
..

gi-
.

96

Baranova V.V.

Ways of grammaticalization of the verb gi- speak in the Kalmyck language.

..

115

Grashchenkov P.V.

Complex predicates in Ossetian.

.., ., ..

( , )

131

Ermolaeva L.S., Kiknadze D., Khronopoulo L.Yu.

Typological similarity of Kartvelian languages and Japanese

(languages that are both topic-prominent and subject prominent).
..

:
.

139

Lander Yu.A.

On different morphologies: Tanti Dargwa locative forms.

..

162

Liperovskiy V.P.

On the transposed negation in Hindi.

..

- .

170

Mishkurov E.N.

Cognitive and functional aspects of word-order in Afroasiatic languages.

.., .-.

:
.
Rudnitskaya E.L., Hwang S.K.

Accusative adverbials: destination-of-trip adverbials in Korean.

4

185

 ..

- .

213

Solntseva N.V.

Demonstrative pronouns in South-Eastern languages.

..

220

Khamray A. A.

Prototypes and invariants in the paradigmatics of the modern standard

Arabic.
..

246

Shkarban L.I.

Aspects of syntactic typology of the Philippine languages.

2.2.
..

.
( ).

263

Kontsevich L.R.

The phonetic basis for transcription. Sounds of contemporary Korean

(a short description of the inventory of phonemes).

2.3.
..

298

Andreeva V.A.

On the nature of words with inverted components in Vietnamese.

..

308

Krylov A.Yu.

Towards the problem of the emotive category expression means

in the Arabic literary language and the Arabic spoken languages
in the Maghrib and Mashric Arab countries.
() ..

(
).
Markina (Kozha) K.A.

Problems of linguistic interference (as displayed by Chinese

lettered-words).
5

347

2.4.
.., .., .., ..,
.., ..

359

- : 2008 .
Kostyrkin A.V., Kanovich M.I., Modina L.S., Panina A.S., Tarasova E.S.,
Shalyapina Z.M.

The JaRAP experimental environment for studies in Japanese-Russian

automatic translation: 2008.
..

- .

398

Brechalova E.V.

On the procedure estimating correlation of the formal syntactical

representation and the predicate-argument structure of a Korean
sentence.

2.5.
..

437

Blinov A.A.

Standard Arabic in Tunisia.

..

458

Voropaev N.N.

Names-precedents of the Chinese discourse and their role in forming

the Chinese system of values.
..

472

Gurevich T.M.

The culturological approach to teaching Japanese.

..

:
, , .

481

Strelkova G.V.

Three incarnations of The Third Vow by Phanishvarnath Renu:

the story, translation, and film.
..

.
Shagal V.E.

Arabic studies in some European countries.

6

507

3. -

3.1.
..

519

Edelman J.I.

Towards ways of verification of historical hypotheses.

..

530

Vasilyev M.E.

Applying the lexical criterion to reconstruction of genealogical trees.

3.2.
.., ..

(,
).

573

Gorelova L.M., Orlovskaya M.N.

Information structures in Middle Mongol and Classical Manchu

(typological, ethnohistorical and areal aspects).
..

622

Pogibenko T.G.

Problems of historical morphology of Austroasiatic languages.

3.3.
..

- .

649

Belova A.G.

Dialectal vocabulary in the comparative-historical perspective.

..

- .

660

Stolbova O.V.

Some bird- and fish-names in Chadic with parallels in Hamito-Semitic

and Nostratic languages.
..

.
Titov E.G.

Etymology of some names of parts of the human body in Amharic.

7

671

3.4.
..

(- 19.53-54 = 11.8-9).

677

Kulikov L.I.

Notes on Hymn to Time (Atharvaveda-aunakya 19.53-54 =

Paippalda 11.8-9).
..

,
XV . .

695

Pyurbeev G.Ts.

Trade, economical and financial terms in the literary monument

of Mongolian law of the 18th century Khalkha djirum.

Authors index

701


Preface
2008,
, , 190 ,
50.
.
, .
. : , 6 (.. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. ). ( .. )
( .. , .. , .. ).
, , -
, - ,
. , ,
: -
.
,
:
21 .
, 10 ( .. , .. , .. ,
.. , .. , .. , ..
9

 .-. , .. , .. , .. ).
( .. , .. , .. ,
.. , .. ). 6

(.. ), (.. , .. ()), (.. )
(.. ., .. ).
- 9 .
(. . .. )
, , 5 - (
.. , .. , .. ) ( .. .. .. ) , 2
( .. .. ).
, , , .
: , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , .
.

10

1.

..
( , )

:

Shalyapina Z.M.

The Department of Asian and African languages

of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy
of Sciences: the 5th decade of scientific activities
The Department of Asian and African languages, formed at the
Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of sciences in
1958, has celebrated the 50th year of its scientific activities. The
Department numbers at present 30 regular staff and 6 part-time
researchers, remaining one of the world largest centers of oriental
linguistics. The publications of the Department in the latest decade
list 95 books, among them monographs on various problems of
oriental and general linguistics, grammars and dictionaries of
oriental languages, translations of literary monuments, etc. An
important direction of the Departments research is development
of original computational means for studies in oriental linguistics,
including a system of Japanese-Russian automatic translation.

2008

1958 . XX 1998 . 40- , [ . 1998] (.
, 4). ,
1998 2008 .
11


30 6 . 14
, - , 12
, 5 4 - . 1998 .
38 ,
.
. 10 15 ,
. 1998 . .. , 1999
.. , 2000 .. , .. .. , 2001 . .. , 2003 .. , 2005
.. .. , 2006 .. .. , 2007 .. , .. ,
2008 . .. .


. , ,
,
. , , , . .
.
, , .
, , , , . 7 , 10 , : .. , .. , .. , .. ,
.. , .. (), .. .
2008 . ,
. , , ,
, , , .
12


.
, 95 ,
(. ).
- .


.. , .
,
, .
- .. : 10
9 , 7
, Lincom Europa Harrassowitz
Verlag. ,
, .
.. (2008 .)
6 .. .
.
..
,
.
.. . .. 2002 .
(
, 1145 .).
.. ,

(2000 .).
13

 .. .
-
.
,
.
-
, , , .
, .. (2001 .),
.. , Brill (2002
.),
.. (2004 .),
.. . (2008 .), .. (2003 2004 .), ..
.. (2001 .).
- (2004 .), . .. , 1-
(2006 .),
.. , (2007 .),
.. .. ,
.. , 1- 2001 ., 2- . 2002 .
- .. , .
- , .. .
, 2000 .

-
. ..
, 14

 . . 2001-2002 2003 . 2001 .

4- ( ),
.
.. ,
, .. ,
,
, .
-
: . ..
(1998 .),
.. (2002 .), .. (2002
.), .. (2007 .).
.. ,
10 :
: (1998 .), :
(2001 .), (2008 .) . ,
, .. .
.
.. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. .
,
:
: .. :
.. ( 2007 .).
, -
15

. , .. , , . 4 , ,
.. ,
.. :
,
.

. 1998 .
.. ( .. ). 2001 2005 . .. . .. ..
- (2001 2005 .). ..
(2005),
.

.
.
, ..
(2005 .). .. .. - - ,
2006 . . ..

, .. ,
. .. , , (2004 .),
, .
, (2004 .), ..
, Lincom
16

Europa (2008 .), (2008 .),

.
,
, ,
,
.


. - .
,
:
-, ( The Linguist List Reviews). , , .. ..,

, , ,


.

,
. , ,
:
-

. 1999 .
275-
(4-29 1999 .).
. [ .
2009] .
17

 ,
, .
, .. 2004 .
( ).
.. 1999 .

(, )
, 2001 .
.
..
:
2000 . 2005 .,
- 2004 .
- 2008 .
.. - 2000 . . 2007 . .
.. 2001 .
(IV ).
.. (2000 .),
(2002 .),
, (2003 .). 2006 .
.
.. 2008 . .
. , 2001 .

18

 .. .
.. , .. .. , . .

, .
.. - , ..
.. , .
.. -
- - ( , ). .. . ..
(PIAC),
- (ESCAS),
- (CESS). ..
, , ,
. ..
,
Annual Journal of Korean Linguistics,
(PACKS),
, . .. . . ..
. ..
, (PIAC). .. Middle Eastern Studies Association of USA,
,
- , -19

 -. ..
.
.. . .. , (Akademia
Europaea), . .. - ,
, ,
, .
,
, 60- .,
.
, 1998-2008 . , : 1) ; 2) ; 3) ;
4) ; 5) . 1998 .

(. [, 2002] 4 ).
.

1998-2008 .
1.
.., .., .. . [ 2- .] / . . -, -
. .: , 2008.
.. . I. , ,
(
) // . . .:
, 2004.
20

 .. ( ). / . .. . .: -, 2001. 330 .
.. . .:
, 2001.
Andronov M.S. A comparative grammar of the Dravidian languages. M: -, 2001.
Andronov M.S. A Grammar of the Brahui Language in Comparative Treatment.
Muenchen: Lincom Europa, 2001.
Andronov M.S. A Grammar of the Tamil Language. Based on Texts of Modern and
Classical literature. Moscow: The Russian Academy of Sciences (Institute of Oriental
Studies), 2003.
Andronov M.S. A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Languages. Revised and
enlarged. Muenchen: Lincom GmbH, 2003.
Andronov M.S. A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Languages. Revised and
enlarged. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2003.
Andronov M.S. A Reference Grammar of the Tamil Language. Muenchen: Lincom
GmbH, 2004.
Gorelova L. Manchu Grammar / Handbook of oriental studies. Section eight. Central
Asia. Vol.7. Leiden, Boston, Koeln: Brill, 2002.

2.
.., .. - /
, . .: - , 2007.
.., .., .., .. . .: , 2002.
.. - (5 000 ). .: , 2002.
.. (.) - . 24 000 / ,
. .: , 2004.
.. (1- . ., , ).
- . 1 / - . -
. . .: .. , .. , .. , ,
, . .: , 2006.
.., .., . -
- . : , 2006.
Long Seam. Dictionary of the Ancient Khmer. Phnom Penh: Phnom Penh Printing
House, 2000.
21

3.
.. :
. . ., 1998.
.., . . . - . .:
, 1999.
.. 150 : 1917-1997. . 2-. .: , 2000.
.. . . 3-. .:
, 2001.
.. : . .: , 2008.
.. , . .: , 2005.
.. . 2-,
. .: , 2006.
.., .., .. . .:
, 2002.
.. / Lincom Europa. Lincom Studies in Asian Linguistics
(LSASL) 74. Muenchen: Lincom GmbH, 2008.
.. . .: , 1999.
.. . .: , 2003.
.. -
. / .
.: , 2004.
..
( ).
.: , 2008.
.. . .: , 2000.
.. : : /
. . . -. . . . .
. . . .. . ., 2007.
.., .. .
. : , 2001.
.., .. - . . :
, 2005.
.. . .: , 1999.
22

 .., .. . . 2-. .:
, 2003.
.., .. :
/ . .: Academia, 2004.
.., .., .. .
.: , 2003.
.. . .: , 2007.
.., .. . . 3-,
. .: , 1998.
.. . / . .: , 2005.
.. . . .: -, 2001.
.. (
). .: -, 2002.
.. ( I 2007 ) / - . . . 6. .: , 2008.
.. (, ,
, ). .: , 2002.
.. XIII-XIV . : , 1999.
.. . - (
, ): - {
}, 2004.
.. . .: , 2000.
.. . . . / - . .: : -, 2005.
.. : - / - . . . .. . .:
, 2008.
.., .., .. . .4. / . . .., . . . . .-. .., . .
: , 2001.
.. . II.
: , , / . .: ,
2007.
23

 .. /
. . . .. . .: , 2007.
.. . I . .:
, 2001.
.. : . .: , 1998.
.. : . . .: , 2001.
.. . .: , 2008.
.., .. : , . . .:
, 2008.
.. : / . . . .. .
.: , 2007.
.. . , / ., . . .. . .: , 1998.
Andronov M.S. Dravidian Historical Linguistics. Muenchen: Lincom Europa, 2001.
Andronov M.S. Brahui, a Dravidian Language. Muenchen: Lincom GmbH, 2006.
Stolbova O.V. Chadic lexical database. Issue I. L, N. NY, R / -
. : .., , 2005.

4.
.., .. (. .), .. (.). . .. /
. . .: , 2005.
.., .. (. .), .., ..,
.., .. (.). : , . 5-8
1998 . .: , 1998.
.. (. .), .. (.). : 80- .. / . .: , 2003.
.. (.). . .
.: , 2001
.. . . .: - , 2005
.., .., .. (.). . .
. / , . .
. . 1. .: Academia, 2008.
24

 .., .. (.) : , , . III . 29 2004 .

: .. , .. . ,
, . ., 2004.
.. (., .). . 80-
. .. . .: , 1998.
.. (.). . , 1998.
.. (., .). . . . 2. .:
, 2001.
.. (. .). . . . /
. .. , , . .: , 2003.
.. (. .) . . . /
. .. , , . .: , 2004.
.. (. .). . . /
. .. , , . .: - , 2007.
.., .. (.). :
/ . .. ( ), .. ( ) / . . - . . . . 3. .: , 2006.
.., .., .. (.).
. . 3. / , ,
. .: , 2004.
.., .., .., .., .., .. (.). : . ,
29 6 2002 . . .: , 2002.
.., .. (.).
. .: , 2002.
.. (.) 2008.
8-10 2008 . / 190- .
50- . .: , 2008.
.., .., .. (.).
. . , 21 28 2005 . . .: , 2005.
.., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., .. 25

 : / . .
05.11.01 . 56804. ., 2001.
Kim Ji-yung, Lander Yu.A., Partee B.H. (eds.). UMOP 29. Possessives and Beyond: Semantics and Syntax // Univ. of Massachusetts Occasional Papers in Linguistics 29. Amherst (Mass., USA): BLSA publications, 2004.
Kontsevich L.R. (ed.). Reosia-seoeui hentae Hankukeo yeonku / L.R. Kontsevich
yeokkeum. Kin Yeong-il olamkim { . . ..}. Taegu: Toseo ch'ulp'an Saram. 2000.
Lander Yu.A., Ogloblin A.K. (eds.). Language and Text in the Austronesian World.
Studies in Honour of lo Sirk / Lincom Europa Academic publications. Lincom Studies in
Austronesian Linguistics. Muenchen: Lincom Europa GmbH, 2008.

5.
(). 3- . 1: I-VII / : , CXXXV, 1. , ,
.. . .: , 2005.
. (). 2. VIII-XII / , , .. : , CXXXV, 2. .: -, 2007.
. ( 3 . 3). . / . . . I, 3. . .
.., .. . . : .., ..,
.., ., .., .. .: , 2002.
. I-IV. 2 , / ..
.: , 1999.
. V-VIII. 2 , . ..
.: , 1999.
. IX-X. / .. .: , 1999.

26

 ..
( , )

Alieva N.F.

Concerning the contribution of Russian scholars

to the Austronesian linguistics
The Austronesian family, the greatest in the world as to the number
of languages, was little if at all studied in Russia before the end of
colonialism in the region in question. The start was made on its
studies in 1945 when a course of Malay began to be taught in
Moscow. The aim of the present paper is to recall this period and
to trace the subsequent extension of the Austronesian studies to
other subfamilies: the Philippine, Sulawesi, Oceanic, East-Indonesian, Madagaskar ones. The paper is supplemented by a Bibliography (as complete as the author could make it) of Russian contributions to Austronesian linguistics. The Bibliography consists of
three parts: (1) books published in Russian, (2) papers published in
foreign languages, (3) PhD theses and full doctoral theses.

. 1 , ,
. , ,
, , ,
,
:
,
.
XIX . , ,
, , ,
27

, , (
!).
,
.. ,
; ,
[ 1902 (2007)].
1945
, ; , 1949 .,
, ; ,
1- . 1945 ,
() ,
20- 30- .
2008 . 120 .

, 57 . , .
.. , ,
.
. , ,
.
,
(). ( ) .. , , . 1914 .
.
I- . .
.
.
.
28

, . , 1918
, , ,

, , , . ,
1924 , .
. ,
, , , . , ,
. -
, .
,
,
.
30- . . , .
, , , . 1932 , 5
. ,
(
!),
, .
, 1936 .
. ,
. (1949
1954 .), ,
. , ,
,
. , 1938
, . 1941
.
. . 1942 .

.
29

 1945 - : , , , , - .
, ,
.
.
,
.
.. ,
2008 . 120 . /
.
-, , , , . , - . , , , . 1967-1968 . - , , ; 18
.
.. , -,
. ,
.
: -, , , -, , . , ( ), ,
.
-.

.
, .
30

 , .
, , .
, , .
1954
( ) 5 , 2 !

; ,
.
. ,
.
- , : . .. ,
, .. ,
. - (
, , ) ,
,
( -) .
,
, . ;
1958 . (
) .. . . , ,
. - ( ) . , , [, 1960],
[ 1961; 1963] ;
, , , 31


. .. , ; [ 1965], . : ..
[Teselkin 1972], ,
, (
[ 1967]
[Krupa 1968] ), [ 1975] ,
[Krupa 1973],
[ 1979].
20 ;
.
, ,
-
1979 [, 1999].
, - . , ..
.. : - (1958) - (1963), .. . 1963 .
- ( ), .. .. . 1961 .
- .. ,
.. , .. ; - 2-
.. (1990), 2004 . ,
.. .
- ( 27 .
) 1970 . ; : .. , .. ,
.. . , 2004 . - .. .. ( 25 . ), ,
32

 .

.. (2008).
, ,
,
,

,
.
,
. , 1945
( ) , / .
,
.
.
1960 . ..
.
.. , , . .. , ,
. 1986 . [ 1986]. ,
- ,
.


, .
, . , , ( , ),
,
, .
, .
33

 - , .
.
.
.
.
. .. ; .. ,
.. , .. . ..
; ,
,
, , .
: -.

, , ; ,
.

.
, .

.
, .
-,
.
, , .
.
34

 ,
,
.. . 1966 ,
.. . 1965 , .
, 1972 .
32,5 .. . 2-3 .
, ; ,
, , , , . , , , ( ) .
.
(
).
, ,
, .
;
. 1981 . ..
.. III
(ICAL) ,

.
- (ILDEP;
. )
.

,
.. . , , , ,
( .. , ) . ,
.. 35

. .. .

:
- , . , .. . . ILDEP , .. .
1991 .
[Alieva, Arakin, Ogloblin, Sirk 1991], , , .
, !
2-3
, , , . .. , ,
. , , .
, .. .. ,
-
. , 1979 .. .

(), , (). ,
, .. ,
[, 1999]. ..
([ 1987] 3.2 ).
36


,
Oceanic Linguistics, Honolulu [Grant 2004]. ..
[Alieva 1984; 1986; 1991(b); 1992(b); 1994(), (b); 1997].
- ,
, , .. , [ 1961; 1963].
,
.
..
([ 1963] 3.2 ). ,
, .

.. ;
[ 1965].
-
.. , . ,
;
[Ogloblin 2005];
, , , .
- . (= ). .. ,
, . , ,
,
. . .. , , 37

 .
1966 .
[, 1966].
.. .. ,
.. , .
..
, , [ 1995] [ 1996].
, .
.. , .
. . - ( ), ,
, 60 ,
(1995, 2006, 2008 .).
.. , , 70- ,
[ 1975],
[Sirk 1979] Archipel, [Sirk 1983].

- , , . 80- , ,
,
. : - [ 2008],
. ,

.
..
70-, [Lander, Ogloblin 2008(a)].
38

 : , , .
, , .. [ 1963, 1965, 1973, 1981]
[ 1967, 1975, 1979; Krupa 1968, 1973].
[ 1995].
.. ([ 1985]
3.2 ); , ([ 1998;
Belikov 1987, 1988(a), 1988(b), 1990], [ 2005] 3.1. ).

, .
.. .. .
..
. ,
.. , . ;
[Chlenov, Chlenova 2008;
Chlenova 2008].
, ,

- .
.
- . (, - , . ) , ,
.
, VII VIII
. ..,
39

 ..
.. [ 1963].
, . , , , ,
, , .
;
,
. ,
, XVI . , .
XIX .
.
. , .

[ 1963].
.. ,

,
,
.
,
, .
.. ,
.
[ 2006].
, .
. ,
, , ,
. , ,
.
, , .
,
40

 .
. , , . ,
.
,
, . .
.

1.
.. . . .: (.
. . -), 1975. 142 .
.: .. // . -. . 2, 1978.
. 73-75. Lombard D. // Archipel. Vol. 14, 1977. //
{ }. 4, 1976. . 18.
.. . . .
. .: , 1998. 328 .
.: Krupa V. // Asian and African Studies. Vol. 8, 2, 1999. P. 226-227.
.., .., .., ..
. .: (. . . -), 1972. 420 . (: . 97-103, 111194, 253-411).
.: .., .., .. // .
5, 1976. . 167-174; .. // . .
6, . 1, 1974. . 133-137; Bambang S. // Minggu Merdeka. 09.07,
1972; Eisengarten R. // Zeitschrift fur Phonetik, Sprachwissenschaft und Kommunikationsforschung. Band 28, Heft 3/4, 1975. S. 441-446; Lombard D. // Archipel.
Vol. 7, 1974. P. 170-171; Minggu Merdeka (Djakarta). 04.01, 1976; Phillips N.G.
// Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. Univ. of London. Vol. 37,
1, 1974; Steinhouer H. // Linguistics. 184, 1976. P. 63-65; Stokhof W.A.L. On
the phonology of Bahasa Indonesia // Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde
(Leiden). Deel 131, 2&3, 1975. P. 254-269; USSR terbitkan Paramasastera
Bahasa Indonesia {.:
} // Berita Harian (Singapura Malaysia). 11.06, 1973. Di Sovyet, Kamus
Rusia-Indonesia semakin laris {.: C
-. } // Minggu Merdeka (Djakarta). 04.01, 1976.
.., . . / - 1979 . .: , 1999. 192 .
41

.: Krupa V. // Asian and African Studies (Bratislava). Vol. 11, 1, 2002. P. 9899; Pogadaev V., Pogadaeva P. // Jurnal Dewan Bahasa. 2003; Grant A.P. //
Oceanic Linguistics. Vol. 43, 1 (June), 2004. P. 273-276
.., ..
. . 2. . .: ,
1980. 206 .
.. . .: - . -, 1963. 64 .
.. . .: (. . . -), 1965.
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tradition // 1st International Conference on Cordillera Studies. Conference Book. Baguio
City (Philippines), 2008.
Teselkin A.S. Old Javanese. New York: Cornell Univ., 1972.

3. .
3.1.
.
..
. .: , 1992.
.. (
). .: , 2005.
.. - , . : ,
1988.
.. . .: , 1996.

3.2.
.
.. . . .:
, 1963.
.: Spitzbardt H. Deutsche Literaturzeitung (Berlin: Akademie-Verlag). Vol.7,
8,1964. P. 629-633.
.. .
.: , 1985.
.. .
.: , 1971.
.. . : ,
1975.
.. . .: , 1969.
.. . .: ,
1980.
52

 .. (-
). : , 1966.
.. . .: , 1966.
.. .
.: , 1985.
.. . .: , 2002.
.. ( - - ). .: , 1979.
..
. .: , 1966.
..
. : , 1973.
.. .
.: , 1966.
.. -
. .: , 1972.
.. - . .: , 1970.
.. . ., 1966.
.. . .: ,
1979.
.. (
) . : , 1973.
.. , ,
. : , 1965.
.. . .: , 1963.
.. . .: , 1979.
.. - (
). .: , 1987.
.. . .
.: , 1967.

53

 ..
( , )

Alpatov V.M.

Japanese studies at the department of Asian and African

languages of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the
Russian Academy of Sciences
The studies of Japanese in our country began later than the studies
of many other oriental languages, but the level of these studies was
high, many Soviet and Russian specialists in Japanese were
specialists in general linguistics, too. Since the organization of the
Department of oriental languages, Japanese was one of the
priorities of the studies of this department, outstanding scholars
worked in it: N.A. Syromyatnikov, I.F. Vardul, S.A. Starostin.
Their traditions continue now.

( .. 1890 .), . . -, ,
,
: , , .
. , ,
54

 , . .. , .. , .. , .. , .. ,
.. .

:
. - .. (1911-1984), 1940- .
1950 .,
. -
, ( ),
, 1958 .
.
. , XVI-XIX ., (1965) (1978), .
(1972) (1983).

(1971) ,
, XVI .
.
, 1971 . .
.. ,
,
- , 1972 . . .. . [ 1994].
1956 . (19231998),
, 1982-1989 . . ,
55


. (1964),
, .
, ,
( ). .. ,
(1973) ( ) (1977; 2- 2006). .. . .. , .. , .. , ..
[ ... 2005].

.
(1903-1990) - .
(-, 1967),
70- .,
, . 60- . (1927-1989),
XVIII . 1968 . ,
. 1968 .
(. 1989-1995 .).
1975 . ,
(19532005). , ,
17 - . , ,
..
.
XIX ., - ; . 56

 (1991)
(1992) , , . , .

.. . ,
1992 .
70- 80- . .. .

. .. , .. ,
.. . 1977 . .. , 1979-1982 . : (.. ),
(.. ), (.. ), (.. ). , ,
- . , ..
( .. - ). 2000 .
, 1974 . . ,
.. , .. .. . ,
1975-1994 .,
, .
(1980) (1994) ,
.
(1990) : (1993).
57

 , 2008 . . ,
.. ,
.
1977 . , - ,
. , ..

:
(2007). 1995 . .. .

, (.. ,
.. ) : .. , .. , .. . .. .. .

. , .

. .. /
.., .. (. .), .. (.). .:
, 2005.
.. .. (1911-1984) //
. 60-80- . ., 1994.

58

 ..
( , )

50
Morev L.N.

The 50 years of the Thai languages studies at the Institute

of oriental studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences
and in the USSR and the Russian Federation in general
The studies of the Thai languages, both practical and scholarly,
began in our country in the middle of the fifties of the XXth century.
The Thai language instruction was introduced in several Moscow
and Leningrad Universities. Simultaneously, academic research on
Thai languages began at the Institute of Oriental Studies and at the
Leningrad State University. A good dozen of scholarly books and
about a hundred of smaller papers have been published since. The
main contributors were L.N. Morev, A.A. Moskalev, J.M. Osipov,
J.Y. Plam, S.Y. Yahontov, and others.

2- . ,
. .
.
.
. .
- ( ).
59

 40-
, , , , , .
, , . , 1952
- ,
, (
) ,
. 1954

, .

.
1961
( .. ),
1963 ( .. ) 1998 (, .. ). . 1972 (.. ) , . 90-
.
,
. ,
, , . , , , - .
, , , - , .
.
60

 , ,
.


.
, ,
, , , , 1957/1958 .
( . .. ).
, - .
. ( 30 ),

.
50- , :
.., .., .., .. ..
.
, .. , . .. , ..
, .. , .. -
. .. ,
,
- .
, . 70- .. , , . 1986 .. , 1993
.. . , 1994 .. , , ,
, .
61

 . .
.
,

:
,

.
60- ,
, .
.. ,
.. .. .
, , , .
, .
. .. , ,
.

, ,
, .
.. , 1960 ,
.

. ()
. 1965
() , 1980
(, , , ). , , . . 62

 ( ) . ..
,
, ,
.. , .
, , . 90- .. ,
2003 .. . .. . , , ,
, , .

, , .
, , -, ,
.

,
. / .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. . . ,
,
.
. , .
-, , 50 60-
, , , , .. , , .
.
, , . ,
, 63

. .
, .
, , ,
, ,
. , , [
1991]. ,
-
- . ..

[ 1970], ..
-
[ 1989], [ 2006]. .
..
.
: [, ,
1961], [ 1961],
[, , 1972], [ 1978],
[ 1983], [ 1988(b)],
[ 1999].
, . ,
( )
.
, . 1979
.
, , ,
64

 ,
, .
, :
[ 1964(b)],
[ 1965],
[ 1969], [ 1971],
[ 1991],
[ 1992].
.. [ 1966],

(.. ). ,

.
, , ,
. - ,
- .
, . , - ( , , , , , ,
.),
,
, . , ,
,

. ()
, . , 1999 , , , ,
, ,
, ,
.
1964
65

 [ 1964(d)] ,
- . .
.
, ,
.

.
. ,

[ 1971],
, .. - . , -
, ( , 1980). ,
. ,
.

. , , .. (1977) .. (1963). . ..

(1979), ..
(1969) .
(1985), .
( ,
, ) . .. ,
1963 .,
- .
.. ,
66

 . .
.
.. , .. .. .
.. ,
[ 1994].
..
[ 1964(a), (b)],
, .

..
, -
.. ( [ 1963]).
,
.. ,
(1992). ,
. , .
. 1996
,
, . ,
.
. , :
- (24 . ) [ 1964(c)], - [ 1964], - (2 .
) [ 1987], - (5 . ) [ 1988(a)], - (25 . ) [, , 1982], - ( , .. , 22 . ) [ 2004(a)]. , ,
.
.
. 67

 .
- - [ 1972],
[ 2004(b)].

- (
.. , .. ) [
1988]. , .. , 1434 , , , , , .
.
, ,
. ,
.. , -
. .. .. - . .
.. : ,
, , , , . .. - : , , .

,
, Personalia.
(1921-1994), : . , :
, . ,
. , . 50-
, , , .
: , ,
,
68

 . , .
, .

.. . .
. . . . . .: , 1966 ().
.. // - . .: , 1967.
..
// - . . .: , 1974.
.. : // .
.: , 1983.
.. . .: , 1999.
.. - //
- . .: - . -, 1963.
..
// - . . .: , 1971.
.., .., .. - . .:
, 1982.
.. . .: , 1992.
.. . . . .
. . . .: , 1964(a) ().
.. . .: , 1964(b).
.. - . .: , 1964()
.. // . .: , 1964(d).
.. . .: (. . . -), 1978.
.. . .: (. . . -), 1983.
.. // -
. . .: , 1985.
.. - . .: , 1987.
.. - . .: , 1988(a).
69

 .. . .: (. . . -), 1988(b).
..
- //
. .: , 1989.
.. . .: , 1991.
.. (.). - . .: , 2004(a).
.. //
: . .: , 2004(b).
.. Cognitive and Structural Aspects of Nominalization in Tai and some other
Isolating Languages of East and South-East Asia // Mon-Khmer studies. 36. BangkokDullus, 2006.
.. . .: ( ).
.., .., .. . .: (. .
. -), 1972.
.., .., .. . .: - . -,
1961.
.. . .: (. . . -), 1971.
.. // . . 4,
20, 1963.
.. - . .: , 1964.
.. . .:
(. . . -), 1969.
.. . .: - . -,
1965.
.. // - . ,
. .: (. . . -), 1970.
.. - -
// . 4, 172, 1972.
.. //
I-
. .:
(. . . -), 1977.
.. //
- . ., 1979 ().
.. (. .). - . 2 . .: , 1988.
70

 .. -
-
// . VII
. .: - , 1994.
.. . .: - . -, 1961.
- ..
. , - , .
. . . . . . .: , 1980.

71

 ..
( , )

, 2
Remarchuk V.V.

My postgraduate studies at the Armyanskiy pereulok, 2

With a share of nostalgia, the author of the paper recalls the end of
the sixties and the beginning of the seventies of the XXth century
when he pursued his postgraduate studies at the Department of Asian
and African languages of the Institute of oriental studies of the
USSR Academy of sciences. He recollects his teachers and colleagues,
the work on his PhD thesis concerned with the problems of the
centre and periphery in the system of the Vietnamese literary language.

1959 . .. .
- 1- , , , ,
2,
(1960-1970 . )
.

72

 ,
, :
,
, , -, . ,
. ,
,
, , ,
- , - . ,
. , .
, , , , : ,
, ! , ,
.
( , ,
, - ( , . 62/1)
c : !
? , ,
)
, ,
( ) 1
,
( ) , - ,
19- .
1883
:

.
: , ,
.
.
,
73

, . ,
, !
, ,
. ,

. -
.
.

,
! ,
( ), , () .
-
.
,
, , , ,
. , , , , ,
.
, (
1968 ), (
)

. .
: : ,
74

 , . - ,
,
, , - , ,
, ( )

( :
, (1950)
, ...)
, . , . , . . , , , : , ?

, , , , , ,
. ,
? , . - ,
,
, 2 2.
. ,
, ,
:
( 75

 - ), , - ,
- . .
. - : , , ,
, .

. (..
.. ,
), ,
.
- ,
, .
( , ): ,
, - , .
, , ...
() . , - , .
. ,
,
.

, , , ,
. . , . ,
. , ,
76

 , , : :
, , , , , , ,
. ? : ,
(- )

: .. .. ( , , , ).
, . ,
, : !
: .
. ?
. ,
, .. .
.. . ..
, , ,
, ,


, , . , .. .. . , !,
, , :
: , ?
: . -?
: , -- .

.
77

 - - ,
.
.
- ( , !)
( ) ,
, , .
, , ,
.
, , , . - ,
- ,
, .
, -,
: , - . : .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. ,
.
, , , ; , , . ,
, ,
, .
.
(, ,
.. , ..
78

).
. : ? , , ,
,
.
!...
- ,
.
.
: , . . , . , 40-
, .. .
60- 70- , , ..
: . ,
,
. ,
,
. , .
, , , , , (. 50- .. . ).
.. , , . ( . )
: ,
-79

 , !
, . ,
,
, - . ,

, , . :
! !
. :
?
:
? ! !
. . !
,
, -:
,
(
.. ).
, . , ! , , .
. , - , .. .
- , ,
- -
80

 :
, ,
(, .. ).
. ,
-: , ,


,
, .
: ! , ..
. . . .
:
, ! -, , !
!

,
( , - , , ),
, , . : , , , ! , ,


, , , .
,
.
, , (
81

 )
.
.
( ) .. . .
.
() , - ( .
. .). . .
. ,
. , ,
, .
, . , ( 1953
), (
, ),

.
, , .
. , . , 88- , -
,
.
, ? .
, , .
, ! !
. :
. ?!

-. : 82

 ! ? .
-, , -? -
? : ! , . , . , ,
,
, . , , . ,
, ,

, . . , .
! ! ! .
- ,
, .
( ),
. , :
, .. . ,
-, ,
, , ( ). ,
.
.
,
.
, ,
83

 ..
.
. .

, , .
. , .

, ,
,
- .
, .
. ,

, , ,
. , ,
,
, .
, ( 8 ).
,
, , ,

.. , ,
.
12 1974 . : .. , 84

 , .. . .. .
, ,
( ).

,

.
,
, .
, (
) ...
, .
, .. .
,
(
). : . ,
, ,
, , , :

... ,
1965
(V ),
, (
) :
- ? (
.)
, ,
,
, 85

, , -, , ,
- , ,
,
,
, . ,
, ,

.

. , () - ,

,
, .
,
. ,
.
, ,
, ,
( !). , . -- , , 1651
. . , .

. , ,
- .

,
,
. ,
, !
86

 .

.
.
8 () 2008 .
1

1961 .,
. , , -
.
. . ( .. //
. .: , 1975. . 3-58), . 48 , ( , ) , , - .
,
.
2
, , . 1919
.
.
. 1920 ..
(!) .
,
(1920 .),
(1921 .).

87

 ..
( , )

!
Finkelberg N.D.

The Time Is Not Out of Joint!

The paper is devoted to the role of scholars from the language
department of the Institute of oriental studies of the Russian
Academy of Sciences in preserving the continuous development of
the Arabic linguistics in Russia. There are traditional and new
areas of science in the work of these scholars. Special attention is
given to the value of works by A.G. Belova, in particular to her
comments on the selected works of N.V. Yushmanov (1896 - 1946)
on general phonetics, semitology and Arabic classical morphology,
issued in 1998.

,
,
.
. , , .
. . ,
, .
, , -.
, , , , , .

 ,
, ,
, .
, ,
.
. , , , ,
,
. ,
, . , 7 ,
12- 19- . ,
20-
. , ,
. ,
,
.

,
, .
,
.
, ,
, . ,
, .
, -. 89

 ,
, .. . , . , , . - 2006 ,
-, , : , ,
,
. ,
,
, , , .
, , , ,
, , .
, , .
. , 50-

..
.
20- -.

. , , , ,
.
, , 90

 . , , .
, .
. ..
..
, 1983 . 1978 -
.. , 1928 ,
. , 1983
- . , 1946 .. 1928-1936 .
, , , ,
. , .
, , .
. .. .. [ 1963; 1994]. .. , .. , .. .. [
1981; 1960, 1961, 1968, 2004; 1968; 1965,
1976, 1982]. .. , .. .. [ 1964,
1976, 1981; 1981]. , -
- ,
.. [ 1964, 1981],
91

 ,
, 60-
. .. , , , .
.. .. - ,
, [ 1981].
. ..
[ 1979, 1985, 1999]. .. [ 1998, 2001] .. [
1975]
.
.
1998 .. (1896
1946) ,
[ 1998]. , ,
, , - .
-
.. .. . .. ,

-,
. , . , ,
. ..
, , ,
,
, ,
. .. , 92

 , . ,
,
. , ..
,
. ,
.. . , ,
,
, . .
, [ 1974; 1975;
1975; 1979; 1985; 1986; 1994;
1997] [ 1986; 1994]
.

,
.
.
, . , 2007 2008 .. ,
.
( ) (
XXI ). , ,
, , , ,
93

 , .
, ( )

,

.

..
// . II, 2. ., 1965.
.. // .
. 3. ., 1976.
.. . . .: - . -, 1979.
.. // . 3.
. ., 1982.
.. . // . .: , 1985.
.. . ., 1994.
.. . .: , 1999.
.. - ( ) / . .
. . . . . ., 1974.
.. (). ., 1981.
.. . .: (. .
. -), 1968.
..
/ . . . .
. . . ., 1979.
.. . . . . . - . . ., 1986.
.. . .
. . . . . . ., 1975.
. XV
. IV. ., 1981.
94

 .. -
/
. . . . . . . ., 1986.
.. . . .: -
. -, 1963.
..
/ . . . . . . . ., 1975.
.. ( ) / . . . . - . . ., 1994.
.. - ( ) /
. . . . . . . ., 1994.
.. : . .: , 1998.
.. : . .: , 2001.
.. ( ) /
. . . . . . . ., 1997.
.. // XXV
. . .: -
. -, 1960.
.. . .: - . -, 1961.
.. - . .: , 1964.
.. //
. .: - , 1968.
..
// . .: , 1975.
.. -
//
. .: , 1976. . 3.
.. - . .: , 1981.
.. - // . . 2.
.: , 2004.
..
( ) / . . . .
. . . ., 1985.
.. . , . .: , 1998.
95

2.
:

..
( , , -)

gi-
1
Baranova V.V.

Ways of grammaticalization of the verb gi- speak

in the Kalmyck language
The Kalmyk verb gi- say is the diachronic source of various
pragmatic, syntactic, and modality markers (for example, this verb
was grammaticalized into purpose clause marker and developed
constructions marking reported discourse, etc). The paper discusses one unusual way of its grammaticalization, namely,
grammaticalization of SAY into a grammatical category that T.
Kuteva calls avertive (or action narrowly averted), with the
meaning on the verge of V-ing, but did not V. This construction
differs from other constructions with gi- say not only by its formal
properties (its structure is identical to the structure of complex
predicates with a modal converb ending in -n), but also by its
connection with irrealis. It is shown that this innovation can be
explained from the context of gi- constructions with intentional,
prospective and proximative meanings. The paper gives detailed
description of relations between constructions with gi- say and
avertive with ald- loss.

1.
gi- .
.. [ 1976];
96

 ..
[ 1980] ..
[ 1987]. ,
( ). () ( , ).

,
. ,
,
. , 2 , .
; . . : , ,
, , , [Heine, Kuteva 2002: 261-265].

(, ),
, (
).
, , () : ,
,
, [Bybee et al.
1994: 11]. gi-
, , . gi- ( 97

 .. [ 1976]), ,
. , gi- ,
,
( gi- ), .
, ()
, , gi- . , gi- ,
( , , [Rosmarier 2006]) 3 , , (polyfunctionality pattern),
[Gldemann 2006: 132]. :
, ,
gi- ;
.
, -dh
-ad
aash- , ir- , jov- , od- , or, qar- , (suu- , kevt), av- g- , ork- , tv, xaj- , b- , bol- , xl- . ( ).
( ),
. ,
od- , 98

 ( (2)) ,
od-
/ (1) 4.
(1)

(2)

bichkn
shovun
rg-d

-CV.ANT
nis-dh
od-v
-CV.IPFV -PST
.
suulq xamxr-dh
od-v
-CV.ANT
-PST
.

. , . gi- ,
. gi-

; .
2. gi-

gi-, kel- :
(3)

tas
kn-d
bich
-DAT NEG.IMP
.

kel-
-IMP

kel- :
(4)

neg
dkch narn
Gerl-t
kel-dh-n
-DAT
-PROG-PRS
Gerl, bi
chamd
dur-ta-v ...
.NOM .DAT
-ASSOC-1SG
: , ....
99

 gi-
( (5)). gi- , ,
.
(5)

Moskva
or-xar
b-n,

-CV.PURP
-PRS
Moskva
or-dh
ter
tolqa-qi-ny

-CV.IPFV

-ACC-P.3
z-l-x
gi-n
-CAUS-PC.FUT -PRS
, ,
{} {} .

gi- , , , .
(6)

jamaran
qurvn coorxa
gixl?

-CV.SUCC
?

.
) iyy ( , , [Gldemann 2006: 133].
(7) gi ( kel-) (
, . ), (. (7b)).
(7)

tiim xudl-mudl gi-qd

kel-dh-n

-CV.ANT -PROG -PRS
- .

(7b)

Badma xudl kel-dh-n

-PROG-PRS
.
100


( gi-), (8). . , , gi-
,
[ 2007: 149].
(8)

ek-eck
namaag
dmg
-
.ACC

utl-txa
/ utl-
gi-v
-JUSS1 / -IMP -PST
.

kel ( -dh)
( -ad) gi- .
en
max-an
tadnd
... bi cug
.NOM -P.REFL .DAT
g-chk-n-v
gi-dh
kel-v
-COMPL-PRS-1SG -CV.IPFV -PST
{ } ,
().

(9)

(9)
( ). gidh gihd
: (.: , (9)),
, (10).
(10)

Badma bichg bich-ch-n

gidh
-PROG-PRS -CV.IPFV
med-dh-n-v
-PROG-PRS-1SG
, .

. . , () 101

 [ 1987: 47]. gi-

-txa
, :
gi-
, , (11).
(11)

ek-ny
Badma-qan
ms-dh-na
-P.3
-P.REFL -PROG-PRS
bich
uuly-txa
gi-qd
NEG.IMP
-JUSS1
-CV.ANT
, .

gi .
gi- , : qv-qv gi- , , tash-tash gidh in- ;
gils-gils gidh xl- , .
: . ,
, , . . [Gldemann 2006].
.. , gi- , [ 1976: 96], . (12).
(12)

aq shir-d-r
naald-dh
-DAT-DIR -CV.IPFV
och
Sandh r
-CV.IPFV
.
gi-dh
tat-dh
av-v
-CV.IPFV
-CV.IPFV
-PST
, .

gi- , , gidg
(13). ,
102

 . gidg
-dg, , , ,
.
(13)

eck-m
nan-d Ivan gi-dg
-P.1SG
.DAT -PC.HAB
ner
og-v

-PST
.
:

(14)

kch-t
gi-dg
books qos-ta
-ASSOC
-ASSOC -PC.HAB
alt-ar
uj-sn
utc-ta
-INS
-PC.PST -ASSOC
,
.

gi- ,
sn, , , [ 2004: 194], .
gi- (. .
.
, , [Heine, Kuteva 2002: 261265]). , , (. [Gldemann 2002, 2006]).
gi-
-n (. ). , , gi- .
gi- ( , ).
103

 ( ) , .
-n .
..
[ 1983: 254],
-n 5.
-n -go 6 ( -l [ 1983: 251]) gi- .
3. gi-
gi- -n ,
(15).
(15)

Badma un-n
-CV.MOD
.

gi-v
-PST

. . ,
. , , [Kuteva 2001: 77],
,
1) ; 2) , ; 3) , , ; 4) ; 5) [Kuteva 2001: 83]. , , gi- . ,
, , , ( ):
, , , , ( 104

) ,
.
gi- -n ald- , ( , . ,
).
(16)
mrn k-n
ald-v
-CV.MOD
-PST
.
gi- ald,
.. [ 1976, 1977]. ,
- , , ,
: , (.)
[ 1977: 115].
ald- , gi-
. , . . ,
/ , , ,
[ 2001: 55].

(). , , , . ,
( P, ), ( , . , (. [Lichtenberk 1995; 2006]).
ald-
,
gi- , . (17a-b).
(17a) *Uralan
champion
bol-dh

-CV.IPFV
105

(17b)

od-n
ald-v
-CV.MOD
-PST
* .
Uralan champion
bol-dh

-CV.IPFV
od-n
gi-v
-CV.MOD
-PST
.

gi- ,
ald- .
: ald-
,
gi- . (18-20) ,
( . ), ald- . (20) ald-
.
(18)
kvn
chiv-n
ald-v
/
gi-v

-CV.MOD -PST -PST

.
(19)
Ajsa bijn kraska bud-chk-n
-COMPL-CV.MOD
gi-v
/ald-v
-PST /-PST
.
(20)
Badma ger
shirchk-n

-COMPL-CV.MOD
gi-v
/ ??ald-v
-PST / -PST
{ . ,
} , {
}.
,
, 106

 ald- (21a), gi- (21b).

(21a)

*bi
ger br-chk-n
.NOM -COMPL-CV.MOD
* .

ald-v
-PST

(21b)

bi
ger br-chk-n
gi-v
.NOM -COMPL-CV.MOD -PST
{ - }.

ald- gi- ( (17)) .

ald- gi- ,
gi- ,
ald- .

(21), . .
.
(22)

bi
inq-
b-dh
.NOM -PC.CONT -CV.IPFV
k-n
ald-v
-CV.MOD
-PST
.

,

. , , (analogical leveling),

[Seliger, Vago 1991: 10
11], [Andersen 1982], .
, ,
7, . ,
107

 ; ,
(. [ 2007]).
. /
:
(23)

bi
oda
gemn-n
.NOM -CV.MOD
- .

ald-dha-na-v
-PROG-PRS-1SG

8 ald-
-n ; , , , gi- , . (24a-b).
(24)

Badma mod xamxl-n

ald-dha-na
-CV.MOD
-PROG-PRS
1) { ,
- } / 2) * .
(24b)

Badma mod xamxl-n

-CV.MOD
- .

gi-dh-na
-PROG-PRS

.. , : , , ,

(. . . ) [ 2001:
54-55]. /
, , ,
:
.

-dh 108

 -ad z- xl- ( , .
[ 2007].
(25)

Badm bichg bich-dh

z-v
/ xl-v
-CV.IPFV -PST / -PST
.

-n c gi- :
(26)

Badm bichg bich-n

-CV.MOD
.

gi-v
-PST

( ). . ,
ti , ,
(frustrated intention). (, X, ) / ,
[Gldemann 2002: 257].
gi- /
gi- .

gi-, , (27-28).
(27)

bi
r-n
ert
Elst
.NOM -GEN

or-n
gi-dh-n-v
-CV.MOD
-PROG-PRS-1SG
.

(28)

mini egch
japon
kel

.GEN .
sur-n
gi-dh-n
-CV.MOD
-PROGPRS
/ .
109

 , , :
(29)

Uralan
champion

bol-n
gi-dh-n
-CV.MOD -PROG-PRS
{} .

:
(30)

alkn terz sek-n

gi-dh-n
-CV.MOD -PROG PRS
, , .

,
. . ,
, , [Bybee et al. 1994: 254].
: , , .
(31)

ora
ke-x
kerg-t
-PC.FUT
-ASSOC
un-n
gi-dh-n
-CV.MOD
-PROG-PRS
, - .

(. (31)).
( , ,
, , . (28), , P, P. 110

 ,
, .
(32)

tegd
ter-chn
adr-ad

-PCL.CONC
..-CV.ANT
od-n
gi-dha-n,
?
-CV.MOD
-PROG-PRS,
, ?

(33)

mrn
kch
-CV.IPFV
gi-dh-n
-PROG-PRS
- .

odn
-CV.MOD

gi- . gi-
() -n gi- (
)
ald- .
4.

( ) gi- , ,
.
gi- .
gi- , , ( )
.
(, > ,
). 111

, -, gi- ( )
. ,
-n, ald- gi- , , .
gi- (grammaticalization chain).
gi-
( , , . [ 2004]) , ,
(. ald- gi- ).

ASSOC
CV.ANT
CV.IPFV
CV.MOD
CV.PURP
PCL.CONC
PROG
PST

.. //
. . ., 2007. . 22-25
. - { . - }. : hh, 2004.
..
// . 2, 2006. . 27-65.
.. : //
. . 1, . ., 2001. . 50-88
112

 .. :
//
. . ., 2007. . 146-150.
..
//
. ., 1976. . 95-103.
.. . .
, 1977.
.. . . , 1983.
.. //
( ).
, 1987. . 32-50.
. //
. ,
1980. . 91-102.
. . //
. 3, . : , 2004. . 28-74.
/ . . . .. .:
, 2007.
Andersen R.W. Determining the linguistic attributes of language attrition // The loss of
language skills / Ed. by R. D. Lambert and B.F. Freed. Rowley (MA): Newbury House
Publishers, 1982. P. 83118.
Bybee J., Perkins R., Pagliuca W. The evolution of grammar: tense, aspect and modality
in the languages of the world. Chicago London: The University of Chicago Press, 1994.
Gldemann T. When say is not say: The functional versatility of the Bantu quotative
marker ti with special reference to Shona // Reported Discourse. A meeting ground for
different linguistic domains / Ed. by T. Gldemann and M. von Roncador. Amsterdam:
Benjamins, 2002. P. 253-287.
Gldemann T. Complex predicates based on generic auxiliaries as an areal feature in
Northeast Africa // Studies in African Linguistic Typology / Ed. by F. K. Erhard Voeltz.
Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2006. P. 131-154.
Heine B., Kuteva T. Word lexicon of grammaticalization. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2002.
Hopper P., Traugott E. Grammaticalization. Second edition. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2003 (1993).
Kuteva . Auxiliation. An Enquiry into the Nature of Grammaticalization. Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 2001.
Lichtenberk F. Apprehensional Epistemics // Modality in Grammar and Discourse / Ed.
by J. Bybee and S. Fleischman. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1995. P. 293-328.
113

Rosmarier M. Grammaticalization chains of the verb Kare to give in Kabba // Studies in

African Linguistic Typology / Ed. by F.K. Erhard Voeltz. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2006.
P. 277-301.
Seliger H., Vago R. (eds.). First Language Attrition: theoretical perspectives.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
1

2007 . . 2008 . .
0706-00278 :
, , .
2
,
, .
3
Kare (Kabba, -
) , , , , , , , [Rosmarier 2006: 284]. , -,
, .
4
( ),
. .: http://iling.spb.ru/kalmyk/Standard.
5
k-n k-tl-n -CV.MOD
-CV.TERM, , .: .
6
-go uga.
7
. . (
, ). , pas
, ,
, point mie [Hopper, Traugott 2003: 116]).
8
-dhana .

114

 ..
( , )

1
Grashchenkov P.V.

Complex predicates in Ossetian

The paper deals with the phenomenon of the complex predicate
formation exemplified with the Ossetian data. In the first part of the
paper the basic properties of complex predicates in Ossetian are
established. The second part studies the lexical variation in the
selection of auxiliaries. The third part describes the nominal parts
of complex predicates from the perspective of lexical classes in
Ossetian. The fourth part proposes the semantic classification of
nominal predicates based on the generally accepted event types.
The fifth part explores the argument structure of nominals used in
complex predicates and the sixth part proposes some observations
about it.

1. :
, . [ 1969; 1949, 1959; 1965;
1952, 1956; 1966] . ( ) , () () , .
1.1.
:
(1) a.

115

b.

, :
(2)

.
(.. ) :
(3)

-
* -

.
1.2.
, :

(4)
--

.
, , , , , :
(5) *-

:
(6)

-
-

1.3.
:
(7)
/

/ .
(8) *
/

/ .
(9) *
/

/ .
:
116

(10) a.

b.

1.4.
:
(11) a.

.
b. *

()
( ).
1.5.
( )
:
(12) a.
.
b. -
.
1.6.
:
(13)
-

-Lat
.
1.7.
() , . ,
:
(14)
--

Perf--Comp
.
117

,
. , , 1.1.-1.4. , ..
, ,
.
2.
, .
2.1. / ( / )
95% ()
() / (), - ; , .
2.2. ()
( , )
/
, :
(15) -
/
Perf- /
; ; ;
2.3. ()
(16)

(*)

()
.

2.4. ()

() , :
(17)
-
--

-Lat
Perf-/-Lat
.
118

2.5. (), ()

, :
(18)

.
(19)

3.
, (23) (25) [- 1970].
3.1. ,
. -
,
() ,
. :
(20) a.

b. -

Perf-
.
(21) a.

b.

.
(22) a.

b.
--

--Pl

.
3.2.
, ,
.., :
119

(23) a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
m.
n.
o.
p.
q.
r.
s.
t.

-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

()

3.3.
:
(24) a.
,
b.

c.

3.4.
,
,
:
(25) a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

f.

120

4.

. ,
[Vendler 1957; 1997; 1984 .] (
), , (. . , ).

, , .
, .
( , ,
..),
(, , ..).
4.1.
.
(. [Carlson 1977]):
4.1.1.
(individual level predicates)
, .
, , , : , , .
:
(26)

(27)

(28)

.Comit
.
121

 ,
, , . , , :
(29)

(30)

(31)

,
, , .
(stage level predicates) :
(32)

(33)

(34)

4.1.2.
,
.
(, ,
..) ( ) (, ..). , :
122

(35) a.

b.

.
c. -

Perf-
.
(36) a.

b.

.
c. c-

Perf-
.
:
(37) a.

b.

.
c. -

Perf-
.
(38) a.

b.

.
c.
-

Perf-
.
,
,
.
123

4.2.
(acccomplishments)
, , .. ,
.
:
(39) a.
, ( )
b.
( )
c.
/ ( / )
d.
( )
e.
;
5.

,
. ,
( ,
..),
. , ,
, . , ,
:
(40)
-
-

-

-Lat
-Gen -Dat
.
(41) -

-

-Gen -Dat
.
(42) -
- -

-Gen -Lat
-Gen
.
5.1.
5.1.1.
:
124

(43) a.
b.
c.
d.

() ();
; /
/ ; ()
; ()
5.1.2.

:
(44) a. ;
b. ;
c. - , ; ,
d. ; ()
5.2.
:
(45) a. () ; ()
b. ; ,
c. ;
d. ;
e. ;
f. / ; /
/
g. , ; ,
h. / ; /
k. ;
l. ;
m. ;
:
(46)

-,

.Dat

-Abl

-.

-Abl
( ), .
( ,
, )
(47)
-

-Lat
125

 .
(48)

.Dat
.
(.. ,
)
: ( ) ( ). :
(49) - / -
-

-Dat / -Gen -Gen

-
-Super
(=,
) .
(50)
-

Perf-
.
(49) , , (
), . ,
(, , ) .
5.3.
, , () .
, () , ,
:
(51) - -
-

-Dat -Gen -Dat

.
126

 ,
.
5.4.

:
(52) ;
(53) -

Perf-
.
6.
-
6.1.
, ;
:
(54)

.
(55) (-)

Perf-
() .
,
() , , , :
(56) -

Perf-
* . / ok- .

():
(57) -

Perf-
.
127

 , , , ()
. ,
( (58)) , ( (59)),
:
(58) a.

-

-Loc
.
b. *

(= , ).
(59) a.

.
b. *

.

:
(60)

(= , ).
, , , :
(61)
-

Perf-
.
6.2.
,
( ), ( ), ( ), (
) .. 128

, (. (49), (50) (51) ), () .

, ,
:
(62) , , ;

(63):
(63) a.

.
b. *

()
.
(64), , ,
:
(64) , ,

.

. . - . 1-4. .,
1959-1989.
. . - . ., 1970.
. . . . 1.
, 1960.
. . ., 1965.
. 1. . ,
1963.
. . . , 1959.
. . . , 1974.
. . . , 1965.
. . . . 1-3. ., 1881-1887.
. . -- . 1-3. ., 1927-1934.
. . . ., 1962.
129

 . . - . , 1981.
. . . ., 1844.

. . . 1. .-., 1949.
. . . , 1959.
. . . . 1. , 1965.
. . // ,
. .; , . . (
). .: , 1997. . 45-112.
. . . , 1952.
. . . , 1956.
. 2. . , 1969.
. . . ., 1966.
. . . .: , 1984.
- . . .. . , 1970.
Carlson G. Reference to Kinds in English. Ph.D. Dissertation. Amherst, 1977.
Vendler Z. Verbs and times // The philosophical review. Vol. 66, 1957. P. 143-160.
1

No. 08-06-00411-.

130

 .., ., ..
(, , -)

( ,
)
Ermolaeva L.S., Kiknadze D., Khronopoulo L.Yu.

Typological similarity of Kartvelian languages with

Japanese (languages that are both topic-prominent
and subject-prominent)
Like Japanese, the Kartvelian languages can be described as both
topic-prominent and subject-prominent. A topic-prominent language
can develop into a subject-prominent one. Such a development took
place in Indo-European. Yet since the modifications which led to
the shift in Indo-European are prehistoric, Indo-Europeists will
have to look to other language families [Lehmann 1976: 454].
The paper deals with the development of the narrative case (georg.
motxrobiti) into the nominative. One of the mechanisms is described that underlies the way the marking system of narrative can
switch to a nominative one, the way a case can acquire new
functions. The paper demonstrates how the study of the history and
structure of the Kartvelian language family can contribute to the
development of the contensive-oriented typology. At the same time
the paper demonstrates the way linguistic theory can contribute to
understanding a variety of phenomena in the Kartvelian
languages, such as the otherwise unexplained distribution of the
narrative case in Georgian, Laz, Mingrelian, Swan.

. , ,
: ( 131

 ) (
).
.
, ( )
,
( ) . ( ) . ..
.
: ) ; )
.
1984 . .. : ,

. .

, .. ,
[ 1984: 3].
(. [Li, Thompson 1976] [Subject
and Topic 1976]),
, ,
. [
1982], , , [Lehmann 1976],
.

(., , [ 1982]).
, , .. , .. .
132

 , [ 2000:
48-52; 1980: 81]. ,
(. -man>-ma, . -k, . -k, .-d, -m),
, .

- [ 1995]. ,
. . , :
(), () , [, 1982]:
(1) .:

sakana wa
tai
ga
oishii

Top Nom
= , [ : 207].

(2) .: John- in
mlika
aphita
Top Nom
Stat
= [ : 223]
. [ 1911: XLVI]:
(3) xolo

man dedaacman man

: :
:
Narr Narr
Narr

moiqu ana kmari tysi

: : :
Aorist
SO
SO

DO
Top
Subj VT
= , c.

: * ,
, man dedaacman , kmari
, man ,
moiqu ana .
,
( -
- , .. , ).
, ,
133

 ( [ 1995: 62]). ,
, . [Lehmann 1976].
(3) , X . man , , xolo, (. ). .: xolo mcvelman man mrkua mas [. 139: 89] , ; xolo xucesman ertman hrkua mas [.
137: 37-38] . -man>-ma,
. .
: movida bii dedastan~movida bima dedastan
[ 1974: 90-91] ; . [Fhnrich 1967]. : orma dem gaiara (e.kipiani .
: [Fhnrich 1967: 40]) . , : muk iu? 1 ?, douru luarsabik(u)
, gam(u)kortu xank(u) ,
luarsabik(u) kumortu , luarsabis gurku aiapartxad(u)
, luarsabik(u) micqinu
. 44 .
,
3- . -s [ 1999: 62]. .,
: koik ikwiden () koi
ikwiden () [ 1986: 13] (
- ). .
134

 [,
1982: 228] :

. .
:
A) . .: . .:
tanaka studentia. : - . .: -
. .: tanakaa studenti.
: . .: -
. .: oni emi megobaria. : .
.: - - . .: onia emi megobari.
. .: . .: Mama movida.
: . .: - . .: Movida mama.
. (. ).
.: - . .: ons akvs es navebi.
: . (. ).
- - . .: Es navebi ons akvs.
, -a<aris ( )
, -. . aris:
tanaka studenti aris, : tanaka aris studenti.
) [
.] ,
, ,

[ 1999: 294]. .: andrei semionovii ki, romelsac
arasodes titkmis ar moepoveboda puli, otaxi gadi-gamodioda da ise
avenebda tavs, vitom gulgrilad da zizit uqurebda am pulebs [dostoevski
1977: 452]. ki , xolo.
) [ 1999: 296]. .: rac eexeba piradad sopia semionovnas
135

[dostoevsk i 1977: 456]. .

- , . .: [ 1999: 291-292]. .: qvela am paktma da cnobam raaca
azri ausaxa petr petrovics [dostoevsk i 1977: 449]. .: :
- [ 1966, .2: 152].
, , . [Comrie 1981: 121],
.
.. , ,
,
, [ 1941: 132].
,

( ), . . [Lehmann
1976], , .
. - ,

, , , , , , V (. 1982)

- ( ), -, : , 136

, (guli , srsyli ).
.
[, 1984: 267-319; 1980: 118-164].

.
.
.
.

Aorist
DO
Narr
Nom
SO
Stat
Subj
Top
VT

.. . ( ). .:
, 1999.
. { }. 2- . . 2.
, 1966.
, . . //
- , 5.
- . .VII. ,
... ., 1911.
. . . . // .. ,
. . 1, . 1. . : , 1982.
dostoevsi t.m. danaauli da saseli. targmani: ivane da ana axalenivilebisa
{ }. tbilisi, 1977.

.
// . . XI. .: , 1982. . 411-431.
.. . :
, 2000.
.., .. :
- .
I-II. : , 1984.
137

 .. //
. . . 5. ., 1941. . 117-137.
..
// . 5, 1995. . 60-73.
.. // .. , ...
. .: , 1980. .78-169.
.. // : . .: Academia, 1999.
. 59-65.
.., .. : //
. .XI. .: , 1982. .193-235.
. .XI.
. ,
.. . .: , 1982.
..
( ) // : . .: (. . . -), 1984 . . 3-10.
.. . . .,
1986.
Comrie B. Language universals and linguistic typology. Syntax and morphology.
Chicago, 1981.
Fhnrich H. Georgischer Ergativ im intransitiven Satz // Beitrage zur Linguistik und
Informationsverarbeitung. 10, 1967. S. 34-42.
kiziria a. kvemdebare-semasmenlis urtiertoba kartuli enis dasavluri dialektebva mixedvit.
{- } // . .4. ,1974.
Lehmann W. From Topic to Subject in Indo-European // Subject and Topic. New York,
San-Francisco, London: Academic Press, 1976. P. 445 -456.
Li Ch. N., Thompson S.A. Subject and Topic: a New Typology of Languages // Subject
and Topic. New York, San-Francisco, London: Academic Press, 1976. P.457-489.
Subject and Topic. Ed.: Ch.N. Li. New York, San-Francisco, London: Academic Press,
1976.
1
, , , .

138

 ..
( , )

:
1
Lander Yu.A.

On different morphologies:
Tanti Dargwa locative forms
This paper explores complex locative forms in Tanti Dargwa, a
Northeast Caucasian language spoken in Daghestan. It is argued
that the construction of Tanti locative forms is partly based on
incorporation of nominal stems into locative markers and involves
both layered and template morphology. I conclude that the layered
and template kinds of morphology need not be strictly contrasted
within a single word.

:
, , (. template morphology)
(. layered morphology); ., , [Simpson,
Withgott 1986; Inkelas 1993; Stump 1997; 2006; Rice 2000; Hyman
2003]. , , ,
; ,
.
,
, , .

. : ,
139


,
( 39 [Greenberg 1963/1970: 140]). , , , , ,
a priori ; . . 1.
...

...

. 1. ,

:
,
, .
, ,
, (, , -
)
. ,
, , ,
( ):
(1)
arj z-dr-wa
stdent-ca-w-p
REL.A--PRS -PL-PRS-FIN:STAT
.
(.: , , -.)
,

,
.
:
. ,
, (labeling a system of affixal morphology as
templatic implies that there is no independent explanation for the ordering
of its affixes) [Stump 2006: 559]. , , 140

: , , ,
. , (., , [Simpson, Withgott 1986]
[Rice 2000; Stump 2006]), :
(i)
;
(ii)
- ( , , ,
).

, , ,
. , [Stump 1997] , . ,
, , , . [Mithun 2000],

,
. , ,
.
. -, , . -,
.
, - . 1 ; 24 ; .
141

1.

-
,
.
. [ 1971],
, [
2006] - .
: , , .
. ,
2.
( ),
qata , . 1.

,
qata
qata-li
qata-la, qata-l-la
qata-, qata-li-
qata-cele, qata-li-cele

1.

-li; .
-; . dis-b-a-li [-PL-OBL-ERG]. .
, , ( ) ( )
142

, . , ,
. (2):
niki-se
ma-urb-a-ce-r-kale
-ATR -PL-OBL-IN1-EL-DOWN
cana=b=i-ib-le
sa=b.
=N=LV:PF-PRET-CONV
COP=N
() .

(2)

(2) ma-urb-a-ce-r-kale
, , IN1 -ce,
-r -kale .
,
. 2.

SUPER
SUB1
ANTE

(-ja)

LAT (-)

UP

(-ha(le))

(-gu)

DOWN

(-sa)

HITHER

EL

(-r)

APUD1

(-u)

APUD2

(-hira)

ESS (=CL)

IN1

(-ce)

IN2

(-e)

(-ka(le))

(-se(le) / -sale)

THITHER

(-de(le) / -dale)

2. ,

, :
(- ) (, ),
(-r)
( . ),
/le/
,
-sale -dale .
143

 ,
, -, ( )
POST SUB2 (. 3.4
10).
75
; . , , , , .
, ,
. :
(3)

eti-d=at-ur
-N.PL=LV:PF-PRET

qu-mera
-PL(ABS)ADD

qab-li-ja-r-kale
-OBL-SUPER-EL-DOWN
...
qab-li-ja-r-kale
SUPER,
. ,

,
4. , ,
,
- .
.
2.


, , .
,
,
144

 .
, : , ( ).
, , (
/), , . . ; .:
(4)

ial-li-ce-kale

d=u-ibda

-OBL-IN1-DOWN 1/2PL=.PF-PRET1
.
ial-li-ce-kale
; ,
( ).
, , 5 .
, (4)
, 6. , , , . , .
, , ,

. , -
, ; . (5), 7 () :
(5)

uma-li qal
quli=b
b=alt-un
-ERG (ABS) +LOC=N N=.IPF-PRET
.

, -
, ; ,
(5) ,
.
, . , 145

, ; , . , , , , , , . ,
(. aqua-r-ka 6) / (.
7):
(6)
dila al julda
aqua-r-ka
ani-le-e
:GEN (ABS) -EL-DOWN -OBL-IN2
ag-ur
.PF-PRET
.
sala=d
luz-une
d=ir-i.
=N.PL -PL(ABS) N.PL=.IPF-HAB
(. ) .
3.3 ,
.
(7)

3.
, ,
, , ,
(
) , ,
.
, , . .
. , ,
.
3.1.
, ,
,
. 146

. ( )
,
; . (8), ,

.
(. (9a) SUPER (9b) ).
(8)

hil

niqi-ni-r-ka

niqi-le-e-r-ka

(ABS) -LOC-EL-DOWN -OBL-IN2-EL-DOWN

tura-uq-un
PRV-.PF-PRET
.
(9)

a. turzam
dubur-li-ja=b
(ABS) -OBL-SUPER=N
.

sa=b
COP=N

b. turzam
dubre=b
sa=b
(ABS) +LOC=N COP=N
( ).

. -na (10a)
-ni (10b)(10c) 8. (10d)(10g); , ,
:
(10)

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.

kisa
duca
niqi
qali
dubur
i

qali

>
>
>
>
>
>
>

kis-na
duca-ni
niqi-ni
quli
dubre
a
qale

, , ; .
amza , ; amza=b [=N] . . (11) 147

 , ()
dirqa :
, :
(11)

a. drqa
e-b=ig-ulda
(ABS) PRV-N=.IPF-PRS1
.
b. du
dirq
q-an-nada
:ABS (LOC) -POT-CONV1
.

, ,
,
, . , , , ,
.
3.2.

,
, (12b), IN1 (.
(12), ):
(12)

a. klub-le-e=b
subat
b=arq-ib
(ABS) N=-PRET
-OBL-IN2=N
.
b. du
klub-li-ce w=a-ibda
:ABS -OBL-IN1 M=.IPF-PRET1
.

, , (13),
, ,
IN2 IN1:
148

(13)

a. i-le-e=b

se

abar

e=ba

(ABS) EXST=NQ
-OBL-IN2=N
? ( .)
b. i-li-ce=b

se

abar

e=ba

(ABS) EXST=NQ
-OBL-IN1=N
? ( .)
, IN1 IN2
. ,
, .
,
, , . ( )

,
, ,
.
3.3.
, , , . , .. [2003: . 12] (. [Kibrik
2003]) , , . , - .
, , ,
, / ,
,
. ,
, , , .
149

 , , ,
.
, , ,
. ,

, ; .
SUPER:
(14)

iga
daqi
una
jabu
qaria
kisa
unca
uri

>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>

iga-ja=b, iga-li-ja=b
daqi-ja=b, daqi-li-ja=b
una-ja=b, una-li-ja=b
jabu-ja=b, jabu-li-ja=b
qaria-ja=b, qaria-li-ja=b
kisa-ja=b, kisa-li-ja=b
unca-ja=b, unca-li-ja=b
uri-ja=b uri-li-ja=b

3.4. ?
, (i) , (ii)
,
(iii)

, ,
(compounding) ( /) ( , ) [Geurdts 2001: 84] 9. ,
, , ,
() , , .
,
. -, /; , . 150

 ( ,
, ). . (15)
sala ANTE (16)
(17),
gu , SUB1 -gu:
(15)

dila jurt
dubur-la sala=b / dubur-li-sa=b
:GEN (ABS) -GEN =N
-OBL-ANTE=N
sa=b=i
COP=N
.

(16)

luz-la
gu-r-ka
d=ax-u-se
in-na
-GEN -EL-DOWN N.PL=.IPF-PRS-ATR -GEN
, -

(17)

kata
ustur-li-gu-r-se
tura=b-uq-ub
(ABS) -OBL-SUB1-EL-HITHER PRV=N-.PF-PRET
- .

-,
. . 2 1,
POST ,
.
/ hiti , :
(18)

rasul
murat-la hiti w=ax-ul-le
sa=j
(ABS) -GEN M=.IPF-PRS-CONV COP=M
.

( ) hiti; ,
:
a. dila
hiti
b. dami-hiti
:GEN
:OBL-


; , , :
(19)

151

(20)

ara-hiti
-

*ara-hiti=b
-=N

*ara-hiti-ka(le)
--DOWN

, , -, ,
, , . , hiti, , ,
10.
. ,
, ,
(.
[Lander 2010]).
4.

, .
-, . , ,
, ,
.
,
, ,
, .
-,
. ,
, /le/,
152

, -, . , HITHER
THITHER /a/ /e/ ;
. -sele/-sale -dele/-dale . /a/ ( !), (. *i-li-ja-ha [-OBL-SUPER-UP] ilijahale
[-OBL-SUPER-UP]). - ,
, , , , -
, ,
( ).
, , , , ,
. ,
. , ,
,
, -, , ,

. ,
( . ) ; -
, , . ,
,
, , , .
, , , :
153

 , ,
11. , . , ,
.

, . 2:

N-stem

Loc

Dir

. 2.
(N-stem , Loc ,
O , Dir )

,
, . , .
,
, . ,
. , , ,

, [Stump 1997].
154

 , . ,

. ; . :
(21)

nuxa
urcul-li-ja
:ABS -OBL-SUPER
.

ag-urda
.PF-PRET1

(22)

dam umar-li-ja-r-ha
saka abur-te
:DAT -OBL-SUPER-EL-UP -PL(ABS)
d=aq-ibda
N.PL=.PF-PRET1
.

(23)

hit
uri-ja-r
haq-le
sa=j
(ABS) -SUPER-EL -ADV COP=M
.

(24)

musa-sa-r
uru-irq-ar
-ANTE-EL -[M].IPF-TH
() / .

(25)

rasul-li
dura-li-ce-r
u
s-as-ib
-ERG -OBL-IN1-EL (ABS) PRV--PRET
.

,
,
SUPER (23), ANTE (24),
IN1 (25)
( ).
, , ,
,
(. [, ( )]).
(21)(25)
, -, , ..
155

 . , ,

, , . , . , . ,
, .
, ,
, , , , .
.
dubur
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.

dubre
dubrekale
dubrehale
dubresele, dubresale
dubredele, dubredale
dubre=b
dubrerka(le)
dubrerha(le)
dubrerse(le), dubrersale
dubrerde(le), dubrerdale
duburlija
duburlijakale
duburlijahale
duburlijasele, duburlijasale
duburlijadele, duburlijadale
duburlija=b
duburlijar
duburlijarka(le)
156

LOC-LAT
LOC-LAT-DOWN
LOC-LAT-UP
LOC-LAT-HITHER
LOC-LAT-THITHER
LOC-ESS
LOC-EL-DOWN
LOC-EL-UP
LOC-EL-HITHER
LOC-EL-THITHER
SUPER-LAT
SUPER-LAT-DOWN
SUPER-LAT-UP
SUPER-LAT-HITHER
SUPER-LAT-THITHER
SUPER-ESS
SUPER-EL
SUPER-EL-DOWN

19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.

duburlijarha(le)
duburlijarse(le), duburlijarsale
duburlijarde(le), duburlijardale
duburligu
duburligukale
duburliguhale
duburligusele, duburligusale
duburligudele, duburligudale
duburligu=b
duburligurka(le)
duburligurha(le)
duburligurse(le), duburligusale
duburligurde(le), duburligurdale
duburlisa
duburlisakale
duburlisahale
duburlisasele, duburlisasale
duburlisadele, duburlisadale
duburlisa=b
duburlisar
duburlisarka(le)
duburlisarha(le)
duburlisarse(le), duburlisarsale
duburlisarde(le), duburlisardale
duburliu
duburliukale
duburliuhale
duburliusele, duburliusale
duburliudele, duburliudale
duburliu=b
duburliurka(le)
duburliurha(le)
duburliurse(le), duburliursale
duburliurde(le), duburliurdale
duburlihira
duburlihirakale
duburlihirahale
157

SUPER-EL-UP
SUPER-EL-HITHER
SUPER-EL-THITHER
SUB1-LAT
SUB1-LAT-DOWN
SUB1-LAT-UP
SUB1-LAT-HITHER
SUB1-LAT-THITHER
SUB1-ESS
SUB1-EL-DOWN
SUB1-EL-UP
SUB1-EL-HITHER
SUB1-EL-THITHER
ANTE-LAT
ANTE-LAT-DOWN
ANTE-LAT-UP
ANTE-LAT-HITHER
ANTE-LAT-THITHER
ANTE-ESS
ANTE-EL
ANTE-EL-DOWN
ANTE-EL-UP
ANTE-EL-HITHER
ANTE-EL-THITHER
APUD1-LAT
APUD1-LAT-DOWN
APUD1-LAT-UP
APUD-LAT-HITHER
APUD1-LAT-THITHER
APUD1-ESS
APUD1-EL-DOWN
APUD1-EL-UP
APUD1-EL-HITHER
APUD1-EL-THITHER
APUD2-LAT
APUD2-LAT-DOWN
APUD2-LAT-UP

56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.

duburlihirasele, duburlihirasale
duburlihiradele, duburlihiradale
duburlihira=b
duburlihirarka(le)
duburlihirarha(le)
duburlihirarse(le),
duburlihirarsale
duburlihirarde(le),
duburlihirardale
duburlice
duburlicekale
duburlicehale
duburlicesele, duburlicesale
duburlicedele, duburlicedale
duburlice=b
duburlicer
duburlicerka(le)
duburlicerha(le)
duburlicerse(le), duburlicersale
duburlicerde(le), duburlicerdale
duburlee
duburleekale
duburleehale
duburleesele, duburleesale
duburleedele, duburleedale
duburlee=b
duburleerka(le)
duburleerha(le)
duburleerse(le), duburleersale
duburleerde(le), duburleerdale
duburlihiti
duburliguti

APUD2-LAT-HITHER
APUD2-LAT-THITHER
APUD2-ESS
APUD2-EL-DOWN
APUD2-EL-UP
APUD2-EL-HITHER
APUD2-EL-THITHER
IN1-LAT
IN1-LAT-DOWN
IN1-LAT-UP
IN1-LAT-HITHER
IN1-LAT-THITHER
IN1-ESS
IN1-EL
IN1-EL-DOWN
IN1-EL-UP
IN1-EL-HITHER
IN1-EL-THITHER
IN2-LAT
IN2-LAT-DOWN
IN2-LAT-UP
IN2-LAT-HITHER
IN2-LAT-THITHER
IN2-ESS
IN2-EL-DOWN
IN2-EL-UP
IN2-EL-HITHER
IN2-EL-THITHER
POST
SUB2

A ; ABS ; ADD ; ADV
; ANTE ; APUD
158

 ; ATR ; CONV
; COP ; DAT ; DOWN ; EL
; ERG ; ESS ; EXST ; FIN
; GEN ; HAB ; HITHER
; IN ; IPF ; LAT ;
LOC ; LV ; M ; N ; OBL ; PF
; PL ; POT ; PRET ; PRS ; PRV ; Q ; REL ; STAT ;
SUB ; SUPER ; THITHER ; UP . . =
- ; .

.., ..
: // Acta Linguistica Petropolitana. . ( ).
.. . , 1971.
.. ( ) // / . .. . .: .
, 1970. . 110156.
.. . .: , 2003.
.., .. . .
. .: . , 1990.
.. . .: , 2006.
..
( ) // -
. , 1983. . 191202.
.. : ? . . . 53, 3, 1994. . 3943.
Comrie B., Polinsky M. The great Daghestanian case hoax // Case, Typology and Grammar
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Daniel M., Ganenkov D. Case marking in Daghestanian: limits of elaboration // The Oxford Handbook of Case / Ed. by A. Malchukov, A. Spencer. Oxford: Oxford University
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Geurdts D. Incorporation // The Handbook of Morphology / Ed. by A. Spencer,
A.M. Zwicky. Oxford: Blackwell, 2001. P. 84100.
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Greenberg J.H. Some universals of grammar with particular reference to the order of
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1

, 2008 9 2008 . 2008

. .. . .. , .. , .. , ..
; .. ..
160

 .
( 07-04-00266 ( ) 10-04-00228

).
2
. [,
1990; Comrie, Polinsky 2008; 2003; Kibrik 2003; Daniel, Ganenkov 2008].
3
IN2 -li -lee.
4
,
; ., , [ 1994],
,
: - / - (. 39).
5
, [ 1970: 152]
.
6
-
( ),
(. . , ). ,
, ; . [Meluk 2008]. , ,
.
7
, qali ;
. 3.1.
8
. , -ni, , , ; . [van den Berg 2001: 24], -na [Sumbatova, Mutalov 2003], [ 1983: 193].
9
, .
, , ,
, - ,
(. [Lander
2010]). , , ,
.
10
guti ; . kumiliguti (kumi ). , ti hiti guti (.. ,
. .).
11

, , ,
.
161

 ..
( , )

Liperovskiy V.P.

On the transposed negation in Hindi

Modern Standard Hindi has at its disposal negative sentences
whose predicate turns out to be out of the scope of negation though
syntactically the negative particle nah or na (usually nah) is
attached to the predicate. The negation as such applies to a constituent other than the predicate, it seems to have percolated from
the predicate down to a constituent subordinate to the predicate.
That kind of negation is considered to be transposed. Take notice of
such negation in Russian, English, French: ; I
dont see him often; My observations did not help me much; Tous
les tudiants ne sont pas venus; Il ne comprenait pas tout.

.
, ,
( ),
.

. , ( ),
, ,
( ), - 1. , , .
162

 , , nah na ( nah), .
,
( ),
, , ( ), 2.
( ), ,
, (
) (
):
nambardaar akele nah aae the. unke saath ek aadmii thaa, jis ke
sir par ek jhaabaa thaa (V: 28) .
,
lekin aap yakiin maanie ki is maamle m m ne badniiyatii se
kaam nah kiyaa (V: 480) ,
,
unko vishvaas thaa ki Tauriyaa ke uupar se aahaT nah aayii
balki piiche yaa bagal se (VV: 150) ,
, -
,
ab vah kaafii haauus do baar nah aataa thaa, ek hii baar shaam
ko aataa thaa... (A: 189) ,
...,
m shikaar khelne na aayii thii (P1: 77) ,
cetan ke baRe bhaaii raamaanand ko m ne y hii 'buRhauu' kii
upaadhi na de rakhii thii (UA: 50) , ,
,
lekin itnaa yaad rakhnaa ki m yah baat kaanpur ke jvaaiNT
maijisTreT se nah kah rahaa h, m yah baat apne bhatiije va dost
gangaaprasaad se kah ruhaa h (V: 525) :
,
,
163

lekin yah nimantraN-patra use santo ne nah bhejaa thaa. yah

nimantraN-patra use bhejaa thaa raadhaakishan ne (V: 371)
.
.
, , .
, sab , ,
, sabhii ( sab),
sadaa :
sabhii patthar to kharaad par caRhkar sundar muurtiy nah
ban jte (P1: 313) , , ,
janat sadaa muuk bhii nah rahtii (Y1: 709) ,
...parivartan prakRIti kaa niyam hai. sadaa garmii nah rahtii, na
sardii rahtii hai (B: 159) ... .
, .
( ) , kam ,
, zyaadaa , , bahut , puuraa ,
, :
do man se kam jau na thaa (P1: 153)
,
jaideii ko yah khabar sunkar jvaalaaprasaad se kam prasannataa
nah huii (V: 270) ,
,
...horii ke haath ek cauthaaii se zyaadaa anaaj na lagaa (P1: 258)
... [] ,
don jhaaRiy ke biic kaa raastaa tai karne m use das sekaND
se zyaadaa samay nah lagaa (S: 86)

(. ... ),
...magar jitnaa m use jaantaa thaa, usse uske baare m merii
koii bahut acchii raay nah banii thii (MR: 81) ... ,
164

 , (.
... ),
Damii ke lie puurii tasviir nah h (MR: 63)
.
,
keval ( )
( ),
. ( ) - hii , .
:
munnii keval khel-kuud aur sharaarat m hii tez na thaa, paRhne
m bhii vah ek hii zahiin thaa (G: 28)
, ,
keval naukrii ke lie hii paRhnaa-likhnaa nah hotaa (V: 726)
,
ahinsaa uske lie keval niiti nah hai, ahinsaa uskaa vishvaas hai
(V: 705) , ,
aadmii mahaz roTii nah caahtaa, aur bhii bahut-sii ciiz caahtaa
hai (P1: 330) ,
(. ).
, hii
keval :
kaviraaj jii naukar hii se chal karte h, yah baat na thii. chal-kapaT (jise ve
jiivan ko such se vyatiit karne kaa ek atyaavashyak saadhan maante the) uskii
prakRIti kaa ek ang ban cukaa thaa (UA: 497) , . ,
,
.

, , , :
vah dastaane pahankar nah aayaa (MR: 235)
(. , , ),
vah apne desh m corii yaa koii aparaadh karke nah bhaagaa
thaa (Y2: 154) , ,
165

 - (. ,
- , ),
Tren ke cekar jaante h, paraanpur ke log TikaT lekar gaaRii m
nah calte (R: 25) ,
, (. ,
),
tum naashtaa karke nah jaaoge? (MR: 535-536)
, ? (. , , ?).
. , :
( , ):
maamii ne sirdard kaa bahaanaa karke khaanaa nah khaayaa (N: 29) , , ,
usne raajaa ke atul khazaane ko dekhkar bhii kuch prashansaa na kii (LK: 111)
, ;
,
:
vidhavaa kaa vilaap aur anaath kaa ronaa sunaakar ham paaThak kaa dil na
dukhaayge (P2: 37) (.
) , (=
),
nitya ke abhyaas se kivaaR urRkaa diye the par bijlii jalaakar kaam karne nah
baiThaa, phir leT gayaa (Y1: 251-252) [] ,
[ ] (. ,
), .
, , ( )
na:
m ne kuch na kahkar haath kii gDeriy uskii taraf baRhaa d (MR: 172) ,
, ,
bhuvan ne siidhe uttar na dekar kahaa (A: 21) , ,
garmii kii chuTTii samaapta hone par vah apne liye dehlii m koii kaam na dekh
laahaur meDikal kaalij m paRhaaii jaarii rakhne ke liye lauT gayaa (Y2: 33)
, (. )
,
.

( , ) ,

:
166

 ,
(. ) par petruukhaa akelaa
nah aayaa thaa. uske saath m thaa vorontsov jiske aane kii aashaa tak
nah thii (VR: 481),
(. )
kintu ab vah uske sirdard ke kaaraN tuurkin nivaas nah jaataa thaa
(C: 245),
,
(. ) aur yah kaa
suvyavasthaa cillaane aur jurmaane par nah Tikii thii balki yug se cale
aa rahe saamudaayik niyam par aadhaarit thaa (VR: 249),
(. ) sosnovkaa
m ve y hii nah jam gae h (VR: 250),

?! (. ) ivaan petrovic kii naaraazagii
baahar vaal se nah thii unse kyaa lenaa? vak naaraaz thaa apne log
se (VR: 252),
(. ) buuRhii
aannaa turant nah ghabraayii (VR: 154).

nah na

, ,
( ),
.

A ajey. nadii ke dviip. sarasvatii pres. ilaahaabaad vaaraaNasii dillii, 1971.

B raajendra sinh bedii. diivaalaa. niilaabh prakaashan. ilaahaabaad, 1960.
C a. paa. cekhov. laghu upanyaas aur kahaaniy. anuvaadak kRISNa kumaar. pragati
prakaashan. maasko, 1965 (... ).
G bhairav prasaad gupta. sattii maiyaa kaa cauraa. niilaabh prakaashan. ilaahaabaad, 1959.
LK bhaarat kii lok-kathaa. lekhikaa siitaa. neshanal pablishing haaus. dillii, 1959.
MR mohan raakesh. dhere band kamre. raajkamal prakaashan. naii dillii, 1961.
N naagaarjun. dukhmocan. raajkamal prakaashan. dillii, 1961.
P1 premcand. go-daan. sarasvatii pres. banaaras, 1954.
167

P2 premcand. nirmalaa. sarasvatii pres. banaaras, 1957.

R phaNiishvarnaath reNu. partii parikathaa. raajkamal prakaashan. dillii, 1961.
S shikaarii. afriikaa ke jangal m. svayambhaati pustakaalay. vaaraaNasii.
UA upendranaath ashk. girtii diivaar. niilaabh prakaashan gRIh. ilaahaabaad, 1951.
V bhagavatiicaraN varmaa. bhuule bisre citra. raajkamal prakaashan. dillii, 1959.
VR valentiin raspuutin. tiin ruusii upanyaas. hindii anuvaadak hemcandra pDe.
saahitya akaademii. dillii, 1996 (.. . .
).
VV vRIndaavanlaal varmaa. mRIganayanii. mayuur-prakaashan. jhsii, 1955.
Y1 yashpaal. jhuuThaa sac. desh kaa bhaviSya. viplav kaaryaalay. lakhnauu, 1960.
Y2 yashpaal. deshdrohii. viplav kaaryaalay. lakhnauu, 1953.

.. // ..
: . ., 1985. . 40-53.
.. // ..
- . ., 1983. .141-154.
.. // .. . ., 1977. . 209-211.
.. . // .. . . ., 1986. . 121-123.
// . .: , 1990. .354-355.
.. // .. ( ). ., 1974. . 143-159.
..
// . . 13. ., 1969. . 5-35.
Schumacher R. ber die Zuordnung der beim Hauptverb stehenden Negation // Schumacher R. Untersuchungen zum Absolutiv im modernen Hindi. Ein Beitrag zur semantischen Syntax. Frankfurt am Main, Bern, Las Vegas, 1977. S. 131-148.
Singh J.D. Negation in Hindi // Linguistics. An International Review. The Hague, Paris:
Mouton, 1975, 149. P. 41-58.
Subbarao K.V. The role of particles and clitics in disambiguation in South Asian languages
// Old and New Perspectives on South Asian Languages. Grammar and Semantics. Ed.
Colin. P. Masica. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 2007. P. 153-174 (The
conjunctive participle and particles: P. 159-162).
168

, , ( vs.
) . , ,
, . , , , , :
.
2
.
: , , My observations did not help me
much , I don't see him often ,
Tous les tudiants ne sont pas venus , Il ne comprenait pas tout
. ( )
. (,
, ) : 1) (), , ; 2) ,
, .

169

 ..
(, , )

-

Mishkurov E.N.

Cognitive and functional aspects of word-order

in Afroasiatic languages
The paper deals with the diachronic and synchronic study of the
word-order paradigm of verbal sentences in the ancient and
modern Afroasiatic idioms, this paradigm comprising seven normal
grammatical word-order types, some inverted theme-rheme wordorder types, and some stylistically motivated word-order types.
Much attention is devoted to the topic phenomena in the languages
under study. The languages in question are identified as eventdominated languages (A. Capell) with VSO/VOS as the original
prototypical word-order. The change of the initial cognitive system
was conditioned by the substratum (Akkadian, Amharic) and adstratum (contemporary Hebrew) influence or by the transformation
of synthetic systems into analytical ones (Syriac, Arabic
vernaculars). Nevertheless, if there is no need to convey the
subject-object relationship, the cognitive prototype word-order VS
overrules the verbal sentence structure in the Neo-Semitic idioms.

1. 7 , , ,
, , .. [
1966: 340-341].
. .
: 1) VS (: ,
(),
170

 -), 2) VSO (: , , -
, ,
, , ), 3) VOS (:
, , ), 4) SV (:
, , -), 5) SVO
(: , ,
, ,
-), 6) SVO (:
, ( ), , , ), 7) OVS (: ,
-) [ 1983: 13-14; 1996: 132;
1991(a): 66-67; 1965: 107; 1979: 142-143,
1982: 204-205; Gordon 1988: 262; Zaborski 1988: 492-493].
,
,
[ 1990: 55].
, , VS(O) () ,
, -,
SVO (: dm-(1) unu(2) eretam(3) liq(4)
(1)-(2) (3) ) SV (: zunnum(1)
izannun(2) (1) (2) [ 1991(b): 103; 1964:
125-126].
, XXI . .. (
III )
. ,


[ 1979: 8].
II . .. [
1998: 3].
171

 .
,
, ,
VSO SOV
, : su(1) anbssa(2) gddl(3) (1)
(2) (3) [ 1991: 360, 368, 384].
, ,
.. , SOV SVO, SVO , . , , [ 1991(a): 66].
- , VSO SVO . , ,
-
. .
.. ,
. ( ) ,
(.. . ..) <>

() [
1991: 166].
172

 60- .

- ,
, . ,

( . ..)
, [ 1967: 29]. SVO
. [Monteil 1960].
,
,
.
,
- ,
(. . 2).
2.
VSO
,
. -
SVO,
- .
, .. , : ()
() ();
, : avi(1) roce latet(2) oti livno el haei(3)
(1) (2) (3) [ 1990: 90].
.. , ,
[ 1991: 166].
(VSOSVO) (VSSV) 173

 , : . : e`dn(1) `ezal(2) l
r d zat(3) (1) (2) (3)
[ 1979: 142]; . -: . hada-l-q(1) akal(2) fulsi(3) (1) (2) (3); . il-malik(1)
amal(2) afla kbra(3) (1) (2) ; .:
a(1) r(2) nd -m ( )(1)
(2) (3) ..[ 2004: 176-177].
,
- - VS, .: . .: ub
nuau(1) rabba khn uspr(2) (1)
(2) [ 1979: 142]; .: haya lo(1) mele ead(2)
(1) (2) [ 1990: 90]; . -: .
u-mr(1) nf-u(2) u-fr(3) wah-u(4) (1) (2)
(3) (4) . [ 1982: 108].
, ,
, - , , . , SVO,
[ 1990: 388]. , , , ,
, , - ,
.

, . . -
-
(object-dominated languages) (event-dominated languages).
, -
.
,
.
,
174


.
. ,
,
, , -.
.
(neutral-domination),
.. ( ),
(double-domination), .. ( ).
. , ,
[Capell 1965:
451-462].
, , , - ( )
. , ..
, . , [ 1983: 206-207].

- . ,
-, . ,
- .

, . , - , 175

, , , , VOS ( VSO- ), [Capell 1966: 33-34].

, - () ,

,
, , , .
.. , ,
, , ,
[ 1928: 104]. ,
,
, .
,
(), ,

, .
3. -
. , , , - .
.. , , ,
, . [ 1981:
48-49]. , - .
, : .
176

 VS(O) SVO
: -
-
, , : .
qma(1) al mas(2) /(1) (2),
, .. - , .: almas(1) qma(2) (1 ) + (2 ),
: al-mas(1) qma(2) fi-l-aqqati(3)
qma(4) (1) (2), (3) (4).
. ,
,
,
[ 1967(a): 239]. ,
. VIII-IX . ..

. , ,
-, .. ,
-, .. , . -. -,
, ,
- / , .. - , .. . , / . . ,
() .
SVO , 177

 , , .., - , .: . . mutamarun lamiyyun lil-falsifa(1) sa-yuqadu(2) fi-l-madnati dussildrf .

(1) (2) (3);
insnu-l-kahfi(1) kna yau(2) ka-l-ayawn (3) (1) (2) (3); .: al-addu(1) bi-l-addi(2)
yuflau(3) . (1) (2) (3) =
.. [ 1977: 113-116; 1979: 99-101].
, , SV(O) ,
,
-. , , ,
, .

.

, - VS, VSO VOS
, -
, , : . lamdu(1) hatalmidim(2) ir ada(3) (1) (2)
(3) [ 1991: 166]; .
-: .: hallaaw(1) ad hum(2) el-ayyira(3) (1)
(2) (3); .: Itgawwiz(1) ib-na(2) min bint
el-malik(3) (1) (2) (3) [
1999: 137].
.
- , , , . [ 1983: 188].

,
178

 .
, ,
, [ 1983: 15].


. .. , , , .
ihhamn l-lqbayl(1), bnnun-tn s-wda(2) (1),
[ 1967:64].
, : tamayut tiuggat(1),
rasn-hnt(2) iniltan(3) di-b rra(4) (1), (2) (3)
(4).
, ;
, : .:
Ikln(1), d-autin(2) tla(3) (1), () (2) (3).
, .
[ 1983: 15-17].
(., ), [ 1983: 188, 200].
,
.
,
, . , .. , , hkm iniu bru [haxaxam evav
broo] , (.. ,
) [ 1991: 166].
179


.. . ..
, , .
, , , aer, : aer lmo(1) ani(2)
raiti oto(3) (1), (2) (3) [A
1990: 92-93].
, , .
, ..
. , , :
( ..) , , , , ,
, : an zaw yab ar-rai
<>. : ?. : uht
hd-l-walad(1) bint b bundr at-tir(2) inhaabiti-l-yawm(3) .:
(1), (2), () [ 1971: 20, 26]. , .:
silsilatun addatun(1) qarrarat lanatu-n-nari istidta-ha(2) biunwni-l-mawsati--arati . (1),
(2)
.. , ,
, addd(1) kna la-hu(2) kalbun(3) (1), (2)
(3)
,
[ 1961: 77], 180

 .
, , .
: bntkum(1) r-ha(2) db-ha(3) rl-ha(4) . (1), (2)
(3) [ 2004: 252].
4. - - ()
,
, ,
, .

( ) - - , -, -, - .
- : , , , , , . (., , [ 2008]).
***
- ,
.. ,
,
. 181

 ,
,
[
1969: 191-192].

.. //
. .: (. . . -), 1983. .10-25.
.. . .: (. . . -), 1990.
.. . .: ,
1966.
.. :
. .: , 1996.
.. . .: ,
1999.
.. // .
/ ... . .: -, 2004. . 92-182.
.. //
. .. . . 1. .: -
-, 1971. . 19-27.
.. // . . 100- .. . .:
( ), 1981. . 48-52.
.. -
/ . . . . . . .:
, 1977.
.. // . .:
, 1990. .388.
. // . . 47. ., 1967. . 29-30.
.. // . III.
(). - . .
.: (. . . -), 1979. . 7-36.
.. // . . IV: . .1: . .: (. . . -), 1991(a). . 6-69.
.. // . . IV: .
.1: . .: (. . . -), 1991(b). . 70-109.
182

 .. . .: (. . . -), 1967.
.. . . . . .
. . ., 1998.
.. // , . 2 (. 1), . 2 (.). .:
(. . . -), 1965. . 105-114.
.. . .: , 1983.
.. . .: , 1964.
. //
. .: , 1967(a). . 239-245.
. // . .: , 1967(b). . 246-265.
.. . II. .: - . , 1979.
.. . .: (. . .
-), 1982.
.. (.). . .: -,
2004.
.. : // . .: (. . . -), 1983. . 186-210.
.. //
. .: , 1990. C. 55-56.
.. . .: -, 2008.
.. . .: (. . . -), 1979.
.. . : , 1982.
..
// .
.: (. . . -), 1969. . 187-200.
.. . .: (. . . ), 1961.
.. . : -
-, 1928.
. . IV: . .1: . .:
(. . . -), 1991.
Capell A. A typology of concept domination // Lingua. Vol. 15, 1965. P. 451-462.
183

Capell A. Studies in socio-linguistics. The Hague, Paris: Mouton, 1966.

Fucus: A Semitic/Afrasian gathering in remembrance of Albert Ehrman / Ed. by
Arbeitman Yol L. Amsterdam studies in the theory and history of linguistic science.
Series IV. Current issues in linguistic theory. Vol. 58. Amsterdam (Philadelphia): John
Benjamins Publishing Company, 1988.
Gordon C.H. West Semitic factors in Eblaite // Fucus: A Semitic/ Afrasian gathering in
remembrance of Albert Ehrman / Ed. by Yol L. Arbeitman (Amsterdam studies in the
theory and history of linguistic science. Series IV. Current issues in linguistic theory.
Vol. 58). Amsterdam (Philadelphia): John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1988.
P. 261-266.
Monteil V.-M. Larabe moderne. Paris.: Librairie C. Klincksieck, 1960.
Zaborski A. Remarks on the verb in Beja // A Semitic/Afrasian gathering in remembrance
of Albert Ehrman / Ed. by Yol L. Arbeitman (Amsterdam studies in the theory and
history of linguistic science. Series IV. Current issues in linguistic theory). Vol. 58.
Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1988. P. 491-498.

184

.. ( , ),
.-. (- , )

:
1
Rudnitskaya E.L., Hwang S.K.

Accusative adverbials:
destination-of-trip adverbials in Korean
In the paper, we consider variation in case marking of adverbials
in Korean with the locative/direction affix -ey or the accusative
marker -(l)ul (with special reference to destination of trip 2 (or movement) adverbials). Syntactic, semantic, information/communicative
structure, and contextual properties of both marking options are
considered, especially contexts with preference either for -ey, or for
-(l)ul. We discuss various kinds of factors that influence case
marking in these constructions, taking into account various
approaches in previous research: [Kim 2001; Han 2000; Ko 2004;
Lee 2004; Schtze 2001], etc. We conclude that besides these
semantic, contextual and information structure factors, noun phrases
that are destination-of-trip adverbials acquire syntactic properties
of direct objects and can even be nominative subjects of certain kinds
of quasi-passives. This conclusion allows us to draw a parallel between accusative marking of adverbials in Korean and promotionto-direct-object of adverbials in certain languages (Bantu, Indonesian).

1. ()
.
, , , , [Givon 1984; Haspelmath 1997;
Aissen 2003], [Kim 2001], [ . 1989: 205] . (, , )
185

 : ( (1), (1), .
), ( (2),
(2), , . ..), (3), (3), . , ..3
-(l)ul ( (1)-(3)) () / () /
(): -ey //, -eykey/-hanthey
.., . . . [ 2009], [
2006: 120, 131-142],
, LOC/GOAL 4
( ) 5.
(1) . myech
payk-nyen-UL
twitteleci-ta

-- -

. Twu tal-UL
ku
sem-eyse
sal-ass-ta
- - --
()
(2) . mwul
sok-UL
tani-ta

.- -

. Kil-UL
ka-n-ta
()
- --
(3) .Na-nun
sip-mithe(-LUL)
kwumeng-ul pha-ss-ta
- -(-) -
--
10
. Na-nun Moskhupa tayhak-ey
twu pen(-UL)
-
- (-)
iphakha-yss-ta
--

, , , (
). 186

 6, :
(4) Hakkyo-LUL/-EY ka-n-ta
-/- -- ()
,
, ,
, . ,
, , , .
2.

, , ( /) ,
.
, , , ()
, /
. /
, . (5-6) [Givon 2001: 225-226] 7.
(5-6) ( )
(, ) ()
(-eesha INSTR (5b))
(umupaanga saw (5b)). (umupaanga saw (5a)) n- INSTR,
.
igiti tree (5a) ,
.
(6a-b) (6b) 8.
(5) a. umugabo
man

ya-tem-eje igiti n-umupaanga

he-cut-ASP tree INSTR-saw
187

The man cut the tree with a saw

b. umugabo ya-tem-ej-eesha
umupaanga igiti
man
he-cut-ASP-INSTR saw
tree
The man used the saw to cut the tree
(6) a. umugore y-ooher-eje
umubooyi ku-isoko
woman she-send-ASP cook
LOC-market
The woman sent the cook to the market
b. umugore y-ooher-eke-ho
isoko
umubooyi
woman she-send-ASP-LOC market cook
The woman sent the cook to the market
, ( )
.
/, , .
2.1. 1: -(L)UL
(/delimiter)
, , , [Kim 2001], . [Kim 2001] ( , ,
[Wechsler, Lee 1996]) -, ( ) . , (1-)
: (1) , ; (1) . (2) (),
(2) ; (3)
(), (3)
( ).
. ,
( (4)) , , , , . ,
, , , . (4) (7) 9.
188

(7) John-un
Mary-lul
Seoul-eyse/*ul
- - -/*
manna-ss-ta
--

[Kim 2001: 8]

[Kim 2001] ,
. , [Kim 2001]

, (5)-(6) (
).
, (3), ( )
, ,

, . (8-) , .
(8), .
, . (8-).
(8) . Na-nun ecey
i
kos-ul
-
-
sip meyta-mankhum-ul
pha-ss-ta
10
-.- --
10
[Kim 2001: 6]
.

*/??

Na-nun ecey
sip meyta-mankhum-ul
-

10
-.-
i
kos-ul
pha-ss-ta
- --
10
[Kim 2001: 6]
. Na-nun sip meyta-mankhum
- 10
-.
i
kos-ul
pha-ss-ta
- --
10
[Kim 2001: 7]
189

 , [Kim 2001]
[Givon 2001] ( )
, (, ). ,
(4) .
[Kim 2001] ,
(8-),
.
, [Kim 2001] ,
.
,
( 2),
( 3)
( 4).
, 3 4,
[Givon 2001] [Kim 2001].
2.2. 2: -(L)UL /
, [ 2009]
[Aissen 2003],
(
/ ). (.
), . .. , c -(l)ul , -ey ,
[ 1954: 61].
[ 2009], . (16-), (19-), (24) ,
() , .
190

 ,
( ). , (11) 2.4
(9-) -(l)ul -eykey/hanthey
.
-EY (16-), (18-)
3.2.
(9) . Chayk-ul
ku yeca(-HANTHEY)-LUL cwu-ess-ta
- (-)- --

(., [Martin 1992: 848])
. Ku yeca(-HANTHEY)-LUL chayk-ul cwu-ess-ta
(-)- - --
. ()
[Martin 1992: 848] 10
, / [Aissen 2003].
[Aissen 2003]
. , , , [Aissen 2003],
i/-ka,
.
( ,
Aissen, . [ 2007]). , , , (. ).
2.3. 3: /

[Choi 1937 (1983):
256; Ko 2004: 236, 238-239; Han 2000],
[ 2009]. ,
,
191

, 11. [Ko 2004], ( ) . ,

, , ; ,
-(l)ul .
(5)-(6) [Givon 2001], [Han 2000; 2009]. . 3 5 .
[Lee 2004: 140-146], ,
, , () , (,
) ,
. ( ),
[Givon 1984: 98-99 12; 2006].
4 ( -(l)ul)
, 3.
2.4. 3: ()
-(l)ul
( <>) [Lim 1980; Hong 1987:
53; Lee K.-H. 1988; Kang 1988; Martin 1992; Han 2000: 231-232; Ko
2004: 216-217; Schtze 2001; .].
-(l)ul
: (i) (10)
(10); (ii) (10).
(10) . Yenghi-ka yeppu-ci-KA/-LUL
- --/-
ani ha-ta
-
(. just) (., [Kang 1988: 33])
. Ppali-LUL
ka-kela
- -
!
[Yonsei 1998: 634]
192

. Amu kes-to
peli-ko-LUL
siph-ci
- -- -
an-uni
yatan-i-pnita
-. /--.
,
(., ., [Martin 1992: 644])
,
( ), -(l)ul (10-) , . . (11) -eykey
(. (9-) 2.2). (*-(l)ul /
??
-eykey-lul) (11-), . -ey -eykey ;
(nwui
(11)), -eykey .
, , , .
(11) . [Na-LUL o-la
l]
kkatalk-i
[-
- .] -
iss-na?!
-
() , () [.,
., [Martin 1992: 848]; - (11)]
. [na-EYKEY(-LUL) o-la-ko
[-(-)
--
ha-l]
-.]]
[ (11)]
. Mani-ka
nwui-EYKEY/??-EYKEY-(LU)L/*-LUL
- -/??--/*-
ka-ss-ta
--

[Ko 2004: 239] 13
193

. Kay-ka
cwuin-EYKEY/??EYKEY-(LU)L/*UL
-
-/??--/*-
ttwui-e-wa-ss-ta
----
14

, -(l)ul
( 3 ),
. 3 4
, ,
, .-. .
3. :

3.1. , -(l)ul
(- / *-)
, -(l)ul
(-/*-).
- ka- 15 , (. background), .. , , . [Bring 2007].
(12-);
- (13) [Lee 2004], . 4;
- , ,
, / (14);
- tw(u)i , aph ( ), /, / (15-)16.
(12)-(13) ,
(*--). --,
(11-), -(l)ul). , (12)-(15), , .
194

(12) . San-EY/*-UL
ka-se,
nongsa
-/*- - _
ci-umye
wonsiin-kathi
- _-
sa-l
swu
-.

iss-keyss-so?
-/-.

, ?
[Han 2000: 320]
*
*
. Ku-nun caki chayksang-EY/ UL/ EY-LUL
- _-/*/*-
ka-se
anc-ass-ta
-. --

[Han 2000: 322]
??
. Nay uica-EY/-EY-(LU)L/ LUL
ka-myen
- /--/??- -.
os-i
iss-nuntey
os
com
- -.
kac-ye
o-nela
-
-
, ;

[Ko 2004: 239]
(13) I
kicha-ka
Pwusan-EY/??*-EY-LUL/*-UL/*
- -/??*--/*-/*
ka-n-ta
--

[Ko 2004: 240]
(14) Ciyengi-ka chinkwu-tul-kwa
ilyoil-ey
- -- -
kwongwon-EY/*-UL
ka-ss-ta
*
-/ -
-- [Lee 2004: 142]

(15) . Yumi-ka
-

saylo

wankwongtoi-n
.-.
195

tosekwan twui-EY/*-LUL
ka-ss-ta.
.-/*- --
[.
- ];
[Lee 2004: 141]
. Kim isa-nim-un
ponsa
kenmwul
-- _
alay-EY/*-LUL
ka-ko
.-/*- -
an kyesi-pnita
.-.
,
[. - ]
[Han 2000: 320]
-/-; 3.1 3.2 , 3 4 2 ( )
.
3.2. -EY/-(L)UL: - / -
-EY/-(L)UL: -/-17
:
- , ,
(foreground) : (16)
, (foreground); (16) .
. (12-), (19-).
- , , ,
(17), (17), . (14);
-
((18), (18))
((18-), . (15-)); [Lee 2004: 141-142].
(16) . I-pen
hwyuka-ey-nun
san-UL
- -- -
ka-l-kka
kang-UL ka-l-kka?
-.- - -.-
196

 ? [Lee 2004: 142]

. I
pi-o-nun
nal-ey
totayche
--. -
ka-nun
eti-LUL/?-EY/-EY-(LU)L
-/?-/-- -.
ke-ya?
.-
? [Han 2000: 322] 18
(17) . Ciyengi-ka chinkwu-tul-kwa
ilyoil-ey
hoswu
- -- -
kwongwon-EY/??-UL ka-ss-ta
-/??-
--


[Lee 2004: 142]
. Cenghyeni-ka Sewul-EY/-UL ka-ss-ten
- -/ --.
moyang-i-ta
--
,
[Lee 2004: 142]
(18) . Yumi-ka
saylo
wankwongtoi-n
- .-.
tosekwan-EY/-EY-LUL/-UL
ka-ss-ta
-/--/- --
(:
; . [Lee 2004: 141])
. Kim isa-nim-un
--
ponsa-EY/-LUL/-EY-LUL
__-/-/--
ka-ko
an
kyesi-pnita
-

.-.
,
( ; [Han 2000: 322])
. Cengmi-nun ecey
-

Swuwon-ey
-
197

iss-nun
-.

chinchekcip-EY/-UL
tanyew-ass-ta
_-/- --
() [.
], (: ;
[Lee 2004: 140]).
4. , /
/.
4.1. 4 ( -(l)ul)
(16-)
(12-). , (12-) -se (ka-se). -se (X /
Y) , /background ( [background] / [foreground] (12-)). (16-) , ,
(foreground). (16)

( ). (16) eti /, , .
, (12-), , , . , , ,
, ,
(16-). (19-) ;
(19-) .
(19) . Ka-ki-nun
[eti-LUL / ?-EY]
-- [- / ?-]
ka-?
-.
?
[Han 2000: 322]
{ , ,
. , .}
. Woy
[ku elyewun
[

tey-LUL / ?-EY]
ka-yo?
-/?-] -
198

 () ? [Han 2000: 322]

. Kapcaki [wullung-to-LUL / ?-EY]
ka-tani?

[_-/?-] -.
() ?
[Han 2000: 322]
{ ; ,
. , .}
4.2. 3 ( /
)

(13)-(15), , (17)-(18), .
, [Lee 2004: 140-146], , (. (8-) 2.1).
, (
) (13) (*-(l)ul) ; (17-)
(??/-(l)ul) . [Lee 2004],

19.
(14) (*-(l)ul) (17) (??-(l)ul) 20 , , ( (17)
), . , [Lee 2004] ,
.
(15-) (*-(l)ul) ( );
, (18-)
(-(l)ul). ,
, ,
(15-) ( ),
mankhum . meyta-mankhum-ul -.- (8), .
16. (18-) (,
, ) ,
199

 ; ,
[Lee 2004].

(20) ,
().
(20) ,
. -ey ,
; -(l)ul
. -(l)ul satali , /.
(20) Ku-ka
satali-EY/-LUL/-EY-LUL
- -/-/--
olu-n-ta
--
[Lee 2004: 140]
( -ey) / ( -(l)ul)
4.3.

, , [Givon 1984: 98-99]
[ 2006] , ,
. , , , (4), (16), (17-),
(18-).
, (4)
- (, ,
..); (16) ( ) . (18-) 3.2
;
(17) .
, , , 3.1
3.2. , .
- (.. ), -(l)ul (15-).
200

, (15) , , , (
).
- ( ,
).
, ,
(21) (21),
,
(21).
-
/ ;
. (16) (12); (19-).
(21) . Ku-nun
pap(-UL)
mek-ulyeko
-
(-)
-.
siktang-EY/?-UL
ka-ss-ta
?
-/ -
--
,
(.-. )
. Nonmwun cwunpi-lo

-
tosekwan-EY/-UL/-EY-LUL
ka-ss-ta
-/-/-- --
()
[Lee 2004:140]
. Ku-nun
kil-ul
mwulepo-lyeko
-
- -.
siktang-EY/?-UL
ka-ss-ta
-/?-
--
,
(.-. )

, , , , .
,
[Lee 2004: 140-146] (. 4.2): , (
, .
201

, - ;
, .
4.4.

,
, [Lee 2004] ( 4.2). , ,
. , . (13) (22-);
, (22-) ka-ta
(hulleka-ta nal-ta ).
, , (22-) ,
(13) (22).
(22) . I
kang-un
Hwanghay-KKACI/LO/??EY/*LUL
- _-//??/*/
hul-le-ka-n-ta 21
----
(.-. )
(.
).
. Napi-ka
kkochpath-EY/*-UL
- _-/*
nal-a-wa-ss-ta
----
(.-. )
( kkochpath- /: )
. Kaymi-ka
(caki)
kaymicip-ULO/EY/*UL
- () -//*
ki-e-ka-ss-ta
----

(.-. )
, (22-) - ,
,
202

- () , -(u)lo 22,
-ey ( (22), (22);
- () (13), (22).
(23-) , : (23-), (23) ttwui-e-tul-ess-ta ----,
.
(23) . Apeci-ka
hwoisa-EY/LUL
naka-si-ko
- -/ --
an kyesie-yo
.-.
, () ([Lee 2004: 140]; . (18)).
. Ca
ese-tul
cha-EY/LUL
- -/
tha-seyyo
-.

[Han 2000: 320]
. Chwulpal sinho-ey
swuyeng senswu-tul-i

-
--
mwul-LO/EY/*UL
-//*
ttwui-e-tul-ess-ta
----
-

(.-. , . (22), (23))
(24-) , () () ; (24) (koyangi ), tamcang -(u)lo
, -(l)-ul . (24-) ,
()-() (24)
( , , ).
(16-) (19-), . (. 4, 2.4, 4.1).
203

(24) . Koyangi-ka tamcang-ULO/EY/UL

-
-//
ttwui-e-oll-ass-ta 23
----

(.-. , . (22-))
. I
thukiha-n
say-nun
totayche
-. -

[eti-?EY/LUL/EY-(LU)L]
[-?//-]
nal-a-ka-nun
ke-ya?
---. .-
? (.-. , . (16))
. Koyangi-ka [tamcang wui-LO/EY/LUL]
-
[
-//]
ttwui-e-oll-ass-ni?
----.
? (.-. , . (22) (u)lo
(15-) ,
)
, ,
(, ), [Lee 2004], , ka-ta
. ((22), (23)) , , (9-)
2.2 (11-) 2.4, ((-)/
*
/*).
5.
:
2 2.1

, . ( (5)-(6))
( )
( 204

 ),
.
( , ). [Kim 2001] (8-)
,
. , . (3),
( ), .
.
, : -
, (
)? [Han 2000; Ko 2004]
. [Ko 2004] ( [Ko 2004],

).
, (. ,
[Lee 2004] 4.3 4.4).
. [Han 2000], . [Kim 2001], , ,
- . ( -
, . [Sohn 1999]),
,
.

. [an 2000: 62-64]. ,
. , , ,
.
(Goal),
/ (Theme). , (25-) ,
205

 (mwues
(25) ; eti / (25) ).
(25) . - Ku-ka mwues-UL mek-ess-ni?
- - --
- Mwul-ul (mek-ess-ci)
- (--)
- ?
-
*

(.-. )

mwues-UL / eti-LUL ka-ss-ni?

. - Ku-ka
- *- / - --
- Hakkyo-lul
-
- ?
- (. ; [Han 2000: 64])
ka-ta , ,
(26), , , , - ka-ta . *ka-i/hi-ta - (26).
- (26) ci-ta ( )
(26).
(26) a. Yenghi-nun sihem cwunpi-lo
tosekwan-UL
- - -
ka-ss-ta
--

(.-. )
. *Tosekwan-i
(Yenghi-ey uyhay)
-
(- .)
ka-
ci-n-ta
-
--
(.) ...??? <>
(.-. )

, , 206

 , . [Han 2000],
( 3-4), . , - , .
.
(i) (27a), .
, 3 ( 4.2), , ,
4 ( 4.1), .
(ii) - ci-ta . . (27) (26): ci-ta
- (27)
( ), .
[ 2004: 54]. , (27) , .
- (27) , hakkyo
. , ,
. ,
, .
(, )
, ,
,
( )
( ).
(27) . Ku-nun ca-ten
ai-lul
kkaywu-e
- -. - -
[hakkyo-LUL ka-key]
ha-y-ss-ta
[- -] ---
[ ]
[Han 2000: 64]
207

. Ileh-key
chwu-wun
nal-ey-nun
- -. --
hakkyo-KA an ka
ci-n-ta
-

--
[Han 2000: 64]
6.
1. , , / ( )
-(l)ul -ey
. / , , ,
( ), .
2.

-,
, ( ).
( ).
3. , -(l)ul -ey ( -ey: -ey-lul),
-(l)ul,
.

208

ASP
GOAL
INST
LOC

Aspectual
Goal
Instrumental
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.., .., .., .., ..,

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1

.. , .. .. , -2008 ( , 8-10 2008 .)

. 0804-00208A.
2
Destination of trip adverbials [Kim 2001].
3
(1)-(3) [ 1954: 77-78] [Kim 2001]. ,
- .
4
(LOC, GOAL)
[ 2006].
5
, , . . _ , , nongsa _ (12). . : mankhum .
(8-); -l . (12). (., , . 3.2) / ( *, / ).
6
, :
Chelswu-ka
san-ey / -ul / *-ey-lul
oll-ass-ta
- - / - / *-- --

[Kim 2001], [ 2009] , . . [Kim 2001] ,
, . 2.1 .
7
; , - . t1
this bed
( ) ( ):
() [<Somebody> slept (in) [this bed]1] () [This bed]1 was slept in t1
() [<-> )] ()
8
(5)-(7) [Givon 2001].
9
, [Kim 2001], . ,
211

 ()
, , ; . [ 2006: 132].
10
(10-) -hanthey (yeca-LUL) , yeca-HANTHEY-LUL.
: -l -lul (yeca-HANTHEYL). [Martin 1992] (10) , (10).
11
[Hopper, Thompson 1980] (); [Shibatani 1994; Lander 2004] .
(relevance).
12
. ,
, , . [Givon 1984: 98-99].
13
(11) . [Ko 2004] -eykey-lul (??nwui-EYKEY-LUL)
(). (11) -l -lul (nwui-eykey-l).
14
.-. ; : (.-. ).
15
, , , , [Lee 2004], . 4.4.
16
,
(15-).
, . mankhum . meytamankhum-ul -.- (8).
17
. 5.
18
-Ey-(lu)l -lul -l: eti-EY-LUL / eti-EY-L.
19
4.4.
20
(17) [Lee 2004] -(l)ul (kwongwon-UL)
(), . 5.
21
hul-le <-hulu-e -
22
-(u)lo , (
, ).
-(u)lo , . -(u)lo
((22), (22), (23), (24)),
-ey,
-(u)lo .
23
oll- <-olu- .

212

 ..
( , )

-
Solntseva N.V.

Demonstrative pronouns in South-Eastern languages

In South-East Asia, the simple demonstrative pronouns this and
that play a special role, being a center which unites deictic units
not only with locative meanings, but also those with temporal
meanings and with the meaning of person. The simple demonstrative pronouns are used only as adjectival pronouns. But mainly,
they are used as word-building elements in complex deictic units
with the above meanings. In fact, all complex deictics are
organized into a formal paradigm, each member of this paradigm
representing one of the parts of the sentence.

-
(), , .
.
, , ,
, : , , []
. .
[]
/
. . /,
, / [,
1990]. [, , 1961]
213

 [, , 1972] , , [] , .
,
, .
()
[ 1993], ny y .
(
).

.

, ,
.
,
,
( ), .
, , . . :
,
.

: ( ),
,
( ).
,
, : , ,
, , ,
. ,
.

214

 , , . :
hj21 ht35 an35 ti31 (.:
+ + + > ).
, ,
,
.
,
: ; .
: ,
.

. , , , . . : t33 pan35 kn213 pja35 ti33
min213 ciew35 hn35 ban213 t33 ,
(.: + + > + + + > + + >
+ + ).
.
,
, , , , .

, a-. ,
.
.
. a . :
215

ani1 (.: a- + ), aheh1 (.:

a- + ).


, . ,
. ,
,
.
, , aheh1
na3 .
, .

, , ,

.
, .
,
, .

nay , ( , ).
ny . , .
, ,
. ,
. : () m3

t a2 (.: + ( )); () lm4

t a2 (.: + ( )).
:
.

.
216


.
,
, , [, , 1972].

. ,
, ,
, . .

1)
;

2)

, (
);

3)

(. + )

(. + )

4)

, ,
, .
, .
, ,
. , ,
, , 217

, .
, .


.
y y .
.
y y
. , , .
: y
y . ,
.
3-

. 3-
.
: anh y (.: +
); chi y (.: + ); co y (.:
+ ) ..
,
, ci, .
, ,
, .
,
. ,
this that,
, , . , Webster 3-
: this , this this
.
.
218


.. . .: (. . . -), 1978.
.. . .: (. . . -), 1988.
.., .., .. . .: (. . .
-), 1972.
.., .., .. . .: - . -,
1961.
.. . ., 1993.
.., . : / - 1979 . . 3. .:
, 1990.
.., . : / - 1979 . . 2. .:
, 1987.
.., .., .. /
- . . 4. . .: , 2001.
.., .., .., , ,
(. ). - . 1 / -
. - . .: , 2006.
.., .., .. . / . . .. . . .
.. , [ ].
.., . : / - 1979 . . 1. .: , 1986.
- {- }. , 1960.
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219

 . .
(- )

Khamray A. A.

Prototypes and invariants in the paradigmatics of the

modern standard Arabic
The author investigates the question of correlation of invariants
and prototypes of grammatical meanings with the paradigms of the
modern standard Arabic (MSA). The main idea is to represent the
system of MSA as a two-dimensional projection of the abovementioned characteristics onto the conceptual space built around
the semantic determinants of the system of grammar.
The author comes to the conclusion that the prototypes in the
Arabic grammar show better correlation with subject-object
relations than with invariants. On the other hand, although it is
incorrect to talk about paradigms in the traditional meaning of this
word within the Arabic linguistic tradition, the register of the
correct, authoritative constructions created by the Medieval
Arabic linguists allows us to describe the MSA paradigmatically.
As a result, the grammatical phenomena of the Arabic language
could be presented as a jigsaw puzzle of projections, each area of
which relates to a specific phenomenon and/or its interpretation in
the context of the traditional Arabic or Western paradygmatics.

()
,
[
2000: 31-38, 49-50]. 220


.
, ,
() [ 1999: 407].
[ 1983: 3]

, ,
, ..
.

,
, ,
[Bouchard 2001: 248].
,
, , ,
, , .
, , ,
, , , [Newmeyer 1998: 195].
, .. , , .. [Periclev 2000: 115].
, , [ 1963: 36]. , ,
221

 , , ,
, .
, , , ,
, .
, ,
. , , , , ,
,
, , ,
[ 1980: 117]. , ,
,
,
, [Heine, Kuteva
2002: 395].
, , () (), , [ 1983: 77]. , , , ,
, [Comrie 1991: 29].
, , ,
, ,

.
222

 , , ,
(), , [Owens 1988:
85], , ,

.
, , , , ,
. , ,
, ,

. ,
, ,
, , , , , .
, , , , ,
...,
,
[ 1980: 6]. ,

, , . ,
, ,
,
.
, ,
, ,
(),
[ 2004: 31]. ,
, , -
() .
223

 ,
,
, , , . , , ,
[ 1983: 79].
,
, ..
,
[ 2001: 693].
, . , ,

,
, [ 2004:
27].
,
, (),

, ,
, .
, ,
() ,
, .
, , .. ,
. , 224

, , ,
, ,
[,
2002: 277].

()
, , [ 2002: 382], ,
, , - [MacLaury 1991: 64], . ,

, . ,
. , VCCV, faala, , , ..
, , , , [Wright 1986: 31], ,
, , ,

, .
, , ,
.
, ()
- , ,

225

 ,
. , ,
.
, . ,

,
,
: fal , fala ,
faala ..
, ,

[MacLaury 1991: 65],
. ,

, , , , ,
,
, .
, ,

. , ,

,
[ 2004: 275]. , , , , [ 2004: 188]. ,
[ 1974: 218].
,
,
226

 , [ 2003: 9].
[Keenan, Stabler 2005: 399],
[Keenan, Stabler 2005: 411]. , i- u-
i/u-
/, , , :
mifl, fil ( ), ful
(), ( ), (), ful (
) ..
, fil , ,
ful ful : (-), , , (=
), , , (=
), , ,
(= , () ).
, . , , , , /, , -
, , .


, , , , , .
227


, , , . ,
[Walenski,
Ullman 2005: 341],
.
,
, , .
, .
, , , ,
. ,
, [Owens 2003: 738].
,

, - ,

[ 1983: 17]. - ,
, , , , , , . . , ,

[Comrie 1988: 146].
228

 , , ,
, ,
:
,
,
;
, ,
,

;
, , , .

;
-
,

.

,
, , , ,

.
, , . , , ,

, ,
. ,
, 229

 , , ,
, .
, , , ,
,
[ 1998: 65]. ,
, , : , , , , .
, , ,
. , , ,
,
, , , .
, , ,
, , , [ 1977: 305], . , , , ,
, [ 1977: 110]. , , ,

, fil
fail fal,

, .

,
230

 , [ 1973: 221]. , [ 1977:

308]. ,
,
. [ 1977: 140].
, [ 1977: 141].

a/i. ,
, ,
,
, - [Pulleyblank 1965:
232; 1973: 230]. , :

. ,
,
/ /, , ,
:
,
, ;
,

. faala ,
faila, , ,
.
, , ,
/, , ,
,
.
, , , 231

 , .. ,
, ,
. , , ,
, ,
, ,

,
.
,
, .
,
,
, , .
, ,
, , , , ,
.
, , :

[ 1977: 112]
;
,
.. , [ 1977: 139],

;

, [ 1983: 93], , , ,
232


;

[
1983: 93] , ;
(Aktionsart), ,
[ 1977: 144], ,
;
- ,
; ,
,
[ 1977: 201], b.
, ,
, , , , (, nifal
hifl ) [Mller 1995: 264, 270].
,
, ,
, /.

: - [ 1967: 210, 1998: 170, 260], , , ,
.
, , ,
,
233

- , , ,

, ,
, , . ,
,
, .

,
-
( ACT ACC . 1),
- . FH,
. ,
, ,
[ 1964: 35]. ,
- , ,
, ,

. ,
, , ,
,
. ,
G
FH,
AF BH, . , 234

 , , , ,
,
, , ..
, -
( AB
. 1). , .
,
,
,
,
.
-
,
,
, , , , , ..
, .

. 1 , , . , , ,
- , , .
,
, - .
235

 GD, ,
.
, , ,
.. , ,
,
,
, , [ 2001: 32], , .
- ,
C, I
AB. , ,
, / .
, ,

, : nab
( - ), arr , raf
.

- . ,
nab al-nab min mafl [Al-Khalil 1985:
36-37] raf al-raf bi al-fil [AlKhalil 1985: 118] ,
(, [ 1998: 339]). , nab .
236


, , , , ,
,
[Haspelmath 1999: 1055; 2005: 78],
, , , ..

- .

,
,

ad hoc. ,
, , , , .. , ,
,
, . , , ,
, , .
,
, . ,

,
,
. 1 GCI.
,
(. ), 237

 ,
, , ,

, , , ,
.
, , ,
, , , ,
, . , , , .
( . Pardeigma ,
) ,
, [ 1990: 366].
, ,
, . , ,
,
, , .. [ 2006: 16-25].
,
,
,

.
,
, , , - , , , ,
238

, ,

(FCH FDH .1). , ,
(FH), ,
, (CH, FD DH).
, ,
. , ,
.
, ,
, , ,
.
-
,
, , . ,
,
, , , , , ,
.
,
,
, , , , ,
, , , , , , , .

,
, ,
239

 .
,
,
, . ,

, . , ,
, , ( , ).


.
,
,
. , , .. al
, wazn, bin a
[ 1965: 119].
(khurf aliyya)
,
,
, [ 1965: 123],
[ 1991: 197].
qiys,
,
al, .. , , , ,
, , , ,
[Hastings 2003: 284], , ,
240

 , ,
.

, , , ,
,
.
, ,
, .
,
. 1
,
,
, ,
:

. 1.
.

1. , 241

 , ,
..
2. , , ,

.
3. , , . 2,
,
, , ,
. , , .
,
4. , . , , .
5. , ,
. .
6. , , , -
, , . 3,
.
, a/i.
7. , , ,
,
( , ..)
8. , ,
.
9. , , ,
, 242

 . , , .
10. , , , . , , , ..
, , , , ,
.

.. ( ) //
. .: , 1991. . 177-219.
.. / /
// . , , . .: , 1998. . 64-79.
.. . // . .: , 2003. . 5-36.
.. -, , //
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.
// . 2, 2001. . 26-38.
.. // . . II,
. 1. ., 1965.
.. // 2-
:
. ., 1980.
.. - .
.: , 1988.
.. // . .: , 2006. .15-40.
.. . .: , 1967.
.. // . .: - .- -, 2004. .
261-276.
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.. . .: , 1973.
.. . .: , 1977.
.. . .: , 1983.
. . .: ,
1990.
.. . .: , 1983.
..
. .: , 2005.
.. // 2-
: . ., 1980. . 4-18.
.. //
. 4, 1963. .27-40.
.. // . . .:
, 1983. . 37-89.
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.. . : , 2000.
.. . .: , 2001.
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245

 ..
( , )

Shkarban L.I.

Aspects of syntactic typology of the Philippine languages

The paper discusses certain parameters of typological evaluation
of the syntax of the Philippine languages. The systematization of
these parameters may be achieved through analysis of the
interrelation between two typological approaches: (i) the integral
(holistic) typology which concentrates on the phenomenon of crosslinguistic co-variation of different subsystems (levels) in the
grammatical system, and (ii) the so-called content-oriented
syntactic typology which focusses on ways of encoding predicateargument relations in various languages.
In particular, one may speak of the grammatical relevance of the
correlation between two agents pursuing their pragmatic aims in
their correspondent actional situations, namely, the speaker in the
speech-act and the agent of the action situation denoted. The
degree of the grammatical relevance of this correlation crosslinguistically varies, which makes possible using it as a parameter
of the content-oriented syntactic typology. At the same time, this
parameter testifies to an inherent relatedness of this kind of
syntactic typology to integral (holistic) typology.

().

: (i) (-, ) , ( ) () (. , ,
246

 [Linguistic typology 1997: 1],

[Comrie 1987; 1987]), (ii) , - (. , [ 1983: 37 .;
1987: 242]).
-
. . , , , , , , , ,
.
, . ( ) , , , (-) , ,
(-) . , .

.
, . (..
) .
, , () .

/
, /
, , -
(., , [ 1982 (1976); 1982 (1976); ,
1982 (1976); 1982 (1977); Schachter 1976, 1987; Schachter,
Otanez 1972; McKaughan 1973; Benton 1971(a); De Guzman 1986;
247

DeWolf 1988; Shibatani 1988; Himmelmann 1991, 2002: 12; Kroeger

1993; 1995]).
.
, ().
,
. . (,
. , predominantly pragmatically based
syntax. [Naylor 1986: 183]).

. . . .
.
, , .

(. (1), (2)) , ,
.
, , ,
. (. (3)(5)).
(1)

(2)

[Sagisag 1976: 34]

Nasa
bahay
yon
-ng
nanay
niya

.NOM
LNK

(. - )
[Constantino 1971(b): 207]
Pulis
idi
daydi
tatang ko

.NOM

(. - )
248

(3)

(4)

(5)

[Wolff 1972: XIX]

Pan
ang
iya -ng
gipalit

NOM
LNK PASS
(. , , )
[Constantino 1971(a): 12]
Ubing
ti
agsangit

NOM ACT-
(-)
[Benton 1971(): 129]
Tuka
so
angilutu
-an
to
-y
NOM PF.
-PASS

ACC

(. , , )

-
- ,
,
. , . . ( ;
) ,
, , ( ) , .
( ) .
, ()
.
.
(.,
, [Schachter, Otanez 1972: 62; McKaughan 1958:
49; Dahl 1986: 32; Gil 1993; Kroeger 1993; Himmelmann 1991;
1995; Shkarban 2000, 2004]).
, ( ; ., , [Shkarban 2004]).
,
.
249


, , ( ) . , ,
, , , .. .
. , / / .. , ,

(
; . (3)(5) .)
, . , ,
, , ,
.
. .
(6)(36):
(6) [Schachter, Otanez 1972: 79]
Mag-da-dala nang regalo sa bata ang ina
ACT-FUT- ACC DAT NOM
.
(7) [Schachter, Otanez 1972:79]
Da-dal(a)h-in nang ina sa bata ang regalo
FUT--PASS AG DAT NOM

(. ).
(8) [Schachter, Otanez 1972: 79]
Da-dal(a)h-an nang ina nang regalo ang bata
FUT--PASS AG ACC.PAT NOM

(. , ).
250

(9) [Schachter, Otanez 1972: 79]

B-um-ili nang libro sa tindahan ang maestro
-ACT ACC LOC NOM
(-)
(10) [Schachter, Otanez 1972: 111]
I-b-in-ili ko nang damit ang bata
PASS-PF- ACC NOM
,
(11) [Schachter, Otanez 1972: 313]
I-ni-luha ni Nena ang pagkawala nang alahas niya
PASS-PF- AG NOM GEN 3SG.GEN

(. , )
(12) [Schachter, Otanez 1972:320]
I-p-in-am-punas nang katulong nang kasangkapan ang basaha-ng iyon
PASS-PF-INSTR- AG ACC.PAT NOM -LNK

(. , )
(13) [Shibatani 1988: 88]
Ni-hatag si Juan sa libro sa bata
ACT- NOM ACC DAT
()
(14) [Shibatani 1988: 88]
Gi-hatag ni Juan ang libro sa bata
PASS- AG NOM DAT

(15) [Shibatani 1988: 89]
Gi-hatag-an ang bata ni Juan sa libro
PASS--PASS NOM AG ACC.PAT

(. , )
(16) [Shibatani 1988: 89]
I-hiwa ang kutsilyo sa mangga ni Juan
PASS- NOM ACC.PAT AG

(. , )
(17) [Constantino 1971(a): 20]
Basa-en na ta libro
-PASS DEM.NOM

251

(18) [Constantino 1971(a): 20]

Dawat-an na ti kwarta diay padi
-PASS ACC DET.NOM

(. , )
(19) [Constantino 1971(a): 20]
I-gatang-an na ti mangga diay balasang
PASS--PASS ACC DET.NOM

(. , )
(20) [Constantino 1971(a): 20]
Pag-puted na ti kawayan diay buneng ko
PASS- ACC DET.NOM

(. , )
(21) [Benton 1971(b): 145]
Man-tanem si Juan na ponti
ACT- NOM ACC

(22) [Benton 1971(a): 48]
I-tanem nen Juan imay ponti
PASS- AG DET.NOM

(23) [Benton 1971(a): 48]
I-tanem-an ko-y Juan na ponti
PASS--PASS -NOM ACC

(. , )
(24) [Wolfenden 1971: 13]
L-um-uto sia sang linapuhon
-ACT ACC

(25) [Wolfenden 1971: 108]
Lutu-on ko ang pangkaon
-PASS NOM
()
(26) [Wolfenden 1971: 110]
Lutu-an ko sang pangkaon ang kusina
-PASS ACC NOM

252

(. , )
(27) [Wolfenden 1971: 110]
Basah-an ko sang libro ang bata niya
-PASS ACC NOM
.
(. , )
(28) [Wolfenden 1971: 110]
I-sulat mo sa pisara ang chalk
PASS- NOM

(. , )
(29) [Mirikitani 1971: 669]
S-um-ulat ku-ng kuwento
-ACT -ACC

(30) [Mirikitani 1971: 669]
I-sulat ke ing kuwento
PASS- . NOM

(31) [Mirikitani 1971: 669]
Pan-yulat ke ing lapis
INSTR- . NOM

(. , )
(32) [Mirikitani 1971: 737]
Mag- linis ku-ng kwarto para king kapatid ku-ng lalaki
ACT- -ACC DIR -LNK

(33) [Mirikitani 1971: 737]
I-pag-linis ke-ng kuwarto ing kapatid ku-ng lalaki
PASS-BENEF- .-ACC NOM -LNK

(. , )
(34) [Forman 1971: 117]
I-sali me-ng baru i Kristi
PASS- -ACC NOM

(. , )
253

(35) [Mirikitani 1972: 170]

Mig-aral yang
Ingles i Nena
ACT.PF- ACC NOM

(36) [Mirikitani 1972: 171]
Pig-aral-an neng Nena ing Ingles
PASS--PASS AG NOM
(. ).

. , , ,
, , ,
. , , , (
). ,
,
, -.

, , , , ,
, , , , (
). , , , (-) .
-,
. :

.
. , - , 254

. .
- : .
, . , - , .

: , .
- .
, ( ,

. , ,
). - . , , , , ,
- . , , , ..
. . ,
,
.
,
. ,
255

, , .
, , , . ,
, . ,
, , , . ,

ug, - (. (37)). - ( sa (13)),
,
, - . , ,
, .
(37)

[Shibatani 1988: 98]

a. Ni-basa siya ug libro
ACT.PF-
(-) .
b. Gi-basa niya ang libro
PASS.PF- NOM
() .

*
*
*
,
. ,
(), (., ,
[ 1982 (1977)]) - ( ).
,
, .
,
. 256


: () , ( ); () ,
-
,
/ /
.

, /.
, (
, ).
, . ,
, , , , ,
, .. , ,
, .. .
, ,
, , , - .
(
, , ) . , 257


. , ( ) ( ).
, , , -
, , .
(
) ( ). ( - , , ).

. ( ) - .
,
() .
-
(., , [ 1982:
421], [ 1992: 184-185]).

. (. , , [Shibatani 1988]).
258

 - ( ), ( ) . , . (., , [Shibatani
1988: 95-96]).

, .. , .
, -
.
, , - .

( ) ( ).

AG
ACC
ACT
DAT
DEM
DIR
GEN

FUT
IMPF
INSTR
LNK
LOC
NOM
PASS
PAT
PF
PL
259


.
// . . XI. .: , 1982. . 411-431.
.. . .: -
-, 1992.
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262

2.
:

..
( , )

.

( )
Kontsevich L.R.

The phonetic basis for transcription.

Sounds of contemporary Korean
(a short description of the inventory of phonemes)
The paper describes the sounds of modern literary Korean, based
on the authors many years of linguistic research on the Russian
transcription of Korean words. The description covers general
pecularities of the Korean consonant and vowel phonemes and
allophones, as well as their brief articulatory, acoustic, and
phonological characteristics. The description can be used as
additional material for the university course of Korean phonetics.

. 40 (): 19 21 . .
.
1.

1. , , , , , .
, ,
263

 . , ()
. : ) CV,
) VC, ) CVC, consonant, ( ),
V vowel, ( ).
2. , , , .

:
*, *, */ . ( ).
3.
(), .
( . ).

( /, ), . . ,
(. . , .
. ) () (. .
(. ), . . ).
. 2.
4. - (11 19 ), (3
) .
5. . ( , , ,
, .) () , , , ,
()
, , , ( , , , .), (lenis)
(, , , .), (aspiratae) (, , ,
) (fortis) (, ,
) (, , , , ).
264

6. , (- ) , , ..

. , , ,
[pb/ b], ..
, . ..
p + b.
. (
) , , ,
, .. , , , , K, T, P, CH
.
,
, , G, D, B, J,
. , , .
, . , , , G, D, B
, , , (, , ).
7. ()
,
',
/', . , , ( ),
; ( , ') ( ). .
8.
(
) ( [],
NG song).
265

9. , .
10. ,
, ;
, ; : . ( ),
(. ), ( . ); .
. 1) ; 2) , ' (.
), ' .
11. ( )

/ . ; ,
, , ().
()
. ( ):
1) , '.
2)
, (, , ), ..
(), (),
[/] , [/] .
, ,
.
3) , ,
, / /,
(), , ,
, .
.
266

12.
() () ; :
. . , .
.' ' . (
.
. 2, .)
13. . . , , : # , # ( # , .. , ).
( ),
1933 ., ..
,
: #, #.
14. , . ,
(, , ), ( '), '
, .. , , , (. ),
, . .

2.
, ,
,
() ,
.
, ,
() , ,
.
267

 , ..
,
.

: - ( [p],
[ph], [p], [m]), () ( [t], [th], [t],
[s], [s], [n], ' [l] []), () ( [], [h], []), () ( [k],
[kh], [k], []) ( [h]).
: ( [p], [ph], [p],
[m], / [w]), ( [t], [th], [t], [s], [s],
[n], ' [l] [], [], [h], []), ( [y]),
( [k], [kh], [k], [] ) ( [h]).
, ..
, : , -,
, (
[p], [ph], [p], [t], [th], [t], [k], [kh], [k]), (), ( [s], [s], [h]),
- ( ), : , ( [], [h], []),
.
(, ,
,
, ,
, )
(). ' [l],
([] [r]), ,
. . ( , ) (
[m], [n], []).

(.. ) (,
), .
268

 ( [m], [n], []), ( [r], [] ) (' [l] ).

.
, , .. ( , ),
(
[b], [d], [g], []). - , , , ,
.

( ) , ( [p], [t], [k], [s], [], [m], [n], [],
'/ [l/]), , ( [ph], [th],
[kh], [h]). , ..
, ,
, . .

( [p], [t], [k], [s], [], [h]; [ph], [th], [kh], [h],
[p], [t], [k], [s], []) ( [b], [d], [g], [], [m],
[n], [], '/ [l/]), ,
, .
(, lenis, , , ) (
[p], [t], [k], [s], []) (, ,
, fortis, , , , ) ( [p], [t], [k], [s], []).
(.. , ),
269

 (, . , ),
,
, , , . , , , (
). () (+ = .)
, ..
,
().
[m], [n], []. .
-, , .. ; : [p], [ph], [p] [p / p],
[t], [th], [t], [s], [s], [], [h], [] [t / t];
[k], [kh], [k] [k / k]. , .. [m / m], [n /
n], [ / ], ' ' [l / l]; : ,
, # , ' ' ;
.
-.
( ) ( ) , ,
() (). , (. ', ', '
..). () , [n] [s] i- i ' [], '/' [] .
() () . . 270

 /
/ (: , , # .) . , , () .
() :
)
() ; )
, () ; )
,
, ).
,
, : 1) ,
, .. ', ' [] / ' [] ( ), ' , () '
[']; 2) ,
, .. +
, + ; (, ) . , , ,
.
3.

( ,
):
271

 [k] - . , ; . ,
. ; : # , ; # . ( ).
()
, : ) [g]
, , ;
: , ; , '
, # (); )
k
[ ] ,
; : : ; (),
( ); ) , ,
' ( ); : ,
#' .

[t] - . ; .

, .
; :
' , , ' , . ( ).
()
, : ) [d]

, , ; : , ,
' , # , # ; ; ) [ t ]
, ; :
1. ; 2. ( ), (.
) , , (),
; ) , 272

 ,
( ); : , , # .

[p] - - .
; . , . ; : (),
1. ; 2. (). ( ).
()
, : ) [b]
, , ;
: , ; ) [ p ] ,
; : ; , (. ) ; ) ,
, ' ( ) , , (
); : ' , ' (), # ; ) ,
[w], ..

; : ( . .)
(. ), ( . .)
(. ).

() ( , , ; , ).
[kh] - 273

; : , , (. .) , .
( ).
() [ k ]
, ; : , ().

[th] -
; : : , (. .)
, , # ,
# . ( ).
() [ t ]
, ,
; : , ,
, , .

[ph] - - ; : , ' , 1. ;
2. , # . ( ).
() [ p ]
, ; : , ; .

(, , .. ) (
, , ..
,
- , ,
, ).
[kk / k] - , , ,
; : ; 274

, , .
( , .. ).
() [k]
, ; : , , .

[tt / t] , ,
; :
, ' , #' ,
, (. .) , :
.
( , .. ).
[pp / p] - , , ; :
, , .
(
, .. ).

[s] ; :
, , # 1) , ;
2) . ( ).
(),
: ) - , , , . [sh]; : ~ , ~ ' 1. ;
2. , ; ~ ; ) , - ( )
(), '/' [ ]; :
' , ' / ' ,
' ; )
[ t ]; : (. ) ,
275

 (. .) ; ,
, , ; :
(. .) , (.
.) , (. .) .

[ss / s] , ,
; : 1. ; 2. , ( ),
.
( , .. ).
[ t ], ;
: (. .) , ,
(. .) (. .);

[h] (: )

(
); : , # ( . .
) , # . ( ).
, , , , ..
+ + , , , , ; : (.
.) , (. .) .
(), .. ' [],
' [ ]; : ' ~ ' (.-.
) , ' ~ ' (.-. ) .

[] , ;
, ; :
! (. ), (.
). XV XVI . [].
276

 (- )
[] , .. () o,
[],
; :
, , , # . ( ).
() , : ) [] []
, , ; :
, , # , # ;
) , [ t ]; :
1. ; 2. (), (. .)
~ , (. .) ; )
[ h ]; :
(. .) , (.
. .) .

[ h] ; : , , , .
( ).
[ t ],

; : (. ) ; , ' (. ..) .

[] , ,
; : ,
, (. ). (
, .. ).
277



.
[m] -
; : , . ( ).
()

; : , ;
.

[n] ; : , 1. ; 2.,
~ ; . ( ).
(): ) / ; : #' (. .) , #' (. .)
, (. .) ;
) , . [], :
#'
, ' , '
? (. ); )
; : ' ' ;

[]
; : , # , ~
, # . ( ). , ..

[ ]; : ~ , ~
, : ~ .
278

/' [/l] , () ' [l]

(: ' 1. ; ; 2. , ' ,
' ), -- [] ( ' )
(:
, , ,
).
( ).
( , :
, ). , *,
(
; : # , # , #' / # ' , # , # , # ()),
( , , , , , , , ; : # ,
, # , #/ # ),

, .. #,
#, #' /#', #, #, #, #,
# / #).
, .. ;
: #' (.-. #) , ' ( ). /'
' [ll] [nn]
() ' [] ' [n]; :
' (. .) -, # (.
.) , #' (. .) ,
#'/
(. .) ,
' (. .);

( ) (.
. 1).
279

 1.

()

()1

() 2

ph

th

kh

[b]

[d]

[g]

[p]

[t]

[k]

[]

[] 4

[]
m

()

()

()

()

() 1

()

[] 5

l6

6
[w] 7

[y] 7

280

-
()

()

 :
1

3
4
5

6
7

, . - , , [] .
; [ t ],
-.
[] /s/ i [y].
[] /h/ .
[] /n/ i [y].
[l/].
[w] [y] .

4.
() ,
, .
.., 2 . ,
, ,
. . ,
.
: 2-1
, 2-2 ).
, ( ) .
( ,
, ) () () .
281

282

'

'
'
'

'

'

' /

/ '

' / '

/ /

'

'

' /

'

'

'

'

' /'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

' / ' /

'

'

'/

/ / /

' /'

/ / /

/ ' / ' /

[]

2-1.

2.

283

()

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

/ / /

'

284

'
'
'

'

'

'

'

'

'

/ ' / ' /

' ' '

'

'

'

'

'

' /

'

'

2-2.

'

' /

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

' /

'

'

' /
'!!

'

'

'

'

/ !!

2-

285

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

/ !!

 ( ) (1) ,
(2) ;
: [K] + [N] -- [NGN], [K]+ [L] -[NGN] . .
() . ( ) , ..
. , ..
.
(!!) -.
.
1.
21 10 ( c ), 10 () [j] (
,
, , , , ) [w] ( ) .
(
, , , /), (
, , ) ( ) , (..
)
( , .. , , /, /, , ).
( , .. , , ) ( , .. , , , , ) ; (, , , / , , / ,
, , ,
, , , , ), ( , .) ( ).
, ,
(, , , , / ), (, ,
286

, , ) (, ). - -.
, .
, . . ,
, .
, ,
. .
.
,
( +
, + BE ..).
- , BE . / , ,
, .. / + . ,
.
() , ..
,
J (
Y [j],
[j]) - W (: # [ja]
, [twi] ( . ).

. , , .
, , .
287

2.

10 .
[] ;
; , ; :
, ( ). , # .
( ); (); 15- ().
[ / ] ,
(, , )
(); ,
, ;
; : , ,
# ; , # /
( );
(); 17-
().
(): ) ;
,
; : , # , ,
; ) , , []
[], [:]; : :
[:pt1] ; , : . , ,
, , , , . ,
, ,
: [
# #: , , :' ( 288

)];
, , ,

; ( , ).

[ / ] (,
, ) : , , ec
, , ; , , , .. - ( y - , .. ); ,
;
,
: : #O , , , ; (); 19- ().

; : , .

[u] , ;
, , ,
; , , : , ' , ,
# ;
(); 21- ().
- ,
. , ; ., ,
, (# #
; , - ).
,
, :
.
289

 [ / ]
( ) , ;
, ,
; ,
; : ; , # , ; (); 23- ();
, .
(): ) ,
,
, : '
' ; ) ' , : ' .

[i]
; ,

[], , , , : 1. ; 2. , , ' ; (); , 24- ();
,
() .
[ / / ] (,
, ) ,
, ,
; ( Br), ( cat) ( mre, rgle) ;
: , 1. ; 2. , # , # ;
(), ( + ) ().
[ / ] (,
, ) ;
290

 , , , , , ; ( whrend e
recht) ( mre t) ;
, ; : , ; (); ( + )
().

().

[ / ] (,
, ) ; , ,
, , ;

; (.. hren); : # / # , #/ # , ; ():
(+ ) ().
- ,
, ( ), ( ).
, ; .
# , BE . BE ()
(), .

,
BE (. ) (. WI).

[] ; ,
, ..
291

 ,
; ;
(.. ber); : / (), / , #
; ( + )
(). - .
(): ) , : ,
; ) , ,
, ,
, .. [wi] , , # .
, . .

-
(. . 3 4).
3.
- ( )

292

:
.
[Lee 1989: 13].
(),
( ),
. ,
, .. ,
,
.
:
i | i:
e | e: e
| :
| :

u | u:
: | :
| :
| : /

- / /
we wi.
4

( )

()

()

(-)

()

[ w]
u

()

[ y]
i

[ ]

()
()

()

293

:
.. , .. .. .
() , , .
.
.

, 10 : ( ), ()
. .
/ :
(= ) [/ ya]

[ / / y / y]
(=) [ / / yo / y]
(=) [u / yu]
(=) [ / / / y / y / y]
,
; : ,
.
E (=E) [ / e / y / ye].
/ w:
(=) [a / wa]
(=) [ / w]
(=) [ / / w /w]
(=) [ / we].
:
[i / i].
294

C.
1.
.. ( ) // . . 1. .,
1996. . 1146.
.., .. . . 1. :
- , 1997.
.. . .: , 1962.
.. ! (). : (),
1996.
.. . .1. .: , 1979.
.. // . 3, 1956. .
91103.
.., .., .. //
. . 5-6. ., 2003. . 716.
.P. //
. . . 5. ., 2007.
.P. -
// . . . .: , 1961. . 3062.
.. . .: , 1960.
.. (
) // ..
(. ). / . . .. . .: -, 2001. . 2940.
.. // . . II. ., 1916.
. 344348.
. / . . . .. .
., 1951.
.. //
( . . 236. . 6). ., 1958. . 318.
.. .
- . : - . -, 1957.
.. // -

295

 : ( - ). , 2004 . 329-340.
. / . .. : - , 2004.
.. . . ., , 1952
.. . .: , 1954.
.. // . . 1.
., 1935.

2.
. // . 2006,
2. . 125157 ( . ).
. . , 1985.
, , . . , 1986.
, . . , 1997.
. . , 1988.
, , . . , 1986.
. . , 1987.
. .
. , 1949.
. , . , 1988.
. . , 2003.
, , . .
, 1984.
. . , 1992.
. . , 1979.
. . .
, 1986.
. . , 1973.
. . , 1997.
. . , 1998.
. . , 1982 (. 1 1937).
. . , 1985.
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Junker H.F.J. Phoneme im Koreanischen // Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der HumboldtUniversitt zu Berlin. Gesellschafts- und sprachwissenschaftliche Reihe. Jg. III, 1,
1953/1954. S. 2531.
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Kim Chin-Woo. The Vowel System of Korean // Language. Vol. 44, 3, 1968.
Kim Chin-Woo. Boundary Phenomena in Korean // Papers in Linguistics, 2, 1970.
Kim Yeong-gi. Korean Consonantal Phonology. Seoul: Thap chulphansa, 1975.
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2.
:

..
( , )

Andreeva V.A.

On the nature of words with inverted components

in Vietnamese
The article is devoted to the investigation of the nature of
disyllables with the inversion of subcomponents, widely used in the
modern Vietnamese language. The author gives consideration to
the existing views on the problem and demonstrates that inversion
of subcomponents is possible in compound words with coordination
of their subcomponents, as well as in some reduplicated words.
Being a highly productive stylistic device, the formation of units
with the inverted order of subcomponents could be qualified as a
unique way of word formation in the Vietnamese language.

, (ha ng/ng cha, bt

be/be bt, b bn/bn b, m bo/bo m ..) , , . ,
. ,
.
, . , ,
298


, [Nguyn Vn Tu 1968: 61]. ,

, ,
, . ,
, .. [Nguyn Ti CNn 1975: 9294]. ..
[ 1993: 33].
,

. ,
[o
Thn N guyn Thy Khanh 1986]. ,
, [N guyn c Tn 1997].
. [T in
ting Vit 2000] 400 , , ( ).
? , , : (
) , ; -; , ; ,
.
.
299

1. ,
, .
, ( b nng , b hng
, , nh ng ), ,
(x phng , mi xoa ,
xch l , xi mng , sen m ) ,
(b nhn , mt chc
).
.
2. ,
, ,
, ( ). . , , tnh (tnh ng/ng tnh ), trng (trng phng/phng trng ,
trng on/on trng , trng thn/thn trng
), ha (ha u/u ha ). ()
, ( ). , , ,

(ng tnh,
phng trng, on trng, thn trng).
3. , , .. -. ,
, m m, nh nh, o o; o , vnh vnh, chm chm,
tim tm, ,
, .
.
300

 : (
) . :

, ( , )
. ,
,
( , , ), ,
. ( ) ,
, (lc c, lch kch, lanh chanh, lu ru).
- . , , . , : thit
tha/tha thit, thn th/th thn, vNn v/v vNn, l li/li l, n/n ,
n o/o n, lng l/l lng, tht tha/tha tht, ngNn ng/ng ngNn,
n au/au n, hng h/h hng, m mt/mt m, m mt/mt m, khao
kht/ kht khao, kht khe/khe kht, li l/l li, mng mnh/mnh mng,
ht hiu/hiu ht .
. ( [T in
t ly ting Vit 1994], 1983 [N g
php ting Vit 1983], [H L 1976]).
[N guyn Thin Gip 1999],

, , , ,
-,
,
. ,
301

 [T
ting Vit 1998].
.
- .
, ,
,
, : l li, th thm, au n, o in, h hng,
khao kht, kht khe, li l, manh mi, ngi ngn, ngo ngt, ngy ngt,
ngu nghin, mng mnh, hn h, ti tm, r ri, vn vng [N guyn Th
Thanh H 2000].
, , -
( a y, ).
4. , . , ,
.

.
, 60%
. , , : .
, , , .
. , , .
, , ,
,
, .
: Nm/Nm , nhn chng/chng nhn, bnh
dch/dch bnh, ch im/im ch, kinh / kinh, v / v, cht
c/c cht, ch hu/hu ch, m ch/ch m, ngoi l/l ngoi, th
302

mt/mt th, h mt/mt h, nhp ngoi/ngoi nhp, thu quan/quan thu,

hu sn/sn hu, hiu th/th hiu, danh thip/thip danh.
.
,
, .
.
,
, . . ( /)
. (, ,
, -
, : ,
tp cht ( + = )
cht tp, cao tn ( + = ) tn cao, in trng ( + =
) trng in.
. () , . (yu thng, thng mn), (kh d, u ui, yu ght) ,
(tt ti, gt hi)
(nh ca, qun o, rung vn, sch v).
,
,
() , ,
. : (.. , 303

 ), (
, , , ). , ,
, , , v chng (
chng v), b m ( m b), ng cha,
cha ng. () , ,
(,
, kim tm,
ngha tnh, ngp trn, di hn .). ,
()
, -.
,
, .
? . . () ()
(gang thp/thp gang, chung thy/thy chung, en / en, l
lng/lng l, mai ma/ma mai, o n/n o, khe kht/kht khe, non
nc/nc non, son phn/phn son, sng ni/ni sng). 280
, : / 28 , / 55
, -/ 22 , -/ 18 , /-
24 , /- 15 , / 10 , / 25 ,
/ 33 ..,
70% -.
- , . -304

 , , , , .

. , , ,
.
- (. [ .
2006]) . -.
, , tin a ( + = )
a tin l tin a ng To ln chu tri
,
. ngnh gang thp ( +
= ) ngnh thp
gang, :
ch gang thp/thp gang () .
chng thy (, ) thy chung.
-
, ,

. . - . , tranh u u tranh , tranh u u tranh
(, tranh u/u tranh ginh li
quyn . u tranh chnh tr ( ), u tranh yuw tng ( )
.. tranh u. .
, ,

.
305


.. .:
, 1993.
.., .., .., , ,
(. ). - . 1 / -
. - . .: , 2006.
o Thn N guyn Thy Khanh. Kh nng chuyn i trt t m tit to bin th ca
t trong cc n v t vng song tit // N hng vn ngn ng hc v cc ngn ng
phng ng. H N i, 1986. [ .
{

} // . , 1986. . 249-250].
H L. Vn cu to t ca ting Vit hin i. H N i: N h xut bn khoa hc x hi,
1976 [ . {
}. : , 1976].
Nguyn c Tn. V phng php bin son t in ng ngha ting Vit // Mt s vn
t in hc. H N i: N h xut bn khoa hc x hi, 1997 [ .
{
} // . :
, 1997. . 228-265].
N g php ting Vit / y ban khoa hc x hi Vit N am. H N i: N h xut bn Khoa
hc x hi, 1983 [ / {
/ } :
, 1983].
Nguyn Ti Cn. N g php ting Vit. H N i: N h xut bn i hc v trung hc
chuyn nghip, 1975 [ . {
}. : , 1975].
Nguyn Th Thanh H. Bn thm v hin tng t ly o c trt t [
. { - } // N gn ng {}. 11, 2000. . 41-47].
Nguyn Thin Gip. T vng hc ting Vit. H N i: N h xut bn Gio dc, 1999
[ . . { }.
: , 1999].
Nguyn Vn Tu. T vng hc ting Vit hin i. H N i: N h xut bn Gio dc, 1968
[ . {
}. : , 1968].
T in ting Vit. Hong Ph ch bin. H N i N ng, 2000 [
. { . }.
, 2000].
306

T in t ly ting Vit. H N i: N h xut bn Gio dc, 1994 [

{ }. : ,
1994].
T ting Vit / Trung tm khoa hc x hi v nhn vn quc gia.Vin ngn ng hc.
Hong Vn Hnh ch bin. H N i: N h xut bn khoa hc x hi, 1998 [
/ . . {
. .
. . }. : , 1998].

307

 ..
( - , )

Krylov A.Yu.

Towards the problem of the emotive category

expression means in the Arabic literary language
and the Arabic spoken languages in the Mashric
and Maghrib Arab countries
The paper deals with the conception of the emotive category and
the level of the development of this category in modern linguistics
and in the Arabic linguistic tradition. This problem is under review
against a background of the increasing interest in linguistic
interpretation of emotions in the system of the up-to-date scientific
knowledge. Describing the emotionality expression means, we
chose the method of functional semantic fields, focussing our
attention on the complex field of verbal and non-verbal means of
expressing emotions. In this research, we emphasize the universal
nature of emotive meanings and demonstrate the invariant part and
variant forms of the means used to express emotions in the Arabic
literary language and in the Mashric and Maghrib Arabic dialects,
their common and regional linguistic (lexical, phraseological,
syntactical, phonetic) and paralinguistic (phonatory, kinetic,
graphic) representation.

1.
. 308

 , , , , , , , , , .
, , , , ,
.

. , , , . , .. ,
, . (),
[ 2006: 11].
, , .

( ). IX .
, , .,

[ 2004: 524]. -,
, - , ,
, .
, ,
-, [ 2004:
524-525] . , 309


.
,
, , , , , , , , , ,
., , ,
,
XVIII XIX .
,
-, . ,
, .
, .
, ..
.. .. , .
, ,
, [ 1989: 9].

,
.
[ ].

- (), ,
.. ,
(, , , , - ..),
,
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313

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317

 (, , .), , , : ..
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, `[ azma la: `sa:bik `lau]
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:
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318

 [ al-hi` ka:ia l-a`gi:ba],

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, .. [ 2004: 231].

:

[`assa `nabdan li-l-aw`da:i l-iqtsa:`diyya] ()
( 1985: 781) , `[ assa `nabdan] . `[ mawa] ,
:
`[ mawa `a:rima min al-istin`ka:r]
, [ a`a;ra `mawata as-`saat]
( 1985: 773) .
, -

319

 . , ,
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31]. , (. . + . ), :
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320

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1985: 695).
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321

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![ fi: ma:`lla:], ![ an-`i
nak], ![ a:trak].
.
, , ![ ya: sa`la:m] 322

 ,
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323

`riglak] !.
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`[ labbasa al`ba:til bil`haqq] ,

[ ta`labbasa`aqnia muta`nawwia] .

, . , ., , ,
.
, [ 1979: 21].
, ,
[ 2000: 327 328].
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) (

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, (). `[ adabun]
, :
[ saut al-`adab] ( 2008),
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.
324

 , , [ atrun] , `[ aufun]
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,
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2008)],
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:
325

 , ( )
,
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2.

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, [ sa`i:run] , [ ka`bi:run] ,
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:

[sa`i:ru l-aql] ,
[ka`bi:ru s-sinn] 326

, [ ka`bi:ru l-`adad] ,
[ a`ri:du l-manki`bein] , [ da`i:fu alqalb] , `[ qa:si l-qalb] ,
[qa`wiiu al-qalb] , `[ aswadu l-kabd]

, [ a`li:zu l-kabd] ( 1985:
438, 654, 674, 828) .
,

([ sa`i:run] , [ ka`bi:run] ,
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,
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.

.
. ,

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bit `talab] ,
[ talaba] .
,
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, - .
327

 , , . .
. , , . , , , , ,
. ..
[ 2001: 190-201].
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[ 2004: 72-73]. ,
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328

 ?
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[ 2004: 78] .

:
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:

? () ? [ ]. , , :
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!
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,
: ? [ 1979: 41].

,
- .
329

, : [ i:] ,
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, , ,

: [ m`li:ha i:] ?,
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[u`mmal `a:iz e:] ?,
[at-`tanara

[mi:n da] ?; :

`haqqi fe:n] ?, [ fe:n `haqqi t`tanara] ? [ 1979: 42].

, [ i:] -, -
,
[ fi: i: ba`yya: ari:b min u:n]
:

(-) ?,
`[ andak i: kufi`yya:t ha`ri:r] (-)
? ( 1972: 35) .
, ,
:
:
: ? ( 1962:
71). .
- , , , , : `[ inta ma`nu:n ya:
`hasan] , ?.
: , , , , :
[bad] ,
[u`mma:l] ; [ ya:] .,
, : [ um`ma:l `a:iz `e:]
? (, 1975: 36).
,
, , , , , .
, , ,
,
330

 : , ,
. : ! !,
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; ! !, !
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tdi:r `akka] ! [ 1979: 43].
, - ..
: !
... !,
:

! ( 1985: 552).
: ! ! (
1962: 107).
, `[ keifa] , [ kam] ,
`[ inna], [ la] .: !
() !, !
! !, ! , !
[, 2004: 315-316] .

,
. : ! !, !
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! , ! [ 1979:
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! .

. ,
331

 - , : !
: !`[ ya:
`lau `min-al-a`ma:l],
[`u: al-a`ma:l], !`[ e: ga`ma:l da],
!`[ inu al-a`ma:l].
, !, , ,
, ,
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., : !

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!

[uff gaddi`ei ta`ba:n].
!
[ ma], , `[ afala] :
! ! [, 2004: 316].
, , . (
) ( )
.
. , 40- , ,
[ 1979: 102].
, .. .. [ ]
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, ,
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) ,
:
[ ].
332


( ): , (.:
) [ 1979: 99] .

- . ,
,
, [`hatta], [ la],
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, ,
`[ saufa lan], .

[`inna] ,

`[ uwa]
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:
... ,
(- 2008: 20).
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:
, .
`[ saufa lan] :
! [ 1979: 114].
[ la], , :
, , [ 1998: 397], (.: ) () ! [ 1979: 114].


. [-anna] [-an] , .. , 333

 , , ..
,
[ 1998: 167-168]. : `[ la taki`ban]
`[ a `la tari`anna]
( ),

? [ 1998: 168],
! (
) ! [ 1979: 115].

[ la], ,
, .:
.
,
.
3. -

, ,
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. ,
-
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.. , (, ,
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2004: 61].
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() [ ].
334

 .. ,
,
[ 2004: 72].
, : , :
? : !
!. ,
, ,
, . [ ].
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,
( ).

,
.
, ,
,
: .. ( 1981) [`a:sifa ma b`yidir
yi`u:f `had] , (
):

`a:sifa

ma b`yidir

yi`u:f

`had

.
.
,
335

 ,
.
,
: ! `[ nahnu `narifu lha`qi:qa] !
, ; ! `[ nahnu
`narifu lha`qi:qa] ! ,
- ; , ! `[ nahnu
`narifu lha`qi:qa] ! , , - .
, , .
(
),
, -,
. ,
, , : ! ! !
! ! ( , 1970: 23) 2 [`ya:lla `kullu `wa:hid
`yirga ma`ka:nu `kullu `wahid `yirga li `ulu a`wa:m `yalla b`sura `yalla
a`wa:m] , ! , ! ,
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,

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!`[ ya-`lau min-al-a`ma:l] (),
- , :
336

`u:
`e:
`inu
`ya`lau

al
ga`ma:l
al
min-al

a`ma:l
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3.

,
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,
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, .

.
, , , , : ! !
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337

) [`barra `barra mi `a:iza had `ena tla `barra] ! !

! ! ( ).
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: ! ...! ...
( 1981) [b`sura b`sura ya: `si:n `ya:lla: `ya:lla: nzi:l
nzi:l b`sura nzi:l e:-e: u: bak `a:if] , , !
, , , ! --! ,
? ( ).

,
.
. :
![ mah`mu:d `walad k`ti:-i:-i:-r k`weyis] --
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:
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() , ,
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!
).
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, .
, , , , , , ,
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, , [ 2004: 195].
, ,
- 338

 . , , , ,
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,
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), ,
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). , . . , (emblems)
(autonomous) [, 2004: 135].
,
, () ,
-. ,
, (illustrators), [, 2004: 141].
,
- ,
, .
,
. , , .. .. , [, 1980: 412].
, , ,
!, [`marhaba]. , , !
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[marhab`te:n].
: !`[ marhaban] !.
![ sala:`ma:t] ! , , .
!`[ alan] !. , , ,
![ fima`lla], ![ an`inak], !`[ a:trak], ![ wa`da: an]
!, !.
,
![ assa`la:mu-a`leikum] ! ![ ya al`eikum-assa`la:m] !,
!`[ maa-ssa`la:ma] !
.
(), .

, [, 1980: 412-413].
, ,
, , , ,
, .: `[ ki:f-il
ah`wa:l] ?,
`[ki:f `sahha] ?.
,
( ), [, 1980: 413] .
.
![ ta`a:l] ! , , , ;
![ rwa:h] ! .
: , , 340

, .
, [, 1980: 413]. [`barra]
: !
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`[ ru:h `minni]
, : !
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! . !
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, ,
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, , ; ![ k`weyis] !, ! , .
:

,
.
[, 1980: 414]
. : ,
![ mu `la:zim] !; !`[ ma byi`si:r
`eik] !, ![ la] !, !`[ mu `la:zim]
, ![ mam`nu:] !
, .
, .

. ,
, - ,
341

 [, 1980: 414]: !`[ inu-`gult]

? ; `[ u: am-`tihki:]
? .
`[ ma:a-`qulta] ?.
, , : !`[ ba:lak]
!, !.
[ 1982: 101].
, ,

.
, , ( ), (, , ),
.
. , , ,
: ![ a`gi:ba]
!, -, ,
, : ![ ba-ba-ba] --!.
, ,
, .
,
, ,
,
,
, ,
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: ,
,
,
[ 1990: 367].
, , , .
342

 - .
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, ( 1967: 43),
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().

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343

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ts (. .[]);
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2008 1 "325" .[ -. - 325, 1 2008 {.

325, 1 2008}].
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.. ( ) / . - . . .: ,
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.. . . 2-, . .:
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.. . . . . . .
., 2003.
.. . .: ,
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.. . .: , 1980.
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.. : . . 2-, . .: , 2006.
.. . .: , 2001.
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.. . .: , 1974.
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.. . . II. .: - . , 1979.
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., . . . . . .: -, 2004.
.. / . .. . .:
, 2000.
. I. . . /
. .: , 1980 // http://rusgram.narod.ru/1689-1705.html.
.. . : . . .: : , 2005.
.. //
. .: -, 2004.
.. . .: XXI ,
2008.
.. // . . .:
-, 2004.
.., .. : . 1.
: . .: -, 2004.
.. . .: , 1974.
1

. ...
.

346

 () ..
( , )

( )
Markina (Kozha) K.A.

Problems of linguistic interference

(as displayed by Chinese lettered-words)
Globalization processes and phenomena are naturally reflected
by languages the humanity speaks. Changes can be seen both in
our every day conversations and in deep layers of the language
structure. The present paper is to draw attention to some interferential (typological, graphic, phonetic, morphological)
phenomena caused by Global English influence, and to consider
them through the Modern Chinese language circumstances. The
phenomena under study are concerned with the use of the so
called lettered-words zi4mu3ci2 which furnish a
spectacular example of modern languages in contact.

, , , , .

, , . ( zi4mu3ci2 ) .

,
, 347

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-,
.
:
a) ( ,
):
WTO World Trade Organization ;
ATM automatic transfer machine ;
GB guo2biao1 ;
PSK pu3tong1hua4 shui3ping2 kao3shi4
.;
) ( , ),
(
hun4xue4er2 -), :
G ( shou3ji1) (
san1) (Generation);
IT ( jie4) (Information
Technologies);
TV ( zu2), ;
call (. to call )
..;
) , , ..
: kiss , call , ball , smile , nice
.
,
-, ,
.
348

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, [ 1979: 22].

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349

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350

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, zhong1shan1
da4xue2.
,
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2.
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( ),
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, , , n, . ,
(mic [mik], VIP [vip], SIM [sim], SOS [sos], ZIP [zip], POP [pop] ..),
, (call, kiss, ball .), ,
[k, p, m, s, l] . , -
, F [ef], H [eit], L [el], M [em], N [en], S [es],
X [eks], Z [zed], ,
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identification module ),
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352

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: MT (= moun-tain), CN (=
chi-nese), party, baby .
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( -), / . .
353



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, .
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[ 2002: 231].
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, :
e (electronic + hua4 );
TV , (television + . zu2);
VAD (vitamin A + D
+ D + niu2nai3 );
Q (Question + ban3 , ;
C ( san1 + Communication,
Computer, Control , , +
ge2ming4 .
, ( ) - ,
. , 354

 , , (SMS
[short message service ] + .
-), (PR [public relations ] + -) ..


. , - ,
( ) - . , , ,

-ing ( ) . , ing ( . chi1fan4 ),
ing ( . gong1zuo4 ), ing ( . kai1xin1
), ing ( . yi2han4 ). C -ing shang4wang3
, : ing.
-ed, ed [Dai Hongxia 2004: 10].
, , - zhe0, zhong1 (
, ) le0 ( / ): gong1zuo4zhe ,
kai1xin1zhong1 , chi1fan4le . ., :
GG ni3 ge1ge0 zai4 zuo4 shen2me0
( Ge1Ge0) ?

ing e-mail ! yi2han4-ing, wang4ji4le ta1 de email mi4ma3 , .

355

 , , .

.
,

.
-
,
, ,
.
, , ,
- :
call mei2 ren2 call guo4 wo3 call + guo4);
call ta1 shi2shi2 call zhe0 wo3 ( call +
zhe0);
IT ? ni3 de0 qi3 ye4 IT le0 ma0?
? ( IT [information technologies ]
- le0).
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.
.
356

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, , , .
,
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,
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. . : , 1979.
.., .., .., ..,
.. - ( ) // XXV . . ., 1960.
.. //
. ., 1975. . 89-99.
.. . ., 1927.
.. // . . ., 2002. . 231-234.
Dai Hongxia. Looks Like English. The adoption of Roman alphabet into the Chinese
writing: the case with net speech. { . 357

 : -}
Zhejiang University Press, 2004.
. The dictionary of lettered-words. . , 2001.
[ { }. . :
, 2001].
1

() () [ 1975: 90].

, .. [ . 1960].

358

2.
:

.., .., ..,

.., .., ..
( , )

-
: 2008 .
Kostyrkin A.V., Kanovich M.I., Modina L.S.,
Panina A.S., Tarasova E.S., Shalyapina Z.M.

The JaRAP experimental environment for studies

in Japanese-Russian automatic translation: 2008
The JaRAP environment is being developed at the Institute of
Oriental Studies (Russian Academy of sciences, Moscow) for
experimental investigations in Japanese-Russian automatic translation. The heart of this environment is a preliminary computational
implementation of a machine translation system for the language
pair in question, incorporating four basic components: the overall
translation interface and the modules responsible, resp., for Japanese analysis, Japanese-Russian transfer, and Russian generation.
Linguistic data for both languages is represented within the Entitybased linguistic framework. The paper describes some of the most
salient difficulties of Japanese-Russian translation, the overall
arrangement and operation of each of the four modules of the
JaRAP translation system, and some ways and means implemented
in it to cope with the translation difficulties mentioned.

1.

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396

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// . 8, 1, 2004. . 81-144.
.. . .:
, 1974.
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Wiener Slawistischer Almanach. Sbd. 14. Wien: T.Reuther, 1984.
..
( - ).
. . . . . .: , 2002.
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II . , 13-22 1999 .
.: , 2000. . 104-118.
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., .., .. .
- : . .: , 2001 (. 5.11.01
56804).
Fillmore Ch.J. The Case for Case // Universals in Linguistic Theory. N.Y., 1968. P. 1-88.
Ginsberg M.L. Dynamic Backtracking // Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research. 1,
1993. P. 25-46.

397

 ..
(, )

Brechalova E.V.

On the procedure estimating correlation of the formal

syntactical representation and the predicate-argument
structure of a Korean sentence
In the present paper we describe two representations of a Korean
sentence and a procedure which estimates correlation between
them. One of the representations specifies the predicate-argument
structure of a given sentence, while the other one specifies formal
relations of syntactical dominance between lexemes of the same
sentence. The estimating procedure is mainly based on 6 rules
which are called linear compositions. The predicate-argument
structure and the formal syntactical representation of the same
sentence agree with each other if we can derive the formal
syntactical representation of the sentence from its predicateargument structure using linear compositions. We see the
procedure presented in the paper as the main instrument for
analysis of Korean sentences implementing the method of analysis
through synthesis.

1.
1.1.

-
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398

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