Mt vi suy ngh v d bo sc chu ti cc khoan nhi ng knh ln thi cng theo phng php truyn thng 1.

M u c d bo tin cy sc chu ti cc, cn phi th nghim cht ti nn tnh hoc th nghim ng bin dng ln PDA (Pile Driving Analyzing) vi t l thc cho hu ht cc c lp c th nm trong hay ngoi mng cng trnh. Trn trng thi lm vic cc lun l nhm c sc chu ti nhm nh hn trong t ct hay t st cn ln n hi nhm cc tng hn nhiu ln so vi cc n. Sau y l mt vi suy ngh v tnh hp l v kinh t khi s dng cc khoan nhi. 2. Ni dung Da trn nguyn tc cn bng lc mt cch p t th biu thc tng qut tnh sc chu ti cc bao gm lc tc ng do ti trng cc hn ca cng trnh (Qv) ul v trng lng ring ca cc nhi (W) bng cng tc dng lc ma st gii hn thnh cc (Qus) v lc khng gii hn mi cc (Qub): Biu thc tng qut tnh Sc chu ti nn cc n l Qus + W = Qus + Qub (1) 1. Trong Tiu chun TCXD cho php tnh d bo sc chu ti cc theo phng php tnh bn t nn: c hc l thuyt phng php American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE): biu thc l thuyt c in: cho php cng tc dng lc chng mi cc v lc khng ma st thnh cc theo biu thc (1) nh sau: - Lc khng gii hn mi cc: Qub = Ab* (C* Nc + vl* Nq) (2) - Lc ma st gii hn thnh cc: Qus = Al* L(Ks* tan * vl + C) (3) D bo sc chu ti cc trc ht phi hiu r a cht cng trnh di cc sau l bin php bo v thnh l khoan. Trong bi vit ny ch xt n cc trong t ht th, trng thi ri n cht, gm ct si dm bi khng do c N 50 Vn trong biu thc (3) l xc nh h s p lc t nn ngang (Ks); trng hp s dng bentonite Ks = 0,67KO (KO l p lc ngang tnh) v gc ma st gia cc v t ().Theo ngh ca Brom Ks= 0,5 v / - 3 v v d khi = 33 th kt qu c: Ks* tan = 0,1 V d nm 1997 nh thu Rodio - thi cng cng trnh cao tng Cn h vn Hng ti s 6 Ngc Khnh H Ni, mng l cc khoan nhi ng knh D = 1000mm xuyn su 36m qua lp st 1 c Cu = 2,5 Pa; = 1,67tn/m3, v = 2 ; lp st s 2 c C = 27,5Pa; = 1,85tn/m3 v = 7 , lp st 3 c c C = 42,5Pa; = 1,95tn/m3 v = 8 ; tng ct pha s 4 c C = 15Pa; = 2tn/m3 v =16 ; lp ct s 5 c C = 0 v = 2tn/m3 v = 38 . Vi Nq = 50; = tnh c su ti hn y bng 20 m v kt qu l sc chu ti gii hn ca cc bng Qvul = 1257,95 tn, trong lc khng gii hn mi cc Qub = 1130,76 tn chim 82,65% Qvul. Chn h s tin cy Fg = 3 th sc chu ti cho php ca cc D1000 bng 419 tn. Th nghim nn tnh cho thy tho mn ln v ti trng t yu cu thit k. Trn thc t ti thi im 1997, thi cng ni a cn t kinh nghim v cc khoan nhi nn khng c kh nng ra sch y cc khi khoan t trong a tng ct cht va ti a

bn H Ni. iu ny chng t ma st thnh cc lm vic thc ln hn nhiu so vi tnh ton d bo theo phng php, ASCE. Biu thc ny ph hp trong iu kin a tng, l st cng dnh, di t khng c nc ngm, c th to l cc bng khoan kh v khoan khng su th sc khng mi cc nhi ng knh ln mi c hiu qu cao nh kt qu tnh. 2. Biu thc schmertmann - kt hp kinh nghim Nht Bn - Theo phng php trnh by trong TCXD 195-97 v AIJ tnh theo gi tr SPT. Thng s tnh cht t nn s dng trong tnh ton l sc khng SPT - Nvalue - Lc khng gii hn mi cc: Qub = **Na*Ab (4) - Lc ma st gii hn thnh cc: Qus = (0,2* Ns*Ls + Cu* Lc)*Al (5) Gi tr N cho trong bo co a cht cng trnh l s liu th thit k cn hiu chnh thnh Nhc nu trong l khoan c nc ngm dng cao khi th nghim SPT: Nhc = 15 + 0,5 (N-15) ng thi phi chun ho theo 60% nng lng hu ch N60 (trong iu kin thit b th nghim n gin nh hin nay, cho php thit k ch ly 40% nng lng hu ch trong s lng nht ba p t ln 30cm: N60 = (40/60) N v **Na = 5,7tn/m2* N60; on cc trong st = 0,29 + 0,19 Cu k c vi t dnh yu Cu 5tn/m2 (Tham kho: Mng cc ca GS V cng Ng v Th.S Nguyn Thi - H Ni, 2004). Lu rng i vi cc nhi trong t ct, sn si: = 15. = 0,75 khi bo co kho st khng cung cp s liu cng ct ca t th tr s ny c th suy ra t gi tr Nvalue nh sau: Cu = qu/1,5 (qu=1,25N); v tho mn cho st do khng qu yu Cu 5tn/m2 . V d: Cng trnh Cao c Xanh c 3 khi ring bit nhng cng chung mt mng trn din tch t xy dng 2212m2 ca khu t 8864m2 ti Qun 9 - TP H Ch Minh. Cng trnh 20 tng, cao hn 70m c 1 tng hm din tch 2865, 65m2 garage t xe my vi ba ng trt ln xung hm, mt tng trt v lng cn h thng tng VIP. Tng din tch sn hn 46000m2 c 474 cn h cao cp xen ln sn vn cy xanh, ging tri v b bi, phng tp. Giao thng ng c 7 thang my, 6 cu thang b dnh cho phng h cu ho. Bo co a cht cng trnh nm 2004 ti vng t RDC khoan su 78m ti vng ct c gi tr N27. Thit k t chn cc ti su hn 55,0m ta trn t ct c ch s Na= 12-16 (chiu dy lp Lc=15,7m), di cc lp st do l ct pha do c N = 22 27 (chiu dy lp cha kt thc Ls = 39,3m). H kt cu ng chu ti ng c li cng gm nhng vch lin tc bao chu vi cc thang my thang b ti trung tm v bn ngoi li l cc khung ct vch dng ch TLI, sn dy khng dm b tng ton khi l kt cu tm cng ngang lin kt vi ct vch li cng. Mng to nh c cng ln nh cc vch li cng ni lin b vo ch thiu ht cc vch ngn ca mng b to thnh mng hp. H mng cc - b: To nh c mt tng hm nn chiu su t mng b ln (6m) trng lng cng trnh vi khi lng mng b hon ton c b li mt phn trng lng khi t h o b ly i. Mng b bao ph ton din tch tng hm chung c ba khi c s dng lm gim ln cng trnh t trn nn t yu.

Tng ti trng bn trn ca kt cu to nh tng i ng u v 20% hot ti l 78804 tn. T thy p lc ln t nn 27,5 tn/m2 l ln. Nu ch s dng mng b khng thi th to nh b ln nhiu nn phi s dng bin php x l nn bng b tr cc khp nn tng hm theo mng li phn b u. Do a tng khng c lp t c kh nng chu lc cao hn su nm pha di (80m) nn ch tnh c l cc ma st c kh nng chu ti khng cao. V vy phi kt hp mng cc vi bn (mng b) b tng ton khi. Xem b l mng cng tuyt i phn b li ti trng tp trung ca ct, tng vch cho cc. Tnh theo biu thc (1), (4) v (5) vi cc thng s c trng a cht vng Qun 9 c cng ct khng thot nc Cu = 5tn/m2 v su L = 55,5m: cc ng knh D1200 c Q cc hn = 1800 tn, sc chu ti cho php bng ti trng cc hn chia cho h s tin cy. Theo Tiu chun Nht Bn AIJ - 1988 ly gi tr h s tin cy ca cc Fg, Fss, Fsb =3. Sc chu ti theo t nn cho php thay i theo kch thc (tit din Ab(m2) v chu vi Al(m) cc l: Qa(tn) = 58 Ab + 142 Al (6) v d Sc chu ti cho php tnh theo biu thc (6) vi ng knh cc D1000 th Qa(tn) = 45 + 446 = 491t; ng knh cc D1200 th Qa = 65 + 535 = 600 tn. Trn c s nhng s liu thu thp t bc trin khai th nghim thm d thng 7/2004 do Cienco 68 thc hin cc cc CN 100 - CT1 t ti trng ti hn Qvul = 1375 tn, cc CN120-CT2 t ti trng ti hn Qvul= 1650 tn, cc CN140-CT3 t ti trng ti hn Qvul= 2300 tn tng ng vi ln gn 10%D. Ngoi th nghim nn tnh, thng 5/2006 GOGECO cn tin hnh kim tra cc bng th ng PDA v phn tch CAPWAP cho cc cc CN120 -171 v CN120 -172... v t kt qu: sc chu ti ma st Qus = 943,8 tn v Qus = 1026,1 tn; sc chu ti mi cc Qub = 193,8 tn v Qub = 189,7 tn; Tng sc chu ti cc CN-171 (Qv)ul = 1137,7tn; cc CN120 -172 t (Qv)ul = 1215,7 tn. Cty ABV Engineering Singapor phn tch CAPWAP cho CN100 - CT4 cho kt qu (Qv)ul = 931 tn trong Qus = 921,8 tn v Qub = 9,2 tn. H s tin cy Fg p dng cho th ng y ly bng 2. Nh vy kh nng chu ti cho php theo th nghim ng PDA ca cc D1200 l 608 tn v cc D1000 l 465 tn. Vi ti trng ca h kt cu cng vi lc gi ngang ti vng TP H Ch Minh theo phng X l 750 tn mt, theo phng Y l 2500 tn mt th ti vng li tm nh t hp ti trng truyn ln mi cc trong nhm khong 550 tn. Ti trng trn chu vi to nh truyn xung mi cc trong nhm khong 450 tn. Ti trng cng trnh nh hn kh nng chu ti th nghim nn tnh cc n D1200 v D1000. 3. Nhn xt Theo kinh nghim th sc chu ti ma st cc khoan nhi c th t gi tr ln nht ti ln khong 1%D trong khi sc chu ti mi cc ch c huy ng hon ton khi t di mi cc t ln t 10-15%D. ln ny thng ln hn rt nhiu so vi ln gii hn khai thc cho php. Nguyn nhn do qu trnh khoan t y cc t b xo trn, lng mn khoan lng y, ra y khng sch nn cn ln ln huy ng sc chu ti y cc. Nhiu th nghim nn tnh v th ng bin dng ln PDA ti H Ni cng nh TP H Ch Minh cho thy, ngay c vi ti trng gp 2 ln ti trng cho php d bo trong thit k th cc mi ln khong 2%D (khng qu 25mm). Nh vy, ti trng cng trnh mi ch huy ng lc ma st, ph hp vi thi cng truyn thng khng ra sch t y cc.

Tu iu kin a cht cng trnh l t ct hay t st, thit k c th chn cch tnh ph hp theo l thuyt c in hoc theo kinh nghim. Thng i vi t ri th vic ly mu t th nghim nguyn dng rt kh thc hin nn kt qu s liu trong phng th nghim thng km chnh xc! Th nghim ng hin trng SPT vi mu xo ng lun cho kt qu nhanh n gin d s dng vi tin cy tng i, chp nhn c. Kinh nghim Malaysia, tnh d bo Sc chu ti cc khoan nhi theo gi tr NSPT (trong thit k thng coi l cc treo): b qua lc khng mi cc khi bit chc rng vic kim sot mc lm sch t mn khoan t di y cc c tin cy khng cao. u im ca mng b trn cc ma st dng l n cng ln theo nn xung quanh sau khi t ln gii hn ca c b cc. Ban u ton b ti trng cng trnh truyn ln i b, sau nn t bt u ln xung ti cng trnh nhanh chng truyn sang cc thay i t 50 - 80%. Mng b cc iu chnh ln khng u ca cng trnh v tng tnh nng chng ng t. Cc ma st trong nn ct pha do mm khng qu yu chiu dy ln kt hp mng b cho nhiu tng hm nh cao tng vi h kt cu khung - vch li cng c thit k chp nhn nh mt trong cc phng n c tnh kinh t v k thut cao. Hy vng phng php phun va p lc cao (skin, Post, Jear - Grouting) sm c p dng nh thc hin ti mng b tng t bn sn b tng ton khi ng knh 50m dy 4,5m trn 85 cc ma st barrette tit din 1,2* 2,8m chu ti trng 300 000 tn ca thp i Petronas Malaysia (1997); Mng Trung tm ti chnh quc t - Thp 101 tng i Bc; mng tr neo cu M Thun nm 1998 s dng cc D2500 su 85,55m th ti tnh hai chiu (Osterberg) t sc chu ti cc hn 3900 tn; Mng b trn cc To nh Pacific Plaza cao 18 tng gm 5 tng hm di mt t nm 2003 ti 83B L Thng Kit H Ni do T vn Php thit k s dng cc D1200 x l y m rng su 47m t sc chu ti cc hn 2400 tn. Tng ng ln 3%D = 35 mm ( ln n hi hn 1%D = 15 mm). Cc x l y tng kh nng chu ti ln 2 ln. 4. Kt lun a. Cc khoan khi thi cng theo phng php truyn thng cn tn ti nhiu vn bt cp nh cht lng b tng cc cha cao, sc chu ti thp, gi thnh qu cao. b. Cc khoan nhi dng va bentonite gi thnh th vic lm sch bn ti y cc l khng tin cy, thit k phi gim sc chu ti mi cc, thm ch b qua hon ton. Cc c tnh nh cc ma st dng c tc dng, trc ht hn ch bin dng nn t xung quanh cc, lm gim tnh nn ln ca t nn; truyn ti trng cng trnh xung tng t tt hn di su hn. c. Cc ma st nn kt hp i b, sc chu ti cc - b c th ch tnh bng 80% kh nng chu ti trng d bo cho php ca cc n. d . Nhm nng cao sc chu ti cc khoan nhi, ngoi vic tng su chn cc, tng ng knh cc th hng nghin cu ang c quan tm l thc hin x l phun va p lc cao m rng y cc (Post-Grouting), phun va thnh cc sau khi b tng (skin-Grouting).
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