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.

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45
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, i nt, .
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[
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decimal ]
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. 3 . 1 .
46
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, float double decimal
.
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, .
.

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Excepti on, System.
, ()
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,
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.
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.
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. checked unchecked. checked
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, , ,
.
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47
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#
# ,
,
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, ,
, .
,
,
, . 3.2
.
3 . 2 .
using System;
{
class Classl
{
static void MainO

{
int x = 3. = 3;
Console.Write( " : " );
Consol.WriteLineC ++ ) ;
Console.WriteLineC ) ;
Console.WriteC " : " );
Console.WriteLineC ++ ) ;
48
3. ,
: 4
: 4
: 3
: 4
, ,
, .
, (
, 5 7 ) .
new
new . :
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, :
object z = new o b j e c t O :
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II , int i = 0;
,
,
.
new
( , ),
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.
, .

.
,
OutOfMemoryException.

( -)
. int, long,
float, double decimal. ,
( . . 3.1).
.

. .
, .
49
( ! )
bool.
false, true, true,

false.
( ~ ) , ,
int, uint, long ulong.
3.3.
3 . 3 .
BSing System;
{
class Ciassl
{
static void MainO

sbyte a = 3, b = -63, = 126;
bool
d = true;
Console.WriteLineC -a )
// -3
Console.WriteLineC -c )
//
-126
Console.WriteLineC !d )
//
false
Console.WriteLineC ~a )
// -4
Console.WriteLineC ~b )
// 62
Console.WriteLineC ~c )
//
-127

, ,
. ,
.
,
1
.
:
( )
, ,
, :
long b = 300;
int
= ( i n t ) b;
byte d = (byte) a;
//
//
, .
50
3. ,
(*)
int, ui nt, long, ulong,

float, double decimal. ,
( . . 3.1).
, int.
decimal
,
1
System. OverflowExcepti on .
. 3.2.
, z
.
,
2
, , 0. NaN ( n o t a number)
, .
3 . 2 .
*
+0
-0
+00
00
NaN
+Z
-z
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NaN
-z
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NaN
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NaN
NaN
NaN
NaN
NaN
(I) .
int, uint, long, ulong, float,
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.
( . . 3.1), int.
,
. ,
System. Di vi deByZeroExcept i on.
,
, . 3.3.
, z
1
. ,
.
. 34.
51
.
,
, , 0.
3 . 3 .
/
+0
-0
-00
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00
NaN
+Z
-z
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-0
NaN
-z
+Z
-00
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NaN
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NaN
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00
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NaN
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00
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oo
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NaN
NaN
NaN
NaN
NaN
NaN
NaN
NaN
NaN
NaN
( decimal) 0
, 0.
(%) -
, . ,
- ( / ) * .
, System.DivideByZeroException.
, int ( . . 3.1).
,
- * , ,
.
. 3.4. ,
z .
3 . 4 .
/
/
+0
-0
+00
00
NaN
+Z
NaN
NaN
NaN
- X
-z
-z
NaN
NaN
-x
-x
NaN
+0
+0
+0
NaN
NaN
+0
+0
NaN
-0
-0
-0
NaN
NaN
-0
-0
NaN
+00
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NaN
NaN
NaN
NaN
NaN
NaN
-00
NaN
NaN
NaN
NaN
NaN
NaN
NaN
NaN
NaN
NaN
NaN
NaN
NaN
NaN
NaN
( decimal)
,
0. .
3. ,
52
,
3.4.
3 . 4 . ,
using System;
namespace Consol eApplicationl
{ class Classl
{ s t a t i c void MainO
{
int x = 11, = 4;
float z = 4;
Console.WriteLineC z * ) ;
// 16
Console.WriteLineC z * le308 );
// "
Console.WriteLineC x / ) ;
Console. WriteLineC x / z ) ;
// 2
Console.WriteLineC x I ) :
// 3
Console.WriteLineC le-324 / le-324 );
// NaN
// 2.75
}
,
. 2 /
, 2
, .

2
-
, ,
, ,
2 / ( ) 2 / / .
( + ) .
one
int, ui nt, long, ulong, float, double decimal

,
( . . 3.1). ]
, i nt.
decimal
,
1
System.OverflowException .
1
. ,
.
53
. 3.5.
, z
.
,
, , 0.
3 . 5 .
+0
-0
+00
-oo
NaN
+00
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NaN
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NaN
00
00
00
NaN
-00
NaN
NaN
NaN
NaN
NaN
NaN
NaN
NaN
( - ) .
int, ui nt, long, ulong, float, double decimal.
,
( . . 3.1).
, i nt.
decimal
,
System.OverflowException.

. 3.6.
, z .
, .
,
, - , ,
0 , - .
3 . 6 .
+0
-0
+00
00
NaN
00
+00
NaN
+0
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-0
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00
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NaN
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NaN
NaN
NaN
NaN
54
3. ,

( ) .

1
, .
( ) .
( ) ,
( ),
( ).
.
int, ui nt, long ulong.
3.5.
3 . 5 .
using System;
{
class Classl
{
static void MainO
byte = 3, b = 9;
sbyte = 9, d = -9;
Console.WriteLineC a
Console.WriteLineC a
Console.WriteLineC b
Console.WriteLineC
Console.WriteLineC d
1
2
1
1
1
)
)
)
)
)
//
//
//
//
//
6
12
4
4
-5

( < , <=, >, >=, ==, ! = )
.
, true false. . 3.7
3 . 7 .
==
true, , fal se
!=
true, , fal se
<
true, , fal se
>
true, , fal se
<=
true, , fal se
>=
true, , fal se
, 5 ,
int ui nt, 6 , long ulong.
55
,
, .

. , NaN,
, ! = , false ( != true).
, ! =
! ( == ) , NaN,
<, >, <= >= . ,
NaN, < false, ! ( >= ) true.
:
+0 -0 ;
- - ;
+ + .

(&,
|,
.
(
, . . ) .
int, ui nt, long ulong.
, ( &),
1 , 1.
, ( | ) ,
1 ,
1.
(
1 , 1.
3.6.
3 . 6 .
using System:
namespace
{
ConsoleApplicationl
class Classl
{
static void MainO

Console.WriteLineC 6 & 5)
Console.WriteLineC 6 | 5 )
Console.WriteLineC 6
5 )
// 4
// 7
// 3
56
3. , !

(&&) (11) one
. true
false. .
true, ;
true. true
true.
,
, . , \
false, false
, .
3.7.
3 . 7 .
using System;
{
class Classl
{
static void MainO

{
Console
Console
Console
Console
WriteLineC
WriteLineC
WriteLineC
WriteLineC
true & &

true & &
1
true 1
true J 1
true
false
true
false
);
);
);
);
//
//
//
//
true
false
true
true
}
}
}

(? :) , .
_1 ? _2 :
,
. true, TI
,
. , .
.
:
, ;
, 2
3, , ;
57
, 3
2, , 2;
if (
) .
3.8.
3 . 8 .
using System;
{
class Classl
{
s t a t i c void MainO
{
int a = 11. b = 4;
int max = b > a ? b : a;
Console.WriteLineC max );
// 11
: ,
1, ,
1. :
i = ( i < n) ? i + 1: 1;
, .
, ? b : ? d : a T b ^ c d ^ ) .
1
,
2
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58
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.

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, j
, += b 6oi
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byte, += b ]
: += (byte). .
59
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, ( = =
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.

,
, .
.
: , .
, ,
# .
11, .
-

.
, , .
,
11.
# , , .
.
# Console,
System. Write WriteLine
. ,
3.1. 3.9.
3 . 9 .
using System:
{
class Classl
{
{
int
double
decimal
string
d
s
=
=
=
=
3;
4.12:
600m:
"";
Console WriteLineC "i - " + i ) ;

Console WriteLineC "y = { 0 } \nd - { 1 } " . y. d ) ;
Console WriteLineC "s = " + s ) :
1
2
// 3
//
//
60
3. , :
:
1 = 3
= 4,12
d = 600
s =
WriteLine
. ,
Console Write WriteLine
.
,
. , ,
. Consol
, ,
3.9 )
.
1 3.
. WriteLine ,
, , , . )
, :
, ,
+.

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#
ToStringO. ,
:
Console.WriteLineC "i = " + i.ToStringO );
2 .
WriteLine, .
, :
, ,
, ( 2)
,
:
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( d) . .

(. . 146]

( \ ) ( \ t ) .
61
. Console
, ,
.
:
1. , ,
.
2. .
Convert,
System, Parse,
. 3.10
.
3 . 1 0 .
using System;
class Classl
{
static void MainO
Console.WriteLineC "
string s = Console.ReadLineO:
Console.WriteLineC "s = " + s );
);
// 1
Console.WriteLineC " " );

char = (char)Console.ReadO;
// 2
Console.ReadLineC);
// 3
Console.WriteLineC "c = " + );
string buf;
// -
buf = Consol.ReadLineC);
int i = Convert.ToInt32( buf );
1/4
Console.WriteLineC i ) ;
buf = Console.ReadLineO:
double x = Convert.ToDouble buf );
// 5
Console.WriteLineC x ) ;
buf = Console.ReadLineO;
double - double.ParseC buf );
//
//
buf - Console.ReadLineO;
decimal z = decimal.ParseC buf );
// 7
Console.WriteLineC z ) ;
}
}
62
3. ,
.
1. ,
.
Read,
( 2 ) . int,
, - 1 ,
(, Enter).
int, a char, int char ,
,
( . . 4 9 ) .
2 3,
. ,
. ,
, .
Enter . Read,
ReadLine, ,
, .
4 5 Convert, 6 7
Parse Double Decimal . N E T ,
# double decimal.

, . ,
, . ,
, 1,95-8.
, .
-

, .
2
.
.
, ,
, ,
.
1
, .
,
.
!
63
,
.
11,
. 3.11
3.9, ,
output.txt. ,
, ...\ConsoleApplication1\bin\Debug.
3 . 1 1 .
using System;
// 1
using System.10:
{
class Classl
{
static void MainO

{
StreamWriter f = new StreamWriterC
int
i = 3;
double
= 4.12;
"output.txt"
// 2
decimal d = 600m;
string
s = "";
f.WriteLineC "i = " + i );
//3
f.WriteLineC "y = { 0 } \nd = { 1 } " . y, d );
//4
f.WriteLineC "s = " + s ):
lib
f.CloseO;
// 6
}
}
}
, :
1. ,
( 1 ) .
2. ( 2 ) .
3. - ( 3 - 5 ) .
4. ( 6 ) .

, . .
. 3.12
, 3.10,
input.txt, D:\C#. ,
.
64
3. ,
,
Visual Studio.NET.
File New File... Text File.
3 . 1 2 .
using System;
using System.10;
{
class Classl
{
{
StreamReader f = new StreamReader(
"d:\\C#\\input.txt"
);
string s = f.ReadLineC);
Console.WriteLineC "s = " + s );
char
= (char)f.ReadO;
f.ReadLineC);
string buf;
buf = f.ReadLineC);
int i = Convert.ToInt32( buf );
Console.WriteLineC i ) ;
buf = f.ReadLineC);
double x = Convert.ToDoubleC buf );
Console.WriteLineC x ) ;
buf = f.ReadLineO;
double = double.ParseC buf );
buf = f.ReadLineO;
decimal z = decimal.ParseC buf );
Console.WriteLineC z ) ;
f.CloseC);
Math
,
. Math,
System. :
: Sin, Cos, Tan;
: ASin, ACos, ATan, ATan2;
65
: Tanh, Sinh, Cosh;
: Exp, Log, LoglO;
( ) , , : Abs, Sqrt, Sign;
: Ceiling, Floor, Round;
, : Mi n, Max;
, : Pow, IEEEReminder;
: BigMul;
: Di vRem.
, : .
. 3.8.
3 . 8 . Math
Abs
Acos
Asin
Atan
|x| Abs(x)
double
Acos(double x)
double
Asin(double x)
double
Atan(double x)
Atan2
double
Atan2(double x, double )
,

BigMul
long
BigMul ( i n t , int )
Ceiling
double
Ceiling(double )
Cos
double
Cos(double )
Cosh
double
CoshCdouble )
DivRem
DivRem(x, , rem)
E.

( )
double
2,71828182845905
Exp
double
ex ()
Floor
double
Floor(double )
IEEERemainder
double
IEEERemainder(double ,
double )
Log
double
\ogex
Log(x)
, .
.
&
3. ,
66
3.13 Math.
.
3 . 1 3 . Math
u s i n g System;
namespace C o n s o l e A p p l i c a t i o n l
{
class Classl
{
{
Console.Write(
" x:
"
);
s t r i n g buf = Console.ReadLine();
d o u b l e x = d o u b l e . P a r s e ( b u f );
Console.WriteLine(
Console.Write(
" s i n ;
" ;
"
" + Math.Sin(x)
);
:" + Math.Max(x, y)
);
);
buf = Console.ReadLine();
double =
double.Parse
Console.WriteLine(
b u f );
"
}
}
}

2
= Vtv*-' "
+ 2 t g 2 a + l,610
log10x .
67
, 1 . >i, d o u b l e . 3.14.
1 3 . 1 4 .
i n g System:
mespace C o n s o l e A p p l i c a t i o n l
class
{
Classl
s t a t i c void Main()
(
s t r i n g buf:
Console.WriteLineC
" x"
):
d o u b l e x = C o n v e r t . T o D o u b l e ( b u f ):
C o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n e C " a i f a "
d o u b l e a = d o u b l e . P a r s e C b u f );
);
double = Math.Sqrt( Math.PI * x ) Math.ExpC 0 . 2 * M a t h . S q r t ( a )
) +
2 * Math.TanC 2 * a ) +
1.6e3 * M a t h . L o g ] 0 i ' Math.PowCx.
2)
);
Console.WriteLineC " x { 0 } a!fa - { ! ) " , x. a };

C o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n e C " = " + );
}
}
1, ,
: # , . , . .

1 , ,
.
.
, .
.
, , .
1 . ,
1 , .
68
: ,
. (
, ).
,
, - i .
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t r u e f a l s e . , b o o l f l a g ,
bool empty.
# ,
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, . 24).
,
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.
.
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, ,

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.
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,
.
.
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k ):
w h i l e ( t r u e ):
/ / ()
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, ,
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if switch

. if
, switch
.
if
if
. . 4.1.
. 4 . 1 .
:
if ( ) _1; [ else ; ]
71
" . t r j t , , - .
, . e l s e .
1
, ,
7. - , , ,
. ,
( ).
, , , .
:
< 0 ) b = 1:
 d 11 == 0 ) ) b++: e l s e { b *= : = 0:
,7 1
}
// 2
 a ) max = b: e l s e max - a:
/.' 3
// 4
} 1 e l s e .
, , .
, . , 2
, a ? b : a ;

. , 0 < < 1,
,
. : i f ( 0 < X && < 1 ) . . .
3 ,
. 4.2.
72
4.
. 4 . 2 .
, , .
,
,
. 4.1.
4 . 1 .
using System;
namespace
{
ConsoleApplicationl
class Classl
{
static void MainO

Console.WriteLineC " x" );
string buf = Console.ReadLineO;
double x = Convert.ToDoubleC buf );
double = double.ParseC buf );
int kol = 0:
if
( x * x + y * y < l ) k o l = 2 ;
else if ( x * x + * < 4 ) kol = 1;

Console.WriteLineC " = { 0 } ", kol );

,
, if:
73
-f ( temp < 1 ) k o l = 2;
T o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n e C - " = { 0 } " ,
kol
);
, i f

,
, .

.
:
-""oat . ; ...
* == b ) ...
-f
( Math.AbsCa - b) 
. 4 . 3 . switch
:
switch ){
case __1: [ __1 ]
case __2: [ __2 ]
case : [ ]
[ default: ]
74
4. |
.
1
( c h a r ) .
,
, .
]
. , ,
d e f a u l t ( ?
s w i t c h
).
, b r e a k , g o t o r e t u r n :
break
s w i t c h , f o r , w h i l e do (. break, . 8 4 ) ;
g o t o ,
case s w i t c h ( .
g o t o , . 8 3 ) ;
r e t u r n , (
return, . 8 7 ) .
g o t o
,
, .
4.2 ,
.
4 . 2 .
u s i n g System;
namespace C o n s o l e A p p l i c a t i o n !
:
class Classl
{
i
s t r i n g buf;
d o u b l e . b.
res,
Corisole. Writpi j n e '
" : "
):
buf" = C o n s o l e R e a d L i n e C ) :
a = double. Parse
Console.WriieLineC
c h a r op -
b u f i;
"
"
);
(char)Console.ReadO:
Console.ReaciLmec);
C o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n e C " :"
b = d o u b l e . P a r s e C b u f );
).
,
, .
75
bool ok = t r u e :
s w i t c h (op)
I
i
1
case ' +
: r e s = a + b; b r e a k :
1
case ' : r e s = a - b: b r e a k ;
case ' * ' : r e s - a * b: b r e a k :
case ' / ' : r e s = a / b: b r e a k :
default
: r e s = d o u b l e . N a N : ok = f a l s e : b r e a k :
i
if (ok) Console.WriteLineC ". " + res ):
else
Console W r i t e L i n e C " "
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{
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namespace C o n s o l 1 i c a t i o n l
{
class Class!
{
string
buf:
while ( true )
{
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switch buf )
// 1
case " 1 " :
C o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n e C " - _ 1 " ):
79
break:
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//
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ConsoleApplicationi
class Classl
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}
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{
class Class!
{
{
double e = le-6;
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s t r i n g buf = Console.ReadLineO;
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b o o l done = t r u e ;
//
d o u b l e ch = 1, = c h :
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{
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break:
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);
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ch * = x * x / ( 2 * n + 1 ) / ( 2 * n + 2 ) ;
+= c h ;
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87
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class Program
{
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{
string buf;
double u, i, r;
try
{
Console.WriteLineC
" :"
);
u = double.ParseC buf );
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):
r- = double. ParseC buf );
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);
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//
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}
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93
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throw;
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}
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throw new Exception( "G" );
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200
9.
9.1
()
{
Monster temp = (Monster) obj;
if ( this.health > temp.health ) return 1;
if ( this.health < temp.health ) return -1;
return 0;
}
string name;
int health, ammo;
}
class CI ass 1
{
static void MainO

{
const int n = 3;
Monster[] stado = new Monster[n];
stado[0] = new Monster( 50, 50, "" );
s t a d o [ l ] = new Monster( 80, 80, "" );
stado[2] = new Monster( 40, 10, "" ) ' ;
Array.Sort( stado );
//
foreach ( Monster el em in stado ) elem.Passport();

}
}
}
:
Monster
Monster
Monster
health = 40 ammo = 10
,
.

. # I Comparer,
.

( IComparer)
IComparer System. Col lections.
CompareTo,
, :
interface IComparer
{
int Compare ( object obi, object ob2 )
201
.NET
,
,
.
(
).

( Name, SortByName) ( Ammo,
EortByAmmo) 9.2.
, M o n s t e r .
9 . 2 .
. s i n g System;
. s i n g System.Col l e c t i o n s ;
'amespace C o n s o l e A p p l i c a t i o n i
class
Monster
{
p u b l i c Monster(
int health,
i n t ammo,
s t r i n g name )
{
this.health = health;
this.ammo
= ammo;
this.name
= name;
}
p u b l i c i n t Ammo
{
g e t { r e t u r n ammo;
set
{
if ( v a l u e > 0)
else
ammo = v a l u e ;
ammo = 0;
}
}
p u b l i c s t r i n g Name
{
g e t { r e t u r n name;
}
virtual
public void
PassportO
{
Console.WriteLineC
"Monster {0} \t h e a l t h = {1}

name, h e a l t h , ammo );
ammo = { 2 } " ,
}
p u b l i c c l a s s SortByName :
IComparer
//
{
i n t IComparer.Compare( o b j e c t o b i ,
o b j e c t ob2 )
202
9.
9.2
()
M o n s t e r ml = ( M o n s t e r ) o b i :
M o n s t e r m2 = ( M o n s t e r ) o b 2 ;
return
String.Compare(
p u b l i c c l a s s SortByAmmo
int.
IComparer.Compare(
m1.Name,
m2.Name
);
IComparer
object obi,
o b j e c t ob2
{
M o n s t e r ml - ( M o n s t e r ) o b i :
M o n s t e r ni2 - ( M o n s t e r ) o b 2 ;
if ( ml.Ammo > m2.Ammo )
return
1;
if ( ml.Ammo < m2.Ammo ) r e t u r n - 1 ;

r e t u r n 0.
string
mt
Class
{
name:
health,
ammo;
Class1
s t a t i c void M a m ( )
const
int
Monster3
n=3.
s t a d o new M o n s t e r ] ,
s t a d o [ 0 ] = new M o n s t e r ( 50. 5 0 .
s t a d o [ l ] = new M o n s t e r ( 8 0 . 8 0 .
s t a d o [ 2 ] = new M o n s t e r ( 4 0 . 10.
Console.WriteLine(
Array.Sort(
stado,
"
""
""
""
);
);
):
: "
);
new M o n s t e r SortByName
j;
f o r e a c h ( M o n s t e r el em in s t a d o ) el em. P a s s p o r t ' , ' ) .

Console.WriteLine(
" "
Array.Sort ( stado.
new M o n s t e r . S o r t B y A m m o O
f o r e a c h ( M o n s t e r elem in s t a d o
:
:
Monster
h e a l t h 50 ammo
M o n s t e r
h e a l t h = 40 ammo
10
M o n s t e r
h e a l t h = 80 ammo
30
50
%:
);
) elem.Passport();
203
.NET
:
M o n s t e r
hheeaalltthh = 40 ammo
10
M o n s t e r
50
Monster
80

I C o m p a r a b l e ,
.
, .
: < >, <= >=, == ! =.
, Is.
IComparable, fcqual s
GetHashCode.
o b j e c t . object* (. . 183).
9.3 M o n s t e r .

h e a l t h , ,

9 . 3 .
u s i n g System;
namespace C o n s o l e A p p l i c a t i o n i
c l a s s Monster
IComparable
{
p u b l i c Monster(
int health,
i n t ammo, s t r i n g name )
{
this.ammo
= ammo;
this.name
= name;
p u b l i c o v e r r i d e bool
Equals( o b j e c t obj
{
if ( obj == n u l l
II
GetTypeO
!= obj.GetType()
return false;
M o n s t e r temp = ( M o n s t e r ) o b j ;
r e t u r n h e a l t h == t e m p . h e a l t h &&
ammo
name
public override
== temp.ammo
== temp.name;
i n t GetHashCode()
&&
iP
204
9.
9.3
()
{
return name.GetHashCode();
}
public s t a t i c bool operator == ( Monster a. Monster b )
{
return a.Equals( b );
}
//
//
public static bool operator == ( Monster a, Monster b )
//
//
return ( a.CompareTo( b ) == 0 j;
//
public s t a t i c bool operator != ( Monster a, Monster b )

{
return ! a.Equals( b );
}
//
//
public s t a t i c bool operator != ( Monster a, Monster b )
//
//
//
return ( a.CompareTo( b ) !- 0 );
}
public static bool operator < ( Monster a, Monster b )

return ( a.CompareTo( b ) < 0 );
public static bool operator > ( Monster a. Monster b )

return ( a.CompareTo( b ) > 0 );
public s t a t i c bool operator <= ( Monster a. Monster b )

return ( a.CompareTo( b ) <= 0 );
public s t a t i c bool operator >= ( Monster a, Monster b )

return ( a.CompareTo( b ) >= 0 );
public int CompareTo( object obj
205
.NET
M o n s t e r temp = ( M o n s t e r ) o b j ;
if ( t h i s . h e a l t h > temp.health ) r e t u r n
1;
if ( t h i s . h e a l t h < temp.health ) return - 1 :
r e t u r n 0;
}
s t r i n g name;
i n t h e a l t h , ammo;
}
class
{
Classl
{
M o n s t e r = new M o n s t e r ( 7 0 , 8 0 ,
M o n s t e r = new M o n s t e r ( 8 0 , 8 0 ,
"" );
"" );
if
( > )
Console.WriteLine(
" "
e l s e if
Console.WriteLine(
" "
Console.WriteLine(
" "
else
);
);
);
}
}
:

( ICIoneable)
.
. ,
, ( . 9.1, ).
,
w
e m b e r w i s e C l o n e , o b j e c t .
, ,
, (. 9.1, ). .
. 9 . 1 .
9.
206

, , ,
, . . (. 9.1, ).
,
.
, ,
I C l o n e a b l e 1
9.4
M o n s t e r MemberwiseClone, I C l o n e a b ' r
.
, MemberwiseClone
. ,
o b j e c t ( p r o t e c t e d ) .
9 . 4 .
u s i n g System:
namespace
ConsoleApplIcationi
{
c l a s s Monster
ICloneable
{
p u b l i c Monster( i n t h e a l t h ,
i n t ammo,
s t r i n g name )
{
this.health = health:
this.ammo
= ammo:
this.name
= name;
}
p u b l i c Monster S h a l l o w C l o n e ( )
/ /
{
return (Monster)this,MemberwiseClone();
}
public object CloneO
//
{
r e t u r n new M o n s t e r ( t h i s . h e a l t h , t h i s . a m m o .
" " + t h i s . n a m e );
}
virtual
public void
PassportO
{
Console.WriteLineC
"Monster {0}
\t h e a l t h = { 1 }
}
s t r i n g name;
i n t h e a l t h , ammo;
}
class
{
Classl
ammo = { 2 } " ,
.NET
207
{
Monster = new Monster( 70. 80. "" );
Monster X = ;
Monster Y = .ShallowClone();
Monster Z = (51).CIone();
}
}
}
X , . ,
, .
Y Z, ,
.
( I Enumerable)

foreach .
. N E T
, IEnumerable
IEnumerator. foreach
. ,
.
IEnumerable () GetEnuraerator,
IEnumerator (),
.
IEnumerator :
Current, ;
MoveNext, ;
Reset, .
foreach ,
.
, ,
foreach, : GetEnumerator, Current,
MoveNext Reset. ,
, ,
, MoveNext 1
, Current
. .
, , 2.0
, .
,
. foreach
208
9.
, .
y i e l d .
( 9.5).
, Monster,
.
.
9 . 5 .
using System;
using System.Col lections;
{
class Monster { . . . }
class Daemon { . . . }
class Stado ; IEnumerable
// 1
{
private Monster[] mas;
private int n;
public
StadoO
{
mas = new Monster[10];
n = 0;
}
public IEnumerator GetEnumeratoK)
{
for ( int i = 0; i < n; ++i ) y i e l d return mas[i];
}
public void Add( Monster m )
{
if ( n >= 10 ) return;
mas[n] = m:
++n;
class Classl
{
static void MainO

{
Stado s = new StadoO;
s.Add( new Monster() );
s.Add( new Monster("") ):
s.Add( new Daemon );
foreach ( Monster m in s ) m.Passport();
// 2
.NET
209
, 2.0 , ,
IEnumerable ( 1), (
2 ) . MoveNext Current
IEnumerator.
, 9.5,
. foreach
,
.
, , , ,
, ,
.
9.6 , .
9 . 6 .
using System;
using System.Collections;
{
class Num : IEnumerable
{
public IEnumerator GetEnumerator()
{
y i e l d return "one";
y i e l d return "two";
y i e l d return "three";
y i e l d return "oops";
}
}
class Classl
{
static void MainO

{
foreach ( string s in new NumO ) Console.WriteLineC s );
}
:
one
two
three
oops

( 1 5 ) :
using System;
111
- , 7 ( . , 154),
.
-
-

, - :
. o i d ( i n t )
. .
,
(. .
: ,
, ,
. ,
, , , .
. ,
-
,
, .
, ,
, , , -
.
*.
,
:
-nt
X = 1;
; ; y t e = 1:
. s h o r t = 1:
, ,
:
;
):
( ) :
( ) :
( 200 ) ;
( / 4 + 1 ) ;
-
,
, , ,
,
return. ,
, . ,
- ( . . 4 5 ) .
210
9.
namespace
{
ConsoleApplicationi
class Classl
{
public static IEnumerable Count(
int from,
int to )
{
from = 1;
while ( from <= to ) y i e l d return from++:
}
static void MainO
{
foreach ( int i in Count( 1, 5 ) ) Console.WriteLineC i );
}
}
,
. 9.7
Stado,
9.5,
, Monster (
GetType, object).
9 . 7 .
using System;
using MonsterLib:
namespace
ConsoleAppl i c a t i o n i
{
class Daemon
{ ... }
class Stado ; IEnumerable

{
private Monster[] mas;
private int n;
public StadoO
mas = new Monster[10];
n = 0;
public
IEnumerator GetEnumeratorO
for ( int i = 0 ; i < n; ++i ) y i e l d return mas[i];

public IEnumerable BackwardsO
//
for ( int i = n - 1; i >= 0; --i ) y i e l d return m a s [ i ] :
public
IEnumerable MonstersOnlyO
//
112
- .
-.
- r e f
:
ref
, - :
v o i d (
ref int )
,
, , .
, - (
) .
, , ,
,
.
-
.
r e f .
,
.
- -
( 5.4).
5 . 4 . - -
u s i n g System;
class Classl
{
s t a t i c void P( i n t a,
ref int b )
{
a = 44; b = 33;
Console.WriteLine(
" {0}
{1}",
a,
b );
"
{0}
{1}",
a,
b );
"
{0}
{!}",
a,
b ):
}
{
i n t a = 2 . b = 4;
Console.WriteLineC
P( a , r e f b ) ;
Console.WriteLineC
113
:
:;.
2 4
44 33

2 33
, Main , , b , .
,
, , .
, - ,
,
, .
, , .
, .
,
,
.

,
, ,
. : .
o u t . ,
, ,
.
.
5.4 ,
( 5.5).
5 . 5 .
, s i n g System;
"smespace C o n s o l e A p p l i c a t i o n i
class
Classl
{
s t a t i c v o i d P(
{
}
a = 44; b = 33:
Console.WriteLineC
static
^
i n t a.
out
int b )
"
{0}
{1}".
a,
b );
void MainO
&
114
5. :
5.5
()
int = 2 , ;
( a, out b ) :
{ 0 } { ! } " , a, b );

out.
,
. ,
.
this
.
,

, .
this,
.
this ,
, ,
, :
'<
class Demo
double ;
public Demo TO
//
return this;
1
public void Sety( double )
**
this. = ;
//
.
new.
. :
, void.
115
-
, ,
n u l l .
"J
, ,
.

| ., , 5.1). ,
.
, ;. 5.6 Demo ,
( ) .
.
5 . 6 .
..s-ng S y s t e m ;
"=mespace C o n s o l e A p p l i c a t i o n i
c l a s s Demo
{
p u b l i c Demo( i n t a, d o u b l e )
//
{
t h i s . = ;
t h i s . = :
}
p u b l i c double GetyO
//
{
return ;
}
i n t ;
double ;
}
class
{
Classl
{
Demo a = new Demo( 3 0 0 , 0 . 0 0 2 )
Console.WriteLineC
}
}
a.GetyO
):
//
// ;
0,002
Demo b = new Demo( 1, 5 . 7 1 );
//
Console.WriteLineC
// :
b.GetyO
);
5,71
116
5. :
,
.
,
:
class Demo
{
public DemoC int a )
// 1
{
this.a = a:
this. = 0.002;
}
public Demo( double )
// 2
{
this.a = 1:
t h i s . = ;
}
Demo x = new Demo( 300 );

Demo = new DemoC 5.71 );
// 1
// 2
.
- ,
-,
. this
, :
class Demo
{
public DemoC int a )
// 1
{
this.a = a;
}
public DemoC int a, double ) : thisC a )
// 1
{
t h i s . = ;
}
}
,
,
.
, # object.
, ,
.
117
<
base, .
, :
p u b l i c DemoC i n t )
: baseC)
// 1
{
t h i s . = :
,
.
, .'. ,
.
, .
,
. , .
,
.
, , , . ,
# ( p r i v a t e ) .
. 5.7
, .
.
5 . 7 . ( 2.0)
. s i n g System;
'STiespace Consol eAppl i c a t i o n i
class D
{
p r i v a t e DC){}
s t a t i c DC)
/ /
II
a = 200;
}
static int a:
s t a t i c double b = 0.002;
public s t a t i c void PrintC)
{
Console.WriteLineC
Console.WriteLineC
"a = " + a );
"b = " + b );
118
5. :
5.7
()
class Class2
{
static void MainO

{
D.PrintO;
//
D d = new DO;
// :
, ( ),
,
.
2.0 ,
static. ,
, .
s t a t i c (
).
, , .
5.8 .
5 . 8 . ( 2.0)
using System;
namespace ConsoleAppli cati onl
{
'ft.
s t a t i c class D
{
s t a t i c int a = 200;
s t a t i c double b = 0.002;
public static void Print
{
Console.WriteLine( "a = " + a );
Console.WriteLineC "b = " + b );
class Classl
{
static void MainO

D.PrintO;
119
i ,
, ,
. (, , ) . ,
- ( 5.9) ,
.
5 . 9 . Monster
' : System;
respace
ConsoleApplicationi
;i ass Monster
public Monster()
this.name
= "Noname";
this.health = 1 0 0 ;
this.ammo
= 100;
public Monster( string name )
: thisO
this.name = name;
public Monster( int health,
int ammo, string name )
this.name
= name;
this.ammo
= ammo;
public int GetName()

return name;
public int GetHealthO

return health;
public int GetAmmoO

return ammo;
public
void
PassportO
102
5. :
, ,
. new.
:
Demo b
nPW "'.'
11 Demo
new Demo\
//' Demo
, ,
(. - . 3 5 ) .
, , ,
.
, new OutOfMemoryExcepti on.
,
.
,
. ,
.
-
,
.
),

.
. , :
, , , , , ,
(. 5.1).
( . . 5.1):
1
1
, .
,
.

, .
120
5. :
5.9
{)
Console.WriteLineC "Monster { 0 } \t health = { 1 } ammo = { 2 } '

name, health, ammo ):
string name;
//
int health, ammo;
class Classl
{
{
Monster X = new MonsterO;
X.PassportO;
Monster Vasia = new MonsterC "Vasia" );
Vasia.PassportO;
Monster Masha = new MonsterC 2 0 0 , 2 0 0 , "Masha" );
Masha.PassportO;
:
"3
J.
Monster Noname
Monster Vasia

Monster Masha
(name, health ammo), (GetName, GetHealth,

%
GetAmmo Passport) , -
, .
. ,

. :
[ ] [ ]
{
[ get ]
[ set _ ]
}
.
( public),
.
121
,
( g e t ) ( s e t ) .
get, set, .
set, ( r e a d - o n l y ) ,
get, ( w r i t e - o n l y ) .
# 2.0
get set. ,
.
,
, .
, publ i ,
, protected internal,
internal, protected private. 2.0
[ ] [ ] _
{
[ [ ] [ ] get _ ]
[ [ ] [ ] set ]
}
:
j j b l i c class Button:
Control
private string caption;

public string Caption {
get {
return caption;
// ,
//
//
}
set {
//
if (caption != value) {
caption = value;
Button Control Button ,

Button Control.

, , ,
.
, :
Button ok = new ButtonO;
:k.Caption = "OK";
string s = ok.Caption;
//
//
122
5. :

.
. get
return, ,
. set
value,
.
, . ,
,
, . ,

, , .
,
, :
class
private s t a t i c ComplexObject x;
public s t a t i c ComplexObject X
//
//
get
{
if ( == null) {
x = new ComplexObject(); // 1-
return X;
Monster, 5.9, ,
3
. Name
,
1
, Health Ammo
. ,
.
5 . 1 0 . Monster
using System;
namespace
ConsoleApplication1
class Monster
{
1
public Monster()
, ,
readonly. .
123
{
this.health = 1 0 0 ;
this.ammo = 1 0 0 :
this.name = "Noname";
public Monster( string name ) : t h i s O

{
this.name = name;
}
public Monster( int health, int ammo, string name )
{
this.ammo
= ammo;
this.name
= name;
public int Health
// Health health
{
get
{
return
health;
}
set
{
if (value > 0) health = value;
else
health = 0:
}
public int Ammo
// Ammo ammo
{
get
{
return ammo;
}
set
{
if (value > 0) ammo = value;
else
ammo = 0;
}
}
public string Name
// Name name
{
get
{
return name;
}
^
124
5. :
5.10
()
public void
PassportO
Console.WriteLineC"Monster { 0 } \t health = { 1 } ammo = { 2 } '

name, health, ammo);
string name:
int health, ammo;
//
}
class Classl
{
static void MainO
Monster Masha = new MonsterC 200. 200, "Masha" );
Masha. PassportO;
--Masha.Health;
//
Masha.Ammo += 100;
//
Masha. PassportO;
}
}
;
Monster Masha
Monster Masha

, ,
-
^
, . , -
3|
. , .
(pri v a t e ) . -
,

. ,
, ,
.
,
,
1
. ,
,
1
, .
125

.
.
(
) . ,
, . ,
1-2 : ,
,
.
,
(
pri vate).
, .
, .
,
.
.
, ,
. ,
out.
,
ref. ,
, .

, .
, . ,
, ,
.
, ,
, . ,
( ), -
, .
,
4 ( . . 9 5 ) .
6

,
, .
'i
, , -
"5
. , ,
'*
, .
.
,
(). -
3|
,
,
. ,
( ).
, .
:
null .
. 6.1 ,
,
int double, . 6.2
.
, , 10
100 :
int[]
w = new i n t [ 1 0 ] ;
s t r i n g [ ] z = new s t r i n g [ 1 0 0 ] ;
127

[1]
[0]
[2]
[3]
[4]
. 6 . 1 .

[1]
[0]
[2]
[3]
[
]
[4]
. 6 . 2 .
w i n t [ ] . new
10 , .
z s t r i n g [ ] . new
100 , null.
, ,
.
() ,

. ,
.
, int, ui nt, long
/long.
, :
short = . . . ;
s t r i n g [ ] z = new string[n + 1 ] ;
,
(,
w 0 9 ) .
,
:
44]
z[i]
,
.
: ,
IndexOutOfRangeException.
128
6.
.
, ,
, :
i n t [ ] = new i n t [ 1 0 ] ;
i n t [ ] b = ;
// b
# Array,
System. ,
, , .
System.Array ( . . 133).
, , , ,
.
# : ,
().

.
:
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
:
=
=
=
=
new [ ];
{ };
new [] { };
new [ ] { };
,
.
( ):
int[]
int[] b
new i n t [ 4 ] ;
// 1
// 2
i n t [ ] = { 61. 2, 5, -9 } :
i n t [ ] d = new i n t [ ] { 61. 2, 5. -9
II 3
// 4

new

i n t [ ] e = new i n t [ 4 ] { 61. 2, 5. -9
// 5
.
, , , ,
. ,
, , .
1
: ,
, , , .
129
.
: 3-5, .
( 3 ) ,
.
new, ( 2 ) .
, ,
( 4 ) .
,
.
,
, ,
6 ( 6.1).
6 . 1 .
, " System;
-;-espace C o n s o l e A p p l i c a t i o n i
class Classl
{
{
c o n s t i n t n = 6;
i n t [ ] a = new i n t [ n ] { 3,
12.
5.
-9,
C o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n e C " : " ) ;
f o r ( i n t i = 0; i < n; ++i )
Console.WriteC " \ t " + a [ i ] ) ;
Console.WriteLineC);
l o n g sum = 0;
//
i n t num = 0 ;
/ /
f o r i n t i = 0; i < n; ++i )
i f ( a[i] < 0 )
{
sum += a [ i ] ;
++num;
}
Console.WriteLineC
Console.WriteLineC
"
= " + sum );
"- = " + num );
i n t max = a [ 0 ] ;
//
f o r ( i n t i = 1 ; i < n; ++i )
i f a [ i ] > max ) max = a [ i ] ;
C o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n e C " = " + max );
, .
103
. 5 . 1 .
7J
.
,
, .
,
. ,
.

(. . 5 7 ) .
, , , .
,
,
, (. 5.2).
, , a, b ,
b = . b
. ,
130
6.

.
. :
[,]
[,]
[,]
[,]
[,]
;
=
=
=
=
new [ _1, _2 ];
{ };
new [,] { };
new [ _1, _2 ] { };
( ):
i n t [ , ] a;
/ I I
i n t [ , ] b = new i n t [ 2 . 3 ] ;
111
i n t [ , ] = { { 1 , 2. 3 } . { 4 , 5. 6 } } ;
// 3
new
i n t [ , ] = new i n t [ . ] { { 1 , 2 , 3 } , { 4 , 5 . 6 } } ;
// 4
i n t [ J d = new i n t [ 2 . 3 ] { { 1 . 2 . 3 } , { 4 . 5 , 6 } } ; / / 5
,
, , .
, ,
, :
[ 1 , 4]
b[i. j ]
b[j,
i]
,
, .
,
3 x 4
(. 6.3).
0
0
/771
1f
01
02
12
13
20
22
23
21
. 6 . 3 .

, .
( ) .

. . 6.4, 6.2.
131
. 6 . 4 . 6.2
6 . 2 .
using System;
namespace ConsoleApplication1
class
Classl
{
static void MainO
const int m = 3, n = 4;
i n t [ , ] a = new int[m, n]
{ 2,-2. 8. 9 } .
{-4,-5.
6,-2 },
&
132
6.
{)
6.2
{ 7, 0, 1, 1 }
}:
Console.WriteLineC " :" );
for ( int i = 0; i < m; ++i )
{
for ( int j = 0; j < n; ++j )
Console.WriteC "\t" + a [ i , j ] ) ;
}
double sum = 0;
int nPosEI;
for ( int i = 0; i < m; ++i )
{
nPosEI = 0;
for int j = 0; j < n: ++j )
{
sum += a [ i , j ] ;
if ( a [ i . j] > 0 ) ++nPosEl;
}
Console.WriteLineC " {0} { 1 } - ",
i , nPosEI
);
}
Console.WriteLineC " : "
+ sum / m / n ) ;
}
}
sum .
,
.
, sum
,
,
.

. , :
, .
133
,
.
. 6.5.
>[0]
1]
[1]
i [ l ] fo]
. 6 . 5 .
:
[ ] [ ] ;
, ,
, :
"
= new
int[3][];
//
[0]
= new
int[5];
//
0- (5 )
[1]
= new
int[3];
//
1- (3 )
a[2]
= new
int[4];
//
2- (4 )
[ 0 ] , [ 1 ] [ 2 ] ,
( ) .
:
\it[][]
= {
new i n t [ 5 ] ,
new i n t [ 3 ] ,
new i n t [ 4 ]
};
,
, :
=:i][2]
a[i][j]
a[j][i]

. , ,
.
System.Array
, #
A r r a y , ,
. 6.1.
134
6.
6 . 1 . Array
Length
( )
Rank
BinarySearch
Clear
Copy
CopyTo
GetValue
IndexOf
LastlndexOf
Reverse
SetValue
Sort
Length ,
, , .

. 6.3
Array .
6 . 3 . Array
using System;
namespace
{
ConsoleApplicationi
class Classl
{
{
int[] a =
{ 2 4 , 50, 18, 3, 16, -7, 9, -1 } ;
PrintArrayC " :", a );

Console.WriteLineC Array.IndexOf( a, 18 ) );
Array.Sort(a);
PrintArray( " :", a );
Console.WriteLineC Array.BinarySearch( a,
18)
);
}
public s t a t i c void PrintArrayC string header, i n t [ ] a )
135
{
Console.WriteLineC header ) ;
for ( int i = 0; i < a.Length; ++i )
Console.WriteC "\t" + a [ i ] ) ;
}
}
)
Sort, IndexOf BinarySearch ,

, , .
.
, ,
IndexOf. , 18,
.
(
) , ,
, .
Classl PrintArray,
. :
header .
Length. ,
.
:
/ :
24
"
-7
50
18
16
-7
-1
16
18
24
50
:
-1
PrintArray ,
, Array. ,
Get Value,
Array .
:
: . : i i c static void PrintArrayC string header,
Array a
Console.WriteC "\t" + a.GetValue(i) );
136
6.
6.4 Array
.
6 . 4 . Array
using System;
namespace
{
ConsoleApplicationi
class Classl
/ ?
{
i n t [ ] [ ] a = new i n t [ 3 ] [ ] ;
a [ 0 ] = new int [ 5 ] { 24. 50. 18. 3. 16 } ;
a [ l ] = new int [ 3 ] { 7, 9. -1 } ;
a [ 2 ] = new int [ 4 ] { 6. 15, 3, 1 } ;
{
for ( int j = 0; j < a [ i ] . L e n g t h ; ++j )
Console.WriteC
"\t" + a [ i ] [ j ]
);
}
Console.WriteLineC Array.IndexOf( a [ 0 ] , 18 ) );
,
. :
:
24
50
18
-1
15
16
foreach
foreach
1
. .
,
:
.
:
foreach ( in )
1
, , 9.
137
foreach
,
(
) .
, ,
.
.
, :
int[] =
{ 2 4 , 50, 18, 3, 16, -7, 9, -1 } ;
foreach
:
foreach ( int in ) Console.WriteLineC );
:
,
.
6.4
foreach , , ,
for:
foreach ( i n t [ ] in )
{
foreach ( int in ) Console.WriteC "\t" + ):
}
6.5 , 6.1,
foreach. , .
6 . 5 . foreach
using System;
namespace
{
ConsoleApplicationi
class Classl
{
{
i n t [ ] a = { 3, 12, 5, -9, 8, -4 } ;
foreach ( int el em in a )
Console.WriteC "\t" + elem );
long sum = 0;
//
int
//
num = 0 ;
foreach int elem in )

if ( elem < 0 )
^
&
138
6.
6.5
()
sum += elem;
++num;
}
Console.WriteLineC "sum = " + sum );
Console.WriteLineC "num = " + num );
int max = a [ 0 ] ;
//
foreach ( int elem in a )
if ( elem > max ) max = elem;
Console.WriteLineC "max = " + max );
}
}
}
6.3:
public static void PrintArrayC
string header,
Array a
{
foreach ( object x in a ) Console.WriteC "\t" + x );
}
,
, object, ,
. #
( . . 178),
, .
foreach ,
, .

, ,
,
.
Monster:
using System;
namespace
ConsoleApplicationi
{
class Classl
139
static void MainO

{
Random rnd = new Random();
const int n = 5;
Monster[] stado = new Monster[n]:
// 1
for ( int i = 0; i < n; ++i )
112
{
s t a d o [ i ] = new Monster( rnd.Next( 1, 100 ),
rnd.Next( 1 , 200 ) ,
"Crazy" + i .ToStringO ):
}
foreach ( Monster x in stado ) x.Passport();
// 3
}
}
:
'Onster CrazyO
'onster Crazyl
''onster Crazy2
Onster Crazy3
Onster Crazy4

Random, ( . . 148). 1
Monster?,
null. 2 :
-ew ,
(
). 3
foreach .

, , . , #
- : , ,
.
char Unicode.
(. . 26).
#
Char . N E T System.
, ,
104
5. :
, (
, , b ).
. 5 . 2 .
.
, . ,
( b ,
b nullI).
:
, ,
,
( . . 3 8 ) ( . . 4 1 ) . ,
, .

, .
:
[ ] [ ] [ const ] [ = _ ]
, 12,
. 5.2.
1-6.
5 . 2 .
new
public
protected
internal
140
6.
.
. 6.2.
6 . 2 . System.Char
GetNumericValue
,
, -1
Unicode-
IsControl
true,
IsDigit
true,
IsLetter
true,
IsLetterOrDigit
true,
IsLower
true,
IsNumber
I1
-sir
S
GetUnicodeCategory
true, (
)
IsPunctuation
true,
IsSeparator
true,
Isllpper
true,
IsWhiteSpace
true, ( ,
)
Parse
)
ToLower
ToUpper
MaxValue, MinValue

( )
6.6 .
6 . 6 . System.Char
using System;
namespace
{
ConsoleApplicationi
class Classl
{
static void MainO
{
try
char b =
1
= 0x63' , d = Ou0032';
// 1
Bee Unicode- , , (DecimalDigitNumber), (LetterNumber), (LineSeparator),

(LowercaseLetter) . .
141
Console.WriteLine( " { 0 } { 1 } { 2 } " . b . . d ) ;

Console.WriteLine( " { 0 } { 1 } { 2 } " ,
char.ToLower(b). char.Tol)pper(c), char.GetNumericValue(d) ) ;
char a;
do
// 2
{
a = char.Parse( Console.ReadLine() );
Console.WriteLine( " { 0 } . - { 1 } " .
. int) ) ;
if (char.IsLetter(a))
Console.WriteLine("");
if (char. IsUpper(a))
Console.WriteLine("Bepx
pe.");
i f (char.IsLower(a))
Console.WriteLine("
pe.");
i f (char.IsControl ( a ) )
Console.WriteLine("pa");
i f (char.IsNumber(a))
Console.WriteLine("");
i f (char.IsPunctuation(a)) Console.WriteLine("Paee");
} while (a != ' q ' ) :
catch
Console.WriteLine( " " );
return;
1 .
.
.
2 .
, Ctrl .
Parse, ,
, char. ,
Enter.
, q.
1
.
.
# , ,
2
, , :
string s = '' + ' ' + ' ;
// - ""
,
, .
.
1
:
U n i c o d e !
- ( . . 59).
142
6.

, ,
Array, . 6.1.
.
6.7.
6 . 7 .
using System;
namespace
{
ConsoleApplicationi
class Classl
{
static void MainO

{
char[] a = {
'm',
'a',
's',
's',
'i',
};
char[] b = " " .ToCharArrayO;

PrintArray( " :", );
int pos = Array.IndexOf( a,
'm'
);
I
*T
"3
4
a[pos] = ' M ' ;

PrintArrayC " a:", a );
if
Array.Reverse! b ) ;
PrintArrayC
PrintArray( " b : " , b );

" b : " ,
b );
"?
#
public s t a t i c void PrintArrayC string header, Array a )
Console.WriteLineC header );
foreach ( object x in a ) Console.WriteC x );
Console.WriteLineC "An" );
:
:
massiv
:
Massi V
:

:

// 1
// 2
143
,
( 1), ToCharArray string,
( 2 ) .
string
string,
Unicode, # .
System.String . N E T .
:
string
string
string
char[]
string
s;
t =
u =
=
V =
"qqq";
new stringO '. 2 0 ) ;
{ ' 0 ' , ' 0 ' , ' 0 ' };
new string( );
//
//
//
//
//

20

(=);
( = = ) ;
( ! = ) ;
( [ ] ) ;
() ( + ) .
,
, . ,
.

, . ,
string ,
, .
.
System.String , ,
.
. 6.3.
6 . 3 . System.String
Compare

( ) .

. .
144
6.
6.3
()
CompareOrdi nal
CompareTo
Concat
Copy
Empty
( )
Format

( . )
IndexOf,
IndexOf Any,
LastlndexOf,
LastIndexOfAny
Insert
Intern,
Islnterned

,
. , Intern
,
Is Intern nul I
Join
.

( . )
Length
PadLeft,
PadRight
( )

Remove
Replace
Split
,
.

StartsWith,
EndsWith
true false
,

Substring
ToCharArray
ToLower,
Tollpper
145
Tim,

(
P a d L e f t P a d R i g h t )
rimStart,
"rimEnd
6.8.
6 . 8 . string
j s i n g System:
class
{
Classl
{
s t r i n g s = " ":
C o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n e C s );
s t r i n g sub = s . S u b s t r i n g C 3 ).Remove( 1 2 , 2 );
C o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n e C sub ) ;
s t r i n g [ ] mas = s . S p l i t O ' ) ;
s t r i n g j o i n e d = s t r i n g . J o m ( "!
Console.WriteLineC j o i n e d );
III
112
" , mas ) ;
C o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n e C " " ) ;
s t r i n g x = Console.ReadLineO;
C o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n e C " " + x );
double a = 12.234;
i n t b = 29;
Console.WriteLineC " a = {0,6;C}
b = { 1 , 2 : X } " , a, b );
Console.WriteLineC " a = { 0 , 6 : 0 . # } a = { 1 , 5 : 0 . # ' .
a, b );
// 3
II A
'}"
l i b
}
:

! !

!
!
; = 12,23.
b = 10
1 : S u b s t r i n g
s, ,
. Remove,
, 12-.
s u b .
146
6.
Split ( 2) ,
. ,
mas. Join ( )
mas ,
"!
". 3 , .

4 6.8 Format,

.
, ,
.
:
{ [,[:_]]}
. ,
,
. . m ,
.
,
. , .
, ,
. , ( C u r r e n c y ) ,

, X ( H e x a d e c i m a l )
.
,
. .
5
. , :
,
#, 0. #,
, . 0, ,
0. . 6.4 .
6 . 4 .
1,243
00.00
01,24
1,243
#.##
1,24
0,1
00.00
00,10
0,1
#.##
,1
147
,
.
StringBuilder
, string, ,
.
StringBuilder,
System.Text .
new , :
StringBuilder
= new StringBuilder( :
StringBuilder
b = new StringBuilder( "qwerty"
StringBuilder
= new StringBuilder! 100 ) ;
);
StringBuilder d = new StringBuilder! "qwerty", 100 ).;

StringBuilder
e = new StringBuilder! "qwerty", 1, 3, 100 );
//
//
//
//
//
:
, (
). ,
.
( 1),
, (16 ).
, , / .
, 5 3 ,
( "wer"). StringBuilder
. 6.5.
6 . 5 . System.Text.StringBuilder
Append
.

, , string
AppendFormat
Capacity
.

,
ArgumentOutOfRangeExcepti on
Insert
Length
( )
MaxCapacity
Remove
&
148
6.
6 . 5 ()
Replace
ToString
string
6.9.
6 . 9 . StringBuilder
using System;
using System.Text;
namespace ConsoleAppl icationi
{
class Classl
{
static void MainO

{
double salary = double.ParseC Console.ReadLineO
);
StringBuilder a = new StringBuiIder();

a.Appendt " " );
a.AppendFormatC " { 0 . 6:C} - { 1 , 6 : C } " .
salary, salary * 12 );
Console.WriteLineC a ) ;
a.ReplaceC " p . " , ".$" ) ;
Console.WriteLineC " : " + a );
}
}
}
:
: 3500
3 500.00. - 42 000,00.
: 3 500,.$ - 42 000..$

, ,
.
Capacity, .
Random
, ,
, . #
Random, System.
149
< Random

, :
Ondom = new Random!);
Ondom b = new Random!
//
111
1 );
: ( 1)
, .
.
i n t ( 2 )
,
.
,
. 6.6.
6 . 6 . System.Random
'iBxt!)

i nt
'.)
[ 0 , ]
8.(, )
[ , ]
'iextByt.es()
[ 0 , 2 5 5 ]
'.extDoubl()
[ 0 . 1)
6.10.
6 . 1 0 .
. s i n g System;
-amespace C o n s o l e A p p l i c a t i o n i
class
{
Classl
{
Random a = new Random();
Random b = new Random( 1 );
c o n s t i n t n = 10;
Console.WriteLine!
"\n
[ 0 , 1 ] : " ) ;
f o r ( i n t i = 0; i < n; ++i )
Console.Write!
Console.WriteLine!
"{0 , 6 : 0 . # # } " , a.NextDouble() );

"An
[ 0 , 1 0 0 0 ] : " ) ;
f o r ( i n t l = 0; i < n; ++i )
Console.Write!
Console.WriteLine!
"
" + b . N e x t ( 1000 ) );
"\n
[ - 1 0 , 1 0 ] : " ) ;
105
protected
internal
private
static
readonly
volatile
( p r i v a t e ) .
,
, .
.
, s t a t i c ,
,
, .
, .
.
( ) .
,
. 5.1
Demo .
5 . 1 . Demo,
. s i n g System.
"amespace Consol eAppl i c a t i o n i
class
Demo
{
public
public
public
double
i n t a = 1;
const double
= 1.66;
s t a t i c s t r i n g s = "Demo"
y;
//
//
II
//
class Classl
{
Demo x = new Demo();
Console.WriteLine! x.a );
C o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n e ! Demo.
C o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n e ! Demo.s
// Demo
):
);
//
//
//
x . a -
Demo. -

150
6.
6.10
{)
for ( int i = 0; i < n; ++i )

Console.WriteC "
" + a.NextC-10, 10) );
Console.WriteLineC "\n
[0, 255]:" );
b y t e [ ] mas = new b y t e [ n ] ;
a.NextBytesC mas ):
for ( i n t i = 0; i < n; + + i ) Console.WriteC " " + mas[i] );
0,02
[0,
0,4
1]:
0,24
0,55
0,92
0,84
0,9
0,78
0,78
0,74
657
432
354
943
101
642
[0, 1000]:
248
-8
467
[-10,
-6
[0,
771
10]:
-10
-5
-2
-1
255]:
181 105 60 50 70 77 9 28 133 150

,
, , ,
, .
,
, .

IndexOutOfRangeException,
,
for.
, ,
. ,
, .
, ,
, , ,
, .
, ,
, , ,
, 13.
151
, # string
,
.
OnngBuilder. -
, ,
.

,
15.
:
, 5.
,
5, ,
.

, ,
, .
,
, .
,
.

, .
, ,
. (resolution)
1
. .
,
,
, . ,
, :
1
params,
, .
153
// :
i n t max( i n t a , i n t b )
// :
i n t max( i n t a , i n t b , i n t )
// :
i n t max ( i n t a.
string b )
// :
i n t max ( s t r i n g b, i n t a )
C o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n e C max( 1,
2 )
);
C o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n e C max( 1, 2. 3 )
C o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n e C max( 1,
"2"
);
):
C o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n e C max( " 1 " , 2 ) ) ;

max ,
(
).
,
, , b o o l c h a r i n t , f l o a t
d o u b l e . . ,
.
, , ,
,
-
( . . 4 5 ) . ,
, .
, .
( . . 106).
, , ,
( o u t r e f ) . , ,
, :
i n t maxC i n t a .
int b )
i n t max( i n t a , r e f i n t b )
,
.
, ,
, .
. N E T . , C o n s o l e
W r i t e L i n e 19 .

, .
. ,
. ,
154
7. :
, ,
.
.
,
,
.
,
, .

( , ).
,
( - 1 ) . , 0 != 1 1 != 1:
long facte long n ) {
if ( n == 0 11 n == 1 ) return 1;
return ( n * fact( n - 1 ) );
//
//
}
To :
long factt long n ) {
return ( n > 1 ) ? n * f a c t e n - 1 ) : 1 :
}

, ,
, , (
13).
,
.
,

, , .
,
. #
params. , ,

, :
public int Calculate( int a, out int c. params i n t [ ] d ) ...
. ,
, .
155
Length.
( 7.1).
7 . 1 .
.sing System;
'smespace ConsoleApplicationi
class Classl
{
public static double Average! params i n t [ ] a )
{
if ( a.Length == 0 )
throw new Exception! " " );
double av = 0;
foreach ( int elem in a ) av += elem;
return av / a.Length;
}
static void Main!)
{
try
{
i n t [ ] a = { 10, 20, 30 } ;
Console.WriteLine! Average! a ) );
intC] b = { -11. -4, 12, 14, 32, -1, 28 };
Console.WriteLine! Average! b ) );
short z = 1. e = 12;
byte v = 100;
Console.WriteLine! Average! z, e, v ) );
Console.WriteLine! Average!) ) ;
III
/12
//3
//4
}
catch! Exception e )
{
Console.WriteLine! e.Message ) ;
return;
}
}
}
:
-^
Average
. .
, (NaN)
.
156
7. :
-
. ,
.
Main
, ,
Main .
.
:
//
static MainO { ... }

static void MainO { ... }
// :
static Main( string[] args ) { / * . . . * / }

static void Main( string[] args ) { / * . . . * / }
, ,
.
args.
, args.
, ,
, void. Main
, ,
.
, :
static int Main( s t r i n g [ ] args
{
if (
. . . /* */ ) return 1;
if (
. . . /* */ ) return 100;
}
,
. , ,
. 7.2
Main, .
7 . 2 . Main
using System;
{
class Classl
157
static void Main( s t r i n g [ ] args )

{
foreach( string arg in args ) Console.WriteLineC arg );
Console.ReadO;
}
}
ConsoleApplication1.exe
:
;
cs\ConsoleApplicationl\bin\Debug\ConsoleApplicationl.exe one two three
"
, .
, ,

.
.
, ,
,
. , .
:
this [ _ ]
get
set
,
.
[ ,
12,
158
7. :
public, .
.
,
( g e t ) ( s e t ) .
get, set, .
set, (read-only),
get, ( w r i t e - o n l y ) .
,
.
.

, - .
7.3 -,
[, 100]. , ,
.
7 . 3 .
using System;
{
class SafeArray
{
public SafeArray( int size )
//
a = new i n t [ s i z e ] ;
length = size;
public int Length
// -
get { return length; }
public int t h i s [ i n t i]
//
get
{
if ( i >= 0 && i < length ) return a [ i ] ;
else { error = true; return 0; }
}
set
{
if ( i >= 0 && i < length &&
value >= 0 && value <= 100 ) a [ i ] = value;
1
C# 2.0
, ( , . . 120).
159
else error = true;
l
}
public bool error = false;
//
i n t [ ] a;
//
int
//
length;
}
class Classl
{
static void MainO

{
int n = 100;
SafeArray sa = new SafeArray( n );
//
for ( int i = 0; i < n; ++i )
{
s a [ i ] = i * 2;
III
Console.WriteC s a [ i ] );
112
}
if ( sa.error ) Console.WriteC " !" );
11 , .
, ,
, .
( 1),
get. ( 2 ) ,
set.
SafeArray :
,
;
, 0;
error, true.
error - ,
, ,
(
).
.
, .
, -
. 7.4 Pow2,
2.
106
5. :
:
, ( Classl).
, .

(, int 0,
nu 1 1 ) . ,
.
,
readonly .
, (
).
,
>
, .
.
, } '
. , ,
. , .
[ ] [ ] _ ( [ ] )

'
.
. , , ,
1-7 . 5.2,
, , virtual, sealed,
override, a b s t r a c t extern, .
public,
- , ,
( s t a t i c ) , , ,
. Main.
,
.
160
7. :
7 . 4 .
using System;
namespace
ConsoleApplicationi
{
class Pow2
{
public ulong t h i s [ i n t i]
{
get
{
i f ( i >= 0 )
{
ulong res = 1;
for ( int k = 0; k < i; k++ )
unchecked { res *= 2;
//
III
return res;
}
else return 0;
}
}
}
class Classl
{
static void MainO

{
int n = 13;
Pow2 pow2 = new Pow2();
for ( int i = 0; i < n; ++i )
Console.WriteLineC
"{0}\t{l}O
i,
pow2[i]
);
1 ,
, , . ,
, Pow2
, ulong, ?
.
:
0
16
32
64
( . . 4 6 ) .
161
128
256
512
24
2048
12
4096
# .

,
. :
- t [ , ] :
,

c o l i c int t h i s [ i n t i ,
int j ]

? ,

.
, , :
"..Object ., . ;
: = + ;
// MyObject

. ,
, ,
.
, .
(
-). .
:
]
12,
public static. ,
(extern).
operator,
. ,
.
, .
162
7. :
.
,
( ), .
(
public s t a t i c ) ;
(
ref out);
;
, , ,
( ).
# : ,
.

:
+
++
--
true
false
operator ( )
:
public static int operator +( MyObject m )
public static MyObject operator - - ( MyObject m )
public s t a t i c bool operator true( MyObject m )
, , ,
. :
+, -, ! - ;
++ - - , ;
true false bool.
. ,
, ,
,
.
(
, ).
163
true fal se SQL,

, ,
.
7.3 SafeArray
.
:
,
;
Print ;
,
.
7.5.
7 . 5 . SafeArray
using System;
class SafeArray
{
//
length - s i z e ;
public SafeArray( params i n t [ ] arr )
//
length = arr.Length;
a = new i n t D e n g t h ] ;
for ( int i = 0; i < length; ++i ) a [ i ] = a r r [ i ] ;
public s t a t i c SafeArray operator ++( SafeArray x )
// ++
SafeArray temp = new SafeArray( x.length ):

for ( int i = 0; i < x.length; ++i )
temp[i] = + + x . a [ i ] ;
return temp;
public int this [ i n t i ]

get
//
164
7. :
7.5
()
{
if ( i >= 0 && i < length ) return a [ i ] :
else throw new
IndexOutOfRangeException();
//
if ( i >= 0 && i < length ) a [ i ] = value;

else throw new
IndexOutOfRangeException();
//
}
set
{
public void Print( string name )
//
{
Console.WriteLine( name + " : " );
for ( int i = 0; i < length; ++i )
Console.Write( "\t" + a [ i ] ) ;
Console.WriteLine();
}
i n t [ ] a;
int length;
//
//
class Classl
{
static void MainO

{
try
{
SafeArray al = new SafeArray( 5. 2,
al.Print(" 1 " ) ;
al++;
a l . P r i n t ( " 1" );
-1.
1,
-2 );
}
catch ( Exception e )
//
{
Console.WriteLine(
e.Message ) ;
}
}
}
}

:
+
&
= =
! = > < > = < =
165
operator _ ( 2)
:
C j b l i c static MyObject operator +
Cublic static bool
( MyObject ml, MyObject m2 )
operator == ( MyObject ml, MyObject m2 )
, , ,
.
.
== ! =, > <, >= <=
.
, ,
, .
,
, 9 ( . . 203).
SafeArray,
, 7.6.
,
.
7 . 6 . SafeArray
using System;
ramespace
ConsoleApplicationl
class SafeArray
{

length = s i z e ;
public SafeArray( params i n t [ ] arr )

length = arr.Length;
a = new i n t [ l e n g t h ] ;
for ( int i = 0; i < length: ++i ) a [ i ] = a r r [ i ] ;
public static SafeArray operator + ( SafeArray x. SafeArray ) // +

int I en = x.length < y.length ? x.length : y.length;
SafeArray temp = new SafeArray d e n ) ;
for ( int i = 0; i < Ten; ++i ) temp[i] = x [ i ] + y [ i ] :
return temp;
"
166
7. :
7.6
()
public s t a t i c SafeArray operator + ( SafeArray x, int )
// +
SafeArray temp = new SafeArrayCx.length);

for ( int i = 0; i < x.length: ++i ) temp[i] = x [ i ] + y,
return temp;
public s t a t i c SafeArray operator + ( int x, SafeArray )
// +
SafeArray temp = new SafeArray(y.length);

for ( int i = 0; i < y.length; ++i ) temp[i] = x + y [ i ] ;
return temp;
public static SafeArray operator ++ ( SafeArray x )
// ++
SafeArray temp = new SafeArrayU.length);

for ( int i = 0: i < x.length; ++i ) temp[i] = + + x . a [ i j ;
return temp;
public int t h i s [ i n t i]
II []
get
{
if ( i >= 0 && i < length ) return a [ i ] :
else throw new IndexOutOfRangeExceptionC);
set
{
if ( i >= 0 && i < length ) a [ i ] = value;
else throw new IndexOutOfRangeExceptionC);
public void PrintC string name )

{
Console.WriteLineC name + " : " );
for ( int i = 0; i < length; ++i ) Console.WriteC "\t" + a [ i ]
i n t [ ] a;
//
int length;
//
class Classl
{
static void MainO
167
try
SafeArray al = new SafeArrayC 5, 2, -1, 1, -2 );
a l . P r i n t ( " 1" );
SafeArray a2 = new SafeArray( 1, 0, 3 );
a2.Print( " 2" );
SafeArray a3 = al + a2;
a3.Print( " 1 2" );
al = al + 100;
// 1
a l . P r i n t ( " 1 + 100" );
al = 100 + a l ;
// 2
al.PrintC "100 + 1" );

a2 += ++a2 + 1 ;
113
a2.Print( "++a2, a2 + a2 + 1" );
{
Console.WriteLine( e.Message ) ;
:
1:
5
i 2:
-1
1
0
1 2:
7
3
J 1 + 100:
106
103
100 + 1:
3
100
102
99
206
203
++2. 2 + 2 + 1:
200
202
199
: ,
,
( 2 1 ) .
+= ( 3) ,
.
168
7. :
, . 3
, .
.
: temp.a[i] = + y . a [ i ] .

.
:
implicit operator ( )
explicit operator ( )
//
//
,
. ,
. ,
, .
1
.
Monster, 5:
public static implicit operator i n t ( Monster m )
return m.health:
}
public static e x p l i c i t operator Monster( int h )
{
return new Monster( h. 100, "Fromlnt" );
.
, :
Monster Masha = new Monster( 200, 200, "Masha" );
int i = Masha;
//
Masha = (Monster) 500;
//
, ;
, ;
, object ,
.
169
.
.
,
,
. implicit e x p l i c i t
, ,
.
,
.
, .
# , .
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,
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:
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, .

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,
. ,
,
.
.

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,
.
107
:
o u b l i c double GetyO
//
{
return ;
}
, .
,

, ,
'Stum (. 5.3). ,
void, return .

return ..

. 5 . 3 .
.
,
. -
.
, ,
Sin Math,
, WnteLioe Console
;cuble = 0 . 1 :
:; - Math . S i n ( x ) :
2i'isole.Wri t e L i n e ( x ) ;
Sin
, , Wntel ine .
, , , ,
,
.
, ,
, .
,
170
7. :
.
(
) . ,
1
.
, Monster Gun.
,
:
using System;
namespace
{
ConsoleApplicationi
class Monster
{
class Gun
{
}
}
: ,
. 9.

, , ,
( p r i v a t e ) :
, , ;
, ;
,
.
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,
.

(, + -,
). - ,
, + ++ (
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171

, ,
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params,
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.
#
.
173
. ,
System.Object:
[ ] [ ] class [ : ]

,
, . ,

, .
.
. ( . . 120)
Monster, .
, ,
Monster, .
Monster ( 8.1).
8 . 1 . Daemon, Monster
using System;
namespace
ConsoleApplicationi
class Monster
class Daemon
Monster
public Daemon
brain = 1:
public Daemon( string name, int brain )
: base( name )
// 1
this.brain = brain;
public Daemon( int health,
int ammo,
: base( health, ammo, name )
string name,
int brain )
// 2
this.brain = brain;
new public void PassportO
// 3
&
174
8.
8.1
()
{
Console.WriteLineC
"Daemon { 0 } \t health = { 1 } ammo = { 2 } brain = { 3 } " .
Name, Health, Ammo, brain ):
}
public void ThinkO
// 4
{
Console.Write( Name + " i s " );
for ( int i = 0; i < brain; ++i ) Console.WriteC " thinking" );
Console.WriteLine(
);
}
int brain;
//
}
class Classl
{
static void MainO

{
Daemon Dima = new Daemon( "Dima", 3 )
// 5
Dima. Passport ();
// 6
Dima.ThinkO;
// 7
Dima.Health -= 10;
// 8
Dima.PassportO;
}
}
Daemon brain Think,
, Passport.
1
Monster Daemon .
:
Daemon Dima
Dima
is
health = 100 ammo = 100 brain = 3
thinking thinking thinking...
Daemon Dima
, Daemon
( 5 - 7 ) , ( 8)
. ,
8.1.
,
.
:
1
Monster , Daemon,
.
175

,
. Daemon.
, ,
, .
, ,
, .
, .
,

( ,
1 2 ) . base.
,
, base.
, ,

1
new . 8.1
Passport.

.
Passport Daemon ,

.
base, :
case.PassportO:

, .
, ,
, .
,
.
, , Passport, Daemon
, :
*ev public void PassportO
base.PassportO;
Console.WriteLineC " brain = { 1 } " , brain );
, .
(warning) , , ...
176
8.
, private,
. Passport name, health ammo
.
, protected,
, Monster.
.
,
, .
,
1
.
,
.
:
,
;
, ,
;
, ;
,
.
,
2

. 8.2 Monster
Monster Daemon.
8 . 2 .
using System;
namespace .ConsoleApplicationl
{
class Monster
{
}
class Daemon : Monster
1
,
. ,
. .NET 13.
, , ,
, .
177
{
. . . / / . 8.1
}
class Classl
{
static void MainO

{
const int n = 3;
Monster[] stado = new Monsterln];
stado[0] = new Monster( "Monia" );
s t a d o [ l ] = new Monster( "Monk" );
stado[2] = new Daemon ( "Dimon", 3 );
foreach ( Monster elem in stado ) elem.PassportO;
// 1
for ( int i = 0; i < n; ++i ) stado[i].Ammo = 0 ;

111
foreach ( Monster elem in stado ) el em. PassportO;
// 3
}
}
}
:
Monster Monia
Monster Monk
Monster Dimon
Monster Monia
Monster Monk
Monster Dimon

health - 100 ammo = 100
: Daemon
, Monster,
, .
2, 1 3 , Passport,
.
, ,
,
. ,
, , .
: ,
, ,
( ).
,
(, stadoli ] .Ammo). ,
178
8.
,
.
, ,
,
, , ,
. #

, .

, ,
, .
, ,
, ',
,
.
, - ,
-. #
virtual. , :
virtual
public void Passport!)
...
virtual .
,
, ,
.
,
, ,
(Virtual Method Table.
V M T ) . (
) . .
V M T .
,
.
V M T ,
.
,
override, :
override public void PassportO
...

, .
, , ,
, .
179
8.2 virtual override

Passport, , ( 8.3).
8 . 3 .
using System;
namespace
ConsoleApplicationi
class Monster
{
virtual
public
void
PassportO
{
Console.WriteLineC "Monster { 0 } \t health = { 1 } ammo = { 2 } " ,
name, health, ammo );
}
}
class Daemon ; Monster
{
override public
void
PassportO
{
Console.WriteLineC
"Daemon {0} \t health = { 1 } ammo = { 2 } brain = { 3 } " ,
Name. Health, Ammo, brain );
}
}
class Classl
{
static void MainO

{
const int n = 3;
Monster[] stado = new Monster[n];
stado[0] = new MonsterC "Monia" );
s t a d o [ l ] = new MonsterC "Monk" ):
for ( int i = 0; i < n; ++i ) stado[i].Ammo = 0;
Console.WriteLineC):
}
}
}
108
.
.
. ,
S i n :
p u b l i c s t a t i c double Sin(
double a
):
,
,
. .
5.2 Demo
( , ,
) . , s ,
p r i v a t e ,
Gets, .
5 . 2 .
using
System;
namespace
ConsoleApplicationl
{
class
Demo
i
pub'ic
int
= 1 ;
p u b l i c c o n s t d o u b l e - 1.66;
s t a t i c s t r i n g s = "Demo";
double y;
p u b l i c double GetyO
//
{
return ;
}
p u b l i c v o i d SetyC d o u b l e y_ )
//
{
= _:
}
p u b l i c s t a t i c s t r i n g Gets
// s
{
return s;
class Classl
{
{
Demo x = new Demo();
x.Sety(0.12):
//
180
8.
:
Monster Monia

Monster Monk
Daemon Dimon
Monster Monia
Monster Monk
Daemon Dimon
, 1 3 Passport,
, .

.
: ,
.
:
V M T , V M T ,
. ,
,
.
, ,
V M T ,
.

- .
,
.
.

. ,
.
, , ,
.

, -.
,
.
181

.
, ,
. .
. ,
, . ,
.
,
.
abstract.
,
,
. .
,
, :
abstract class S p i r i t
public
abstract
void
PassportO:
}
class Monster
Spirit
{
{
Console.Writel_ine( "Monster { 0 } \t health = { 1 } ammo = { 2 } " ,
}
}
class Daemon : Monster
{
{
Console. Writel_ine(
"Daemon { 0 } \t health = { 1 } ammo = { 2 } brain = { 3 } " ,
Name, Health, Ammo, brain );
}
. . . // 12
8.
182
,
,
. , ,
, .
, .

.
.
.
foreach (. . 136)
, P r i n t A r r a y .
10.

# s e a l e d , , ,
, :
sealed
class
Spirit
}
//
c l a s s Monster :
Spirit {
...
s e a l e d .
, ,
, : .
, ,
, . ,
, ,
, .
, ,
. ,
,
. . 8.4.
8 . 4 . -
u s i n g System;
namespace
ConsoleApplicationi
{
class
{
p u b l i c v o i d )
183
object
{
Console.WriteLine( "!!" );
}
class
{
public ()
{
= new ;
= new ;
}
public void _()
{
.();
.);
}
, ;
}
class Classl
{
static void MainO

{
AH24_1 = new );
24_1.3_();
}
}
:
!!
!!
_ , ,
, .
, (is )
, -
(has ). ,
, ,
.
object
System.Object . N E T , #
object, .

.
184
8.
object
,
.
System.Object .
Equals true,
.
:
public virtual
bool
Equals( object obj
);
Equals true,
. :
public static bool
Equals( object obi,
object ob2 );
GetHashCode - ,
.
. Equals,
GetHashCode. -
( . . 291). :
public virtual
int GetHashCodeO;
GetType ,
, , .
. ,
1
.
:
public Type Get ;
ReferenceEquals
true,
. :
public static bool( object obi,
object ob2 );
ToString
, ,
. ,
. :
public
virtual
string ToStringO
. ,
Equals , -
( ) , ( ).
object Monster
8.5.
1
12 (. . 279).
185
object
8 . 5 . object
using System;
class Monster
{
{
this.ammo = ammo;
this.name
= name;
}
public override bool Equals( object obj )
{
if ( obj == null || GetTypeO != obj.GetTypeC) ) return false;
Monster temp = (Monster) obj;
return health == temp.health &&
ammo
== temp.ammo
name
== temp.name;
&&
}
public override int GetHashCode()
{
return name.GetHashCode();
}
public override string ToStringO
{
return string.Format( "Monster { 0 } \t health = { 1 } ammo = { 2 } " ,
}
string name;
int health, ammo;
}
class Classl
{
static void Main()

{
Monster X = new Monster( 80, 80, "" );
Monster Y = new Monster( 80, 80, "" );
Monster Z = X;
if ( X == Y ) Console.WriteLine( X == Y " ) ;
else
Console.WriteLine(
X != Y " ) ;
&
186
8.
8.5
()
if ( X == Z ) Console.WriteLineC X == Z " ) ;
else
Console.WriteLineC X ! = Z " ) ;
if ( X.Equals(Y) ) Console.WriteLineC " X Equals Y " );

else
Console.WriteLineC " X not Equals Y " );
Console.Wri teLi ne(X.GetTypeC));
}
}
}
:
X != Y
X * Z
X Equals Y
ConsoleAppli cati onl.Monster
Equals .
nul 1 , ,
false. true
.
GetHashCode
. ToString ,
.
, ,
, Equals
.
,
( . . 203).

.

.
Y X , Y
X, , .
, Y . , X,
Y, (,
) . ,
1
, , .
187

, .
,
,
, .
,
, , , .
, ,
.
, .
,
,
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,
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, . ,
,
,
, ( ) .

.

, .
Y X Y X.
,
Y X ( Y X ) . ,
, X Y
, Y X, Y
X ( Y X ) .

,
.

.
, ,
1
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.
,
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-.
: -
.
:
[ ] [ ] interface _ [ : ]
[ ; ]
, new, publ i , protected, internal
private. new
, .
.
.
, ( i n t e r n a l ) .
1
, , 10.
189
,
.
, , .
,
, , , , ,
.
I Act ion,
, .
, ,
:
interface IAction
{
void Draw();
int Attack(int a ) ;
void D i e ( ) ;
int Power { get; }
}
IAction Power,
. ,
,
set, :
int Power { get; set; }
,
- .
-
, ,
. ,
,
( Health, Ammo Name
).
.
publ i
, ;
109
Console.WriteLineC x . G e t y O
);
C o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n e t Demo.Gets )
//
Console.WriteLinet GetsO
//
);
);
// s
//
}
}
}
,
. , s t a t i c ,
. ,
,
/
.

,
. :
1. , .
2. .
3. (
) .
4. .
5. , ;
v o i d , , .

.
. 5.3 .
5 . 3 .
. s i n g System;
-amespace C o n s o l e A p p l i c a t i o n i
class
Classl
{
s t a t i c i n t MaxCint a ,
i n t b)
/ /
{
if ( > b ) r e t u r n ;
else
r e t u r n b;
}
{
i n t a = 2, b = 4 :
i n t x = Max( a, b );
C o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n e C x );
// Max
// : 4
190
9.
, ,
,
(
);
,
.
.NET ,
. ,
,
IComparable.
.

, ,
, .
, #
.
, .
, IAction Monster
:
using System:
namespace ConsoleAppl i c a t i o n l
{
interface IAction
{
void DrawO;
int Attack( int a ) :
void D i e O :
int Power { g e t ; }
}
class Monster :
IAction
{
public void DrawO
{
Console.WriteLineC " " + name ):
}
public int Attack( int ammo_ )
{
ammo -= ammo_;
if ( ammo > 0 ) Console.WriteLineC "-!" );
else
ammo = 0:
191
r e t u r n ;
}
public
void
OieO
{
Console.WriteLineC
" M o n s t e r " + name + " RIP"
);
h e a l t h = 0:
}
public
int
Power
I
ciet
{
r e t u r n ammo * h e a l t h ;
}
,
.
publ i c .
, 1:
Monster V a s i a = new MonsterC 5 0 . 5 0 ,
""
);
Vasia.DrawC):
// M o n s t e r
// :
I A r t i o n A c t o r = new MonsterC 10,
10,
"" );
Actor.DrawC);
//
// :
I Action
, .
, .
, :
s t a t i c void Act
IAction A )
{
A.DrawC);
)
s t a t i c v o i d Maine)
{
M o n s t e r V a s i a = new MonsterC 5 0 , 5 0 ,
ActC V a s i a
""
);
);
, .
, , ,
.
192
9.
:
.
.
, :
class Monster IAction
{
int IAction.Power
{
get
{
return ammo * health;
}
}
void IAction.DrawO
{
Console.WriteLineC " " + name );
}
}
IAction Actor = new Monster( 10, 10, "Mama" );
Actor.Draw();
//
// Monster Vasia = new MonsterC 50, 50, "" );

// Vasia.DrawO;
,
.
, -
.
,
,

1
. , , Monster :
, :
interface
ITest
{
void DrawO;
}
interface IAction
1
,
, .
193
void Draw();
int Attack( int a ) ;
void D i e ( ) ;
int Power { get;
lass Monster :
IAction,
ITest
void ITest.DrawO
{
Console.Writel_ine( "Testing " + name );
void IAction.DrawO
{
Console.WriteLineC " " + name );
Draw .
. ,
, :
Monster Vasia = new MonsterC 50, 50, "" );
:(ITest)Vasia).DrawO;
// :
;(IAction)Vasia).DrawO;
//:
Testing
, ,
( public),
:
slass Monster : IAction. ITest
public void DrawO
{
Console.WriteLineC " " + name ):
Draw, , :
Monster, IAction ITest.
,
,
.
.
9.
1 94

. is as

, .
is. ,
, is, , .
true,
, false .
:
1f ( is )
{
//
""
/'/
""
, -
object.
, ,
.
, , :
static vo'd Act( object A )
{
if ( A is IAction )
{
IAction Actor = ( I A c t i o n ) A;
Actor.Draw();
1
}
Act ,
, IAction.
is ,
: .
as.
, , null,
:
static void Act( object A )
I
IAction Actor = A as IAction;

if ( Actor != null ) Actor.Draw();
, .
195

-,
,
.
, . ,
, private internal,
(publ i c ) '.
,
, . -
,
.
new, .
.
# :
interface 1 Base
i
void F( int i ):
}
interface I l e f t
IBase
{
new void F( int i
interface I n g h t
);
// F
IBase
void G ( ) :
interface Iderived : I Left, I Right {}
class A
void Test( IDerived d ) {
d.F( 1 );
// I Left F
( ( I B a s e ) d ) . F ( 1 ):
// IBase.F
( ( I L e f t ) d ) . F( 1 );
//' I Left. F
v ( I R i g h t ) d ) . F ( 1 );
/7 IBase.F
F IBase ILeft,
IDerived IRight IBase .
, , ,
. ,
, .
196
9.
,
, :
class : IRight
{
IRight.GO { . . . }
IBase.F( int i ) { . . . }
// IRight.F( int i ) -
}
,
, , :
class :
{
//
IRight.GO { . . . }
}
class : A. IRight
{
IRight.GO { ... }
IBase.F( int i ) {
... }
II
//
}
, ,
.
new, .
, :
interface
IBase
{
void :
}
class Base : IBase
{
public void AO { . . . }
}
class Derived: Base
{
new public void AO { . . . }
}
Derived d = new Derived ( ) ;
d.AO;
IBase id = d;
// Derived.AO;
id.AO;
// Base.AO;
,
(
) :
197
interface
IBase
{
void ;
}
class Base : IBase
{
public virtual void AO {
...
}
class Derived: Base
{
public override void AO { . . . }
}
Derived d = new Derived ( ) :
d.AO;
IBase id = d;
id.AO;
// Derived.AO;
// Derived.AO;
, ,
.
: ,
, .
IBase
_, Base:
interface
IBase
{
void A O ;
class Base : IBase
{
void IBase.AO { A _ ( ) ; }
protected virtual void A _ ( ) { . . . }
class Derived: Base

protected override void A _ ( ) { . . . }
,
-,
.
:
interface
IBase
{
void ;
9.
1 98
}
c l a s s Base :
IBase
I
void IBase.A()
...
c l a s s D e r i v e d : Base,
i
i
p u b l i c v o i d AO
/ / D e r i v e d
IBase
...
,
,
, :
interface
Interfacel
void
FO:
}
class
Classl
p u b l i c void F()
...
p u b 1 ic v o i d GO
...
c l a s s Class-2
Classl.
Interfacel
new p u b l i c v o i d GO
...
j
Class2 C l a s s l F. I n t e r f a c e l
F. , Class2
, .

. ,
,
.
.NET
."NET ,
. , I C o m p a r a b l e
,
. l E n u m e r a b l e e n u m e r a t e

f o r e a c h , I C l o n e a b l e .
199

. , f o r e a c h
, A r r a y I E n u m e r a b l e I E n u m e r a t o r .
, ,
.
( IComparable)
I C o m p a r a b l e System.
CompareTo,
:
interface
IComparable
i n t CompareTo( o b j e c t o b j
0, ;
, ;
, .
IComparable M o n s t e r .
h e a l t h . 9.1
, ,
( , ,
).
9 . 1 . IComparable
j s i n g System;
'iamespace Consol eAppl i c a t i o n i
c l a s s Monster
IComparable
{
p u b l i c MonsterC i n t . h e a l t h ,
i n t ammo,
s t r i n g name )
{
this.ammo
= ammo:
this.name
= name;
}
virtual
public
void
PassportO
{
Console.WriteLineC
" M o n s t e r { 0 } \t h e a l t h = { 1 }
ammo = { 2 } " ,
}
p u b l i c i n t CompareToC o b j e c t o b j
//
211
.NET
{
for ( int i = 0; i < n; ++i )
if ( mas[i] .GetTypeO .Name == "Monster" )
y i e l d return m a s [ i ] ;
}
public void Add( Monster m )
{
if ( n >= 10 ) return:
mas[n] = m;
++n:
class Classl
{
static void MainO
{
Stado s = new StadoO;
s.Add( new Monster() );
s.Add( new Monster("Bac") ):
s.Add( new Daemon() );
foreach ( Monster i in s )
foreach ( Monster i
in s.Backwards
i.PassportO
)
foreach ( Monster i in s.MonstersOnly()
i.Passport
) i.PassportO
}
, ,
.

, get ,
1
IEnumerable IEnumerator .
:
y i e l d return , ;
y i e l d break .
y i e l d
.
, .
-, MoveNext
,
y i e l d . MoveNext -
,
.
IEnumerable<T> IEnumerator<T>
System. C o l l e c t i o n s .Generic, 13.
9.
212
-\ . , ^ ^ ^ ,
:
^ ^\
crnvi
Q , a -fte , .\
\ , ,
, ;
,
;
,

( );
, # .
:
,
, . !
!
, , !
,
, .
[ ] [ ] struct [ : ]
_ [ ; ]
, ,
public, internal private ( ;
).
, , .
, , , , ,
, , .
, :
, :
,
' protected protected internal;
(abstract),
( s e a l e d ) ;
213
;
( o v e r r i d e )
, o b j e c t ;
t h i s ,
, ;
,
( ,
n u l 1 ) .
9.8 ,
.
. T o S t r i n g :
,
C o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n e .
.
9 . 8 .
u s i n g System;
namespace
ConsoleApplicati onl
i
s t r u c t Complex
{
p u b l i c double r e ,
im;
p u b l i c Complex( d o u b l e r e _ , d o u b l e i m _ )
re = r e _ ; im = i m _ ;
/ / t h i s . r e ,
p u b l i c s t a t i c Complex o p e r a t o r + ( Complex a.
r e t u r n new Complex(
a.re + b.re,
this.im
Complex b )
a . i m + b . i m );
public override string ToStringO

r e t u r n ( s t r i n g . F o r m a t ( " ( { 0 . 2 : 0 . # # } ; { 1 , 2 : 0 . # # } ) " . r e , im ) );
}
class
{
Classl
{
Complex a = new Complex!
1.2345,
5 . 6 );
214
9.
9.8
()
Console.WriteLineC " = " + );

Complex b:
b.re = 10; b.im = 1;
Console.WriteLineC "b = " + b );
Complex = new ComplexO;
= a + b;
}
}
}
:
=
=
=
=
(1.23:5,6)
(10; 1)
( 0; 0)
(11,23:6.6)
,
. (
, . . 3 6 ) ,
, , ,
.

, , ,
.
.

ref out.
,
. , 100
101 ,
. , :
Complex [] mas = new Complex[4];
for ( int i = 0; i < 4; ++i )
{
mas[i].re = i;
mas[i].im = 2 * i;
}
foreach ( Complex elem in mas ) Console.WriteLine( elem );
215
Main 9.5,
:
(
(
(
(
0
1
2
3
0)
2)
4)
6)

,
.
,
, :
enum Menu { Read, W r i t e , Append, E x i t }
enum { , , ,
.
i n t , 0,
, :
enum Nums { two = 2, t h r e e ,
f o u r , t e n = 10, e l e v e n ,
f i f t y = t e n + 40 }:
t h r e e f o u r 3 4, e l e v e n 11.

, .

, ; ,
,
, .
:
[ ] [ ] enum _ [ : ]
_ [ ; ]
, ,
new, p u b l i c , p r o t e c t e d , i n t e r n a l p r i v a t e .
, .
i n t , ,
( c h a r ) , : b y t e , s b y t e , s h o r t , u s h o r t , i n t ,
u i n t , l o n g u l o n g . ,
i n t .
,
. ,
.
p u b l i c .
216
9.
,
- .
9.9.
9 . 9 .
using System;
namespace
ConsoleApplicationl
{
struct
{
public enum _
{
, , ,
}
public string ;
public _3 ;
}
class Classl
{
static void MainO

{
x;
x. = "";
x. = ._.;
Console.WriteLineC . + " " + . );
}
}
}
:

, :
enum Flags ; byte
{
, . 2, = 0x04, 4 = 0x08, 5 = 0x10, 6 = 0x20, 7 = 0x40

( + , -, ++, - - ) , ( * , &, |, ~ ) ,
( < , <=, >, >=, ==, ! = ) ( s i z e o f ) .

.
,
217
, , .
.
:
Flags = Flags.2 | Flags.4;
Console.WriteLineC " = {0}
{ 0 , 2 : } " , );
++;
Console.WriteLineC " = {0}
int = ( i n t ) ;
{ 0 . 2 : X } " . ):
Console.WriteLine( "x = {0}
{ 0 . 2 : X } " , x );
Flags b = (Flags) 65;

Console.WriteLine( "b = {0}
{ 0 . 2 : X } " , b );
( { 0 , 2 : } ):
= 10
= 11
= 11
D = 65
0
0
41
9.10.
9 . 1 0 .
using System;
{
struct
{
public enum _
{
, , , , ,
}
public string ;
public _ ;
}
class Classl
{
static void MainO

{
x;
x. = "
x. = ._.;
for ( int i = 1976; i < 2006; i += 5 )
{
if ( x. < ._. ) ++.;
218
9.
9.10
()
Console.WriteLineC
" : {0} {1} { 2 } " .

1 . . . .
1976
1981
1986
1991
1996
2001
System.Enum
# System.Enum,
.
GetName
, :
Console.WriteLineC Enum.GetName(typeof( Flags ) . 8 ) ) ;
// fc>4
Console.WriteLineC Enum.GetNameCtypeof( ._ ) , ! ) ) :
//
typeof (. 12).
GetNames GetValues , ,
, , :
Array names = Enum.GetNames( typeof(Flags) );
Console.WriteLineC " : " + names.Length );
foreach ( string elem in names ) Console.WriteC "
" + elem );
Array values = Enum.GetValuesC typeof(Flags) );
foreach ( Flags elem in values ) Console.WriteC "
" + (byte) elem );
IsDefined true,
, false
, :
if ( Enum.IsDefinedC typeof( Flags ), "5" ) )
Console.WriteLine( " 5 " );
else Console.WriteLine( " 5 " );
GetUnderlyingType ,
. , Flags System.Byte:
Console.WriteLine( Enum.GetUnderlyingType( typeof(Flags) ) );
219

. ,
, , ,
-.
-
, ,
.
#
.
.
, .
. N E T .

.
,
IComparable
IComparer. IEnumerable IEnumerator
foreach,
ICloneable .

.
,
, , .

,
.

, ,
. , ,
,
.
10
,

# ,
.
.
, .
, , , \
.
, .
.
, <
:
[ ] [ ] delegate ( [ ] )
, ,
new, public, protected, internal private.
,
, !

, .
10
,

# ,
.
.
, .
, , , \
.
, .
.
, <
:
[ ] [ ] delegate ( [ ] )
, ,
new, public, protected, internal private.
,
, !

, .
221
:
public delegate void D ( int i
);
, ,
void .
, , .
System.Delegate,
, . ,
.

,
, .
.
:
,
;
, ;
.
. 10.1 ,

(001 Hack).
1 0 . 1 .
using System:
namespace
ConsoleApplicationi
delegate void Del
( ref string s );
//
class Classl
public s t a t i c void C001 ( ref string s )
// 1
string temp = " " ;

for ( int i = 0: i < s.Length: ++i )
222
10. ,
10.1
()
if
( s [ i ] == ' ' 11 s [ i ] ' 0 ' ) temp += ' O ' ;
else i f ( s [ i ] = = ' I ' )
temp + = ' ;
else
temp += s [ i j ;
}
s = temp;
}
public static void Hack ( ref string s )
// 2
{
string temp = " " ;
for ( int i = 0; i < s.Length; ++i )
if ( i / 2 * 2 == i ) temp += char.ToUpper( s [ i ] );
else
temp += s [ i ] ;
s = temp;
}
static void MainO
{
string s = "cool
Del d;
hackers";
//
for ( int i = 0; i < 2; ++i )

{
d = new Del( COOl );
// 1
if ( i == 1 ) d = new Del(Hack);
// 2
d( ref s );
//
Console.WriteLine( s ) ;
}
:
cOOl hackers
COOl hAcKeRs
, .
,
, .
Combine,
System.Delegate, , ,
. Main
,
:
223
static void MainO

string s = "cool hackers";
Del d = new Del ( C001 ) ;
d += new Del( Hack );
//
d( ref s ) ;
Console.WriteLineC s );
// : C001 hAcKeRs
, ;
,
;
out
, ,
(
, voi d);
,
, ,
;
, ,
System. Null Ref erenceExcepti on.

.

.
,
.
,
. ,
, ,
, .
. , ,
.

, ,
.
224
10. ,

.
, .

(observer)
,
.
( 10.2),
.
O O P S ! .
.
1 0 . 2 .
using System;
namespace
ConsoleApplicationi
{
public delegate void Del( object );
class Subj
Del dels:
//
// -
//
public void Register( Del d )
//
dels += d:
public void OOPS
// -
Console.WriteLineC "OOPS!" ) :
if ( dels != null ) dels( this );
//
class ObsA
public void Do( object )
// -
//
Console.WriteLineC ", OOPS!" ):
class ObsB
public static void SeeC object )
// -
//
Console.WriteLineC " , OOPS!" ):
225
\
:lass Classl
{
static void MainO
{
= new SubjO;
//
ObsA ol = new ObsA();

ObsA o2 - new ObsAO;
//
//
s.Register( new Del( ol.Do ) );
//
s.Register( new Del( o2.Do ) );
//
s.Register( new Del( ObsB.See ) );
//
( )
s.OOPSO;
//
Subj s
}
}
, ,
.
( . :
, .
X .
: :
PS!
. OOPS!
, OOPS!
, OOPS!
object,
; . ,
( ).
.
,
Remove , :
jublic void UnRegister( Del d )
dels -= d;
}
//
226
10. ,
. ,

.
,
.
, , .

, :
Del dl = new Del( ol.Do ):
// o l . D o
Del d2 = new Del( o2.Do );
// o2.Do
Del d3 = dl + d2;
// o l . D o o2.Do
d3 += d l :
// o l . D o . o2.Do o l . D o
d3 -= d2;
// Ol.Do o l . D o
, , ,

.
, string, ,
,
.

,
. :
,
.
.

,
, .
.
(callback) ,
. . 10.1. ,
,
()
. ,
.
227
()
()-
/'
. 1 0 . 1 .
.
, W i n d o w s .
10.3.
,
.
1 0 . 3 .
using System:
{
public delegate double Fun( double x );
//
class Classl
{
public static void Tablet Fun F, double x, double b )

{
X
Y
" );
while (x <= b)
{
Console.WriteLineC "| {0,8:0.000} | {1,8:0.000} |". x, F(x));
x += 1:
}
" );
public static double SimpleC double x )
{
return 1:
}
static void MainO
{
Console.WriteLineC " Sin " );
10. ,
2 2 8
1 0 . 3 ()
Tablet new Fun( Math.Sin ), -2, 2 );

Console.WriteLineC " Simple " );
TableC new Fun( Simple ), 0. 3 );
}
}
}
:
Sin
X
Y
I
-2.000 I
-0,909
I
-1.000 I
-0,841
I
0.000 I
0,000
I
1,000 I
0.841
I
2,000 j
0,909
I
j
j
I
Simple
X
Y
I
0,000 I
1,000 I
I
1.000 I
1,000 I
I
2,000 I
1,000 j
I
3,000 I
1.000 I
Visual Studio 2005, 2.0 C # ,
.
,
, .

, ,
. 10.4
, 10.3.
1 0 . 4 . ( 2.0)
using System;
{
public delegate double FunC double x );
//
class Classl
{
public static void TableC Fun F. double x, double b )
{
Console.WriteLine( "
while ( x <= b )
" ):
229
{
Console.WriteLineC "| {0.8:0.000} | {1,8:0.000} |", x. FCx)):
x += 1;
}
" ):
static void MainO

{
Console.WriteLineC " Sin " ):
TableC Math.Sin. -2. 2 );
// 1
Console.WriteLineC " Simple " );

TableC delegate (double x ){ return 1: }, 0. 3 ); // 2
}
}
}
, Sin,
1
. ,
.

Simple, ,
.

.
, :
, .
,
.
10.5.
1 0 . 5 . -
using System;
namespace ConsoleAppli cationl
{
abstract class TableFun
{
public abstract double F( double x );
public void TableC double x, double b )
{
while ( x <= b )
1
2005 #
,
1992 , .
&
230
10.5
()
Console.WriteLineC "| {0.8:0.000} | {1.8:0.000} |". , FCx));

+= 1;
}
'
" );
}
class SimpleFun : TableFun
{
public override double F( double x )
{
return 1;
}
}
class SinFun : TableFun

{
public override double F( double x )
{
return Math.Sin(x);
}
}
class Classl
{
static void MainO
{
\ TableFun a = new SinFunO:
Console.WriteLineC " Sin " );
a.TableC -2. 2 ):
a = new SimpleFunO;
Console.WriteLineC " Simple " ):
a.TableC 0, 3 );
}
}
}
, , , ,
.

,
, . ,

. , ,
231
GetlnvocationList.
10.6, 10.1.
1 0 . .
using System;
{
delegate void Del ( ref string s );
class Classl
{
public static void C001 ( ref string s )
{
Console.WriteLineC " C001" );
string temp = "";
{
if
( s[i] == 'o' || s[i] == 'O') temp += ' 0 ' ;
else if ( s[i] == ' 1 ' )
temp += ' ;
else
temp += s[i];
}
s = temp;
}
public static void Hack ( ref string s )

{
Console.WriteLineC " Hack" );
string temp = "";
if ( i / 2 * 2 == i ) temp += char.ToUpperC s[i] );
else
temp += s[i];
s = temp;
public static void BadHack ( ref string s )

{
Console.WriteLineC " BadHack" );
throw new Exception();
static void MainO

{
string s = "cool hackers";
Del d = new Del C001 ) ;
d += new Del( BadHack );
d += new DelC Hack );
//
//
//
//
232
10. ,
10.6
()
foreach ( Del fun in d.GetlnvocationListO )

{
try
{
fun( ref s );
//
}
catch ( Exception )
{
Console.WriteLineC .Message );
Console.WriteLineC "Exception in method " +
fun.Method.Name);
}
}
Console.WriteLineC " - " + s );
}
}
}
:
COOl
BadHack
Exception of type System.Exception was thrown.
Exception in method BadHack
Hack
- COOl hAcKeRs
GetlnvocationList
Method. Method Info.
Method Info ,
, ,
.
12.
,
. ,
, -
. - .
,
, .

: , (sender) ,
, , ,
(receivers) , .
233
:
- .
:
, ;
(), .
1
[ ] [ ] event
new, public, protected, internal, private,
static, virtual, sealed, override, abstract extern,
. , ,
(static), ,
.
, .
:
public delegate void Del( object );

class
//
{
public event Del Oops;
//
}
- .
- ,
. ( !), ,
- .
, ,
. ,
, ,
+= - = ,
.
.
, ,
,
.
10.7 10.2,
.
1
.
, .
234
10. ,
1 0 . 7 .
using System;
{
public delegate void D e l O ;
//
class Subj
{
// -
//
public event Del Oops;

// ,
public
void CryOopsO
{
Console.WriteLineC "OOPS!" );
if ( Oops != null ) OopsO:
}
class ObsA
{
public void D o O ;
// -
//
Console.WriteLineC ", OOPS!" );

}
class ObsB
// -
{
//
public static void S e e O
{
Console.WriteLineC " , OOPS!" )
}
class Classl
{
static void MainO
{
Subj s = new Subj();
// '
ObsA ol = new ObsAC):

ObsA o2 = new ObsAC);
//
s.Oops += new DelC ol.Do );

s.Oops += new DelC o2.Do );
s.Oops += new DelC ObsB.See );
//
//
//
s. CryOopsO;
//
//
235
:
,
+= -=. void,
.
.
, , ,
, : ,
. . null. , CryOops
nul 1 ,
System.Nul1ReferenceException.
. N E T ,
.
:
EventHandler;
:
object;
EventArgs
.
,
, EventArgs,
.
, ,
System.EventHandler.
On .
10.8 10.7,
.NET. !
1 0 . 8 . EventHandler
using System;
{
class Subj
{
public event EventHandler Oops;
public void CryOops()
{
Console.WriteLineC "OOPS!" );
if ( Oops != null ) OopsC this, null );
}
}
class ObsA
^
&
236
10. ,
10.8
()
public void OnOopsC object sender. EventArgs e )

{
}
}
class ObsB
{
public static void OnOopsC object sender, EventArgs e )
{
}
}
class Classl
{
static void MainO
{
Subj s = new SubjC);
ObsA ol = new ObsAC);
s.Oops += new EventHandlerC ol.OnOops ):
s.Oops += new EventHandlerC o2.0nOops ):
s.Oops +- new EventHandlerC ObsB.OnOops );
s. CryOopsO:
}
}
}
, # 2.0, ,

. 10.9.

, .
1 0 . 9 . ( 2.0)
using System;
{
class Subj
{
public event EventHandler Oops;
public void CryOopsO
{
Console.WriteLineC "OOPS!" )
237
if ( Oops != null ) Oops( this, null );

}
class ObsA
{
public void OnOopsC object sender, EventArgs e )
{
}
}
class ObsB
{
public static void OnOopsC object sender, EventArgs e )
{
class Classl
{
static void MainO
{
Subj s = new SubjC);
ObsA ol ' new ObsAC);
s.Oops += ol.OnOops;
s.Oops += o2.0n0ops;
s.Oops += ObsB.OnOops;
s.Oops += delegate ( object sender, EventArgs e )
{ Console.WriteLineC " !" ); };
s.CryOopsO;
}
}
}
. N E T , ,
Windows.Forms, Windows-
. 14.

.NET .
.
() ,
238
10. ,
.
1
. (thread )
. ,
. Main.
,
.
.
.
,
.
, ,
.
:
,
, ;
,

(,
, ,
, , ,
).
Thread
. N E T
System.Threading.
. 10.1.
1 0 . 1 . System.Threading
Interlocked
,
,
Monitor
Mutex
- ,

ReaderWriterLock
, ,

Thread
, , ,

,
-, .
.
239
ThreadPool
Timer
WaitHandle
, ,

IOCompletionCallback
,
-
, ,
ThreadStart
TimerCallback
, ,
Timer
WaitCaback
, ThreadPool
ThreadPriority
ThreadState
.
Thread. - ,
, :
Thread t = new Thread ( new ThreadStartC _ ) );

,
. 10.10
.
1 0 . 1 0 .
using System:
using System.Threading:
{
class Program
{
static public void HedgehogO
//
for ( int i = 0; i < 6: ++i )

{
Console.WriteLineC i ); Thread.SleepC 1000 );
}
}
static void MainO
{
Console.WriteLineC " " +
Thread.CurrentThread.GetHashCodeO );
240
10. ,
10.10
()
Thread ta = new ThreadC new ThreadStart(Hedgehog) );

Console.WriteLineC " " + ta.GetHashCodeC) );
ta.StartC);
for ( int i = 0; i > -6: --i )
{
.
Console.WriteC " " + i ); Thread.SleepC 400 );
}
}
}
:
1
2
0 0 -1 -2 1 -3 -4 2 -5 3 4 5
Sleep,
. ,
. ,
, ,
.
. 10.2 Thread.
1 0 . 2 . Thread
CurrentThread
(
)
IsAlive
true false ,

IsBackground
,
,
Name
Priority
/ (
ThreadPrority)
ThreadState
(
ThreadState)
Abort
ThreadAbortException.

GetData,
SetData
()

GetDomain,
GetDomainID
(
),
241
GetHashCode
Sleep
Interrupt
Join
Resume
Start
ThreadStart
Suspend
.
,
,
. 10.11.
1 0 . 1 1 . ,
using System;
using System.Threading;
{
class Classl
{
public void Do()
{
for ( int i - 0: i < 4; ++i )
{ Console.Write( " " + i ); Thread.SIeep( 3 ); }
}
}
class Program
{
static void MainO
{
Classl a = new ClassK);
Thread tl = new Thread( new ThreadStartC a.Do ) );
tl.Name = "Second
Console.WriteLineC " " + tl.Name );
tl.StartO;
Thread t2 = new ThreadC new ThreadStartC a.Do ) );
t2.Name = "Third":
Console.WriteLineC " " + t2.Name );
t2.Start();
}
}
}
242
10. ,
:
Second
Third
0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3
,
.

, lock. :
lock ( ) _
, .
this,
typeof (). ,
.
, Do
:
public void Do()
{
lockC this )
{
for ( int i = 0; i < 4; ++i )
{ Console.Write( " " + i ): Thread.SIeep( 30 ): }
}
}
:
Second
Third
0 12 3 0 12 3
,
, Beginlnvoke Endlnvoke.
Beginlnvoke
,
.
.
Beginlnvoke ,
.
, AsyncCal 1 back. ,

Endlnvoke.
'j
243
Beginlnvoke,
End Invoke , .
10.11 ,
.
Visual Studio .
Factorizer Factorize,
. : Numl
Beginlnvoke, Num2
End Invoke.
1 0 . 1 1 .
using System:
using System.Runtime.Remoting.Messaging;
//
public delegate bool AsyncDelegate ( int Num. out int ml, out int m2 );
// ,
public class Factorizer
{
public bool FactorizeC int Num. out int ml, out int m2 )
{
ml = 1; m2 = Num;
for ( int i = 2; i < Num; i++ )
if ( 0 == (Num % i) ) { ml = i; m2 = Num / i; break; }
if (1 == ml ) return false;
else
return true;
}
}
// ,
public class PNum
{
private int Number;
public PNum( int number ) { Number = number; }
[OneWayAttributeO]
// ,
public void Res( IAsyncResult ar )
{
int ml, m2;
// AsyncResult
AsyncDelegate ad = (AsyncDelegate)((AsyncResult)ar).AsyncDelegate;
// Factorize
ad.EndInvoke( out ml, out m2, ar );
&
244
10. ,
10.11
()
II
Console.WriteLineC " : {0} : {1} {2}",
Number, ml. m2 );
}
}
//
public class Simple
{
// 1:
public void NumlO
{
Factorizer
f = new FactorizerO;
AsyncDelegate ad = new AsyncDelegate ( f.Factorize );
int Num = 1000589023, tmp;
// ,
// Factorize
PNum n = new PNum( Num );
//
AsyncCallback callback = new AsyncCallbackC n.Res ):
// Factorize
IAsyncResult ar = ad.BeginlnvokeC
Num, out tmp, out tmp, callback, null );
//
// -
// ...
}
// 2:
public void Num2()
{
Factorizer
f = new FactorizerO;
AsyncDelegate ad = new AsyncDelegate ( f.Factorize ):
int Num = 1000589023. tmp;
// ,
// Factorize
PNum n = new PNum( Num );
//
AsyncCallback callback = new AsyncCallbackC n.Res );
// Factorize
IAsyncResult ar = ad.BeginlnvokeC
Num, out tmp, out tmp, null, null );
//
ar.AsyncWaitHandle.WaitOne( 100.00. false );
245
if ( ar.IsCompleted )
{
int ml. m2;
// Factorize
ad.Endlnvoket out ml, out m2. ar );
//
Console.WriteLine( " : {0} : {1} {2}",
Num, ml. m2 );
}
}
public static void MainO

{
Simple s = new SimpleO;
s.NumlO;
S.Num2();
}
}
:
: 1000589023 : 7 142941289
: 1000589023 : 7 142941289
[OneWayAttributeO]
.

. N E T ,
,
Windows.
,
, , , .
+ + ,
.
,
.
2.0, # ,

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11

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247
. N E T ,
. 11.1.
System. 10.
.
. 1 1 . 1 . .NET
,
.
. 11.1.
1 1 . 1 . System.
BinaryReader,
BinaryWriter

(, , . .)

BufferedStream
(,
)
Di rectory,
Directorylnfo, File,
Filelnfo
: , ,
. Fi 1 Di rectory
.
Directorylnfo Filelnfo
FileStream
() ,

MemoryStream
&
1 1 .
248
11.1
()
StreamWriter,
StreamReader

( )
StringWriter,
StringReader
,
:
(BinaryReader, BinaryWriter);
(FileStream);
, (StreamWriter, StreamReader).
. N E T Unicode,
. , , ,
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ToString,
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. N E T XmlTextReadf
XmlTextWriter, '
X M L . X M L 15.
249
.
:
1. .
2. (-).
3. .
,

.
, ,
.
FileAccess, System. 10.
. 11.2.
1 1 . 2 . FileAccess
Read
ReadWrite
Write
FileMode
(. 11.3).
1 1 . 3 . FileMode
Append
, ,
. ,
Create
.
,
CreateNew
.
, IOException
Open "
OpenOrCreate
, . ,
Truncate
FileMode.Append
FileAccess.Write, , .

FileShare (. 11.4).
250
1 1 .
1 1 . 4 . FileShare
None
Read

. ,

ReadWrite
Wri te

- Fi I eStream,
Stream,
. Stream . 11.5.
1 1 . 5 . Stream
BeginRead,
BeginWrite
CanRead,
CanSeek,
, , : ,
/
CanWrite
ose
(,
. .)
EndRead,
EndWrite
Flush

. ,

Length
Position
Read,
ReadByte
( )

Seek
SetLength
Wri te,
WriteByte
( )

251
FileStream .

FileMode, FileAccess FileShare.
. 11.211.4. 11.1 .
,
.
1 1 . 1 .
using System;
using System.10;
namespace ConsoleApplication1
{
class Classl
{
static void MainO .
{
FileStream f = new FileStream( "test.txt",
FileMode.Create, FileAccess.ReadWrite );
f.WriteByte( 100 );
II 100
byte[] = new byte[10];

for ( byte i = 0; i < 10; ++i )
{
x[1] = (byteM 10 - i );
f.WriteByte(i);
// 10 0 9
f.WriteC x, 0, 5 );
// 5
byte[] = new byte[20];

f.Seek( 0, SeekOrigin.Begin );
f.Read( ,. 0. 20 );
// -
//
foreach byte elem in ) Consol.WriteC " " + elem );

f.Seek(5, SeekOrigin.Begin); // - 5-
int = f.ReadByteO;
// 5-
Console.WriteLineC );
= f.ReadByteO;
// 6-
Console.WriteLineC );
Console.WriteLineC " " + f.Position );
f.CloseO;
}
}
}
252
1 1 .
100 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 9 8 7 6 0 0 0 0
4
5
7

( , Append)
.
Seek,
: ,
. SeekOrigin:
Begin, Current End.
.
, ,
(. . 30), :
FileStream f = new FileStreamC @"D:\CJ\test.txt",

FileMode.Create, FileAccess.ReadWrite ):
.
, ,

, .

, , :
FileNotFoundException,
;
DirectoryNotFoundException, ;
Argument Except ion, ;
IOException, - -.
.
,

.
, :
try
{
FileStream f = new FileStreamC @"d:\C#\test.tx",
Fi1eMode.Open. FileAccess.Read );
//
f.CloseO;
}
catchC FileNotFoundException e )
253
{
Console.WriteLineC .Message );
Console.WriteLineC " !" );
return;
}
catch( Exception e )
{
Console.WriteLineC "Error: " + e.Message );
return;
}
, ,
, , .
,
, . ,
, Flush.
Stream (, , FileStream)
-: .
,
-.
- ,
1
. .
-
,
. BeginRead.
, ,
, , .
,
, ,
.
EndRead, .
. 11.2

.
,
, .
254
1 1 .
1 1 . 2 .
using System;
using System.10;
{
class Demo
{
public void UserlnputO
//
{
string s;
do
{ Console.WriteLineC " . Enter " );
s = Console.ReadLineO;
} while (s.Length != 0 );
}
public void
OnCompletedReadC IAsyncResult ar )
.// 1
{
int bytes = f.EndRead( ar );
Console.WriteLineC " " + bytes );
}
public void AsyncReadO
{
f = new FileStreamC "D:\\verybigfile". FileMode.Open.
FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read. buf.Length, true );
callback = new AsyncCallbackC OnCompletedRead ):
f.BeginReadC buf, 0. buf.Length, callback, null );
}
FileStream f;
byte[] buf = new byte[66666666];
AsyncCallback callback;
}
class Program
{
static void MainO
{
Demo d = new DemoO;
d. AsyncReadO;
d.UserlnputO;
}
}
}
111
1/3
// 4
255

Demo.
OnCompletedRead ( 1)
IAsyncResult, ,
EndRead.
, true
( 2 ) . 3
AsyncCallback,
OnCompletedRead.
OnCompletedRead 'BeginRead (
4 ) , ,
. OnCompletedRead
.
verybigfile , Userlnput
, OnCompletedRead.
, 11.2,
BeginRead EndRead,
, . .
StreamWriter StreamReader Unicode- ,

, ,
.
TextWriter TextReader ,
. . 11.6 11.7
. ,
.
1 1 . 6 . TextWriter
Close
.
,
Fl ush
System.
Text.Encoding.
&
256
1 1 .
11.6
{)
NewLine
,
.
(\\)
Write
Wri teLi
1 1 . 7 . TextReader
Peek
Read
ReadBlock
ReadLine

stri ng. (nul 1) (EOF)
ReadToEnd
, ,
stri ng
, :

, , ,
.
11.3 , .

.
. ,
. ...\ConsoleApplication1\bin\Debug.
1 1 . 3 .
using System;
using System.10;
{
class Classl
{
static void MainO

{
try
{
StreamWriter f = new StreamWriterC "text.txt" );
f.WriteLineC " :" );
double = 12.234;
257
int
b = 29:
f.WriteLineC " a = {0.6:C}
b = { 1 . 2 : X } \ a. b );
f.CloseO;
{
return;
}
}
11.4 , , .
1 1 . 4 .
using System;
using System.10;
{
class Classl
{
static void MainO
{
try
{
StreamReader f = new StreamReaderC "text.txt" );
string s = f.ReadToEndO;
Console.WriteLine(s);
f.CloseO:
catchC FileNotFoundException e )
Console.WriteLineC e.Message );
Console.WriteLineC " !" ):
return;
Console.WriteLineC "Error:
return;
+ e.Message );
258
1 1 .

ReadToEnd. ,
11.5. .
1 1 . 5 .
using System;
using System.10;
{
class Classl
{
static void MainO

{
try
{
StreamReader f = new StreamReaderC "text.txt" );
string s;
long i = 0:
while ( ( s = f.ReadLineO ) != null )
Console.WriteLineC " { 0 } : { 1 } " . ++i, s ) ;
f.CloseO;
}
catch( FileNotFoundException e )
{
return;
}
catch Exception e )
{
return;
}
}
}
}
, , ]
11.6. *
.
: :
,
, *

.
259
1 1 . 6 .
using System;
using System.10;
{
class Classl
{
static void MainO
{
try
{
StreamReader f = new StreamReaderC "numbers.txt" );
string s:
const int n = 20;
i n t [ ] a = new int[n];
string[] buf;
while ( s = f.ReadLineO ) != null )
{
buf = s.SplitO ' ) ;
long sum = 0;
for ( int i = 0; i < buf.Length; ++i )
{
a [ i ] = Convert.ToInt32( b u f [ i ] ) ;
sum += a [ i ] ;
}
Console.WriteLineC "{0}
; { 1 } 0 s. sum );
}
f.CloseO;
}
catch( FileNotFoundException e )
{
Console.WriteLineC " !" ):
return;
}
catch Exception e )
{
Console.WriteLineC "Error; " + e.Message ):
return;
}
}
}
}
:
12 4 : 7
3 44 -3 : 50
8 11 : 10
260
1 1 .

,
, .
, .
BinaryWriter ,
.
,
FileStream.
.
. 11.8 11.9.
1 1 . 8 . BinaryWriter
BaseStream
, BinaryWriter
Close
Flush
Seek
Write
1 1 . 9 . BinaryReader
BaseStream
, BinaryReader
Close
PeekChar

'
Read
ReadXXXX
(,
ReadBoolean, ReadByte, Readlnt32 . .)
11.7 .
,
8888.
1 1 . 7 .
using System;
using System.10;
{
class Classl
{
static void MainO
I
j
I
try
{
BinaryWriter tout = new BinaryWriter(
new FileStreamC @"D:\C#\binary", FileMode.Create) );
double d = 0;
while ( d < 4 )
{
fout.WriteC d );
d += 0.33;
}:
fout.Seek( 16. SeekOrigin.Begin );
//
fout.Write( 8888d );
fout.CloseC);
}
catchC Exception e )
{
return:
}
}
}
.

doubl 8 .

, , 11.8
, BinaryReader
, .
, ReadDoubl
EndOfStreamException.
, .
1 1 . 8 .
using System;
using System.10;
{
class Classl
{
static void MainO

{
try
262
1 1 .
1 1 . 8 {)
'{
FileStream f =
new FileStreamC @"D:\C#\binary", Fi1eMode.Open );
BinaryReader fin = new BinaryReaderC f );
long n = f.Length / 8;
doublet] = new double[n]:
//
long i = 0:
try
{
whileC true ) x[i++] = fin.ReadDoubleO;
//
}
catch ( EndOfStreamException e ) {}
foreachC double d in x ) Console.WriteC "
" + d ); //
fin.CloseO;
f.CloseO;
catch ( FileNotFoundException e )
return;
return;
}
}
}
:
0
0,33
8888
0,99
1.32
1,65
1,98
2,31
2,64
2,97
3,3
3,63
3,96
-
,
.
Console,
System.
263
: Console. In TextReader Consol . Out

Console.Error TextWriter.
, ,

Set In SetOut (
<, > ) .
,
Console Read, ReadLine, Write WriteLine,
In, Out Error.
,
. ,
,
.

System. 10 ,
: Directory, File,
Directorylnfo Filelnfo. , ,
, .
Directory File .
Directorylnfo Filelnfo ,
. Directorylnfo
Filelnfo FileSystemlnfo,
, . 11.10.
1 1 . 1 0 . FileSystemlnfo
Attributes

.
FileAttributes
CreationTime
Exists
Extension
Full Name
LastAccessTime
LastWriteTime
Name
. .
,
. ,
264
1 1 .
Directorylnfo ,
. . 11.11
1 1 . 1 1 . Directorylnfo
Create,
CreateSubDirectory
Delete
GetDirectories
GetFiles

Filelnfo
MoveTo
Parent
11.9 , ,
.
1 1 . 9 . Directorylnfo
using System;
using System.10;
{
class Classl
{
static void DirlnfoC Directorylnfo di )

{
//
===== Directory Info
):
Console.WriteLineC
+ di.FullName );
Full Name: "
Console.WriteLineC
+ di.Name );
Name: "
Console.WriteLineC
+ di.Parent ) ;
Parent: "
Console.WriteLineC
+ di.CreationTime );
Creation: "
Console.WriteLineC
+ di.Attributes ) ;
Attributes:
Console.WriteLineC ,
Root: "
+
di.Root );
Console.WriteLineC
);
=====
Console.WriteLineC
}
static void MainO
{
Directorylnfo di1
Directorylnfo di2
new DirectoryInfo( @"c:\MyDir" );

new DirectorylnfoC @"c:\MyDir\temp" );
try
{
//
dil.CreateO:
265
di2.Create();
//
Dirlnfo(dil):
DirInfo(di2);
//
Console.WriteLineC " { 0 } . " , dil.Name ) :
dil.DeleteO;
}
catch Exception )
{
}
}
}
}
:
===== Directory Info =====
Full Name: c:\MyDir
Name: MyDir
Parent:
Creation: 30.04.2006 17:14:44
Attributes: Directory
Root: c:\
===== Directory Info =====
Full Name: c:\MyDir\temp
Name: temp
Parent: MyDir
Creation: 30.04.2006 17:14:44
Attributes: Directory
Root: c:\
MyDir.

, . ,
Delete ,
, :
dil.DeleteC true );
//
Attributes. ,
FileAttributes, . 11.12.
266
1 1 .
1 1 , 1 2 . FileAttributes
Archive

Compressed
Directory
Encrypted
Hidden
Normal
,
.
Offline
, ,
. ,
Readonly
System
11.10 Filelnfo
jpg d:\foto d:\temp. Exists
, .
1 1 . 1 0 .
using System;
using System.10;
namespace Consol eApplicationi
{
class Classl
{
static void MainO
{
try
{
string DestName = @"d:\tempV;
Directorylnfo dest = new DirectoryInf( DestName ):
dest.CreateO;
//
Directorylnfo dir = new DlrectorylnfoC @"d:\foto" );
if ( ! dir.Exists )
//
{
dir.Name + " " );
return;
}
FilelnfoD files = dir.GetFiles( "*.jpg" ); //
267
()
foreachC Filelnfo f in files )

f.CopyToC dest + f.Name );
//

fi1es.Length + " jpg-" );
}
{
}
}
}
}
Fi 1 e Di rectory , ,
, , .
()
#
, . ,
.
.
,
, , ,
.
, ,
[Serial izable].
12, ,
, . ,
, [NonSerialized], :
[Serializable]
class Demo
{
public int a = 1:
[NonSerialized]
public double y:
public Monster X. Y;
}
: S O A P (
X M L - ) .
System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters.Binary,
System.Runtime.Seri alizati on.Formatters.Soap.
268
1 1 .
.
BinaryFormatter, :
Serialize( , );
DeserializeC ):
Serialize , Deserialize
.
11.11 Demo
Demo.bin. , , ,
Visual Studic.NET.
1 1 . 1 1 .
using System:
using System.10;
us i ng System.Runti me.Seri a1i zat i on.Formatters.Bi na ry;
{
[Serializable]
abstract class Spirit
{
public abstract void PassportO;
}
[Serializable]
class Monster : Spirit
{
{
this.ammo
- ammo;
this.name
= name:
}
{
Console.WriteLineC "Monster { 0 } \t health = { 1 } ammo = { 2 } " ,
}
string name;
int health, ammo;
}
[Serial izable]
class Demo
{
public int a = 1;
269
()
[NonSerialized]
public double b;
public Monster X, Y;
}
class Classl
{
static void MainO

{
Demo d = new DemoO;
d.X = new Monster( 100. 80. "" );
d.Y = new MonsterC 120, 50, "" );
d.a - 2;
d.b = 2;
d.X. PassportO;
Console.WriteLineC d.a );
d. Y. PassportO;
Console.WriteLineC d.b );
FileStream f = new FileStreamC "Demo.bin", FileMode.Create );

BinaryFormatter bf = new BinaryFormatterO;
bf.Serialize( f, d );
// d f
f.CloseO:
}
}
.
,
. :
Monster
Monster
2
2

, :
1. System.Runtime.Serialization.
Formatters.Binary.
2. [Serializable].
3.
.
4. BinaryFormatter.
5. .
6. .
11.12 .
270
1 1 .
1 1 . 1 2 .
using System;
using System.10;
using System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters.Binary;
namespace Consol eAppl icationi
{
class Classl
{
static void MainO
{
FileStream f = new FileStream( "Demo.bin", FileMode.Open );
Demo d = (Demo) bf.DeserializeC f );
//
d.X. PassportO;
d.Y. Passport ;
Console.WriteLineC d.a );
Console.WriteLineC d.b );
f.CloseO;
}
}
}
:
Monster
Monster
2
0
, .
, ,
.
SOAP
SoapFormatter. ,
ISeri al i zabl e
.

, , , ,
.
, .NET.
271

, .
:
, .
, Unicode.
,
.
. ,
.
.
#
.
Convert Parse.
ToString,
.
,
,
, , .

.
() [Serializable].
: S O A P (
XML-).
12
, ,
,
.
,

.
,
, .
.
.NET
dll, , ,
(. 12.1). 1 (. . 9 ) ,
.
IL
( )
. 1 2 . 1 . ,
273
(Intermediate Language, I L ) ,
,
:
1 ,
C L R ;
2 , .NET-
.
[L- ILDasm.exe,
...\SDK\bin\ Visual Studio.NET. ILDasm . N E T dll
; File Open.
, .
,
.
, .
.
, , . ,
, , , ,
.

, ,
. . ,
, ,
.
,
, , ,
, .
,
.
,
().
, .

,
.

, , , ,
. .NET ,
. ,
( ),
( ).
.
274
12. , , ,
, ;
, (,
);
(strong name) ,
;
, ;
,
( . N E T . [27]).
.

.
:
, :
(major version);
(minor version);
(build number);
(revision number).
,
. ,
3.1.0.0, 3.4.0.0,
, ,
.
, .
, ,
(patch).
,
[AssemblyVersion],
. 285.
,
.
.
, , ,
, , . .
.
Visual Studio.NET
.

, .
, , .
275
,
(Global Assembly Cache, G A C ) .
(strong name),
.
"'

Visual Studio.NET
Class Library ( ). 8
.
, dll.
MonsterLib (. 12.2).
. 1 2 . 2 .
12.1. 8
public ,
.
1 2 . 1 .
namespace MonsterLib
{
using System;
public abstract class Spirit
{
public abstract void PassportO;
&
276
12 . , , ,
12.1
()
public class Monster : Spirit

{
public Monster'O
this.health = 100;
this.ammo = 100:
this.name = "Noname";
public MonsterC string name ) : thisO

{
this.name = name;
}
{
this.ammo = ammo;
this.name = name;
}
public int Health
{
get
{
return health;
}
set
{
if ( value > 0 ) health = value;
else
health -= 0;
}
}
public int Ammo
{
get
{
return ammo;
}
set
{
if ( value > 0 ) ammo = value;
else
ammo = 0;
}
}
public string Name
{
277
pet
return inSTfe ,
-
}
}
{
Console.WriteLineC "Monster {0} \t health = {1} ammo = { 2 } " ,
}
string name;
int health, ammo;
}
public class Daemon : Monster
{
public Daemon()
brain = 1 ;
public DaemonC string name, int brain ) : baseC name )
this.brain = brain;
public DaemonC int health, int ammo, string name, int brain ) :
baseC health, ammo, name )
this.brain = brain;

Console.WriteLineC
"Daemon {0} \t health = {1} ammo = {2} brain = { 3 } " .
Name, Health, Ammo, brain );
public void ThinkO

Console.WriteC Name + " is" );
for ( int i = 0; i < brain; ++i ) Console.WriteC " thinking" );
Console.WriteLineC " . . . " ) ;
int brain;
278
12. , , ,
, MonsterLib.dll ...\bin\
Debug ...\obj\Debug. MonsterLib.dll ILDasm.exe,
(. 12.3).
. 1 2 . 3 . ILDasm.exe
, .
, ,
(. . 178),
MonsterLib.dll. ,
( , )
Project Add Reference ( ).
, , Browse.

, .
12.2.
279
1 2 . 2 .
using System; namespace ConsoleApplicationi
{
using MonsterLib:
class Classl
{
static void MainO

{
const int n = 3;
MonsterC] stado = new Monster[n]:
stado[0] = new MonsterC "Monia" );
stadoll] = new MonsterC "Monk" );
foreach ( Monster elem in stado ) elem. PassportO;
for ( int i = 0; i < n; ++i ) stado[i].Ammo = 0;
Console.writeLineO;
}
}
8.3.
...\bin\Debug ,
MonsterLib.dll, ,
. ,
, .
,
.
.NET ,
, .
, , ,
VB.NET.

. , ,
, . .
.
System. System.Reflection.
280
12. , , ,
,
. System.Reflection , ,
,
.
. 12.1.
1 2 . 1 .
IsAbstract, IsArray,
IsNestedPublic, IsClass,
IsNestedPrivate, IsCOMObject,
IsEnum, Islnterface, IsPrimitive,
IsSealed, IsValueType
,

(,
, ,
. .).
GetConstructors, GetEvents,
GetFields, Get Interfaces,
GetMethods, GetMembers,
GetNestedTypes, GetProperties
,
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, . .).
, , GetFields
Fieldlnfo, GetMethods
Method Info.
( S ),

(,
GetMethod GetMethods)
FindMembers
Member Info

GetType
InvokeMember
.
,
new , :
1. object GetType,
, .
, :
Monster X = new MonsterC);
Type t = X.GetTypeO;
2. Type GetType
, (), :
Type t = Type.GetTypeC "Monster" );
3. typeof ,
, :
Type t = typeof Monster );
281

.
. 12.1,
(, Memberlnfo).
System. Ref lection. . 12.2.
1 2 . 2 . System.Reflection
Assembly
AssemblyName
(, ,
, . .)

EventInfo
Fieldlnfo
,
Eventlnfo, Fieldlnfo, Methodlnfo Propertylnfo
Memberlnfo
Methodlnfo
Module
Parameterlnfo
Propertylnfo
12.3
12.1.
1 2 . 3 .
using System;
using System.Reflection;
{
using MonsterLib;
class Classl
{
static void InfoC Type t )

{
Console.WriteLineC " = = = = " + t.FullName ) ;
if ( t.IsAbstract ) Console.WriteLineC "" );
if ( t.IsClass
) Console.WriteLineC "" );
if ( t.IsEnum
) Console.WriteLineC "" );
Console.WriteLineC " " + t.BaseType );
MethodInfo[] met = t.GetMethodsO;
foreach ( Methodlnfo m in met ) Console.WriteLineC m );
Console.WriteLineC):
282
12. , , ,
12.3
()
PropertyInfo[] prs = t.GetPropertiesO;

, foreach ( PropertyInfo p in prs ) Console.WriteLineC p );
}
static void MainO
{
Type t = typeof( Spirit );
InfoC t );
t = typeof( Monster ):
InfoC t );
t = typeof( Daemon );
InfoC t );
}
}
:
======= MonsterLib.Spirit
System.Object
Void PassportO
Int32 GetHashCodeO
Boolean Equals(System.Object)
System.String ToStringO
System.Type Get Type
======= MonsterLib.Monster
MonsterLib.Spirit
Void PassportO
Int32 GetHashCodeO
Int32 get_Health()
Void set_Health(Int32)
Int32 get_Ammo()
Void set_Ammo(Int32)
System.String get_Name()
System.Type GetType()
Int32 Health
Int32 Ammo
System.String Name
283
======= MonsterLib.Daemon
MonsterLib.Monster
Void PassportO
Int32 GetHashCodeO
Void Think
Int32 getJealthO
Void set_Health(Int32)
Int32 get_Ammo()
Void set_Ammo(Int32)
System.String get_Name()
System.Type GetTypeO
Int32 Health
Int32 Ammo
System.String Name
, ,
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() ,
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, . :
[Serializable]
class Monster
284
12. , , ,
[NonSerialized]
string name;
int health, ammo;
}
[Serializable], ,
, Monster. name
[NonSerialized], ,
. 10.
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.

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field
event
method
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. ,
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{ ... }
.
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= ,
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CLSCompliant true. ,
285
,
using, :
using System;
[assembly:CLSCompliant(true)]
{ ...
[CLSCompliant] ,
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, , ,
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286
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namespace State.City
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}
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System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters.Binary BinaryFormatter.

:
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new System.Runtime.Seri ali zati on.Formatters.Bi nary.Bi naryFormatter();
2. using, ;
. ,
using System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters.Binary;
using , ;
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3. .
using:
using BinF =
System.Runtime.Seri ali zati on.Formatters.Bi nary.Bi naryFormatter;
BinF bf .= new BinFO;

,
, ,
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287
# 2.0 : : , :
SI0 = System.10:
ig MIO = MyLibrary.IO;
ss Program
//
//
static void MainO {

SI0::Stream s = new MIO: .-Empty St ream ; //
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288
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fdefine, fundef
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(fundef DEBUG) ,
.
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289
12.4.
1 2 . 4 .
// #define VAR1
// #define VAR2
using System;
{
class Classl
{
#if VAR1
static void F ( ) { Console.WriteLine( " 1" ): }
#elif VAR2
static void F(){ Console.WriteLineC " 2" ); }
#el se
static void F ( ) { Console.WriteLineC " " ); }
#endif
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{
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}
}
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// #define VAR1
fdefine VAR2
using System;
using System.Diagnostics:
{
class Classl
{
[Conditional ("VAR1")]
static void A ( ) { Console.WriteLineC " A" ); }
[Conditional
("VAR2")]
&
290
12. , , ,
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()
static void ( ) { Console.WriteLineC " " ); }

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{
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}
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. ,
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.
, , System.Collections, System.
Col 1 ecti ons. Speci al i zed System. Col 1 ecti ons. Generi ( 2.0).
.
System. Array, ,
System.Array (. 6. 133).
System.Collections
System.Collections
, . . 13.2
,
. N E T (. . 198).
1 3 . 2 . System.Collections
ICol 1 ecti on
I
Compare
(, )

IDictionary
IDictionaryEnumerator
,
IDictionary
296
13. , -
13.2
()
IEnumerable
IEnumerator
IEnumerator
foreach

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I Li st
. 13.3 ,
1
System. Collections .
1 3 . 3 . System.Collections
ArrayList
IList, ICollection, IEnumerable, ICloneabl
BitArray
I Col lection, IEnumerable, ICloneable
Hashtable
Queue
IDictionary, ICollection, IEnumerable,

ICloneable
ICollection, ICloneable, IEnumerable
SortedList ,
.

IDictionary, ICollection, IEnumerable,

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Stack
ICollection, IEnumerable
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StringDictionary.
ArrayLi st.
ArrayList
, ,
,
. ArrayList
.
1
2
13.2 13.3 [27] .

, Hashtabl
System.Object.GetHashCode.
297
System.Collections
ArrayLi st 16
object. ,
Capacity, :
ArrayList arrl = new ArrayList();
// 16
ArrayLi st arr2 = new ArrayList(1000); // 1000
ArrayList = new ArrayList();
arr3.Capacity = 1000;
//
ArrayLi st . 13.4.
1 3 . 4 . ArrayList
Capacity
( ,
)
Count
Item
Add
AddRange
BinarySearch
Clear
Clone
CopyTo
GetRange

ArrayLi st
IndexOf
(
-1, )
Insert
( )
InsertRange
LastIndexOf
Remove
RemoveAt
RemoveRange
Reverse
SetRange
Sort
TrimToSize
(. . 205).
298
13. , -
ArrayLi st Array,
. # object,
.
, ,
object,
-. ,
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, ArrayLi st.
,
, ,

.
ArrayLi st:
arrl.AddC 123 ) ;
arrl.Add( - 2 ) :
arrl.AddC "" );
,
, :
int
= (int)
arrl[0]
int
b = (int)
arrl[l]
string s = (string) a r r l [ 2 ]
, ,
InvalidCastException.
:
ArrayLi st , "
,
, ArrayLi st. ~
13.1,
Monster .
(. . 178), ~
, Stado
.
1 3 . 1 .
using System;
{
class Daemon : Monster { . . . }
class Stado : IEnumerable
{
299
private ArrayList l i s t ;
public StadoO
{ l i s t = new ArrayListO; }
public void Add( Monster m ) { list.Add( m ) ; }
public void RemoveAtC int i ) { list.RemoveAtt i ); }
public void ClearO
{ list.ClearO; }
public IEnumerator GetEnumeratorO
{ return list.GetEnumeratorO; }
}
class Classl
{
static void MainO

{
Stado stado = new StadoO;
stado.Add( new Monster( "Monia" ) , ) ;
stado.Add( new MonsterC "Monk" ) );
stado.Add( new Daemon ( "Dimon", 3 ) );
stado. RemoveAU 1 );
foreach ( Monster x in stado ) x. PassportO;
}
}
}
:
Monster Monia
Daemon Dimon

,
-,
. , . # , 2.0,
- (generics), .
.
-
, .
.
- (generics) ,
.
, , .
generics -:
, , ,
, , - .
- ,

, .
300
13. , -
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,
, , , , . . ,
System.Collections.Generic,
System.Collections,
System.CoIlections (. . 295). . 13.5

. N E T (, , ,
).
1 3 . 5 . .NET 2.0
- ( 2.0)
Comparer<T>
Comparer
Dictionary<K,T>
HashTable
LinkedList<T>
List<T>
ArrayList
Queue<T>
Queue
SortedDi cti ona ry<K,T>
SortedList
Stack<T>
Stack
, . N E T 1.0 1.1,
, , object:
,
,
,
;

,
.
- , .
.
ArrayLi st List<T>
Monster Daemon,
1
5 8, .
1 3 . 2 . List<T>
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Text:
(. . 275)
301

{
using MonsterLib;
class Program
{
static void MainO
{
List<Monster> stado = new List<Monster>();
stado.Add( new MonsterC "Monia" ) );
stado.Add( new MonsterC "Monk" ) );
stado.AddC new Daemon ( "Dimon", 3 ) );
foreach ( Monster x in stado ) x.PassportO;
List<int> lint = new List<int>();
lint.AddC 5 ); lint.AddC 1 ); lint.AddC 3 );
lint.SortO;
int a = l i n t [ 2 ] ;
Console.WriteLineC a );
foreach ( int x in lint ) Console.WriteC x + " " );
}
}
}
:
Monster Monia
Monster Monk
Daemon Dimon
5
1 3 5

13.2 . (stado)
, MonsterL.ib.clll,
. , Monster,
,
.
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302
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Dictionary<T,K>.
: , .
, ,
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1 3 . 3 .
using System:
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Text;
using System.10;
class Program
{
static void MainO

StreamReader f = new StreamReader( @"d:\C#\text.txt" );
//
string s = f.ReadToEndO;
//
// 3
char[] separators = {
' ',
' ! ' };
List<string> words = new List<string>( s.Split(separators) ); / / 4
Dictionary<string, int> map = new Dictionary<string. i n t > ( ) ; / / 5
foreach ( string w in words )
//
if ( map.ContainsKeyC w ) ) map[w]++;
else
map[w] = 1;
foreach ( string w in map.Keys )

Console.WriteLineC " { 0 } \ t { l } " , w. map[w] ) ;
// 7
303
text. txt
. , .
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:
1
3
1
2
4
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
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32 767 , 2
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304
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ICollection<T>
ICollection
IComparable<T>
IComparable
IDi ct i ona ry<K.
IDictionary
IEnumerable<T>
I Enumerable
IEnumerator<T>
I Enumerator
IList<T>
IList
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:
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{
[ ] items:
int count;
public void PushC T item ) { . . . }
public T
PopO
{ ... }
//
//
}

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stack.PushC 3 );
int x = stack.PopO;
Stack<int> (constructed type).

305
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where : IComparable<K>, IPersistable
where E: Entity. new()
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{
if ( key.CompareToC x ) < 0 ) { ... }
}
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306
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using System;
using System.Collecti ons.Generi ;
using System.Text;
{
class Program
static void Sort<T> ( ref T [ ] a )
where T : IComparable<T>
// 1
// 2
{
T buf;
int n = a.Length;
for ( int i = 0; i < n - 1: ++i )
{
int im = i;
for ( int j = i + 1; j < n; ++j )
if ( a[j].CompareTo(a[im]) < 0 ) im = j;
buf = a [ i ] ; a [ i ] = a[im]; a[im] = buf;
}
}
static void MainO
II
307
i n t : ] = { 1, 6. 4, 2, 7. 5, 3 } ;
Sort<int>( ref );
// 4
foreach ( int elem in aa )) Console.

Console.WriteLineC elem );
double[] b = { 1.1, 5 2, 5.21, 2, 7, 6, 3 } :
SortC ref b );
foreach ( double elem in b ) Console.WriteLineC elem );
// 5
string[] s = { "qwe", qwer", "df", "asd" };

SortC ref s );
foreach ( string elem in s ) Console.WriteLineC elem );
// 6
, H a i (
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:
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int? = null;
if ( .HasValue ) Console.WriteLineC x ); // x x.Value
if ( y.HasValue ) Console.WriteLineC );

, ,
:
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i = 123:
int?
= i:
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int?
z = (int?) y;
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j = ( i n t ) z;
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// = null
310
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int = ?? 0;
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using
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System.Drawing:
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System.ComponentModel;
System.Windows.Forms;
System.Data;
315
1 Windows-
nespace WindowsApplicationl
public class Forml : System.Windows.Forms.Form
{
private System.ComponentModel.Container components = null;
public Forml()
{
InitializeComponent
();
}
protected override void Dispose( bool disposing )
{
i f ( disposing )
{
if (components != null)
{
components.Di spose();
}
}
base.Dispose( disposing );
}
#region Windows Form Designer generated code
private void InitializeComponent
{
this.components = new System.ComponentModel.ContainerO;
this.Size = new System.Drawing.SizeOOO.300):
this.Text = "Forml";
}
#endregion
static void MainO
{
Application. Run (new FormlO);
}
}

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jsing System;
jsing System.Windows.Forms;
.
System . System.Windows.Forms
, Windows-.
316
14. Windows

. 14.1, . 14.4.
1 4 . 1 . Windows.Forms
Application
Windows-.

Windows-,
. .
ButtonBase, Button, CheckBox, ComboBox,

OataGrid, GroupBox, ListBox, LinkLabel,
PictureBox
,
(): ,
, , ,
, , , ,
Form
Windows-
ColorDialog, FileDialog, FontDialog,

PrintPreviewDialog

, , ,

Menu, MainMenu, Menultem, ContextMenu
Clipboard, Help, Timer, Screen, ToolTip,

Cursors

: , ,
, , ,
StatusBar, Splitter, ToolBar, ScrollBar
,
: ,
, . .
Wi ndows. Forms .
14.1. Forml,
Form. ,
. Forml
components ,
.
InitializeComponent,
(
fregion fendregion).
,
. , ;
(Properties), :
this.BackColor = System.Drawing.SystemColors.AppWorkspace:
Di spose ]
. , Mai , ^
Run Application. Run ,
,
Windows-
317
. 1 4 . 4 . Windows.Forms
, ,
D e b u g S t a r t F5.
,
Windows-: ,
.
Windows- :
1. , .
2.
.

( )
. ,
318
14. Windows
View Properties Window. ,

.
, (. 14.5).
. 1 4 . 5 .

Toolbox ( ,
View Toolbox),
.
.
, .
(
).
,
.
+, , .
. ,
Windows Forms, . 14.6.
(. . 325).
,
, ,
. ., , ,
.
319
Windows-
. 1 4 . 6 .

.
.

,
Events ,
( Events
, . 14.5).
,
. :
Acti vated ;
Click, Doubleclick ;
Closed ;
Load ;
KeyDown, KeyUp ;
Keypress , ASCII-;
MouseDown, MouseUp ;
MouseMove ;
Paint .
14.2 ,
, . 14.5,
Click, KeyPress.
.
1 4 . 2 .

using System;
using System.Drawing:
using System.Collections:
&
320
14. Windows
14.2
{)
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Data;
namespace WindowsApplicationi
{
public class Forml : System.Windows.Forms.Form
//
//
//
1
2
//
//
//
3
4
5
{
private System.Windows.Forms.TextBox textBoxl;
private System.Windows.Forms.Button buttonl;
private System.ComponentModel.Container components = null;
public Forml
{
1 i t i a1izeComponent():
protected override void DisposeC bool disposing ) { . . . }

#region Windows Form Designer generated code
private void InitializeComponentO
{
this.textBoxl = new System.Windows.Forms.TextBoxO:
this.buttonl = new System.Windows.Forms.ButtonO;
this.SuspendLayoutO;
//
// textBoxl
//
this.textBoxl.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(24, 16);
this.textBoxl.Name = "textBoxl":
this.textBoxl.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(240. 20);
this.textBoxl.Tablndex = 0;
this.textBoxl.Text = "textBoxl";
this.textBoxl.KeyPress += new
// 6
System.Wi ndows.Forms.KeyPressEventHandler(thi s.textBoxl_KeyPress);
//
// buttonl
//
this.buttonl.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(192. 80);
this.buttonl.Name = "buttonl";
this.buttonl.Tablndex = 1 ;
this.buttonl.Text = "buttonl";
this.buttonl.Click += new
111
System.EventHandler(this.buttonl_Cl ick);
//
// Forml
//
this.AutoScaleBaseSize = new System.Drawing.Size(5. 13);
this.ClientSize = new System.Drawing.Size(292, 126):
this.Controls.Add(this.buttonl);
//
321
Windows-
thi s.Controls.Add(thi s.textBoxl)

this.Name = "Forml";
this.Text = "Forml";
this.ResumeLayout(false);
// 9
// 10
}
lendregion
static void MainO
Application.Run(new Forml 0 ) ;
private void buttonl_Click(object sender. System.EventArgs e)
// 11
private void textBoxl_KeyPress(object sender.

System.Windows.Forms.KeyPressEventArgs e)
// 12
}
. 1 2
: TextBox Button.
System.Windows .Forms,
using, :
public class Forml : Form
//
{
private TextBox
textBoxl;
// 1
private Button
buttonl;
111
private Container components = null;

, ,
. , Name .
Class View (View

Class View),
Name . ,
buttonl , .
, .
InitializeComponent.
3 4 ,
, , , . .
322
14. Windows
6 7.
. ,
10 (. . 232) .
, buttonl, ! ick,
buttonl_Click, Forml.
, (
) .

. ,
: - , .
,
Events .

, Controls
( 8 9). ,
.
(Add Remove).
,
:
1. .
2. ,
.
3. .
5 10 ,
. 5
, 10 .
( 11 12) ,
. ,
:
MessageBox.Show(" buttonl");
MessageBox.Show(" " + e.KeyChar);
// 11
// 12
Show MessageBox,
System.Windows.Forms.
,
,
.
, *
, Control.
323
Control
Control
Control ,
, ,
, , . Control
.
, , ,
.
, Parent, ,
1
, , .
Control . 14.2,
. 14.3.
1 4 . 2 . Control
Anchor
,
.
,
BackColor,
Backgroundlmage, Font,
ForeColor, Cursor
:
, , , ,

Bottom, Right
.
Size
Top, Left
.
Location
Bounds
Rectangle (),

CIientRectangle
Rectangle,

ContextMenu
Dock
Location

, ,
Pol nt. X Y
Height, Width
Size
Size.
Height Width
,
. , ,
.
&
324
14. Windows
14.2
{)
Created, Disposed,
Enabled, Focused,
Visible
bool,
: , ,
, ,
Handle
(
, )
ModifierKeys
,
(Shift, Control, Alt).
Keys
MouseButtons
, .
MouseButtons
Opacity
.
0 () 1 ()
Parent
,
( , -)
Region
Region,

Tablndex, TabStop

Tab
,
1 4 . 3 . Control
Focus
GetStyle, SetStyle
.
Control Styles (. )
Hide, Show
Visible (Hide ,
Show )
Invalidate
QnXXXX

.
,
, ,
- (OnMouseMove, OnKeyDown,
OnResize, OnPaint . .),

Refresh
SetBounds,
SetLocation,
SetClientArea
, , .
325
Control Styles
, .
,
ResizeRedraw. ,
.
, - ,
.
. 14.4 , Control.
1 4 . 4 . Control
Click, Doubleclick, MouseEnter, MouseLeave,

MouseDown, MouseUp, MouseMove, MouseWheel
KeyPress, KeyUp, KeyDown
BackColorChanged, ContextMenuChanged,
FontChanged, Move, Paint, Resize
GotFocus, Leave, LostFocus
, ,
.
:
.
,
Events .
,
.
, OnXXXX (OnMouseMove,
OnKeyDown, OnResize, OnPaint . .), ,
- .
[27].

, ,
ToolBox (View ToolBox).
.

.
326
14. Windows
Label
.
Text. ( Font), (BackColor),
(ForeColor) (TextAlign) .
(AutoSize = True).
(Image) (
BackColor Col or. Transparent).
, ,
. (. . 327).
Button
, , (Click). ,

, . . Enter ,
, .
,
Text, , .
AcceptButton ,
, Enter Click,
.
.
, Cancel Button ,
, Esc Click
.
. ,
(, ).
. ,
,
. ,
( Yes),
, , Cancel.
1 4 . 5 . DialogResult
None
Ignore
Ignore
OK
Yes
Yes
Cancel
Cancel
No
No
Retry
Retry
Abort
Abort
327
, ,
DialogResult.
DialogResult, System. Wi ndows. Forms.
. 14.5.
.
TextBox
TextBox ,
Text.
( 32 ), ,
() ,
( PasswordChar).
Multiline, Scrol 1 Bars Wordwrap.
Readonly.
(Clear), (Select),
(), (Paste) .,
, KeyPress KeyOown.
,
Label, Button TextBox. . 14.7.
. 1 4 . 7 .
Enter,
, .
, !.

. ,
(. 14.8).
, .
.
, . Text
. 14.6 (
; ).
328
14. Windows
. 1 4 . 8 .
1 4 . 6 . Text
Text
Forml
label 1
label2, label3, textBoxl
buttonl
.
, ,
. ,
( Load) ( CI i ck).
Enter ( KeyPress
textBoxl).

Events (. . 14.5).
i .
max . rnd
2
.
14.3.
1 4 . 3 .
using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Data;
1
2
, .
Random (. . 148).
329
namespace WindowsApplicationl
{
{
private Label
labell:
private TextBox textBoxl;
private Button buttonl;
private Label
label2;
private Label
label3;
public Forml { ... }
protected override void Dispose( bool disposing ) { . . . }
Windows Form Designer generated code { ... }
const int max - 10;
Random rnd;
int i, k;
//
//
II

private void Forml_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
rnd = new RandomO;
i = rnd.Next(max);
// 0 max
}
private void textBoxl_KeyPress(object sender, KeyPressEventArgs e)
{
int n;
if ( e.KeyChar != (char)13 )
return;
// Enter,
try
{
//
n = Convert.Int32(textBoxl.Text);
}
catch
{
n = -1; // ,
}
if ( n != i )
// = = = = = = = = = =
{
label 2.Left += 5;
label2.Text = "He !";
textBoxl. ClearO;
k++;
//
buttonl.Visible = false;
}
330
14. Windows
14.3
()
else
{

1abel2.Left = 32: //
1abel2.Text = " ";
double koef = 1.0 * k / max:
label3.Text = koef.ToStringO;
buttonl.Visible = true;
}
private void buttonl_Click(object sender. System.EventArgs e)
{
i = rnd.Next(max)
k = 0;
textBoxl.CI ear()
textBoxl.Focus
label 2.Text = ""
1abel3.Text = ""
// 0 max
//
//
//
//
MainMenu ContextMenu
MainMenu ,
: Toolbox.
,
.
Menultem, Text.
,
Enter . ,
, Name ,
.
( Enabled),
(Visible), (Checked).
.
Exit,
.
Close , Exit
Appl i cati on, :
private void Exit_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
// - Exit
CloseO:
// :
// Application.ExitO;
331
. ,
.
, ,
, .
ContextMenu
( ,
).
ContextMenu
.
CheckBox
- -
. , , Checked,
true false.
, . , ,
,
, .
CheckState, Checked, Unchecked Intermediate.
, ThreeState,
.
, .
Appearance :
(Normal), (Button), .
, ,
.
.
RadioButton

, .
( Checked),
. ,
, .
, .
,
.
, Group Panel.
Appearance :
(Normal), (Button),
1
.
.
1
AutoCheck false .
332
14. Windows
GroupBox
GroupBox ,
,
, .
14.4 ,
,
.
.' [-10; 10], [-100; 100].
/ .
. 14.9. ( Name)
, .
GroupBox. Checked radioButtonl,
, maxtextBox numPosittextBox
Readonly ( ).
" i e
!!!|
{ < tffltlOl 00; j
|
J
. 1 4 . 9 .

. Format,
,
Shift Ctrl. ,
, Format Align Lefts.
,
CI ick.
1 4 . 4 .
using System;
using System.Drawing; .
333
using System.Data;
{
{
private Label
labell;
private GroupBox
groupBoxl;
private RadioButton radioButtonl;
private RadioButton radioButton2;
private TextBox
numtextBox;
private CheckBox
numPositcheckBox;
private Button
createbutton;
private Button
calcbutton;
private TextBox
maxtextBox;
private TextBox
numPosittextBox;
private TextBox
arraytextBox;
private CheckBox
maxcheckBox;
private Container
components = nul1;
public FormlO { . . . }
protected override void Dispose( bool disposing ) {
Windows Form Designer generated code { . . . }
//
i n t [ ] arr;
static void MainO { . . . }
private void createbutton_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
Random rnd = new RandomO;
int a = -10. b = 10;
if ( radioButton2.Checked )
a =
//
-100; b = 100;
//
int n = 0;
try
{
n = int.Parse(numtextBox.Text);
//
}
catch
{
MessageBox.Show(" !");
numtextBox.CI e a r ( ) ;
numtextBox.Focus();
&
334
14. Windows
14.4
()
arraytextBox.ClearO:
maxtextBox.ClearO;
numPosittextBox.ClearO;
//
if ( n < 0 ) n = -n;
//
= new i n t [ n ] ;
//
for ( int i = 0; i < n; ++i )
{
a r r [ i ] = rnd.Next(a. b ) ;
//
arraytextBox.Text += " " + arr[i.];
//
}
}
private void calcbutton_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
int max = arr[0];
int numPosit = 0;
for ( int i = 0; i < arr.Length; ++i )
{
if ( a r r [ i ] > max ) max = a r r [ i ] ;
//
if ( a r r [ i ] > 0 )
++numPosit; //
}
if ( maxcheckBox.Checked )
maxtextBox. Text = max.ToStringO;
else maxtextBox.Text = " " ;
if ( numPositcheckBox.Checked )
numPosittextBox.Text = numPosit.ToStringO;
else numPosittextBox.Text = " " ;
ListBox
,
( Sel ecti onMode One)
( Sel ecti onMode Multi Simple Multi Extended).
SelectionMode MultiSimple,
. Multi Extended
Shift,
Ctrl, Windows. ,
SelectionMode, None.
,
. ( MultiColumn)
(Sorted = True).
. Items,
. Items
335
wjd, AddRange Insert. Remove RemoveAt,

/ .
Selectedltems SelectedIndices,
.
14.5 ,
Li stBox , ,
.
. 14.10.
" Forml
| _|[
SystemObject
SystemMashalByRefObject
System. ComporrertModeLComponent
System. Windows.Forms.Conttol
System. Windows.Forms.ScrollableControl
System.Windows.Foims.ContainerContiol
System. Windows.Forms.Form
. 1 4 . 1 0 .
1 4 . 5 .
using System;
using System.10;
using System.Data;
using System.Collections.Specialized;
namespace WindowsApplicationi
{
{
private ListBox
listBoxl;
private Button
buttonl;
public FormlO { . . . }
protected override void DisposeC bool disposing ) { . . . }
Windows Form Designer
generated code 1 { . . . }
3
'
&
336
14. Windows
14.5
()

private void Forml_Load(object sender. EventArgs e)
{
try
{
StreamReader f = new StreamReaderC "input.txt" );
string buf;
while ( ( buf = f.ReadLineO ) != null ) //
listBoxl.Items.Add(buf);
//
}
catch ( FileNotFoundException exc )
{
MessageBox.Show( exc.Message );
return;
}
}
private void buttonl_Click(object sender. EventArgs e)

{
StreamWriter f = new StreamWriter( "output.txt" );
foreach ( string item in listBoxl.Selectedltems )
f.WriteLine(item);
//
f.CloseO;
}
}
}
,
. . N E T .
, ,
1
, .
.
, , F1
...overview (). Remarks Example,
...Members ( ),
,
.
,

Form Application, .
1
, , , <
337

; Form .
Form : Object-^MarshalByRefObject-Component->Control-
HableControl>ContainerControl.
ia .
. , 1
. ,
, - . ,
,
Cancel, .
MessageBox, Windows- (. . 322).
,
, , . , i - .
. ( Main).
.
i (Multiple Document
nterface, M D I ) , .
. , , .
.
, ,
.
MarshalByRefObject ,
,
.
Component , . , Di spose,
,
. , ,
.
1
- -
.
338
14. Windows
Control, ,
. ScrollableControl ,
.
AutoScrol 1 AutoScrol IMinSize
, .
ContainerControl
. ,
, . .,
.
, ,
TabStop Tablndex.
Form
Form ,
. ,
,
. 14.7-14.9.
1 4 . 7 . Form
AcceptButton
,

Enter
ActiveMDIChild,
IsMDIChild,
IsMDIContainer

( M D I )
AutoScale
, ,
,
, ,

FormBorderStyle

( FormBorderStyle)
Cancel Button
,

Esc
Control Box
, ,

Menu, MergedMenu
MaximizeBox,
MinimizedBox
339
nTaskbar
, Windows
Position
,

( FormStartPosition).
,
CenterScreen
wState

( FormWi ndowState)
1 4 . 8 . Form
vate
:erToScreen
xitMDI

LayoutMDI
esize
Resize
( Control)
wDialog
(
)
> 1 4 . 9 . , Form
ti vate
(
)
osed, Closing
HChildActive
, , .

5 . N E T
.
) . 1, . :
2 (FormBorderStyle = FixedDialog);

(MaximizeBox = False, MinimizedBox = False);
340
14. Windows
, ,
Cancel, ,
(AcceptButton = __, Cancel Button = __1);
DialogResult ,
.
ShowModal,
DialogResult,
. 14.5.
,
. Cancel
.
.
14.6 , .
(. 14.11) Dialog Exit
Dialog ,
, , Cancel (. 14.12)
. 1 4 . 1 1 .
. 1 4 . 1 2 .

, .
Cancel,
.
*
Project > Add Windows Form.
, , <
. 14.10.
341
1 4 . 1 0 .
Text
TextAli gn
MiddleCenter
Text
Name
btnOK
DialogResult
OK
Text
OK
Name
btnCancel
DialogResult
Cancel
Text
Cancel
AcceptButton
btnOK
Cancel Button
btnCancel
FormBorderStyle
FixedDialog
MaximizeBox
False
MinimizeBox
False
StartPosition
CenterParent
textBoxl,
. Text ,
Info. ,
:
public class Form2 : Form
{
private Label
private TextBox
label 1:
textBoxl:
private Button
btnOK:
private Button
btnCancel;

public string Info
{
get
{
return textBoxl.Text:
}
}
}
, ,
.
342
14. Windows
(BorderStyle = FixedSingle).
:
private void menuIteml_Click( object sender, EventArgs e )
{
Form2 f = new Form2();
//
if ( f.ShowDialogO == DialogResult.OK )
//
1abel1.Text = f.Info;
}
private void menuItem2_Click( object sender, EventArgs e )
{
CloseO;
//
}
,
, ShowDialog.

Info, .
, ,
set.
Form
. , ,
new .
Show ShowDi al Form, .
Hide. , Show Hide
Visible . Hi de
CI ose , ,
, CI ose .
Application
Application, System.Windows.Forms,
, ,
.
Application . 14.11.
1 4 . 1 1 . Application

AddMessageFiIter,
RemoveMessageFi Iter

.
, ,
1
IMessageFiIter
. [27].
343
Application

DoEvents
Exit
ExitThread
Run
CommonAppOataRegi stry
CompanyName
CurrentCulture
CurrentInputlanguage
ProductName
ProductVersion
StartupPath
ApplicationExit
Idle
ThreadExit

.
,
Appl i cati onExi t
Appl i cati on (
, ),
System.Reflection.
Application,
.
344
14. Windows

, ,
Graphics, System.Drawing.
.
, Graphics
PaintEventArgs, Paint,
:
private void Forml_Paint( object sender, PaintEventArgs e )
{ Graphics g = e.Graphics;
//
}
CreateGraphics,
:
Graphics g;
g = this.CreateGraphicsO;
- Image.
:
Bitmap bm = new Bitmap( "d:\\picture.bmp" );
Graphics g = Graphics.FromImage( bm );
Graphics ,
, . ,
, :
Brush ;
Font ;
Col or .
14.6 ,
, . . 14.13.
1 4 . 6 .
using System;
{
public partial class Forml : Form
{
public Forml { InitializeComponent(); }
private void Forml_Paint( object sender, PaintEventArgs e )
{
using ( Graphics g = e.Graphics )
{
// 1
345
using ( Pen pen = new Pen( Col or. Red ) )
112
{
g.DrawLine( pen. 0, 0, 200. 100 );
g.DrawEllipse( pen. new Rectangle(50, 50, 100, 150) ):
}
string s = "Sample Text";
Font font = new Font( "Arial", 18 );
SolidBrush brush = new SolidBrush( Col or. Black );
float x = 100.OF;
float = 20.OF;
g.DrawString( s, font, brush, x. );
font.DisposeO;
brush.DisposeO:
/7 3
//4
// 5
//
. 1 4 . 1 3 .
,
Dispose.
1
# using :
using ( )
, System.
IDisposable, Dispose. , ,
, . Dispose
, .
using Dispose ,
. 1 2.
1
using # :
. using 12.
346
14. Windows
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, :
i n t [ ] b = new i n t [ ] {10. 20. 30, 50};
//
fixed ( int* t = b ) { . . . }; //
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//
f i xed .
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char* V = (char *)0xl2F69E;
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352
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// ( 5)
// ( 5)
//
Console.WriteLineC &t[5] - t );
//
fixed , ,
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.

: t z,

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353
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Console.Write("{0:X} ", *t++ ) ;
// : 4F 23 10 AB
, t
. 15.1 :
1 5 . 1 .
using System;
{
class A
{
public int value -. 20;
struct
{
public int a;
class Program
{
unsafe static void MainO
{
A n = new A O ;
fixed ( int* pn = &n.value ) ++(*pn);
Console.WriteLineC "n = " + n.value );
b;
* pb = &b;
// : 21
354
15. #
15.1
{)
pb->a - 100;
Console.WriteLineC b.a );
}
// : 100
'
}
}
stackalloc
:
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. ,
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int* = stackalloc int [5];

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{
pC1]-1:
Console.WriteC p[i] + " " ):
}
// : 0 1 2 3 4
15.2 ,
# . IntToString
, .
1 5 . 2 . :
using System:
class Test
{
static string IntToString ( int value )
{
int n - value >- 0 ? value : -value;
unsafe {
char* buffer = stackalloc char[16];
char* p = buffer + 16;
do {
*--p = (charX n % 10 + '0' );
n /- 10;
} while ( n !- 0 );
if ( value < 0 ) *--p - '-':
return new stringC p. 0, (int)C buffer + 16 - p ) );
}
}
static void MainO {

Console.WriteLineC IntToStringC 12345 ) );
Console.WriteLineC IntToStringC -999 ) );
}
}
355

:
;
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, , H T M L , .
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360
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:
Regex () ;
Regex(String) ;
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1 5 . 3 . ( IsMatch)
using System;
usi ng System.Text.RegularExpressions;
public class Test
{

{
Regex r = new Regex( @"\b(?<word>\w+)[.,:;!? ]\s*(\k<word>)\b",
RegexOptions.IgnoreCase ) ;
string t s t l = "Oh. oh! Give me more!";
if ( r.IsMatch( t s t l ) ) Console.WriteLine( " t s t l yes" );
else
Console.WriteLine( " t s t l no" );
string tst2 = "Oh give me. give me more!";
if ( r.IsMatch( tst2 ) ) Console.WriteLineC " tst2 yes" );
else
Console.WriteLine( " tst2 no" );
}
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:
t s t l yes
tst2 no
361
tst2 ,
. ,
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Match Regex, IsMatch, ,
, Match
, . 15.4,
.
1 5 . 4 . ( M a t c h )
using System;
using System. Text.RegularExpressions;
public class Test
{
{
string text
= " - $4, - $3, - $10.";
string pattern = @"(\w+) - \ $ ( \ d + ) [ . . ] " ;

Regex
Match
int
total
= new Regex( pattern );

= r.Match( text );
= 0;
while ( m.Success )
{
Console.WriteLine( m );
total += int.Parse( m.Groups[2].ToStringO );
m = m.NextMatchO;
}
Console.WriteLine( ": $" + total );
}
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- $4,
- $3,
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: $17
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362
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string pattern - @"(?'name'\w+) - \$(?'price'\d+).,]";
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Split Regex.
,
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. 15.5 15.4 .
1 5 . 5 . ( Split)
using System;
usi ng System.Col 1ecti ons.Generi ;
using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
public class Test
{

{
string text
= " - $4, -$3. - $10.";
string pattern
= " [ - ..]+";
Regex r
' = new Regex( pattern );
List<string> words = new List<string>( r.SplitC text ) );
foreach ( string word in words ) Console.WriteLineC word );
'
'
'
i
$4
$3
$10
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.
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$ . .:
string text = " -
$4, -$3, - $10.";
string textl = Regex.Repl( text, @"\$", "y.e." );
363

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8
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:
ppp-48.pool-113.spbnit.ru - - [31//2002:02:08:32 +0400] "GET / /1.1" .200
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"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)"
81.24.130.7 - - [31/May/2002:08:13:17 +0400] "GET /swf/menu.swf HTTP/1.~200
4682 "-" "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.01; Windows 98)"
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21244 "-" "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.01; Windows 98)"
gate.solvo.ru - - [31/May/2002:10:43:03 +0400] "GET / HTTP/1.0" 200 2422
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using System;
using System.10;
usi ng System.Col 1ecti ons.Generi ;
using System.Text.RegularExpressions:
public class Test
{
^
&
364
15. #
15.6
()
StreamReader f
= new StreamReaderC "accessjog" );
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get
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new RegexC "GET" );

new RegexC " " );
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412
12.
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Input , :
TextBox ;
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Button.
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Calc .
Exit .
2
Size, Color, Paint, Quit.
Paint . Quit .
Size , :
TextBox ;
(Red, Green, Blue) CheckBox;
Button.
Paint .
Paint
,
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12. Windows-
413
3
Input, Work, Exit.
Exit .
Input , :
TextBox Radius, Height, Density;
(Volume, Mass) CheckBox;
Button.
, ;
: / .
Work .
4
Input, Calc, Draw, Exit.
Exit .
Input , :
TextBox Radius;
(Square, Length) CheckBox;
Button.
;
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Draw
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5
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About .
Input , :
TextBox Number 1, Number 2, Number 3;
(Summ, Least multiple) CheckBox;
Button.

: (Summ) /
(Least multiple). Calc
.
414
6
Input, Calc, Quit.
Calc . Quit .
Input , :
TextBox Number 1, Number 2;
(Summa, Max divisor, Multiply) CheckBox;
Button.
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(
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).
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7
Begin, Help, About.
About .
Begin , :
TextBox input;
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Button Do .
input;
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, .
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8
Input color, Change, Exit, Help.
Exit .
Input color , :
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(Left, Right) CheckBox;
Button.
RGB- .
Change (,
).
12. Windows-
415
9
Input size, Choose, Change, Exit.
Exit . Change
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TextBox Size , Size ;
Button.
Choose , :
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Button.
Size Size .
,
( ).
Change .

.
10
Begin, Work, About.
About .
Begin , :
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(Upper case, Lower case) RadioButton;
Button.

.
Work .
11
Input color, Change, Clear.
Input color , :
(Up, Down) CheckBox;
(Red, Green, Blue) RadioButton;
Button.
;
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.
Change (
, ).
Clear .
416
12
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Exit .
Translate , :
TextBox Binary number;
TextBox (read-only);
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Do Button.
Binary number;
:
, .
Do .
13
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About .
Reverse , :
TextBox Input;
(Upper case, Reverse) CheckBox;
Button.
:
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.
14
Input, Show Exit.
Exit .
Input :
12. Windows-
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Exit .
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TextBox;
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.
418
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.

,
.
18

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Input , :
(Red, Green, Blue) RadioButton;
Button.
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419
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, .
Clear .
20
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Exit . C h a n g e
. 100 100 .
Input , :
TextBox Size , Size ;
(Increase, Decrease) RadioButton;
Button.
Size Size .
,
, (
).
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.
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.
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S h o w . Quit .
.
.
, (price) (hard drive).
C h o o s e , :
TextBox ;
TextBox ;
(Hard drive, Price) RadioButton;
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S h o w .
S h o w , ,

.
422
(
).
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Animate
.
.
. .
.
5
Windows-

= - + - + -log2 .
Open, Coefficients, Show, About, Exit.
Exit . About
. ( Open)
OpenFileDialog.
()
.
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,. Show
.
. .

#

.

(currency) .
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,
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,

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using System;
{
class Classl
{
static void MainO
{
int i = 1234;
Console.WriteLineC i.ToStringC "C" ) );
Console.WriteLineC i.ToStringC "D5" ) );
Console.WriteLineC i.ToStringC "E" ). );
Console.WriteLineC i.ToStringC "G" ) );
Console.WriteLineC "{0,9:n2}", i ) ;
Console.WriteLineC
"{0,l:p3}",
Console.WriteLineC
"{0.1:x}",
i
i
);
);
}
}
}
:
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2. . -,
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3. . #. - . : , 2004. - 880 .
4. . . - : , 2001. 352 .
5. . .NET Java-. - .: , 2003. 336 .
6. . .
++. . - .: , 1996. - 272 .
7. . # . . - .: , 2001. 304 .
8. . Visual + + .NET. - .: ; :
B H V , 2004. - 528 .
9. . # . - .: -, 2003. - 688 .
10. . # . : .
: , 2002. - 656 .
11. . # Builder. . .: , 2005. - 384 .
12. . # . : . : , 2002. - 656 .
13. . A S P . N E T # . - . :
, 2003. - 304 .
14. . . C / C + + . :
. - .: , 2001. - 464 .
15. . . . :
. - .: , 2003. - 393 .
426
16. ., . : Visual + + .NET. .: ,

2002. - 816 .
17. . MS Windows # . . 1. . : - , 2002. 576 .
18. . MS Windows # . . 2. . : - , 2002. 624 .
19. . . + + / # Visual Studio . N E T 2003.
. .: -, 2004. 352 .
20. ., . Visual C # . N E T . .
: ,
2004. - 960 .
21. , ., . . # . 2 . .:
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22. . # . .: , 2002. 352 .
23. . + + # . .
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24. . # . "". .: -,
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28. . ., . . # : . .: - ,
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29. . # : . - .: , 2002. - 512 : .
30. . # . . : ,
2004. - 752 .
31. Microsoft Corporation. Windows- Microsoft Visual
Basic . N E T Microsoft Visual C# .NET. .
70-306, 70-316. . : -
, 2003. - 512 .
32. Microsoft Corporation. Web- Microsoft Visual Basic
.NET Microsoft Visual C # .NET. M C A D / M C S D . - M.:
- , 2003. 704 .
33. Microsoft Corporation. Web- X M L
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!, , 43, 49
I-, , 43, 54
#define, , 288
#elif, , 288
#else, , 288
#endif, , 288
#endregion, , 288
#, , 288
#if, , 288
#line, , 288
#pragma, , 288
#region, , 288
#warning, , 288
%, , 43, 51
% = , , 43
&&, , 43, 56
&, , 43, 55
&=, , 44
( ) , , 42
*, ,. 43, 50
* = , , 43, 57
, , 42
-, , 43
--, , 42, 43, 47
-, , 48, 53
., , 42
/, , 43, 50
/ = , , 43
?, , 43, 56
??, , 310
@, , 30
, , 43, 55
= , , 44
|, , 43, 55
|, , 43, 56
| = , , 44
-, , 43, 49
+, , 43, 52
+ + , , 42, 43, 47
+ = , , 43, 57
<, , 43, 54
, , 43, 5 4
= , , 4 4
< = , , 43, 54
>, , 43, 54
, , 43, 5 4
= , , 4 4
> = , , 43, 54
=, , 43, 57
- = , , 44, 57
, , 43, 54
Abort, , 240
Abs, , 65
abstract, ,
101,181
Component, , 337
Concat, , 144
Console, , 19, 59, 262
const, , 41
ContainerControl, , 338
ContextMenu, , 331
Acos, , 65
ADO.NET, 367
ANSI, 22
API, 312
Append, , 147
AppendFormat, , 147
Application, , 342
Array, , 133
ArrayList, , 296
as, , 43, 194
Asin, , 65
ASP.NET, 367
AsyncCallback, ,
242, 255
Atan, , 65
Atan2, , 65
base, , 117, 175
Beginlnvoke, , 242
BeginRead, , 250, 253
BeginWrite, , 250
BigMul, , 65
BinaryFormatter, , 268
Binary Reader, , 261
Binary Search, , 134
BinaryWriter, , 260
break, , 84
Brush, , 344
Button, , 326
Capture, , 363
case, , 74
catch, , 90
Ceiling, , 65
char, , 139
CheckBox; , 331
checked, , 42, 46
class, , 100, 305
Close, , 250, 255
CLR, 9
CLS, 14
Exception, , 89, 94
, , 65
explicit, , 168
Color, , 344
Combine, , 222
Compare, , 143
CompareOrdinal, , 144
CompareTo, , 144
File, , 263
FileAccess, , 249
FileAttributes,
, 265
Filelnfo, , 263
continue, , 86
Control, , 323, 338
Convert, , 61
, , 134, 144
Cos, , 65
Cosh, , 65
D
DataSet, , 367
decimal, , 34
default, ,
74, 306
delegate, , 220
Deserialize, , 268
DialogResult, , 327
Dictionary<T,K>, , 302
Directory, , 263
Directorylnfo, , 263
Dispose, , 345
DivRem, , 65
DLL, 312
do while, , 79
, , 65
Endlnvoke, , 242
EndRead, , 250, 253
EndWrite, , 250
Enum, , 218
enum, , 215
Epsilon, , 73
Equals, , 184
8-,
24,29
event, , 233
EventArgs, , 235
EventHandler, , 235
428
FileMode, , 249
FileShare, , 249
FileStream, , 250
FileSystemlnfo, , 263
finally, , 90
FindMembers, , 280
fixed, , 352
Floor, , 65
Flush, , 250, 255
Font, , 344
for, , 81
foreach, , 136
Form, , 337, 338
Format, , 144
G
GAC, 275
get, , 121
GetConstructors, , 280
GetEnumerator, , 207
GetEvents, , 280
GetFields, , 280
GetHashCode, , 184
Getlnterfaces, , 280
GetMembers, , 280
GetMethods, , 280
GetName, , 218
GetNestedTypes, , 280
GetNumericValue, , 140
GetProperties, , 280
GetType, , 184,280
global, , 287
goto, , 83
Graphics, , 344
Group, , 363
GroupBox, , 332
IAsyncResult, , 255
ICloneable, , 205
IComparable, , 199
IComparer, , 200
IDisposable, , 345
IEEERemainder, , 65
IEnumerable, , 198,
207, 219
IEnumerator, , 198,
207, 219
if, , 70
IIS, 368
ILDasm, , 273
implicit, , 168
IndexOf, , 134
Insert, , 144
internal, , 101
is, , 43, 194
IsControl, , 140
IsDigit, , 140
IsLetter, , 140
IsLetterOrDigit, , 140
IsLower, , 140
IsMatch, , 360
IsNumber, , 140
IsPunctuation, , 140
IsSeparator, , 140
IsUpper, , 140
IsWhiteSpace, , 140
JIT-, 9
Join, , 144
L N
Label, , 326
LastlndexOf, , 134
Length, , 144
List<T>, , 300
ListBox, , 334
lock, , 242
Log, , 65
Log 10, , 66
Main, , 156
MainMenu, , 330
MarshalByRefObject, , 337
Match, , 361
Match, , 361
MatchCollection, , 362
Matches, , 362
MatchEvaluator, , 363
, , 66
MaxValue, , 34, 140
MDI, 337
MemberwiseClone, , 205
Menultem, , 330
MessageBox, , 322
Min, , 66
MinValue, , 34, 140
Monster, , 119
MSIL, 9
NaN, , 34
new
, 175, 305
, 42, 48, 102
, 101
Next, , 149
NextBytes, , 149
NextDouble, , 149
NextMatch, , 362
null, , 30
nullable, , 36,309
O
object, , 13, 183

OLE, 312
operator, , 161
out, , 113
override, , 179
params, , 154
Parse, , 61, 140
partial, , 308
Peek, , 256
, , 344
PI, 66
Pow, , 66
private, , 101
protected, , 101
public, , 101
RadioButton, , 331
Random, , 148
Read, , 62, 250
ReadBlock, , 256
ReadByte, , 250
ReadLine, , 62
readonly, , 105
ReadToEnd, , 256
ref, , 112
ReferenceEquals, , 184
Regex, , 360
RegexOptions,
, 360
Remove, , 144, 225
Replace, , 144, 362
return, , 87
Reverse, , 134
Round, , 66
Run, , 316
S
sealed, , 101,182
Seek, , 250
Serialize, , 268
set, , 121
Sign, , 66
Sin, , 66
Sinh, , 66
sizeof, , 352
Sleep, , 240
Sort, , 134
Split, , 144,303,362
Sqrt, , 66
stackalloc, , 354
Start, , 241
static
, 118
, 101
Stream, , 250
StreamReader, , 255
Stream Writer, , 255
string, , 143
StringBuilder, , 147, 151
strong name, 275
struct, , 212, 305
429
Substring, , 144
switch, , 73
System. Collections,
, 295
System.Collections.Generic,
, 295, 300
System.Collections.Specialized,
, 295
System.Drawing,
, 344
System.Reflection,
, 279
System.Text. RegularExpression,
, 355
System.Windows.Forms,
, 315
Tan, , 66
Tanh, , 66
TextBox, , 327
TextReader, , 255
TextWriter, , 255
this, , 114
Thread, , 239
ThreadStart, , 239
throw, , 93
ToCharArray, , 144
ToLower, , 140
ToString, , 60, 184
ToUpper, , 140
try, , 90
, , 280
typeof, , 42
unchecked, , 42, 46
Unicode, , 22, 24
unsafe
, 348
, 348
using
, 286
, 345
value, , 122
virtual, , 178
178
void, , 109
volatile, , 105
where, , 305
while, , 76
Write, , 60, 250
WriteByte, , 250
WriteLine, , 19, 60
XML,
, 11
, 294
, 181
, 22
, 22
, 24
, 24
, 228
, 32
, 48
-, 253
, 242
, 293
, 283
, 87
, 10
, 215
, 182
, 312
, 10
, 164
, 292
, 40,70
, 62,246
, 246
-, 368
-, 368
-, 369
, 274
, 274
, 87
, 33
DOS-, 312
, 368
, 178
, 317
, 182
V-Z
VMT,
365
yield, , 208
, 101
, 169
, 32
, 239
, 246
, 23, 42, 70, 355
,
, 53
-
, 15, 330
, 337
, 275
, 294
, 102
, 102
, 248, 260, 271
, 291
, 291
, 47
, 220
, 242
, 221
, 220
, 226
, 225
, 182
, 50
, 292
, 293
, 267
, 169
, 326, 337
, 312
,
23, 287

XML, 365
, 237
, 32

, 274
, 30
, 248, 271
, 248
, 248
, 337
, 106
, 314
, 117
, 246
, 274
, 25, 42
, 48
, 35
, 274
, 24
, 24
, 12
, 284
, 24
, 100
, 19
, 275
430
, 126
, 157, 161
, 116
, 39
, 12
, 47
, 305
, 12, 124, 188
, 337
, 307
, 274
, 274
, 46, 89
, 89
, 223
, 207
, 75
, 11
, 368
, 368
, 13, 100
, 181
, 182
, 101, 169
, 172
, 172
, 299 '
, 118
, 205
, 292
, 25
, 326
, 32
, 121, 158
, 347
, 22
, 295
, 300
, 294
, 292
, 15
, 23, 359
, 30
, 30
, 8
, 314, 325
, 367
, 367
, 59
, 15
, 15
, 26, 42
, 114
, 117
, 117
, 174
, 48,115
, 117
, 117
, 295
, 331
, 292
, 9
-
, 23
, 24
, 59
, 293
, 26
, 30
, 29
, 49
, 39
, 273
, 28
, 126, 291
, 293
, 129
, 156
, 128
, 130
, 127
, 126
, 132
, 330
, 331
, 9, 273
, 355
, 84
, 18, 106
, 228
, 178
, 102
, 306
, 152
, 182
, 153
, 102
, 226
, 102
, 337
, 311
, 161
, 30
, 294
, 337
, 326
, 182
, 223
, 12, 172
, 347
, 348
, 143
, 337

, 45
, 274
, 274
, 274
, 25
, 40
, 111
, 309
, 306
, 8
, 233
, 91
, 313
, 359
, 226
, 14

, 9
, 11
, 101
, 211
-
, 69
, 161
, 305
, 128
, 291
, 291
, 30
, 311
, 337
, 326, 337
, 337
, 337
, 337
, 17
, 337
, 16
, 322
, 16
431
, 42
, 24
break, 84
continue, 86
lock, 242
, 83
, 70
, 87
, 73
, 136
, 83
, 70
, 70
, 75
, 42
, 164

, 354
, 53
, 47
, 50
, 105, 353
, 47
, 161
, 56
, 49
, 310
, 51
, 54
, 161
, 55
, 49
,
49, 168
, 57
, 351
, 351
, 54
, 52
, 48
, 50
, 162
, 48
, 56
, 18, 100
, 274
, 51
, 273
, 232
, 48
, 49
, 49
, 292
, 15
, 113
, 220
, 111
, 284
, 156
, 107
, 284
, 112
, 76
, 300
, 307
, 223
, 274
, 238
, 60
, 152
, 161
,
, 110
, 110
, 38
, 39
, 215
%
, 211
, 215
, 8
, 205
, 357
, 86
, 178
, 284
, 39, 104
, 13,153,180,188
, 182
, 232
, 55
, 49
, 28
,
248, 271
, 311
-, 246
, 239
, 238
, 238
, 172
, 24
, 172
, 45, 49
, 11
, 44
, 57
, 57
, 214
, 23
, 47
, 59
, 69
, 69

, 312
, 14
, 248
, 273
, 57
, 13, 285
, 299
, 237
, 130
, 287
, 286
, 239
, 70
, 312
, 351
, 9
, 26
, 127
, 152
, 351
, 177
, 36, 214
, 93
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