Fundamental Hindi Notes of Mcu

UNIT - V
UNIT - I
Introduction to Computer & Information Technology Defination :dEI;wVj ,d Electronic device gS tks vadxf.krh; vkSj rkfdZd f;k&dykiksa dks lkFk&lkFk lEiUu djrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] dEI;wVj dks ,d ,sls ;U= ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gS ftldk iz;ksx funsZkksa dh ,d lwph ds vuq:i MsVk dks O;ofLFkr djus esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA vkt dEI;wVj dsoy dqn dk;ksaZ rd gh lhfer ugha gS tSlk fd ;g vius 'kSko&dky esa FkkA igys ds dEI;wVj ,d cM+s deus ds vkdkj ds gksrs Fks tks vktdy ds lSdM+ksa ilZuy dEI;wVjksa ds cjkcj tkZ dk mi;ksx djrs FksA vktdy dEI;wVjksa us ukuk izdkj ds :i vkSj vkdkj xzg.k dj fy;s gSaA vc dEI;wVjksa dks bruk NksVk cuk;k tk ldrk gS fd mUgsa ,d dykbZ ?kM+h esa fQV fd;k tk dlrk gS rFkk ?kM+h dh cSVjh ls gh pyk;k tk ldrk gSA vktdy ilZuy rFkk mu tSls gh iksVsZcy dEI;wVjksa dk ckgqY; gSA dEI;wVj esa fdlh Hkh izksxzke dks laxzghr ,oa f;kfUor djus dh {kerk gksrh gS tks dEI;wVj dks vR;ar lkozHkkSfed cukrs gSa rFkk bUgsa dSydqysVj ls fHkUu cukrs gSaA dksbZ Hkh dEI;wVj ,d fufpr ,oa U;wure {kerk ds lkFk] fl)karr%] mu lHkh dk;ksaZ dks lEiUu dj ldrk gS tks fdlh vU; dEI;wVj }kjk laiUu fd;s tk ldrs gSaA
Fundamental of computer
UNIT - V
History Of Computer :dEI;wVj dk bfrgkl yxHkx rhu gtkj o"kZ iqjkuk gSA tc phu esa ,d Calculating machine Abacus dk vfo"dkj gqvk FkkA vosdl (Abacus) rkjksa dk ,d se (Frame of Wires) gksrk gSA bu rkjksa ds chp dqN xksfy;ka fijksbZ tkrh gSA izkjaHk esa vosdl (Abacus) dks O;kikjh yksx x.kuk,a djus ds dke esa iz;ksx fd;k djrs FksA bl ekhu esa vadksa ds tksM+] ?kVkuk] xq.kk] Hkkx dh f;ka, djus ds dke vkrk FkkA vusd vU; ;kaf=d ekhu vadksa dh x.kuk djus ds fy, fodflr dh xbZA l=goha 'krkCnh esa kal ds xf.krK Cyst ikLdy (Blaize
Pascal) us ;g ;kaf=d ekhu fMftVy dsYdwysfVax (Digital Calculating)
dks lu~ 1642 esa fodflr fd;k bl ekhu dks ,sfMax ekhu (Adding
Machine) ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA D;ksfd ;g tksM+ ?kVkuk dk
dk;Z dj ldrh FkhA ;g ekhu ?kM+h vkSj vkWMksehVj ds fl)kar ij dk;Z djrh gSA blesa dbZ nkars ;qDr pjf[k;ka FkhaA tks ? kwerh jgrh FkhA pjf[k;ksa dks nkarksa ij 0 ls 9 rd ds vad Nis jgrs FksA izR;sd pj[kh dk ,d LFkku esa bdkbZ ngkbZ lsSdMk vkfn FkkA Blaize Pascal dh bl vkWfMax ekhu dks ikLdykbu dgrs gSA tks lcls igyk ;akf=dh x.kuk ;a= gSA vkt Hkh dkj o LdwVj ds LihM ehVj esa ;gh flLVe dk;Z djrk gSA lu~ 1673 esa teZu xf.krK nkkZfud xkVQsV csu ysoyht (Gottfried von Leibnitz) us ikLdykbu dk fodflr :i rS;kj fd;k ftls jsfdax ekhu dgk x;kA ;g ekhu vadksa ds tksM+ o ?kVkus vykok xq.kk o Hkkx dh f;ka,a dj ldrh FkhA
tsdkMZl ywe (Jacquards Loom) :Fundamental of computer

2
UNIT - V
lu~ 1801 kalhlh cqudj (weaver) tkslsQ tsdkMZl (Joseph Jacquard) us diMs cquus ds ,sls ywe dk vfo"dkj fd;k tks diM+s esa fMtkbu o isVuZ Lor% nsrk FkkA bl ywe dh foks"krk ;g Fkh fd ;g diM+s dh isVuZ dks dkMZ cksMZ dks fp=;qDr iapdkMksZa }kjk Hkkxksa dks funsZfkr fd;k tkrk FkkA tsdkMZl ds bl ywe us nks fopkj /kkjk,a nh tks vkxs dEI;wVj ds fodkl esa mi;ksxh fl) gqbZA igyh fopkj /kkjk ;g FkhA fd lwpuk dks iapdkMZ ij dksMsV fd;k tk ldrk gSA nwljh ;g Fkh fd iapdkMZ ij laxzfgr lwpuk funsZkksa dk lewg gSA ftlesa iapdkMZ dks tc Hkh dke ij fy;k tk,xk rks funsZk dk ;g lewg izksxzke ds :i esa dk;Z djsxkA
pkYlZ oSost dk fMQjsals batu

Difference Engine) :-
(Charles Babbages
dEI;wVj ds bfrgkl esa 19oha 'krkCnh dk le; Lo.khZ; ekuk tkrk gSA vaxszt xf.krK pkYlZ oSost us ,d ;kaf=d x.kuk ekhu fodflr djus dh vko;drk rc eglwl dh tcfd x.kuk ds fy;s cuh gqbZ lkjf.k;ksa esa =qfV vkrh FkhA D;ksafd ;s Vsfcy gLr fufeZr Fkh blfy;s blesa =qfV vk tkrh FkhA pkYlZ oSost us 1822 esa ,d ekhu dk fuekZ.k fd;k ftldk O;; fczfVk ljdkj us ogu fd;kA bl ekhu dk uke fMQjsal baftu j[kk x;kA bl ekhu esa xSj vkSj lkWV yxs FksA vkSj ;g Hkki ls pyrh FkhA lu 1833 esa pkYlZ oSost us fMQjsal batu dk fodflr :i ,d 'kfDrkkyh ekhu ,ukykbfVdy batu rS;kj fd;k ;g ekhu dbZ Fundamental of computer
3
UNIT - V
izdkj ds x.kuk dk;kZsa esa l{ke Fkh ;g iapdkMZ ij laxzfgr funsZkksa ds lewgksa }kjk funsZfkr gksdj dke djrh FkhA pkYlZ oSost dks dEI;wVj dk tud dgk tkrk gSA gkykafd ,ukykWfVdy batu dks pkYlZ oSost us dk;Z djrs gq, ugha ns[kk Fkk D;ksafd ekhu cukus ds ckn mudk nsgkar gks x;k FkkA
dEI;wVj dh foks"krk,a (Characteristics of Computer) :vktdy dEI;wVj dk mi;ksx gj {ks= esa gks jgk gS D;ksafd dEI;wVj gh ,d ,slh Lopfyr ekhu gS tks fd cgqr lkjs dk;Z Lor% gh dj ysrh gSA bldh fokss"krk,a fuEu fyf[kr gSA
(1)
xfr
(Speed) :-
ekhu dh lgk;rk ls vki dk;Z djus dh LihM c<+k ldrs gSa blh izdkj dEI;wVj fdlh Hkh dk;Z dks cgqr rsth ls dj ldrk gSA dEI;wVj dqN gh {k.k esa xq.kk] Hkkx ;k tksM+] ?kVkus dh yk[kksa f;ka,sa dj ldrk gSA
(2) Lopkyu (Automation) :-
dEI;wVj dqN x.kuk,a djrs le; dqN ykWftd vkWijsku Hkh djrk gS tSls ge ekdZ 'kkhV cukus dk mnkgj.k ys ;fn izR;sd fo|kFkhZ us 6 fo"k;ksa esa ijh{kk nh gS rks gesa mldk dqy ;ksx fudkyus ds fy;s calculator esa igys ,d fo"k; ds vad Hkjus iM+saxs rFkk fQj ^$* button nckus ds ckn fQj nwljh fo"k; ds vad Hkjus iMs+xsaA ;gh dke 6 ckj djuk iMs+xk rFkk vafre fo"k; ds vad Hkjus ds ckn equal to cVu ls dqy ;ksx fd;k tk,xkA vxj ;gh dk;Z gesa gtkjksa O;fDr;ksa ds fy;s djuk gks Fundamental of computer
4
UNIT - V
rks fdruk le; yxsxk! dEI;wVj ls ;gh dk;Z iyd >idrs gh djk;k tk ldrk gSA bl dk;Z esa flQZ vkadM+s dEI;wVj esa enter ek= dk le; yxsxkA ,d ckj MkVk dEI;wVj esa Mky fn;k tk, rks ,d izek.k nsdj ge mlls rjg&rjg ds dk;Z djk ldrs gSA
(3)
'kq)rk
(Accuracy) :-
dEI;wVj viuk dk;Z fcuk fdlh xYrh ds djrk gS ;fn vkidks nl vadksa dh nks vyx&vyx la[;kvksa dks xq.kk djus ds fy, dgk tk, rks vki blesa dbZ ckj xyrh djsaxs ysfdu lk/kkjr% lHkh dEI;wVj 38 vadksa okyh la[;kvksa ds ij fdlh Hkh izf;k dks fcuk fdlh xYrh ds iwjk dj ldrs gSA dEI;wVj }kjk xyrh fd;s tkus ds dbZ mnkgj.k lkeus gSA ysfdu lkjh xyrh;ksa esa ;k rks xyrh dEI;wVj esa MkVk enter ds oDr dh xbZ gksrh gSA ;k izksxzke nsrs le;A dEI;wVj Lo;a dHkh xyrh ugha djrk gSA og viuk dk;Z iwjk 'kq)rk ds lkFk djrk gSA
(4) mPp
laxzg.k {kerk (High Storage Capacity) :,d dEI;wVj flLVe es MkVk dh laxzg.k {kerk cgqr mPp
gksrh gSA dEI;wVj yks[kksa 'kCnksa dks cgqr de txg esa laxzfgr dj ldrk gS lHkh izdkj ds MkVk fp=] izksxzke] xse rFkk vkokt dks dbZ o"kksZa rd laxzfgr djds j[k ldrk gS ge dHkh Hkh ;g lwpuk dqN gh lsdsUMksa esa izkIr dj ldrs gSA rFkk vius mi;ksx esa yk ldrs gSA
(5) lkoZHkksSfedrk (Versatility) :-
dEI;wVj viuh lkoZHkkSfedrk okys xq.k ds dkj.k cM+h rsth ls lkjh nqfu;k esa Nkrk tk jgk gS dEI;wVj fdlh Hkh ;a= dk uke j[kdj vkVksesfVd ekhu ds lewgksa dk uke gks x;k gSA Fundamental of computer
5
UNIT - V
dEI;wVj dks igys xf.krh; dk;ksZa ds fy;s mi;ksx fd;k tkrk Fkk ysfdu /khjs&/khjs og O;olkf;d dk;kZas esa mi;ksx gksus yxkA dEI;wVj ds lkFk fizaVj yxkdj dbZ rjg ds Mk;ksxzke cuk;s tk ldrs gSA dEI;wVj dks VsfyQksu ls tksM+dj lkjh nqfu;k esa lwpuk,a Hksth tk ldrh gSA ;k izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA dEi;wVj esa rjg&rjg ds [ksy [ksys tk ldrs gSA
(6) fooluh;rk (Reliability) :-
dEI;wVj ds }kjk fd;s x;s dk;Z iw.kZr% fooluh; gksrs gSA ,oa fooluh;rk esa ;fn dqN deh vkrh gS rks og ;wtj ds } kjk fd xbZ xyfr;ksa dh otg ls vRiUu gksrh gS fooluh; vFkkZr~ tks VkjxsV geus flLVe dks fn;k gS flLVe gedks mlh ds respect esa mRrj reply djrk gSA vFkkZr fooluh;rk ij ,d vU; QsDVj Hkh vf/kd izHkkokhy gksrk gS tks fd izksxzke gS ;fn flLVe esa buiqV fd;s x;s izsxzke esa xyr gksaxs rks mldk vkmViqV Hkh gesa oSlk gh izkIr gksxkA
(7) ;kn
j[kus dh 'kfDr
(Power of Remembrance) :-
,d O;fDr vius thou esa cgqr lkjh ckrsa djrk gSA rFkk og flQZ egRoiw.kZ ckrksa dks gh /;ku esa j[krk gSA ysfdu dEI;wVj lkjh ckrsa] pkgs og egRoiw.kZ gksa ;k u gksa] laxzghr djds j[krk gS rFkk ckn esa dHkh Hkh fdlh Hkh lwpuk dks vko;drk iM+us ij miyC/k djkrk gS rFkk ;g lwpuk cgqr o"kksZa ckn Hkh mruh gh 'kq) jgrh gS ftruh fd igys fnuA Fundamental of computer
6
UNIT - V
(8) v{kerk (Diligence) :-
ekuo fdlh dk;Z dks fujarj dqN gh ?kaVks rd djrs gq, Fkd tkrk gSA blds foijhr dEI;wVj fdlh dk;Z dks fujarj dbZ ? kaVksa fnuks rFkk eghuks rd djus dh {kerk j[krk gSA blds ckctwn mlds dk;Z djus dh {kerk eas u gh dksbZ deh vkrh gS vkSj u gh dk;Z ds ifj.kke dh kq}rk ?kVrh gSA dEiwVj fdlh Hkh fn;s x;s dk;Z dks cxSj fdlh Hksn Hkko ds djrk gS pkgs dk;Z #fpdj gks ;k u gksA
Capabilities & Limitations :dEI;wVj ds vusd ykHk gSa ysfdu buesa Hkh dqN dfe;kaW gSa] vFkkZr~ bldh mi;ksfxrk dh dqN lhek,Wa gSa tks fuEufyf[kr gSa :1- dEI;wVj ekuo&efLr"d ds leku Lo;a lkspus dh {kerk ugha j[krk gSA ;g fn;s x;s funsZk ds vuqlkj gh dk;Z dj ldrk gSA dEI;wVj viuh {kerk ls ckgj ds dk;ksZ ds fy, funsZkksa dk ikyu ugha djrk vkSj =qfViw.kZ ifj.kke nsrk gSA 2- ekuo ds leku vizR;kfkr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fodYi] dEI;wVj ugha fudky ldrkA 3- dEI;wVj esa vUrKkZu ugha gksrk gSA dEI;wVj lHkh funsZkksa dk ikyu fd;s fcuk] lh/ks fu"d"kZ rd ugha igWaqp ldrkA 4- dEI;wVj fdlh y{; dks gkfly djus ds fy, ifjfer la[;k ds inksa dk ikyu djds f;k djrk gsA izR;sd in Li"V gksuk pkfg, vkSj lHkh in ekuqlkj gksus pkfg,A Fundamental of computer
7
UNIT - V
Types of Computers :dEI;wVj dk oxhZdj.k ge fuEu fcUnqvksa ds vk/kkj ij djrs gSa :(1) mldh LVksjst dsisflVh ds vk/kkj ijA
(2) ekbks izkslslj dh LihM ds vk/kkj ijA (3) dEI;wVj dh fQftdy LVDpj ds vk/kkj ijA (4) dEI;wVj ds buhfk;y LVDpj ds vk/kkj ijA Types of Computer System :1. Analog Computer (,ukykWx dEI;wVj) 2. Digital Computer (fMthVy dEI;wVj) 3. Hybrid Computer (gkbZfczM dEI;wVj) (1) Analog Computer :'kCn dh mRifRr xzhd Hkk"kk ds 'kCn ,ukWykWx ls gqbZ gSA bldk vFkZ nks Hkk"kkvksa ds chp ls gSA ;g dEI;wVj ,d (Physical Variable) fQftdy osfj;scy dks nwljs fQftdy osfj;scy esa cnyus dk dk;Z djrk gsSA bldk eq[; mi;ksx ekiu izf;k esa fd;k tkrk gSA bldk HkksSfrd izf;k dk ekWMy cukdj ml izf;k dks fujarj lqpk: :i ls tkjh j[kus ds fy;s Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA (2) Digital Computer :fMftVy 'kCn dk vfHkizk; x.kuk ls gsA vFkkZr ;gka vadksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA vadksa ds vfrfjDr xf.krh; x.kuk djus ds fy;s esFkkesfVdy vkWijsVj ,oa yksftdy vkWijsVj dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bl dEI;wVj dk iz;ksx vf/kdrj fcftusl
UNIT - V
,fIydsku esa fd;k tkrk gSA fMftVy dEI;wVj eq[; :i ls pkj Vkbi ds gksrs gSa (i) Micro Computer. (iii) Mainframe Computer. (i) Micro Computer :;g dEI;wVj ,d NksVk dEI;wVj gksrk gS ftls ilZuy dEI;wVj Hkh dgrs gsa D;ksafd bldk mi;ksx futh O;fDr fok"ks ds }kjk gh fd;k tkrk gSA ;g dEI;wVj iksVZ Vscy gksrs gSA ekbks dEI;wVj esa Vkbi jkbVj ds leku gh ^dhcksMZ* gksrk gsS budh csLM ysaUFk 8-16] 3236 fcV gksrh gSA ekbks dEI;wVj tSls& PCL, HCL, APPLE etc. (ii) Mini Computer :ekbks dEI;wVj dh rqyuk esa feuh dEI;wVj dh xfr] {kerk ,oa dher vf/kd gksrh gS budh cksMZ ysUFk dsoy 32 fcV gksrh gSa ;s dEI;wVj lkekU;r% 1 lsdsUM esa 10 ls 30 fefy;u funsZk ij lsdsUM izkslsl djrs gsa feuh dEI;wVj dh eq[; foks"krk ;g gksrh gs fd blesa dsoy ,d gh lhih;w gksrk gS ftls ;wuhizkslsl flLVe Hkh dgrs gSa ;g dEI;wVj 16 fcV rFkk 32 fcV MkVk LVksj djus dh {kerk j[krs gSA feuh dEI;wVj ds mnkgj.k fuEu gS :Ex. :- NEX 8842, WIPRO 588030, HELMARK 2 etc. (iii) Mainframe Computer :;g dEI;wVj ekbks ,oa feuh dEI;wVj dh rqyuk esa vf/kd ikWojQqy rFkk QkLV gksrs gSaA esuse dEI;wVj Fundamental of computer
9
(ii) Mini Computer. (iv) Super Computer.
UNIT - V
vR;kf/kd cM+s o T;knk Lisl ysus okys dEI;wVj gksrs gSaA dEI;wVj vf/kdre funsZk rFkk MkVk dks LVksj djrs gSA lu~ 1960 esa dsoy blh izdkj ds dEI;wVj miyC/k FksA bu dEI;wVj ds fy;s ,;jdaMhku dh vko;drk gksrh gSA rFkk bUgs flQZ ,DliVZ gh gsUMy dj ldrk gsa bl dEI;wVj ds fy;s ;wtj dEI;wVj ,DliVZ ds }kjk vius MkVk dh izkslsflax djokrs gSaA D;ksafd ukWeZy ;wtj ds }kjk bls gsUMy djuk vR;kf/kd dfBu gksrk gSA Ex. :- IBM900, IBM308, IBM370 , ICL39 etc. (iv) Super Computer :lqij dEI;wVj dks fMtkbu csfldyh dkWEiysDl flUFksfVd ,Iyhdsku bR;kfn esa ;wt djus ds fy;s cuk;k x;k gsA lqij dEI;wVj dh izkslsflax LihM nwljs dEI;wVj dh rqyuk esa cgqr high gksrh gSA budh eseksjh capacity lorge gksrh gsSA lqij dEI;wVj dk ;wt Lisl fjlpZ ] buok;jksesaV fjlpZ ] osnj fjlpZ bR;kfn laLFkkvksa esa fd;k tkrk gsA lqij dEI;wVj ds fuEu mnkgj.k gS A Ex. :- IBM900, IBM308, IBM370 , ICL39 etc. (3) Hybrid Computer :gkbZfczM dk vFkZ gS laxzfgr vFkkZr vusd xq.k/keZ ;qDr gksukA os dEI;wVj ftesa ,ukWykWx dEI;wVj ,oa fMftVy dEI;wVj nksuksa ds xq.k gks gkbZfczM dEI;wVj dgykrs gSaA tSls dEI;wVj dh ,ukWykWx fMokbl fdlh jksxh ds y{k.kksa] rkieku] jDrpki vkfn ekirh gsA ;s ifjeki ckn esa fMftVy Hkkx Fundamental of computer
10
UNIT - V
ds }kjk vadksa esa cny tkrh gsSA bl izdkj jksxh ds LokLF; esa vrkj&p<+ko dk vkadyu isz{k.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA Ex. :- CRAY-2, CRAY XMP-24, NEC-500.
Personal Computer :ih lh dk fodkl dze fuEu fyf[kr dze esa gqvkA (i) PC (Personal Computer) :izFke IBM-PC esa INTEL 8086 micro processor yxk gqvk FkkA ;g 8 fcV micro processor FkkA tks IBM-PC ds ekinaM dks iwjk djrk FkkA bl micro processor dk vkarfjd dk;Z gS vius MkVk eseksjh address rFkk funsZk fcanqvks dks LVksj ;kuh laxzfgr djukA bl micro processor es ;g lqfc/kk iznku djus ds fy;s ;kuh MkVk LFkkukarj.k o MkVk izkslsflax ds fy;s 14 jftLVj yxs FksA bldh lap; {kerk 128 ls 640 KB rd Fkh rFkk bldh Qykih drivers dh la[;k 1 ;k 2 FkhA bl izdkj ds dEI;wVjks gkMZfMLd ugh gksrh FkhA rFkk x.kuk xfr 8 MHz es gksrh FkhA bldh eseksjh 1 MB rd gksrh FkhA rFkk bles MkVkcsl dk vkdkj 8 bit rFkk address bus dk vkdkj 20 fcV gksrk FkkA (ii) PC - XT :-
11
UNIT - V
bles 8088 uked micro processor yxk gqvk Fkk A bl izdkj ds dEI;wVj dh lap; {kerk 640 KB Fkh rFkk micro processor 8 bit dk FkkA bles Qykih drivers dh la[;k 1 ;k 2 rd FkhA ysfdu bl izdkj ds dEI;wVjks dh gkMZfMLd gksrh FkhA rFkk x.kuk xfr 10 ls 12 MHz es gksrh Fkh A bldh eseksjh 1 MB rd gksrh FkhA rFkk bles MkVkcsl dk vkdkj 8 bit rFkk address bus dk vkdkj 20 bit gksrk FkkA (iii) PC - AT :bl izdkj ds dEI;wVj es 80286 uked micro processor yxk gqvk FkkA bles dqN vfrfjDr xq.k Fks ftues ,d Fkk izksxzke izkslsflax dh xfr rst gksukA bldh xfr 8086 dh vis{kk vf/kd FkhA bl izdkj ds dEI;wVj dh laxzg {kerk 1 MB ls 2 MB rd FkhA bl izdkj ds dEI;wVjks es gkMZfMLd gksrh FkhA rFkk bldh x.kuk xfr 16 ls 20 MHz es gksrh Fkh A bldh eseksjh 16 MB rd gksrh FkhA rFkk bles MkVkcsl dk vkdkj 16 bit rFkk address bus dk vkdkj 24 bit gksrk FkkA
NAME PC PC XT PC AT STORAGE CAPACITY 128 TO 640 KB 640 KB 1 MB TO 2 MB MICRO PROCESSOR 8086 8088 80286 NO. OF FLOPPY DRIVE 1 OR 2 1 OR 2 1 OR 2 HARD DISK NO YES YES CALCULATING SPEED 8+ 10 12 MEGA. 16-12
Types of Personal Computer :-
12
UNIT - V
(A) Desktop Computer :-
ilZuy dEI;wVj dk lcls T;knk iz;ksx fd;k tkus okyk izdkj MsLdVkWi dEI;wVj gSA MsLdVkWi tSlk fd uke ls gh miyf{kr gksrk gS] ,d ,slk dEI;wVj gS ftls MsLd ij lsV fd;k tk ldrk gS rFkk ;g ogha ls dk;Z dj ldrk gSA blesa ,d lhih;w] ekWuhVj] dh cksMZ rFkk ekml gksrs gSaA bUgsa ge vyx&vyx ns[k ldrs gSaA MsLdVkWi dEI;wVj dh dher de gksrh gS ijarq bls ,d txg ls nwljh txg ys tkuk eqfdy gksrk gSA vkt] vki uohure dufQx;wjsku ds lkFk MsLdVkWi dEI;wVj 20&25 gtkj :i;ksa dh jsUt esa ys ldrs gSaA
(B) Notebook & Laptop :-
uksVcqd rFkk ySiVkWi i;kZ;okph gksrs gSa ;|fi dbZ dEifu;ka ySiVkWi ds lkFk vU; Qhpjksa dks iznku djrs gSa rFkk ySiMkWi dks uksVcqd dh vis{kkd`r FkksM+s egaxs nkeksa esa csprs gSaA MsLdVkWi dEI;wVj ls fHkUu] uksVcqd rFkk ySiVkWi esa dqN Hkh vyx ls ugha gksrk gSA lHkh buiqV] vkmViqV rFkk izkslsflax ;qfDr;ka ,d fMCcs esa lekosfkr gksrh gSa tks vkidh ;k=k esa iz;ksx fd;s tkus okys czhQdsl dh Hkkafr izrhr gksrk gSA vkerkSj ij ;k=k ds nkSjku ;k dqlhZ ij cSBdj bUgsa xksn esa j[kdj ifjpkfyr fd;k tk ldrk gS blfy, bls ySi$VkWi vFkkZr~ xksn ds ij dgk tkrk gSA uksVcqd rFkk ySiVkWi otu esa ,d fdyksxzke ls Hkh de gksrs gSa A ;s MsLdVkWi ls egaxs gksrs gSa ijarq bUgsa ,d txg ls nwljh txg vklkuh ls ys tk;k tk ldrk gsA tSlk fd ;g lqokgkz gksrk gS vFkkZr~ bls vki dgha Hkh vius lkFk ys tk ldrs gSaA ;g vR;ar Fundamental of computer
13
UNIT - V
futh gksrs gSaA uksVcqd rFkk ySiVkWi esa cSVjh iSd gksrk gS tks fctyh tkus ds ckn lkekU;r% 4&5 ?kaVs cSdvi iznku djrk gSA
(C) Palmtop Computer :-
ikWeVkWi lcls vf/kd lqokgkz ilZuy dEI;wVj gksrs gSa rFkk vkids gFksyh esa idM+s tk ldrs gSaA bUgsa ikWdsV dEI;wVj Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;|fi ;g vf/kdkfjd :i ls ekU; ugha gSA ikWeVkWi dk;kZy;ksa esa izpfyr ugha gSA ikWeVkWi dEI;wVj dbZ Lo:i esa vc miyC/k gSA ;s VScysV ih-lh- rFkk ih-Mh-,- gks ldrs gSaA
(D) Workstation :-
odZLVsku vkdkj esa ekbks dEI;wVj ds leku gksus ds ckotwn vf/kd 'kfDrkkyh gksrs gSa rFkk ;s foks"k :i ls tfVy dk;ksaZ ds fy, iz;ksx esa yk, tkrs gSaA bl izdkj dEI;wVj ekbks dEI;wVj ds izk;% lHkh y{k.kksa dks vius vUnj j[krs gSa rFkk ekbks dEI;wVj ds leku gh ,d le; esa ,d gh iz;ksDrk ds }kjk lapkfyr ds fd, leku tkrs gSaA gSA budh budk dk;Z{kerk iz;ksx feuh dEI;wVjksa gksrh ewyr%
oSKkfudksa] vfHk;arkvksa rFkk vU; foks"kKksa }kjk gksrk gSA ;s ekbks dEI;wVj dh vis{kk egaxs gksrs gSa A fdUrq ekbks dEI;wVj esa vikj cnyko rFkk blds c`gn~ Lrj ij fodkl ds ckn vc odZLVsku dk izpyu de gqvk gS rFkk ekbks dEI;wVj ds mUur mRikn us bldk LFkku ysuk izkjEHk dj fn;k gSA vc 14 Fundamental of computer
UNIT - V
ekbks dEI;wVj Hkh mUur xzkfQDl rFkk lapku&{kerkvksa ds lkFk cktkj esa miyC/k gks jgs gSaA
Basic components of computer :dEI;wVj ,d Electronic device gS ftlds }kjk ge fdlh Hkh MkVk dks dEI;wVj esa LVksj dj ldrs gSA dEI;wVj funsZkksa ds lewg dks ,d izksxzke ds :i esa fu;a=.k djds j[krk gSSA dEI;wVj ds } kjk ykWftdy vkSj esFkkesfVdy dk;kZas dks vklkuh ls lEiUu fd;k tk ldrk gSA vr% dEI;wVj ,d x.kuk djus okyh ekhu Hkh gsSA dEI;wVj dks rhu Hkkxksa ls feykdj cuk;k tkrk gSA
1. Input Device. 2. CPU. 3. Output Device
(1) INPUT DEVICE :buiqV fMokbl ds }kjk ge fdlh Hkh MkVk dks dEI;wVj esa enter ;k input dj ldrs gSA vkerkSj ij buiqV fMokbl ds :i esa mouse vkSj keybord vkrs gSA (2) CPU (CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT) ;g dEI;wVj dk eq[; Hkkx gksrk gSA ftlds }kjk ge buiqV fd;s x;s MkVk dk calculation dj ldrs gSA fjtYV dks vkmViqV fMokbl esa izkIr dj ldrs gSA blds rhu Hkkx gksrs gSA
(i) Control Unit (ii) Memory Unit (iii) A.L.U. (Airthmatic And Logical Unit)
15
UNIT - V
(i) Control Unit :- bl ;wfuV ds }kjk dEI;wVj esa buiqV gksus MkVk
dks cantrol fd;k tkrk gSA ,oa dqN error gks tkus ij ;g lansk nsrk gSA tks monitor
screen ij iznfkZr
gksrk gsSA
(ii) Memory Unit :- blds }kjk buiqV fd;s x;s MkVk dks lEHkkydj
j[kk tkrk gSA ftlls vko;drk iM+uk ij izkIr fd;k tk lds A

(iii) A.L.U :- blds }kjk dEI;wVj esa input gksus okys xf.krh; vkSj
rkfdZd vkWijsku dks perform fd;k tkrk gsS ,oa izkIr fjtYV dks vkmViqV ds fy, Hkst fn;k tkrk gSA (3) OUTPUT DEVICE :bl device ds }kjk ge fdlh Hkh fjtYV dks izkIr dj ldrs gSaA tks buiqV fd;s x;s MkVk ij CPU }kjk perform fd;s x;s vkWijsku ls izkIr gksrs gSA ge vkmViqV fMokbl ds :i esa ekWfuVj dk mi;ksx djrs gSaaA blds vykok fizUVj dk mi;ksx djds Hkh vkmViqV izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA MEMORY :PC es memeory ,d egRoiw.kZ device gSA ;g fpi ij gksrh
gSA tks buiqV fd;s x;s MkVk funsZk vkSj izksxzke dks 0 vkSj 1 dh digital voLFkk es laxzfgr djds j[krh gSA buiqV ;wfuV ls MkVk vkSj funsZk buiqV gksus ds ckn eseksjh es tkrs gSA
CPU le; le; ij processing ds nkSjku MkVk vkSj funSkks dks
16
UNIT - V
eseksjh es ysrk gSA izkslsflax ds ckn Hkh ifk.kke eseksjh ds tfj;s vkmViqV ;wfuV dh vksj CPU }kjk Hksts tkrs gSA PC dh eseksjh dh ,d lhek gksrh gSA eseksjh dh laxzg {kerk izk; mega
bite ;k MB O;Dr dh tkrh gSA esxk dk vFkZ
106 vkSj ,d ckbV dk
vFkZ 8 fcVl gksrk gS A 1 ;k 0 dks fcV dgrs gSA eseksjh eq[; #i ls nks izdkj dh gksrh gS :1. Primary Memory
2. Secondary Memory (1) Primary Memory :(A) RAM (Random Access Memory) (B) ROM (Read Only Memory) (A) RAM (Random Access Memory) (i) Read (i) PROM (2) Secondary Memory :(i) Hard Disk (iii) Magnetic Drum (ii) Magnetic Tape (iv) Compact Disk Etc. (ii) Write (ii)EPROM (B) ROM (Read Only Memory)
(1) Primary Memory :(A) RAM (Random Access Memory) :Ram (Random Access Memory ) Computer dh internal
eseksjh gksrh gS bles MkVk dks ckj ckj LVksj djds feVk;k tk Lkdrk gSA ;g memory strong and Capacity read only memory dh vis{kk vf/kd gksrh gS A iajrq ;g vLFkkbZ eseksjh gSA dEI;wVj dk Lfop vkWQ gksrs gh bles eseksjh es fy[kh buQkjeslu feV tkrh Fundamental of computer
17
UNIT - V
gSA ;g eseksjh izk;ejh esekjh ds varxZr vkrh gSA bl eseksjh es MkVk dks i<us ds fy;s 80 ls 100 neno second yxrs gSA 10 usuks = 1 lsds.M jse eseksjh nks izdkj dh gksrh gSA (i) Read (Stetic Memory):bles Elctronics puls leak ugh gksrh gS vkSj bles MkVk i<us ds fy;s 80 neno second yxrs gS ;s eseksjh eagxh gksrh gSA (ii) Write (Dynamic Memory):bles Elctronics puls dqN mili second ds ckn leak gksus yxrs gSA blfy;s bles store information dk error gksus dk Mj jgrk gSA buds }kjk MkVk dks read djus es 120 ls 200 neno second yxrs gSA (B) ROM (Read Only Memory) :ROM dk iwjk uke Read Only Memory gksrk gSA ;g LFkk;h
eseksjh gksrh gSA ftldks dEI;wVj fuekZ.k ds le; izksxzke es laxzfgr dj nh tkrh gSA bl eseksjh es laxzfgr izksxzke ifjofrZr vkSj uLV ugh fd;s tk ldrs gSA dscy mUgs i<k tk ldrk gSA blfy;s ;g eseksjh ROM dgykrh gSA dEI;wVj dh switch off djus ds ckn Hkh jkse laxzfgr program uLV ugh gksrs gSA vr ROM memory LFkk;h laxzg ek/;e dgykrk gSA ;gka rd lseh daMDVj fpi gksrh gS ftles izksxzke ;k lkWQVos;j laxzfgr gksrs gSA jkse nks izdkj dh gksrh gS (i) PROM (Programmable ROM) :Prom ,slk fjDr ROM gksrk gS ftles vko;drk gksus ij
fofkLV midj.kks }kjk izksxzke laxzfgr fd;s tk ldrs gSA vkSj ,d ckj laxzfgr gksus ds ckn bUgs feVk;k ugh tk ldrk gSA Fundamental of computer
18
UNIT - V
(ii) EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM) ;g PROM ds leku ugh gksrs gSA ysfdu blesa laxzfgr izksxzke ijkoSxuh izdkk dh mifLFkfr es feVk;s tk ldrs gSA vkSj u, izksxzke laxzfgr fd;s tk ldrs gSA ubZ rduhdh ds
EPROM Hkh gkasrs gS tSls fo?kqrh; fof/k ls feVk;h tk ldus
okyh EPROM dgykrh gSA (2) Secondary Storage Device :econdary storage device dks lgk;d fMokbl Hkh dgk tkrk
gSA ;s fMokbl izkFkfed laxzg.k ;qfDr;ks ls fHkUu dEIiwVj ds fy;s vokaNuh; ugh gSA vFkkZr izkFkfed laxg.k iz.kkyh dk vokaNuh; Hkkx gS tcfd Secondary storage device vkodrkuqlkj tksMk tkrk gSA Secondary storage device izkFkfed laxzg.k iz.kkyh dh vis{kkdzr dbZ xq.kk vf/kd MkVk laxzg djrh gSA RkFkk ;g LFkkukUrj.kh; gksrs gSA Secondary storage device es floppy disk, hard
disk, compect disk egRoiw.kZ device gSA
***************** END *****************
UNIT - II
Input/Output & Storage Units Input Device :- (KEYBORD)
19
UNIT - V
fdlh Hkh dEI;wVj flLVe es use gksus ckyk eq[; input

device keyboard gksrk gSA fdlh dEI;wVj flLVe dk keyboard ,d type writer ds leku gksrk gSA bldh key type writer ds leku vjsat gksrh
gS ,ao dh key la[;k type writer ls vf/kd gksrh gSA MkVk buiqV ds vk/kkj ij keyboard dks nks Hkkxks es ckVk tkrk gS
1. Serial Keyboard. 2. Parallel Keyboard.
(1) Serial Keyboard :;gk data ds 1 vkSj 0 ds bit dks bit by bit dzekuqlkj Hkstk tkrk gSA dEIiwVj es ,d duoVZj serial data dks paraller data es duoVZ djrk gSA (2) Parallel Keyboard :;g MkVk dh lHkh 1 vkSj 0 fcV dks izFkd&izFkd row esa ,d lkFk Hkstrk gSA keyboard key nckus ij MkVk dks 8 fcV ds dksM esa cnyus dk dk;Z keyboard budksMj djrk gSA izR;sd
keyboard esa fuEu izdkj dh ^Key* gksrh gSaA
(i) Function Key :F1 ls F12 rd dh ^Key* Function key dgykrh gSaA ;g pre
defined function dks perform djus ds fy, iz;ksx dh tkrh gSaA
(ii) Alpha-numeric Key :;g dqN Lisky symbols alphabetic & numeric number vkfn dks Vkbi djus ds fy, iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA (iii) Cursor Movement Key :;g pointer dks ij uhps & nk,a ck,a djus ds fy, use dh tkrh gSaA Fundamental of computer
20
UNIT - V
(iv) Special Key :Control, alt, shift bR;kfn special key ds :i esa mi;ksx dh
tkrh gSaA bls combination key ds uke ls Hkh Tkkuk tkrk gSA (v) Multimedia Key :budk iz;ksx eYVhfefM;k ds le; fd;k tkrk gSA POINTING DEVICE (i) Mouse :Mouse ,d lk/kkj.k pointing device gS tks fd fdlh item ;k option
dks select djus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA mouse esa rhu cVu gksrs gSa tcfd dqN mouse esa nks cVu gksrs gSA ftudk iz;ksx vkbVe dks choose djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ,d online input fMokbl gSA lery lrg ij ekml dks fgykus ls blesa uhps yxh ystj
LED ewoesaV gksrh gSA tks ekml esa yxs LED dks laosfnr
djrsh gS ;g xfr fMftVy eku esa cnydj ;g O;Dr djrh gS fd ekml fdl fnkk esa xfr dj jgk gSA ekml esa mifLFkr cVuksa dks nckus ls Lhu ij ikWbUVj dh lgk;rk ls Lhu ds vo;o fpUg tkrs gSa ekml ds cVu dks maxyh ls nckus dh f;k dks click dgrs gSaA ekml izk;% Lhu ij pointer dks control djrk gSA ;g screen ;k
graphic rS;kj djus ds dke vkrk gSA bls micro ekml Hkh dgk tkrk
gSA (ii) Tracker Ball :-
21
UNIT - V
Track ball ekml ds leku gksrk gS tks fd dEI;wVj esa
iz;ksx gksrk gSA Track ball esa ge ikWbUVj dks moov djus ds fy;s ball dks rotate djrs gSaA blesa rhu cVu gksrs gSaa tks fd ekml ds leku dk;Z djrs gSa ;g ekml ds mYVs vkdkj dk gksrk gSA bldk iz;ksx foks"kr% cPpksa ds xse [ksyus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA (iii) Joy Stick :;g ,d game device gS bl fMokbl esa ,d stick ,d frame esa vlsEcy gksrh gS ;g fLVd lsaVj ikWbUV ls fdlh Hkh fnkk esa ewo gks tkrh gSA ,oa blesa lcls ,j VkWi esa fLFkr cVu }kjk
firing and attack vkfn gksrk gSA
(iv) Digitizer Tablet :Digitizer tablet dk mi;ksx drowing ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ,d
fjVsaxwyj Vscy gksrh gS tgka uEcj vkSj ok;j xzsM QkWesZV esa bdB~Bs gksrs gSaA ;gka ,d Lisky isu dk iz;ksx Mk;ksxzke cukus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA tc dHkh ;wtj bl Vscy ij Mk;ksxzke cukrk gSA rc ;g Mk;ksxzke ekWuhVj Lhu ij ok;j dh lgk;rk ls fn[kkbZ nsrk gsSA ;g ykbV isu dh rqyuk esa vklkuh ls ewo djrk gS ,oa ,d sharp picture genrate djrk gSA DIRECT ACCESS DEVICE :dqN input device data dks Mk;jsDVyh out side oMZ ls accept djrs gSa ;s dhcksMZ yxus okys cgqr lkjs le; dks cpk ysrs gSa ,d yktZ vekmUV vkWQ MkVk dks fcuk fdlh error ds buiqV Fundamental of computer
22
UNIT - V
djus ds fy;s ge Mk;jsDV ,Dlsl fMokbl dk ;wt djrs gSA ;s fMokbl fuEu izdkj dh gksrh gSA (1) Scanning Device :Ldsfuax fMokbl MkVk dks read / input djrk gS tSls BCR dks vkWIVhdy rays ds }kjk i<+k tkrk gS ;s fMokbl MkVk dks
graphical format esa Ldsu djrs gSA ,oa mldks LVsSaMZM dsjsDVj
ls compose djrs gSaa ,oa comprision djus ds ckn bl graphical image dks
text esa duoVZ djrs gSa ;g fuEu izdkj ds gksrs gSaA
(a) M.I.C.R.(Megnatic ink character reader) :M.I.C.R. MkWD;wesaV dks O.C.R. ds }kjk i<+k tkrk gSA O.C.R. Reader ds }kjk dsjsDVj dks Reflect light ds :i esa igpkuk
tkrk gSA rFkk bl Reflected light ds }kjk code ds :i esa converr djds dEI;wVj esa igqapk fn;k tkrk gSA (b) O.C.R.(Optical charactor reader) :;g Hkh input method gS ftlesa dsjsDVj dks special type ;k font esa fy[kk tkrk gSA bu v{kjksa dks i<+us ds fy;s O.C.R. dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ftlds }kjk vklkuh ls ,oa vf/kd Speed ls
Reading dh tk ldrh gSA bldh speed 2400 chr/ second gksrh gSaA
(c) B.C.R. (Bar Code Reader) :;g universal product code & price ds #i es use gksrk gSA B.C.R. eksVh rFkk budh thickness ds fglkc ls MkVk buiqV gksxkaA ,d
B.C.R. ,d pen ds leku gksrk gSA tks optical rays generate djrk gS ;g
fMokbl dEiwVj flLVe ls Ldsu MkVk dks send djus ds fy;s tksMk Fundamental of computer
23
UNIT - V
tkrk gSA tc B.C.R. bl Bar code ij move gksrk gS rks ;g data dks Ldsu djds ml Ldsu MkVk dks izksxzke es Hkstrk gS tks dh ykbu dh
thickness ds vk/kkj ij digit ij convert gks tkrh gSA
(d) O.M.R. (Optical Mark Reader) :;g ,d ,slh device gS tks dkxt ij encil or pen ds fpUg dh mifLFkfr vkSj vuqmifLFkfr dks tkWprh gSA bls fpfUgr dkxt ij izdkk Mkyk tkrk gSA tgkW fpUg mifLFkr gksxk dkxt ds ml Hkkx ls ijkofrZr izdkk dh rhozrk de gksxhA ;g rduhd dsoy Nis gq, dkMZ ;k QkeZ ij fpfUgr LFkkuks ij cus box & pencil ls Hkjs box dks tkprh gSA O.M.R. dh xfr /kheh gksrh gS bldh MkVk VkaLQj nj 200 ls 250 i`"B izfr feuV gksrh gSA (2) Digital Camera :Digital camera ,d ,slk input device gS tks fdlh Hkh n`; pyfp=
vkfn dks LVksj djus ds dke vkrk gS blds ek/;e ls ge n`; dks LVksj djrs l;e ml n`; dks dsejk dh Ldzhu ij Hkh ns[k ldrs gS
Digital Vodio Camera cgqr NksVs vkdkj dk buiqV fMokbl gS
ftldks ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku rd vklkuh ls ys tk ldrs gSA (3) Voice Recognition :ge fdlh Hkh information ,ao ladsrks dks voice dh lgk;rk ls buiqV dj ldrs gS a ;gka vkerkSj ij buiqV fMokbl ds #i es micro
phone dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tc ;wtj voice buiqV djrk gS rc micro phone bldks fMftVy flxuy es duoVZ djrk gS ,ao mls CPU es Hkst
nsrk gSA (4) Light Pen :Light Pen dk mi;ksx dEiwVj Ldzhu ij dksbZ Hkh vkd`fr
cukus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA ykbVisu es ,d QksVkslsy gksrk Fundamental of computer
24
UNIT - V
gSA ykbVisu dh fVi ls tc Ldzhu ds mij dksbZ fiDpj cuk;h tkrh gS rks bldh pulse screen ls VakLesV gksdj izkslslj ds vanj izosk dj nh tkrh gS ykbVisu dks esuw es fn;s x;s option dks pquus o vkd`fr cukus ds fy;s iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ykbVisu ds }kjk cukbZ x;h vkd`fr es dyj ,ao lso ds vykok lkbt esuVsu djus dh lqfo/kk Hkh gksrh gSA eq[; mi;ksx fMtkbfuax ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA (5) Touch Screen :;g ,d ikWbUfVah fMokbl gS ftldk iz;ksx vkbVe dks fofHkUu Pokbl esa ls djus esa gksrk gSA Vp Lhu ,d Lisky ekWuhVj Lhu gksrk gSA tks cgqr vf/kd sensitive gksrk gsaS A tc ;wtj Lhu ds fdlh Hkkx dks Nwrk gsSA rks og ekWuhVj flxuy dks tujsV djrk gsSA rFkk mls CPU esa Hkst nsrk gsSA (6) Moniter :ekWuhVj dk iz;ksx vkmViqV izkIr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ;s nks izdkj ds gksrs gSA (i) CRT (Cathode Rays Tube):CRT Moniter esa fdlh fiDpj dks tujsV djus ds fy;s cathode
V~;wc dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ;g V~;wc dsfedy QkWeZ esa gksrh gS bldh ysV ljQsl esa QklQksjl dk ysi gksrk gsSA ;g ljQsl uEcj vkWWQ MkWV esa foHkkftr gksrh gS ftls ^^ pixel** dgrs gSaA bl dsFkksM V~;wc ds var esa ,d bysDVkWu xu gksrh gS ftlds }kjk bysDVkWu tujsV fd;s tkrs gS ,oa bl bysDVkWu xu ds vkxs bysDVks esxusfVd QhYM tujsV dh tkrh gS ftlls bysDVku dh fnkk funsZfkr dh tk ldsA tc ;s
25
UNIT - V
tujsV bysDVkWu QWklQksjl ljQsl ls Vdjkrs gSa rks ped mBrs gSa rc gesa Lhu ij best ,oa text vkfn fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA (ii) L.C.D. (Liquid Crystel Display) :CRT ekWuhVj dk disadvantage ;g gS fd ;s cgqr vf/kd
ek=k esa bysDVhflVh [kpZ djrs gS lkFk gh lkFk Lisl Hkh vf/kd ysrs gSa tcfd ,ylhMh ekWuhVj esa ejdjh dk ;wt gksrk gSA LCD ekWuhVj ,d ysV Lhu gksrk gSA bl Lhu esa fofHkUu lsYl esa ejdjh QhM gksrh gS tks fd ok;lZ ds }kjk cuk;s tkrs gSa tc bysDVhd flxuYl ;k bysDVhd djsaV bu ok;lZ esa Hkstk tkrk gS rc ;s ejdjh lsYl ds dqN Hkkx esa Xyks djrs gSa ge fdlh Hkh lkbt dh ,ylhMh fMtkbu dj ldrs gSa ,ylhMh esa fjtksY;wku cgqr de gksrk gS tcfd lhvkjVh esa vf/kd gksrk gS vFkkZr ,ylhMh ekWuhVj Lhu ij fn[kus okyh best ls de Li"V gksrh gSA
ekWuhVj dh foks"krk,a (Characteristics of a Monitor)

(i) Resolution :Display fMokbl dk egRroiw.kZ y{k.k gksrk gS & Resolution ;k Lhu ds fp= dh Li"Vrk vf/kdrj fMLIys fMoklst esa
fp= Lhu ds NksVs&NksVs MkWV ds pedus ls curs gSaA Lhu ds ;s NksVs&NksVs MkWV] pixels dgykrs gSaA ;gkWa
pixel 'kCn dk fiDpj ,fyesaV dk laf{kIr :i gSA Lhu ij bdkbZ
{ks=Qy esa pixels a dh la[;k Resolution dks O;Dr djrh gSA Lhu ij ftrus vf/kd pixels gksaxs] Lhu dk Resolution Hkh mruk gh vf/kd gksxk vFkkZr fp= mruk gh Li"V gksxkA ,d Fundamental of computer
26
UNIT - V
fMLIys Resolution ekuk 640 ck; 480 gS rks bldk vFkZ gS fd Lhu 640 MkWV ds lrEHk vkSj 480 mkWV dh iafDr;ksa ls cuh gSA text ds v{kj ;k dSjsDVj Lhu ij MkWV dSfVDl foU;kl ls cus gksrs gSA (ii) Refresh Rate :dEI;wVj ekuhVj yxkrkj dk;Z djrk jgrk gS] ;|fi bldk vuqHko ge lk/kkj.k vkWa[kksa ls ugha dj ikrs gSaA dEI;wVj Lhu ij besat ck;sa ls nk;sa rFkk ij ls uhps bySDVku xu ds }kjk ifjofrZr gksrh jgrh gS ijUrq bldk vuqHko ge rHkh dj ikrs gSa tc Lhu ^fDyd* djrh gSA izk;% ^fDyd* dk vuqHko ge rc dj ikrs gSa tc Lhu rsth ls ifjofrZr ugha gksrh gSA ekuhVj dh fjsk jsV dks gV~Zt esa ukik tkrk gSA iqjkus ekin.Mksa ds vuqlkj ekuhVj dh fjsk jsV 60 Hz Fkh ijUrq u;s ekin.Mksa esa bldk eki 75 Hz dj fn;k x;k gSaA bldk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd ekuhVj ij fMLIys ,d lsds.M esa 75 ckj ifjofrZr gksrk gSA bl izdkj ge dg ldrs gSa fd ftruk vf/kd fjsk jsV gksxk ekuhVj mruk de fDyd djsxkA (iii) Dot Pitch :MkWV fip ,d izdkj dh ekiu rduhd gS tks fd ;g nkkZrh gS fd izR;sd fiDlsy (Pixel) ds e/; fdruk m/okz/kj vUrj gSA MkWV fip dk ekiu feyhehVj esa fd;k tkrk gsA ;g ,d ,slk xq.k ;k foks"krk gS tks fd fMLIys ekWuhVj dh xq.koRrk dks Li"V djrk gSA ,d dyj ekWuhVj tks fd ilZuy dEI;wVj esa iz;ksx gksrk gs] mldh MkWV fip dh jsat 0.15mm ls .30mm rd gksrh gSA (iv) Interlaced or Non-Interlaced :-
27
UNIT - V
Interlaced ,d ,slh fMLIys rduhd gS tks fd ,d ekuhVj dks bl
dkfcy cukrh gS fd og fMLIys gksus okys jstksywku dh xq.koRrk esa vkSj o`f) dj ldsaA Interlaced ekWuhVj ds lkFk bysDVku xu dsoy vk/kh ykbu [khaprh Fkh D;ksafd Interlacing ekWuhVj ,d le; esa dsoy vk/kh ykbu dks gh fjsk djrk gSA ;g ekWuhVj izR;sd fjsk cycle ij nks ls vf/kd ykbuksa dks iznfkZr djrh FkhA VIDEO SATNDARD OR DISPLAY MODE :ilZuy dEiwVj dh Video rduhdh es fnu izfrfnu lq/kkj vkrk tk jgk gS tSlS :(i) CGA (Colour Graphics Adapter) (ii) EGA (Enhanced Graphics Adapter) (iv) XGA (Extended Graphics Adapter) (iii) VGA (Video Graphics Array)
(v) SVGA (Super Video Graphics Array)
(i) CGA (Colour Graphics Adapter) :bldk fuekZ.k 1981 es IBM uked daiuh us fd;k FkkA ;g fMLiys flLVe 4 jaxks dks iznfkZr djus dh {kerk j[krk gSA bldh iznkZu {kerk 320 fiDly Horizontal rFkk 200 fiDly
Vertical Fkh A ;g fMLiys iz.kkyh foaMkst ds lk/kkj.k games ds fy;s
iz;ksx es vkrk FkkA (ii) EGA (Enhanced Graphics Adapter) :bldk fuekZ.k 1984 es IBM uked daiuh us fd;k FkkA ;g fMLiys flLVe 16 jaxks dks iznfkZr djus dh {kerk j[krk gSA bldh iznkZu {kerk CGA dh vis{kk vf/kd csgrj ;kfu 640 fiDly ( Horizontal ) {kSfrt rFkk 350 fiDly (Vertical) m/okZj FkhA bl Fundamental of computer
28
UNIT - V
flLVe us viuh iznkZu {kerk dks CGA dh vkSj vf/kd csgrj cuk;kA ;g fMLiys flLVt VsDLV dks lhth, dh vis{kk vf/kd vklkuh ls i< ldrk FkkA blds ckctwn EGA vf/kd {kerk okyh xzkfQDl rFkk DTP ds fy;s i;kZIr ugh FkkA (iii) VGA (Video Graphics Array) :VGA fMLIys flLVe dk fuekZ.k IBM daiuh us 1987 esa
fd;k FkkA vktdy cgqr lkjs VGA ekWuhVj iz;ksx esa yk, tk jgs gSaA VGA ekWuhVj dk jstwysku blesa iz;ksx gksus okys jaxkssa ij fuHkZj djrk FkkA vki 16 jax 640*480 fiDly ij ;k 256 jax 320*200 fiDly ij NkaV ldrs gsSA lkjs IBM dEI;wVj VGA fMLIys flLVe dks enn iznku djrs gSA (iv) XGA (Extended Graphics Array) :bl fMLIys flLVe dk fuekZ.k IBM daiuh us 1990 esa fd;k FkkA ;g fMLIys flLVe ,d mRrjkf/kdkjh ds :i esa tks 4814@, fMLIys Fkk] iznfkZr gksrk Fkk bldk vxyk laLdj.k
XGA&2 16 yk[k jaxksa esa 800*600 fiDly dk fjtwysku rFkk
65536 fefy;u jaxksa esa 1024*768 fiDly dk Resolution iznfkZr djrk FkkA
(v) SVGA (Super Video Graphics Array) :Fundamental of computer

29
UNIT - V
vktdy lkjs PC SVGA xzkfQDl fMLIys ds :i esa fcd jgs gSaA okLro esa SVGA dk vFkZ VGA ls ijs gSA ijarq ;g ,d flaxy LVSaMMZ ugha gSA u;s ;qx esa ohMhvks bysDVkWfuDl LVsSaMMZ ,lksfl,ku }kjk ,d LVSaMMZ izksxzkfeax bUVjQsl dk fuekZ.k fd;k tks fd SVGA fMLIys esa enn djrk FkkA
SVGA fMLIys flLVe 16 djksM+ jaxksa ds iznkZu rd enn djrk
gsSA NksVs vkdkj ds ekWuhVj 800 fiDly f{kfrt rFkk 600 fiDly m/okZ/kj dk iznkZu djrs gSA rFkk cMs vkdkj ds SVGA ekuhVj 1280*1024 or 1600*1200 pixcel resolusion iznfkZr djrs gSaA PRINTER :fizaVj dk mi;ksx vkmViqV dks isij ij izkIr djus ds fy, djrs gsSA fizaVj dh lgk;rk ls fdlh lkWVdkWih dks ijekuasVyh isij ij LVksj dj ldrs gSA rduhdh ds vk/kkj ij fizaVj dks nks Hkkxksa esa ckaVk x;k gSA (1) Impact Printer :- (Types of impact printer) (a) Charactor Printer
i- Dot Matrix Printer (30-300 Char/s) (b) Line Printeri- Drum Printer (150 to 2000 line/m) (c) Page Printer (250 P/m) ii- Chain Printer ii- Daisy Wheel Printer (40 Char/s)
(2) Non Impact Printer :-( Types of impact printer)

(a) Thermel Printer. (b) Inkjet Printer. (c) Laser Printer
(1) Impact Printer :Impact Printer izR;sd fizaV fdlh fgV ds }kjk tujsV djrk
gsSA lkekU;r% ;g fizaVj gej dk iz;ksx djrs gSA tks fd bad fjcu
30
UNIT - V
ij fgV djds dsSjsDVj dks tujsV djrs gsSA bEisDV fizaVj fuEu izdkj ds gksrs gSaA (a) Charactor Printer :oks fizaVj ,d ckj esa ,d dSjsDVj dks fizaV djrs gsSA os dSjsDVj fizaVj dgykrs gSA dSjsDVj fizaVj fuEufyf[kr gksrs gSA (i) Dot Matrix Printer :;g flfj;y fizaVj dgykrk gSA blesa izR;sd v{kj MkWV ds lewg ds :i esa fiazV fd;s tkrs gsSA blesa fizafVax fiUl yxh gksrh gSA ;s fiu v{kj ds vk/kkj ij QkjoMZ] ewo djrs gSaaA tk sfd isij ds lkeus yxh gksrh gSA isij ds lkeus yxs fjcu ij budk O;ofLFkr e esa bEisDV iM+rk gSA ftlds QyLo:i dSjsDVj dkxt ij fizaV gks tkrk gSA Advantage :1 & MWkV esVfjDl fizaVj esa fiazfVx fudkyuk lLrk gksrk gsSA 2 & blesa fdlh Hkh LVkby] lkbt esa fizafVax fudkyh tk ldrh gsSA 3 & ;g xzkfQDl dks Hkh fizaV dj ldrk gsSA bldh DokfyVh cgqr poor gksrh gSA 4 & ;g fizaVj 100 ls 500 dSjsDVj izfr lsds.M fizaV dj ldrk gsSA 5 & ;g nksuksa fnkkvksa esa fizaV dj ldrk gsSA Disadvantage :1 & ;g ,d uksbth fizaVj gSA Fundamental of computer
31
UNIT - V
2 & bldh ysVj DokfyVh poor gksrh gSA 3 & blesa dyj dh lEHkkouk Hkh fyfeVsM gksrh gSA (ii) Daisy Wheel Printer :Daisy Wheel Printer dSjsDVj ,oa ysVj DokfyVh fizaVj gSA bl fizaVj esa ,d Oghy yxk gksrk gSA ftlesa cgqr lkjs Liksd yxs gksrs gSA bu Liksd ds VkWi esa esVy dsjsDVj ds }kjk fizafVax esa dSjsDVj dh fejj best cu tkrh gSA ;g Oghy ,Dlsl esa ewo gksrk gSA bldh vkd`fr f[kys gq, Qwy dh rjg gksrh gsSA blfy, bls MsthOghy fizaVj dgk tkrk gsaSA fizaV djus dk rjhdk :-fdlh dsjsDVj dsk fizaV djus ds fy, Oghy ,Dlsl ds pkjksa vksj ?kwerk gS tc dHkh mfpr dsjsDVj gej ds lkeus vkrk gsaS rc gej Liksd vanj fgV djrk gSA vkSj dsjsDVj isij ij fn[kkrk gSA tks fd fjcu ds foijhr gksrk gSA Advantage :1 & ;g ,d ysVj DokfyVh fizaVj gS D;ksfd bldh fizafVax DokfyVh vPNh gksrh gSA 2 & MsthOghy fizaVj 1 fefuV esa 50 ls 100 dsjsDVj fizaV djrk gS tks fd esuqvy Vkbfiax dh rqyuk esa cgqr rst gSA Disadvantage :1 & ;g noisy printer gSA 2 & dSjsDVj dsk fMQjsaV lsQ esa fizaV djus ds fy, Oghy dks psat djuk iM+rk gSA 3 & ;g xzkfQDl ,oa Mkbax dh fiazafVax dks liksVZ ugha djrk gSA Fundamental of computer
32
UNIT - V
(b) Line Printer :;g ,d ckj esa ,d ykbu fizaV djrk gsaS ;g nks izdkj ds gksrs gSA cMs+ dEI;wVj ds fy, gkbZLihM fizaVj dh vko;drk gksrh gSA gkbZLihM ds fizaVj ,d ckj esa ,d dSjsDVj esa fizaV djus dh vis{kk ,d ykbu dks ;k ,d ist dks ,d ckj esa fizaV djrs gSa vf/kdrj ykbu fizaVj esa bEisDV fizaVj dk iz;ksax fd;k tkrk gsSA (i) Drum Printer :;g ,d ysVj DokfyVh ,oa ykbu fizaVj gSA ;g ,d ckj esa iwjh ykbu fizaV djrk gSA bl fizaVj esa ,d Me dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS tks viuh txg ij rotate djrk gSA Me ds ljQsl ij uEcj vkWQ dsjsDVj gksrs gSA tks fd fejj best esa gksrs gSA izR;sd row dqN dsjsDVj contain djrh gSA ;s fizaVj ykbu ds fglkc ls cgqr lkjs gej mi;ksx djrs gSA ;fn Me fizaVj esa 80 dkWye gSa rks ;g 80 gej j[krk gSA fizaV djus dk rjhdk :Me ,Dlsl ij jksVsV djrk gsS tc ykbu dk mfpr dsjsDVj gej ds lkeus vkrk gS rc ;g gej ribin ij fgV djrk gS ,oa fjcu dsjsDVj ij fgV djrk gS tks fd drum ij ekdZ gksrs gSa rc ,d dsjsDVj fizaV gksxkA Advantage :1 & ;g ,d lsds.M esa 10 ls 15 ykbu fizaV djrk gSA 2 & ;g ,d ysVj DOkkfyVh fizaVj gSA Disadvantage :Fundamental of computer
33
UNIT - V
1 & ;g noisy printer gSA 2 & ;g fizaVj eagxs gksrs gSaA 3 & blesa dsjsDVj ,oa lkbt ,oa LVkby dks cnyus ds fy, iwjs Me dks cnyuk iM+rk gSA 4 & bl fizaVj ds }kjk xzkfQDl fizfaVax lEHko ugha gSA (ii) Chain Printer :;g Hkh ,d ysVj DokfyVh fizaVj gS bl fizaVj esa ,d psu dk mi;ksx gksrk gSa tks fd dsjsDVj dks fiazV djrh gS tks mirror image ds :i esa gksrh gSA ;g psu nks pdksa ij Hkkfjr gksrh gSa tks fd mls jksVsV djrs gSA ,d gej dk mi;ksx ,d ykbu esa dsjDVj dks fizaV djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA fizaV djus dk rjhdk :tc psu dk mfpr dsjsDVj ykbu dh lgh txg ij vkrk gSa rc gej dsjsDVj dks ewo djrk gS ,oa fgV djrk gS ;g psu dk dsjsDVj fgV fjcu ij fgV djrk gSa rc dsjsDVj isij fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA tks fd bad fjcu ds foijhr esa gksrk gSaA Advantage :1 & ;g Me fizaVj dh rqyuk esa lLrk gksrk gSaA 2 & ;g 9 ls 20 ykbu izfr lsds.M fizaV djrk gSaA Disadvantage :1 & ;g noisy printer gSA 2 & blesa dsjsDVj dk lkbt ,oa LVkby cnyus ds fy, psu dks cnyuk iM+rk gSA 3 & ;gka xzkfQDl fizafVax lEHko ugha gksrhA Fundamental of computer
34
UNIT - V
4 & blesa dqN fyfeVsM dyj gh iz;ksx dj ldrs gSA (c) Page Printer :os fizaVj tks ,d ckj esa ,d ist fizaV djrs gSaA os ist fizaVj dgykrs gSA ;g ,d feuV esa 250 ls vf/kd ist fizaV dj ldrs gSaA (2) Non Impact Printer :- Non Impact Printer fgV esa dksbZ IokbaV fcuk fgV ds izkIr fd;k tkrk gS fdlh IokbaVj ij dsjsDVj dks fizaV djus ds fy, ukWu bEisDV fizaVj dsfedy lhV vFkok fiazfVax ikmMj dk mi;ksx djrk gSa ukWu bEisDV fizaVj fuEu gSa :(a) Thermel Printer :FkeZy fiazVj ysVj DokfyVh ,oa ist fizaVj gSA tks fd ghV dh lgk;rk ls fizafVax mRiUu djrk gSA FkeZy fizaVj Lisky 'khV dk mi;ksx djrk gS tks fd dsfedy ls dksMsM gksrh gSA fizaV djus dk rjhdk :dsfedy 'khV fizaVj ij bUlVZ gksrh gSA tgka mls tujsV fd;k tkrk gS bl ghV ds }kjk dksMsM dsfedy fi?kyrk gS ,oa dsjsDVj mfpr dkWye ij fizaV gksrk gSaA Advantage :1 & ;g ,d /ofu jfgr fizaVj gSAa 2 & bl fizaVj dh lgk;rk ls fdlh Hkh izdkj dh xzkfQDl fizaV dh tk ldrh gSAa 3 & ;g gkbZ fjtksY;wku ds lkFk dyj fizafVax mRiUu djrk gSA 4 & blesa ge fdlh Hkh dsjsDVj dk lkbt] LVkby ,oa dyj psat dj ldrs gSA blds fy, gesa fdlh Hkh Lisky gkMZos;j cnyus dh vko;drk ugha gksrhA Fundamental of computer
35
UNIT - V
Disadvantage :1 & ghV dks tujsV djus ds fy, vf/kd fctyh dh vko;drk gksrh gSaA 2 & Lisky dsfedy 'khV ds dkj.k fizafVax dkWLV vf/kd gksrh gSA (b) Inkjet Printer :Inkjet Printer Hkh ysVj DokfyVh ,oa ist fizaVj gSA ysVj
DokfyVh fizaVj ds nkSjku fizaV fd;s x;s MkWV ij bap ij fuHkZj djrh gSA ;s fizaVj ,d Lisky vFkok vk;ju vkWDlkbM feDlM ink dk mi;ksx djrs gSA bles isij ij dsjsDVj bad dh NksVh cwanks dks fgV djds ns[kk tkrk gSA fizaV djus dk rjhdk :- bles elctro magnetic field dh lgk;rk ls ink
cortage ls ink dks isij ij fjyht fd;k tkrk gSA ink drop bruh NksVh
gksrh gS fd isij ij iMrs dh lw[k tkrh gSA bles gutter dk mi;ksx vU; vuko;d ink dks lks[kus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA ,ao mls okfil
cortage es Hkstus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA
Advantage :1 ;g lHkh dyj es image dks fizaV dj ldrk gSA 2 ;s fizaVj lHkh dsjsDVj dks fdlh Hkh lkbt ,ao LVkby es fizaV dj ldrk gSA 3 ;g fizaVj LkLrs gksrs gSA 4 ;s fizaVj graphics fizaV dj ldrk gSA Disadvantage :1 bldh ink cgqr dkLVyh gksrh gSA 2 bldh fizafVax LihM vU; fizaVj dh rqyuk es dkWQh de gksrh gSA Fundamental of computer
36
UNIT - V
(c) Laser Printer :Laser fizaVj Hkh high speed page printer gksrs gS ,oa ysVj DokfyVh fizaVj gksrs gSSA ;g fizaVj special ink powder mi;ksx printing ds fy;s djrs gSA fizaV djus dk rjhdk :-;g fizaVj ml ist dk mirror image generate djrk gS tks fd Vksuj ij fn[kkbZ nsrk gSaA ;g ,d flysaMj gksrk gS tks bad ikmMj j[krk gSA tks bad ist dks fizaV djus es ;wt gksrh gSA best dks isij ij fizaV djus ds fy;s Vksuj ist ds ljQsl ij move gksrk gSA rFkk movement ds nkSjku ;k ink powder isij ds ij stick out gksxk blds ckn isij ,d ghV ljQsl ls ewo gksxk tks bl ikmMj dks fi?kyus ,oa lq/kkjus dk dke djrk gSA ftlls best isij ij fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA Advantage :1 ;g noisy fizaVj ugh gSA 2 ;g ,d gkbZ DokfyVh fizaVj gSA 3 bldh fizafVx LihM cgqr gkbZ gSA 4 ;g ,d feuV es 6 ls 10 ist fizaV dj ldrk gSA Disadvantage :1 ;g costly fizaVj gSA 2 bles vf/kd fctyh dh vkodrk gksrh gSA 3 bles ,d Lisky khV dk mi;ksx printing ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA tks cgqr eagxh gksrh gSA Sound Card & Speaker :dEI;wVj lkmaM vkmViqV dk mi;ksx blfy;s djrk gS rkfd og fdlh izksxzke ;k xse esa vkus okys lanskksa dks izkIr dj lds vxj vki vius lkmaM vkmViqV ds fy;s vPNh DokfyfV Fundamental of computer
37
dk
UNIT - V
rFkk ;ksX;rk dks izkIr djuk pkgrs gSa rks ;g ,d ,slk fMokbl gS ftls vki viuh ekhu esa tksM+ ldrs gSa bl fMokbl dks lkmaM dkMZ dgrs gSaA eYVh ehfM;k dk iw.kZ mi;ksx tks fd recording rFkk play
back fMftVy vkWfM;ks }kjk laHko cuk;k tkrk gsA bls tksMus ds
igyhs bu ckrksa dk /;ku j[kk tkrk gS fd bldh quality Lihdj ls fey jgh gS ;k ugha rFkk tks lkWVos;j lkmaM ds fy;s mi;ksx fd;k tk jgk gS og lkmaM dkMZ dks shoot djrk gS ;k ughaA Install djus ls igys gesa bl ckr dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg;s fd og fdlh nwljh fMokbl tks fd dEI;wVj esa igys ls LFkkfir gS] ls erHksn dh fLFkfr mRiUu u djsaA ***************** END *****************
UNIT - III
STORAGE DEVICE :dEI;wVj flLVe esa ge fdlh lwpuk dks ijekusUVyh LVksj dj ldrs gssSA os lHkh fMokbl tks lwpukvksa dks LVksj djus ds fy;s ;wt gksrh gSa LVksjst fMokbl dgykrh gSaA ;fn dksbZ LVksjst fMokbl lwpukvksa dks vLFkkbZ :i ls LVksj djrk gs rks og izkbejh ;k oksysVkby fMokbl dgykrk gSA ;fn LVksjst fMokbl lwpukvksa dks LFkkbZ LVksj djrk gsS rks og ukWu&oksysVkby LVksjst fMokbl dgykrk gSA vkerkSj ij LVksjst fMokbl lwpukvksa dks ;k rks esxusfVd QkWesZV ;k cuZ QkWesZV esa LVksj djrk gsa LVksjst fMokbl fuEu izdkj ds gksrs gSa :1. Primary Storage Device 2. Secondary Storage Device
38
UNIT - V
(1) Primary Storage Device :(a) Ram (b) Rom
(2) Secondary Storage Device :(a) Magnetic tape. (d) Hard Disk Drive. (b) Magnetic Disk. (e) Floppy Disk. (c) Cartridge tape. (f) Optical Disk.
(a) Magnetic tape :esxusfVd Vsi eseksjh] vkWfM;ks Vsi fjdkWMZj ds leku gksrh gSA esxusfVd Vsi Mkbo LiwYl ls fufeZr gksrh gs bu nks Liwy ds chp esa 9 gsM gksrs gSa tks lwpukvksa dks jhM ;k jkbV djrs gSa izR;sd gsM Lora= iwoZd dk;Z dj ldrk gS ,oa lwpukvksa dks Vsd ds vuqlkj LVksj djrk gsS esxusfVd Vsi IykfLVd ds cus gksrs gSaA ftl ij QsjksesXusfVd eVsfj;y dh dksfMax gksrh gSA bl Vsi dh pkSM+kbZ 12-5 mm ls 25 mm rd gksrh gSA rFkk yEckbZ 500 ehVj ls 1200 eh- rd gksrh gSA bl Vsi ij 9 lkekarj Vsd gksrs gSa 9 gsM okys Vsi esa 8 Vsd dk mi;ksx lwpukvksa dks LVksj djus esa fd;k tkrk gS rFkk 9 oha Vsd dk mi;ksx I;ksfjfV fcV dks jhdkWMZ djus esa fd;k tkrk gS A bl Vsi dh LihM 100 bap izfr lsds.M gksrh gSA vkSj lwpukvksa dks jhM jkbV djus dh nj 8*104 bit per second gksrh gSA Vsi dh starting ij marker }kjk iznfkaZr gksrh gS ;fn jkbV dekUM dks ,d cykWd ij fn;k tk, rks mlesa lwpuk,a LVksj gks tkrh gSaA blds ckn var esa fy[kk gksrk gSA tc Vsi ij MkVk fy[kk tkrk gS rks bls fjdkWMZ dj fn;k tkrk gS vkSj Vsi jhfMax ds fy, rS;kj gks tkrk gS bl izf;k dks fjyksM dgrs gSaA Vsi esa MkVk dks flDosUlyh jhM fd;k tkrk gSA bl Vsi ij ;fn Fundamental of computer
39
UNIT - V
buQkjesku xzqi es LVksj gksrh gS bUgs CykWd dgrs gSa vkSj CykWd ds lsV dks Qkby dgrs gSaA vr% os midj.k ftudk ;wt esXusfVd Vsi dks jhM ;k jkbV djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS esXusfVd Vsi dgykrs gSaA (b) Magnetic Disk :esXusfVd fMLd ,d Circular plate ;k IykfLVd dh gksrh gS tks fd esXusfVd eVsfj;y }kjk dksMsM gksrh gS ;g fMLd uEcj vkWQ Vsd ,oa lsDVj esa foHkkftr gksrh gSA ;g esXusfVd ds fy, ^^1** rFkk ukWu esXusfVd ds fy, ^^0** dk mi;ksx djrh gSA esXusfVd fMLd dks mlds fQftdy LVDpj ds vk/kkj ij nks Hkkxksa esa ckaVk x;k gsSA (i) Floppy Disk :yksih fMLd Hkh ,d ljdwyj IysV dk mi;ksx djrh gS tks fd vk;ju vkWDlkbM ls dksMsM gksrh gSA ;g ,d fjewoy fefM;k gSA yksih fMLd lwpukvksa dks ,d flLVe ls nwljs flLVe esa ewo djus esa lgk;rk iznku djrh gsSA dEi;wVj esa mudh lkbt ds vk/kkj ij yksih fMLd nks izdkj dh gksrh gSA 3-5 bap 3-5 bap SIZE
5.25 5.25 5.25 3.5 3.5 3.5
& 1-44 ,ech & 2-88 ,ech CAPACITY

360 KB 1.22 KB 2.4 MB 720 KB 1.44 MB 2.88 MB
DENSITY
single sided single sided & double sided double sided single sided double sided double sided
(ii) Hard Disk :Fundamental of computer

40
UNIT - V
gkMZ fMLd ,Y;wfefu;e dh ljdwyj IysV gksrh gS tks fd vk;ju vkWDlkbM ls dksMsM gksrh gS Y;wfefu;e IysV ds dkj.k bls gkMZ fMLd dgk tkrk gSA izR;sd gkMZ fMLd ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd ,Y;wfefu;e IysV dUVsUV djrk gSA ;g IysV ,Y;wfefu;e ckWDl ls <adh gksrh gS rkfd /kwy ls cph jgsA ;g fMLd lsUVj ij vlsfEcy gksrh gS vkSj eksVj dh lgk;rk ls jksVsV dj ldrh gSA izR;sd gkMZ fMLd esa nks izdkj ds jhM jkbV gsM gksrs gSaA (c) Cartridge Tape :;g iykfLVd ds Nksvs [kksy esa gksrh gSA ekbks dEI;wVjksa esa gkMZ fMLd ls MkVk dks cSd&vi djus ds fy;s bldk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;g Vsi vf/kd laxzg&{kerk vkSj mPp xfr ls dk;Z djus okyh gksrh gSaA ,d 1@4 bap vkSj 1000 QhV yEckbZ dh Vsi esa 10] 20] 40 ;k 60 esxkckbV MkVk dks ,d feuV esa laxzghr fd;k tk ldrk fd;k x;k gSA (f) Optical Disk :fdlh Hkh lwpukvksa dks jhM&jkbV djus ds fy, vkWfIVdy fMLd ,d ystj che dk mi;ksx djrh gSA vkWfIVdy fMLd IykfLVd dh ,d ljdwyj IysV gksrh gSA tks fd ,Y;wfefu;e dh ,d iryh ijr ls <adh gksrh gSA vkWfIVdy fMLd ukWu&VkaLesV eVsfj;y ds }kjk doMZ gksrh gS ,oa uaEcj vkWQ VsDl esa caVh gksrh gSA MkVk bu Vsd esa cuZ ;k ukWu&cuZ QkeZ esa gksrk gS fdlh Vsd ds iksjku dks cuZ djus ds fy, LVakx ystj che dk mi;ksx djrs gsSA ijaraq fdlh MkVk dks jhM djus ds Fundamental of computer
41
gSA dkVsZt Vsi foks"kr;k
gkMZ fMLd ls MkVk vkSj Programms dk cSdvi ysus ds fy;s rS;kj
UNIT - V
fy, ,d detksj ystj mi;ksx gksrk gsaS tc Hkh dksbZ ystj che fMLd ds Vsd ij fgV djrh gS rc vucuZ ikskZu ykbV fjysDV djrk gS A tSls :- CPU. vkWfIVdy fMLd cgqr lkjh lwpukvksa dks dUMsUl QkeZ esa j[krh gSA blh dkj.k bls dkWEisDV ;k vkWfIVdy fMLd dgk tkrk gSA ;g nks izdkj dh gksrh gSA
(i) CD ROM ( Single write / many write) (ii) CD READ/WRITE ( many write / many read)
(i) CD-R :lu~ 1990 esa CD ROM dh rduhdh esa fodkl vk;kA bl o"kZ ,d ,slh Mkbo dk fuekZ.k gqvk ftldk iz;ksx Lisky CD ROM
disk ij MkVk jkbV djus ds fy;s fd;k tkus yxkA blesa ml lhMh
jkse ds ikl ,d VsEizspj lsfUlax ys;j gksrh Fkh tks fd jkbfVax } kjk ifjofrZr dh tk ldrh gSA vki dsoy ml fMLd esa fdlh ,d fgLls ij ,d ckj esa gh MkVk jkbV dj ldrs FksA CD- R fMLd dks okeZ fMLd Hkh dgrs gSaA ;g fMLd tc pyrh gS rks bls fdlh Hkh CD
drive ij i<+k tk ldrk gSA pkgs mlls ge CD sound lqusa ;k MkVk
dks i<+saA (ii) CD-RW :vktdy ,d vkSj izdkj dh fMLd miyC/k gS ftls CD - RW dgrs gSaA bldk iwjk uke lh-Mh- jhjkbVscy gSA blds :i ,d gh fMLd ij ,d ls vf/kd ckj MkVk jkbV dj ldrs gSa ysfdu bl izdkj dh fMLdka dks lHkh CD drivers }kjk ugha i<+k tk ldrk gSA lkjh Fundamental of computer
42
UNIT - V
ubZ Mkbo tks fd orZeku ehfM;k }kjk rS;kj ystj che dks Lohdkj djrh gS] mls eYVhjhM dgrs gSaA VCD :bldk iwjk uke Video Compect Disk gSA bldk iz;ksx Lisky lh-Mh- QkjesV ds fy;s rFkk ohfM;ks lwpuk dks LVksj ;k laxzghr djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gS rFkk MPEG Compression dk iz;ksx djds 74 feuV dh Qqy eksku ohfM;ks fiDpj dh ,d lh-Mh cukbZ tk ldrh gSA
VCD dks pykus ds fy;s Video CD player ;k CD ROM dh
vko;drk iM+rh gS tks fd VCD ds fy;s mi;qDr gSA oh-lh-Mh] lh-Mh-oh- ds leku ugha gksrh gS tks fd dqN feuVksa ds fy;s vudEizsLM fMthVy vkfM;ks lkmUM Hkh gksrh gSA vkxs vkus okys le; esa oh-lh-Mh- dk iz;ksx cgqr mPP Lrj ij gksus yxsxkA
Computer Software
Introduction :ftl izdkj ,d eNyh ds fy;s ikuh dk egRo gksrk gS] Bhd mlh izdkj dEI;wVj flLVe ds fy, lkWVos;j egRoiw.kZ gSA eNyh ikuh ds fcuk thfor ugha jg ldrh gS] blh izdkj dEI;wVj Hkh lkWVos;j ds fcuk ugha py ldrk gSA lkWVos;j fdlh dEI;wVj flLVe ds lHkh gkMZos;j lalk/kuksa dk mi;ksx djrh gSA lkWVos;j fofHkUu izdkj ds gksrs gSa rFkk os fofHkUu dk;ksaZ ds dk;kZUo;u esa Hkkafr&Hkkafr dh Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA Fundamental of computer
43
UNIT - V
Needs of Software :fdlh lkWVos;j dh ekSfyd vko;drk ,d dEI;wVj ;k dEI;wVj vk/kkfjr xStsV tSls eksckby ;k dqN vkSj dks izkjEHk djuk gSA vc tc vkius vkWijsfVax flLVe uked lkWVos;j dks yksM dj fy;k gS] rks vki vius dEI;wVj flLVe dks izkjaHk djus dh fLFkfr esa vk x, gSaA ;fn vki blds vkxs dk;Z djuk pkgrs gSa tSls vkids ikl dk;Z djus ds fy, ,d vkWfQl gS] rks vkidks vkWijsfVax flLVe ls vf/kd dqN vkSj lkWVos;lZ dh vko;drk iM+sxhA blds vfrfjDr ;fn vkidk dEI;wVj ok;jl ls lafer gks tk; rks vkidks fQj ls ;wfVfyVh uked lkWVos; dh vko;drk iM+sxhA la{ksi esa ;fn vkids ikl dEI;wVj flLVe gS rFkk vki fufoZ?u dk;Z djuk pkgrs gSa rks vkidks le;≤ ij lkWVos;j dh vko;drk iM+sxhA vr% lkWVos;j dh vko;drk dks U;k;ksfpr Bgjkus ds fy;s laHkor% fuEukafdr dkj.k gks ldrs gSa % vius dEI;wVj dks izkjaHk djus ds fy, i= Vkbi djus ds fy, pkVZ dk fuekZ.k djus ds fy, vius MkVk dk izca/ku djus ds fy, vkWijsfVax flLVe ij fuiq.krk ls dk;Z djus ds fy, Types of Software :izk;ksfxd dEI;wvj flLVe lkWVos;j flLVeksa dks rhu eq[; oxksaZ esa foHkkftr djrk gSA flLVe lkWVos;j] izksxzkfeax lkWVos;j rFkk vuqiz;ksx lkWVos;j] ;|fi ;s Hksn 44 Fundamental of computer
UNIT - V
euekuks vkSj izk;% vLi"V gksrk gSA flLVe lkWVos;j dEI;wVj gkMZos;j rFkk dEI;wVj flLVe dks lapkfyr djus esa lgk;rk djrk gSA blesa vkWijsfVax flLVe fMokbl MkbolZ] MkbXuksfLVd VwYl] loZlZ] fo.Mksfoax flLVEl] ;wfVfyfVt vkfn 'kkfey gSaA flLVe lkWVos;j dk mn~ns; vuqiz;ksx izksxzkejksa dks iz;qDr fd;s tk jgs dEI;wVj ds tfVy fooj.kksa foks"kdj eseksjh rFkk vU; gkMZos;j foks"krkvksa vkSj lapkj] fizuVjksa] jhMjksa] fMLIys] dh&cksMksaZ] vkfn tSls lgk;d fMokblksa ls ftruk laHko gks lds mruk nwj j[kk tk;sA SOFTWARES :dEI;wVj ,d bysDVkWfuDl ekhu gS tks fd funsZkksa dh lgk;rk ls dk;Z djrh gS fdlh dk;Z dks djus ds fy;s dEI;wVj dks funsZk nsrs gSaA ,d dk;Z ds fy;s dbZ funsZk gksrs gSa funsZkksa dk lewg izksxzke dgykrk gSA fdlh dk;Z dks gy djus ds fy;s funsZkksa ds lewg dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gs ;g lHkh funssZk vyx&vyx Qkby esa save jgrs gSa vr% ,d nwljs ls laca/k izksxzke ds lewg dks lkWVos;j dgk tkrk gSA lkWVos;j ds izdkj :-
(1) Application Software :,sls lkWVos;j gksrs gSa ftUgs okLrfod thou dh leL;k ds fy;s cuk;k tkrk gS ,sls lkWVos;j dks dqN lhfer LFkkuksa ij
45
UNIT - V
gh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA lkekU;r% ,fIydsku lkWVos;j fuEu izdkj ds gksrs gS :(a) Word Processing Software. (c) Inventory Software. (e) Mixing Software. (b) Acconting Software. (d) Photo Editing Software.
(a) Word Processing Software :,sls lkWVos;j ftuesa 'kCnksa dks vPNh fof/k ls O;ofLFkr fd;k tk ldrk gsA Word Processing Software dgykrs gSA Word
Processing Software dk iz;ksx book dks compose djus ds fy;s ;k ysVj
fy[kus rFkk Fkhlsl fy[kus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA ;g lkWVos;j Lisfyax ds fy;s lqfo/kk nsrs gSa orZeku esa dqN oMZ izkslsflax lkWVos;j esa Lihp nsus rFkk gsUM jkbfVax dh lqfo/kk gksrh gS izr;sd oMZ izkslasflax esa 'kCnksa dks <w<us mUgs fdlh 'kCn ls fjiysl djus rFkk peragraph dks O;ofLFkr djus dh lqfo/kk gksrh gSA Example :- M.S. Word, Page Maker, Word Star. (b) Acconting Software :dqN ,fIydsku lkWVos;j dks ,dkmafVax esUVusUl djus ds fy;s cuk;k tkrk gS ;g ,fIydsku lkWVos;j vkWVksesfVd dsYdwysVj] ,fMfVax rFkk fofHkUu ,dkmaV cukus dh lqfo/kk iznku djrk gsSA ;g ,fIydsku lkWVos;j ,dkmaV ls lacaf/kr ,sls dk;Z ds ifj.kke rqjar nsrk gS ftUgs
menual djus ds fy;s vf/kd le; yxrk gsSA Example :- Tally, Excel.
(c) Inventory Software :Fundamental of computer
46
UNIT - V
okLrfod thou dh dbZ leL;k,a incoming and outgoing ls lacaf/kr gksrh gS ,sls lHkh ,fIydsku lkWVos;j ftUgs bl izdkj dh leL;k ds fy;s inventory flLVe esa budfeax ,aM vkmVxksbax rFkk status fjiksVZ dh lqfo/kk gksrh gSA
Example :- Railway Reservation, H.M.
(d) Photo Editing Software :dqN lkWVos;j fiDpj dks lq/kkjus ,oa vlesa fofHkUu izdkj ds izHkko ,IykbZ djus ds fy;s iz;ksx esa yk;s tkrs gSaA bl izdkj ds lkWVos;j QksVks ,fMfVax lkWVos;j dgykrs gSaA
Example- Adobe Photo shop, Ever Magic.
(e) Mixing Software :bl lkWVos;j dk iz;ksx fofHkUu vkoktksa dks fdEl djus ,oa movi esa vyx&vyx ;k fMftVy effect ykus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA
Example :- Micro Editor, V.C.D. Clipper.
(2) System Software :flLVe lkWVos;j dEI;wVj ds fdlh gkMZos;j ikVZ dks vkWijsV djus ds fy;s fodflr fd;k tkrk gSA ;g lkWVos;j ,d gh izdkj dh ekhu dks pykus esa l{ke gksrs gSa dqN flLVe lkWVos;j dks flLVe dh izkslsflax dks fu;af=r djus ,oa eseksjh dks O;ofLFkr djus ds fy;s Hkh cuk;k tkrk gS ;k cuk;k x;k gS flLVe lkWVos;j dks rhu Hkkxksa esa ckaVk x;k gS :(i) Opreting System. (ii) Utility Software. (iii) Drivers.
(i) Opreting System :Opreting System computer system dks lgh rjhds ls pykus ds
fy;s fodflr fd;k tkrk gS vFkkZr Opreting System os izksxzke gksrs 47 Fundamental of computer
UNIT - V
gSa tks fd dEi;wVj ds gkMZos;j ,oa dEI;wVj ds ;wtj ds chp ek/;e dk dk;Z djrs gSaA Opreting System dh lgk;rk ls dEI;wVj dh fofHkUu buiqV@vkmViqV izf;kvksa dks fu;af=r fd;k tkrk gSA (ii) Utility Software :Utility Program ,sls izksxzke gSa ftUgsa ,d Opreting System
esa vfrfjDr lqfo/kkvksa ds fy;s fodflr fd;k tkrk gS lkekU;r%

Utility Programm Opreting System ds Hkkx gksrs gSaA
Example :1. ok;jl dh lqj{kk ds fy;s M.S. Dos esa MSAB ,d utility gSA 2- Qkby dks dEikst djus ds fy;s vkWijsfVax flLVe esa backup
restore tSlh izkslsflax gksrh gSA
3- ;wfVfyfV izksxzke esa dqN vU; izksxzke Hkh gksrs gS tks fd fllVe dks Ldsu djus ds fy;s iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSaA dqN s/w dEiuht Hkh dEI;wVj flLVe dh n{krk dks c<+kus ds fy;s vyx ls lkWVos;j cukrh gSaA (iii) Drivers :Drivers programm ,sls lkWVos;j gksrs gSa ftudh lgk;rk
ls dEI;wVj ds fofHkUu isjhQsjy fMokbl tSls& fizaVj] Ldsuj] dsejk vkfn dks pyk;k tkrk gSA fizaVj dks pykus ds fy;s Mkboj dh vko;drk gksrh gSA izR;sd Mkboj izksxzke dh lgk;rk ls ,d fufpr dEI;wVj ds fufpr isjhQsjy dks gh pyk ldrs gSaA TRANSLATOR :-
48
UNIT - V
os izksxzke tks gkbZysosy ysaXost esa fy[ks x, izksxzke dks ekhu ysosy ysaXost esa translate djus ds fy;s ;wt gksrs gSaA VkalysVj izksxzke dgykrs gSaA izR;sd ysaXost viuk ,d VkaLysVj izksxzke gksrk gSa vFkkZr izR;sd VkaLysVj ,d Lisky ysaXost dks gh VkaLysV djrk gSA VkaLysVj fuEu izdkj ds gksrs gSsA (1) Assembler :vlsEcyj ,d ,slk izksxzke gksrk gsS tks fd vlsEcyh ysaXost dks ekhu ysaXost esa VkaLysV djrk gsSA vlsEcyj vlsEcyh ysaXost izksxzke dks ykbu ok; ykbu VkaLysV djrk gsSA ;fn dksbZ error mRiUu gksrh gSA rks error massage ekWuhVj ij fMlIys gksrk gSSa vkSj VkaLysku LVkWi gks tkrk gSA (2) Interpreter :;g VkaLysVj gkbZ ysosy ysaXost esa fy[ks x, izksxzke dks ekhu ysaXost esa VkaLysV djrk gSA ;g VkaLysVj Hkh gkbZ ysosy ysaXost esa fy[ks izksxzke dks ykbu ck; ykbu VkaLysV djrk gssSA ;fn dksbZ error mRiUu gksrh gSA rks VkaLysVj VkaLysku jksd nsrk gSA (3) Compiler :dEikbyj Hkh gkbZ ysosy ysaXost esa fy[ks x, izksxkzke dks ekhu ysaXost esa VkaLysV djrk gsSA ijarq ;g VkaLysVj gkbZ ysosy ysaXost esa izksxzke ,d lkFk VkaLysV djrk gsS ,oa lHkh error ,d lkFk nkkZrk gSA
49
UNIT - V
***************** END *****************
UNIT - IV
OPRETING SYSTEM :Opreting System computer system dks lgh rjhds ls pykus ds fy;s
fodflr fd;k tkrk gS vFkkZr Opreting System os izksxzke gksrs gSa tks fd dEi;wVj ds gkMZos;j ,oa dEI;wVj ds ;wtj ds chp ek/;e dk dk;Z djrs gSaA Opreting System dh lgk;rk ls dEI;wVj dh fofHkUu buiqV@vkmViqV izf;kvksa dks fu;af=r fd;k tkrk gSA Functions of Operating System :vkWijsfVax fllVe dk egRoiw.kZ ,oa izkFkfed dk;Z fu;a=.k vkSj izca/ku gSA vkWijsfVax flLVe ;g lqfufpr djrk gS fd izf;k ds fy;s izfo`"V izksxzke vius dk;ksZa ds ekuqlkj lEiUu djsa vkSj dEI;wVj esa miyC/k lalk/ku bl izksxzke ds fy;s miyC/k gksaA cM+s dEi;wVjksa esa] ftlesa ,d ls vf/kd ;wtj ,d lkFk dk;Z dj ldrs gsSA vkWijsfVax flLVe lHkh ;wtlZ dh os/krk dh tkap djrk gSA vkSj dsoy os ;wtlZ gh bu dEi;wVjksa ij dk;Z dj ldrs gSaA ftugsa ikloMZ iznku fd;k x;k gSSa A blds vykok vkijsfVax flLVe dEI;wVjksa ds lalk/kuksa dk vkoaVu Hkh djrk gSA vkijsfVax flLVe dk dk;Z fuEufyf[kr gSA
(i) Processor Management :-
50
UNIT - V
blds vUrxZr fofHkUu dk;z izkslslj dks lkSais tkrs gSa tksfd ,d dEI;wVj flLVe }kjk iw.kZ fd;s tkus gsSA
(ii) Memory Management :-
blds vUrxZr flLVe izksxzke] ;wtj izksxzke rFkk MkVk dks esu eseksjh esa LVksj djk;k tkrk gSA
(iii) Input/Output Management :-
bl eSustesav ds vUrxZr fofHkuu buiqV rFkk vkmViqV fMokblksa dk leuo; rFkk mu fMokblksa dks dk;Z lkSaik tkuk lfEefyr gS tc ,d ;k vf/kd izksxzke f;kafUor gksrs gSaA
(iv) File Management :-
blds vUrxZr fofHkUu Qkbyksa dks LVksj fd;k tkrk gS rFkk mu Qkbyksa dks ,d fMokbl ij LFkkukarfjr fd;k tkrk gSA ;g bl ckr dh Lohd`fr Hkh iznku djrk gS fd vki Qkbyksa dks cny ldsaa rFkk muesa ifjorZu dj ldsaA blds fy;s fdlh text editor dk iz;ksx djuk iM+sxkA
(v) Scheduling of Resources and Jobs :-
dEI;wVj iz.kkyh dh fMokblst ds fy;s fd;s gkus okys dk;ksaZ dh lwph vkWijsfVax flLVe rS;kj djrk gSaA vkWijsfVax flLVe ;g fu.kZ; djrk gS fd fdl fMokbl dk mi;ksx fdl dk;Z ds fy;s gksuk gSA ;g f;k rc tfVy gks tkrh gs tc vusd dk;Z dEI;wVj flLVe dks ,d lkFk djus gksaA
(vi) Monitoring Activities :-
51
UNIT - V
izf;k ds nkSjku dEI;wVj flLVe dh xfrfof/k;ksa dk vkWijsfVax fllVe /;ku j[krk gSA izksxzke esa =qfV gksus ij mUgsa fujLr djrk gSA blh izdkj buiqV@vkmViqV fMokblst esa vkus okyh fdlh Hkh vizR;kfkr =qfV ds fy;s ;wtj dks rRdky lansk Hkh vkWijsfVax flLVe nsrk gsA tc vusd ;wtlZ }kjk lapkfyr flLVe esa vkWijsfVax flLVe iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gS rks ;g flLVe dks lqj{kk Hkh iznku djrk gS ftlls voS/k ;wtj flLVe ls MkVk dks izkIr u dj ldsaA TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM :vkWijsafVx flLVe ,d rjg dk dEiwVj dk daVksy izksxzke gSA vkWijsafVx flLVe Lo;a es dqN foks"k izksxzkeks dk laxzg gSA ;s izkaxzke vkids funsZkks o izuks dk dEiwVj Hkk"kk es ;k ehuh Hkk"kk es vuqokn djrs gSA vkSj mlds ckn dEiwVj ds izR;sd mRrj dks ekhuh Hkk"kk ls vkidh Hkk"kk es ifjofrZr djrs gSA vkWijsafVx flLVe vkids ihlh- dks ;g Hkh funsZk nsrk gS fd blds fofHkUu vaxks ds lkFk dSls dke fd;k tk,A vkWijsafVx flLVe ,d ekLVj dUVksy izksxzke gS tks dEiwVj dk lapkyu djrk gS vkSj ,d fu;a=d dh Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA lh-ih-;w- ls izkIr ladsrks dks dEiwVj ds Hkkxks rd ls izokg dks Hkh ;g fu;af=r djrk gSA ,d vkWijsfVax flLVe ds fuEufyf[kr izdkj gks ldrs gSSa :1- Single User System. 3- Multi Processing. 2- Multi Programming. 4- Batch Processing.
52
UNIT - V
(1) Single User System :,d flaxy ;wtj vkWijsfVax flLVe og gksrk gS ftlesa dsoy ,d izksxzke ,d ckj esa f;kfUor gksrk gSA igys le; ds vf/kdkak vkWijsfVax flLVe flaxy ;wtj gksrs Fks vkSj vktdy ds vf/kdkak ekbks dEI;wVjksa esa Hkh flaxy ;wtj vkWijsfVax flLVe dk gh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bl vkWijsfVax flLVe esa ,d leL;k ;g gS fd blesa ,d izksxzke ls vf/kd izksxzke ,d ckj esa f;kfUor ugha fd;s tk ldrs gSaA blfy;s bl flLVe esa izksxzke ,d ykbu esa O;ofLFkr jgrs gSaA ,d dEi;wVj flLVe ,d izksxzke dks rqjUr ekU;rk ughsa nsrk gS tc rd fd mlds lkFk dksbZ igpku u gksA blds fy;s lwpukvksa dk lkFk gksuk cgqr t:jh gS ftlls fd ml izksxzke dks igpkuk tk ldsA vU; isjhQsjy fMokbl Hkh izksxzke f;kfUor djus ds fy;s bu lwpukvksa dh ekax djrs gSaA ;g lkjs funsZk ,d Lisky tkWc dUVksy Hkk"kk esa fy[ks tkrs gSa ftls fd vkWijsfVax flLVe le>rk gSA (2) Multiprogramming :vkWijsfVax flLVe foks"k izksxzkeksa dk ,d lewg gsS tks dEI;wVj dh f;kvksa dk lapkyu djrk gS vkSj dEI;wVj dh f;kvksa dks ,d izksxzke ls nwljs izksxzke esa LFkkukUrfjr djds xfr nsrk gSA dEI;wVj] vkWijsfVax flLVe dh lgk;rk ls Lo;a dh f;kvksa ij fuxjkuh j[krk gS vkSj Lopkfyr :i ls vU; ,Iyhdsku izksxzkeksa dks dk;Z ckaVrk gSA ;g lHkh vU; izksxzkeksa ds funsZkksa dks ekhu ds le>us ;ksX; cukrk gSA ;g dEI;wVj dh lHkh xfrfof/k;ksa ds lapkyu vkSj fu;a=.k ds vykok ekuo }kjk Fundamental of computer
53
UNIT - V
enter fd;s x;s MkVk vkSj vkmViqV fd;s tkus okys ifj.kke dks
Hkh ,d fMokbl ls nwljh fMokbl esa LFkkukUrfjr djrk gSA vktdy dbZ vkWijsfVax flLVe vusd dk;Z ,d lkFk djus dh lqfo/kk nsrs gSa ftls eYVh izksxzkfeax dgrs gSaA vU; 'kCnksa esa nks ;k nks ls vf/kd izksxzkeksa dk ,d gh le; esa ,d gh dEI;wVj }kjk f;kafUor gksuk gh eYVh izksxzkfeax dgykrk gSA (3) Multiprocessing :Multiprocessing 'kCn dk iz;ksx ,d izkslsflax n`f"Vdks.k
dks Li"V djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gS tgkWa ij nks rFkk vf/kd izkslslj ,d nwljs ls tqM+s jgrs gSaA bl izdkj ds flLVe esa fHkUu rFkk Lora= izksxzkeksa ds funsZk ,d gh le; esa ,d ls vf/kd izkslsljksa }kjk f;kafUor fd;s tkrs gSa ;k izkslsljksa } kjk fofHkUu funsZkksa dk f;kaUo;u ,d ds ckn ,d fd;k tkrk gS tks fd ,d gh izksxzke ls izkIr gq, gksaA ;g vkWijsfVax flLVe dk gh dk;Z gS fd og buiqV] vkmViqV rFkk izkslsflax {kerkvksa ds chp vPNk rkyesy LFkkfir djsA (4) Batch Processing :Batch Processing ,d cgqr iqjku rjhdk gS ftlds ek/;e ls
fofHkUu izksxzkeksa dks f;kafUor fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj bldk iz;ksx fofHkUu MkVk izkslsflax lsaVj ij dk;ksaZ dks f;kfUor djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA vkWijsfVax flLVe dh ;g rduhd vkWVkseSfVd tkWc&ifjorZu ds fl)kUr ij fuHkZj gSA ;gh fl)kar vf/kdkak vkWijsfVax flLVeksa ds }kjk iznku fd;k tkrk gSA bl Fundamental of computer
54
UNIT - V
izdkj ds vkWijsfVax flLVe esa izR;sd ;wtj vius izksxzke dks vkWQ ykbu rS;kj djrk gS rFkk dk;Z iwjk gks tkus ij mls MkVk izkslsflax lsUVj ij tek djk nsrk gSA ,d dEI;wVj vkWijsVj mu lkjs izksxzkeksa dks ,d= djrk gS tks fd ,d dkMZ ij iap jgrs gSaA tc vkijsVj izksxzkeksa ds cSp dks ,d= dj ysrk gS rc og ml cSp dks dEiwVj esa yksM dj nsrk gS rFkk fQj mu izksxzkeksa dks ,d&,d djds f;kafUor fd;k tkrk gSA vUr esa vkWijsVj mu dk;kssaZ ds fizUVsM vkmViqV dks izkIr djrk gS rFkk mu vkmViqVksa dks lEcfU/kr ;wtjksa dks iznku dj fn;k tkrk gSA Computer Language :dEI;wVj language ;k izksxzke language ,d nwljs ds dE;wfudsku ds fy;s ,d ehfM;k gSA language foKku esa fdlh dk;Z dks djus ds fy;s nwljs dEI;wVj ls dE;wfudsku djrk gSA dE;wfudsku esa dEI;wVj dks funsZk ,oa tkudkfj;ka nh tkrh gSa dEI;wVj ls izkIr MkVk ds vuqlkj dk;Z djrk gsS rFkk ;wtj dks ifj.kke nsrk gSA izksxzke ysaXost dks pkj Hkkxksa esa ckaVk x;k gSA (1) Machine Language 1st Genration :blesa izksxzke 0 o 1 ds :i esa ;k No. code ds vuqlkj fy[ks tkrs FksA ekhu ysaXost dks dEI;wVj lh/ks Lohdkj dj ysrk gS vr% bls Translate djus ds fy;s flLVe dks dksbZ VkaLysVj dh vko;drk ugha gksrh vr% ;wtj Mk;jsDV flLVe ij dk;Z djrk gSA ekhu ysaXost ds advantage rFkk disadvantage fuEu gSaA Advantage :Fundamental of computer
55
UNIT - V
1- dEI;wVj ekhu ysaXost dks le> ldrk gS vr% ekhu ysaXost esa cus izksxzke lh/ks gh pyk;s tk ldrs gSA 2- ;g izksxzke dEI;wVj flLVe ds gkMZos;j ikVZ dks fu;af=r dj ldrs gSA Disadvantage :1- ;g ysaXost euq";ksa dks le>us esa dfBu Fkh D;ksafd lHkh funsZkksa dks 0 o 1 ds :i esa fy[kk tkrk FkkA 2- ekhu ysaXost esa izksxzke cM+s gksrs gSa rFkk mUgsa lq/kkjuk dfBu gksrk gSA 3- ekhu ysaXost esa gj v{kj dk dksM ;kn j[kuk gksrk gSA 4- ekhu ysaXost esa cus izksxzke ekhu ij fuHkaZj jgrs gSa vr% ,d ekhu ij cus gq, izksxzke dks nwljs ekhu ij ugha pyk;k tk ldrk gSA 5- izksxzke esa vkus okyh xyfr;ksaa dks <wa<uk rFkk mUgs lq/kkjuk dfBu gksrk gSA (2) Assembly Language 2nd Genration :Assembly language esa dqN ifjHkkf"kd 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ftUgs numeric code dgk tkrk gS vlsEcyh ysaXost esa vf/kdkak phtsa ekhu ysaXost esa fy[kh tkrh gSA ijarq dqN common phtksa ds fy;s U;wesfjd dksM dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gsSA
Ex. :- Add Div dks Addition. dks Division.
Advantage :1- ekhu ysaXost dh rqyuk esa vklku gSA Fundamental of computer
56
UNIT - V
2- U;wesfjd dksM ds dkj.k izksxzke dk vkdkj NksVk gks tkrk gSA Disadvantage :1- le>us esa dfBu FkhA 2- izksxzke dks dbZ U;wesfjd dksM ;kn j[kus iMrs FksA 3- izksxzke dks dEI;wVj flLVe ds gkMZos;j ikVZ dk Hkh Kku gksuk pkfg;sA 4- ;g ysaXost ekhu ij fuHkZj gSA 5- vlsEcyh ysaXost ds izksxzke dks ekhu ysaXost esa cnyus ds fy;s ,d VkaLysVj dh vko;drk gksrhgS ftls vlsEcyj dgk tkrk gSA (3) High level Language 3rd Genration :High level language lkekU;r% vaxzsth Hkk"kk ds leku
gSA gkbZ ysoy ysaXost esa izksxzkej vaxzsth ds okD;ksa ds :i esa fy[k ldrk gSA Advantage :1- ekuo }kjk le>us esa vklku gSA
funsZkksa dks
2- gkbZ ysosy ysaXost esa gksus ds otg ls bls vklkuh ls lq/kkjk tk ldrk gSA ,oa xyfr;ksa dks Bhd fd;k tk ldrk gSA 3- gkbZ ysosy ysaXost esa izksxzke dks lc izksxzke esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gsA ,oa mUgs ,d nwljs ls tksM+k tk ldrk gSA 4- dEI;wVj ds gkMZos;j ,oa mudh lajpuk dk Kku gksuk vko;d ugha gSA Fundamental of computer
57
UNIT - V
5- ;g ekhu independent gS vFkkZr ,d ekhu ds izksxzke dks nwljh ekhu ij ju fd;k tk ldrk gSA Disadvantage :1- gkbZ ysosy ysaXost esa fy[ks izksxzke dks ekhu ysaXost esa ifjofrZr djus ds fy;s VkaLysVj dh vko;drk gksrh gSA 2- dqN gkbZ ysosy ysaXost ekhu ds lkFk lh/ks gh rkyesy ugha fcBk ldrs gSaA
Ex. :- Basic, Cobol ;s Application ds fy;s useful gksrh gsSA
(4) 4th G.L. language 4rh Genration :4 G.L. gh gkbZ ysosy ysaXost gS ijarq blesa gkbZ ysosy
ysaXost dh rqyuk esa dbZ vfrfjDr lqfo/kk,a gsS :(i) OOPS (Object Oriented Programming ) :lHkh 4th G.L. language esa MkVk dh lqj{kk] ok;fMax rFkk Nqikus dh lqfo/kk gksrh gS tks fd ,M+s ,fIydsku izksxzke cukus esa lgk;rk iznku djrh gSA ;s cgq:irk dh lqfo/kk nsrk gSA (ii) G.U.I. (Graphic User Interphase) :vf/kdkak 4 G.L. esa Graphical Interphase cukus dh vko;drk gksrh gS xzkfQd ;wtj baVjQsl gksus dh ctg ls vkWijsVj bugs vklkuh ls le> ldrk gSA (iii) A.I.(Artifacial Intelligency) :4 G.L. esa Artifacial Intelligency }kjk dqN error dks Lor%
gh vyx fd;k tk ldrk gS vf/kdkakr% 4 G.L Automatic Application

Programm cukus dh lqfo/kk nsrs gSA
58
UNIT - V
Advantage :1- ekuo }kjk le>us esa vklku gSA 2- 4 G.L esa gksus dh otg ls bls vklkuh ls lq/kkjk tk ldrk gS ,oa xfYr;ksa dks Bhd fd;k tk ldrk gSA 3- 4 G.L esa izksxzke dks lc izksxzke esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,oa mugsa ,d&nwljs tksM+k tk ldrk gsSA 4- dEI;wVj ds gkMZos;j ,oa mudh lajpuk dk Kku gksuk vko;d ugha gsSA 5- ;g ekhu Lora= gS vFkkZr ,d ekhu izksxzke dks nwljh ekhu ij ju fd;k tk ldrk gSA Disadvantage :1- 4 G.L esa fy[ks izksxzke dks ekhu ysaXost esa djus ds fy;s VkaLysVj dh vko;drk gksrh gSA 2- dqN 4 G.L Machine ds lkFk lh/ks gh rkyesy cuk ldrs gSA Ex. :- basic, cobol ;s application ds fy;s usefull gksrh gSA
APPLICATION SOFTWARE :Application Software dEI;wVj ls foks"k dk;ksaZ dks
lEiUu djokrs gSaA bu foks"k dk;ksaZa esa oMZ izkslsflax] LizsMkhV] Mkbax ds dk;Z lfEefyr gSaA ,fIydsku lkWVos;j ds }kjk fd;s tkus okys dk;ksaZ dk foLr`r o.kZu fuEufyf[kr gSA & (1) Word Processor :oMZ izkslslj ls vfHkizk; oSlh 'kCn izf;k ls gS ftlds vUrxZr vO;ofLFkr 'kCnksa dks ltkdj rFkk mu ij izf;k dj mUgsa O;ofLFkr <ax ls izLrqr djrk gSA ekuoh; Vkbi jkbVj ls Fundamental of computer
59
UNIT - V
fcYdqy fHkUu] oMZ izkslsflax lkWVos;j dbZ cgqr gh vf/kd mi;ksxh ;a=ksa tSls oMZ jSi] orZuh tkWap rFkk MkWD;wesUV ds v{kj] i`"B dks fMtkbu djuk iznku djrk gSA oMZ izkslslj ds ek/;e ls vki tks Keyboard ds ek/;e ls fy[krs gSa mls Lhu ij ns[k ldrs gSa rFkk mls i<+ ldrs gSa rFkk mls bPNkuqlkj fMtkbu dj ldrs gSaA oMZ izkslslj dh lcls cM+h foks"krk ;g gS fd vki vius document dks dkxt ij Nkius ls igys ftruh ckj pkgsa 'kCnksa esa lakks/ku dj ldrs gSa] feVk ldrs gSa] u;k 'kCn tksM+ ldrs gSaA Word star] Word Perfect rFkk
MS WordZ blds dqN mnkgj.k gSaA
(2) Spreadsheet :LizsMkhV izksxzke ewyr% la[;kRed f;k lEiUu djus] MkVk dks lkj.kh :i esa ltkus] pkVZ cukus rFkk jaxhu xzkQ rS;kj djus ds iz;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSA LizsMkhV izksxzke esa odZkhV gksrs gSa tks ,d lkekU; i`"B dh rjg gksrk gS rFkk izR;sd odZkhV esa iafDr;ksa rFkk dkWye gksrs gsa tks MkVk dks lkj.kh :i esa fy[kus essa lgk;d gksrs gSaA iafDr;kWa rFkk dkWye ek% {kSfrt rFkk m/okZ/kj :i esa lts gksrs gSaA izR;sd iafDr o dkye ds izfrPNsn dks cell dgrs gSaA ,d cell fdlh Hkh izdkj dk MkVk tsSls dksbz v{kj] vad] ladsr ;k QkWewZyk j[k ldrk gSA oMZ izkslslj dh rjg gh blesa vki vusd vk;ke esa MkVk dks lqO;ofLFkr dj ldrs gSaA yksVl rFkk ,e-,l-,Dlsy tSls LizsMkhV lkWVos;j cktkj esa izpfyr gSaA
60
UNIT - V
(3) Presentation Software :izLrqfr lkWVos;j ds ek/;e ls iz;ksDrk viuh ckrksa dks ,d izkstsDVj ds ek/;e ls cM+s insZ ij vFkok dEI;wVj Lhu ij izLrqr dj ldrk gsS rFkk nkZdksa dh cM+h la[;k dks lEcksf/kr dj ldrk gSA bldk iz;ksx vki O;olkf;d ;kstuk rFkk j.kuhfr ds iznkZu ds fy, dj ldrs gSaA izLrqfr esa vki fdlh Hkh izdkj dk MkVk tSls VSDLV] fp=] /ofu lfEefyr dj ldrs gSaA bldk iz;ksx dscy vkWijsVjksa }kjk Vsfyfotu ij izpkj fn[kkus ds fy, Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA MS PowerPoint bl dk;Z ds fy, lcls vf/kd mi;qDr lkWVos;j gSA (4) Database Management System :MkVkcsl izca/ku iz.kkyh MkVk dks ,d= rFkk bls lqO;ofLFkr djus ds dke vkrk gSA ;g NksVs Lrj ls ysdj cM+s Lrj rd ds MkVk izca/ku ds dk;Z esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;g dEI;wVj izkS|ksfxdh ds dbZ cMs+ ykHkksa esa ,d gSA ;g O;olkf;d izfr"Bkuksa ds lwpuk iz.kkyh dks vf/kd izHkkokkyh rFkk lf; cukrk gSA mnkgj.kLo:i vLirky esa iz;ksx fd;k tkus okyk MkVkcsl izca/ku iz.kkyh vLirky ds lHkh xfrfof/k;ksa ls lEcfU/kr MkVk lax`ghr j[krk gS tSls HkrhZ ejht ds uke] okMZ la- vkfn rFkk vko;drk iMus ij bls lsds.Mksa esa miyC/k djkrk gSA MkVkcsl izca/ku iz.kkyh dk mUur rduhdh] lEcU/kxr izca/ku iz.kkyh Hkh izpyu esa gS rFkk vis{kkd`r vf/kd mi;ksxh gSA
Ex. :- Sybase, Foxpro, MS-Access etc.
(5) Graphics Program :Fundamental of computer

61
UNIT - V
xzkfQDl izksxzke gj izdkj ds fp= rFkk izfrek cukus] mls lakksf/kr djus rFkk lax`ghr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA dqN xzkfQDl izksxzke [kkl rkSj ij fod`r Nk;kfp= dks vkd"kZd :i nsus ds fy, dk;Z esa yk;s tkrs gSaA budk iz;ksx o`gn Lrj ij izdkku rFkk osclkbV fMtkbfuax esa gks jgk gSA byLVsVj rFkk QksVkskkWi blds mRd`"V mnkgj.k ds :i esa cktkj esa miyC/k gsSA Number System Data Representation :ge tkurs gS fd dEI;wVj ckbujh la[;kvks ds }kjk dk;Z djrk gS vkSj blfy;s la[;kvks v{kjks vkSj vU; fpUgks dks ckbujh la[;kvks es ifjofrZr djuk vko;d gSA la[;k iz.kkfy;ks ge ifjorZu i< paqds gSA ysfdu dEI;wVj es izfd;k gsrq MkVk vkSj lwpuk dk laXzkg le>us ds fy;s i;kZIr ugh gSA bldk vFkZ gS fd dEI;wVj es laxzg.k vkSj izfd;k ds fy;s ckbujh lwpuk ,d mi;qDr voLFkk es gksuh pkfg;sA dEI;wVj es dh cksMZ }kjk nck;h tkud ckyh izR;sd Key ls ,d dsjsDVj dk ladsr buiqV gksrk gSA 0 ls 9 rd ds vad A ls Z rd dh o.kZekyk ;k Special fpUg +, -, *, /, ?, \, >, < vkfn dqy 256 dsjsDVj gksrs gSA izR;sd dsjsDVj dh ,d fufpr ckbujh la[;k gksrh gSA dEI;wVj es dsjsDVj dks O;Dr djus ds fy;s ckbujh la[;kvksaa dks fofHkUu dksM ;k ladsr gksrs gSA tSls ASCII, EBCDIC,BCD vkfnA izr;sd dksM fdlh dsjsDVj dks O;Dr djus gsrq ckbujh vadks dh ,d fufpr la[;k vkSj O;oLFkk iznku djrk gSA dEI;wVj flLVe dsoy ekhuh ysaXost esa gh le>rk gS tcfd dEI;wVj esa dksM fd;k tkus okyk MkVk U;wesfjd] Fundamental of computer
62
UNIT - V
vYQkcsfVd ;k fdlh vU; foks"k dsjsDVj esa gks ldrk gsS pwafd dEI;wVj esa dksM fd;k tkus okyk MkVk ckbujh dksfMax esa ugha gksrk gSA vkSj dEI;wVj flLVe ds fy;s dqN ckbujh dksM~l cuk;s x;s gSA ;g dksM~l 3 izdkj ds gksrs gSA
1. Binary Coded Decimal. 2. Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code. 3. ASCII Code.
(1). Binary Coded Decimal :bUgsa ckbujh rFk Msfley uEcj ij dEckbu ;k feyk tqyk ekuk tkrk gsSA bu dksM ds }kjk fdlh Hkh Msfley fMftV dks 4 fcV QkeZ esa iznfkZr fd;k tk ldrk gSA blds fy, fdlh Hkh Msfley uEcj dks ckbujh dksM esa dUoVZ fd;k tkrk gSA blds fy, ckbujh dks Msfley esa cnyus dh esFkM iz;ksx djrs gsSa vkSj ;fn dksbZ fMftV 4 fcV dks iwjk ugha djrh gS rks mlds cka;h vksj 0 yxkdj 4 fcV iwjh dj nh tkrh gSaA Decimal Digit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 BCD 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001
4 fcV chlhMh dksM ds }kjk dsoy fMftV dks gh fjiztsaV fd;k tk ldrk Fkk vkSj ;g dksfMax flLVe dsoy Msfley uEcj dks Fundamental of computer
63
UNIT - V
gh fjiztsaV dj ldrk gS bu dksMl ds }kjk dsoy 16 dsjsDVj fjiztsaV fd;s tk ldrs gSa blfy;s bu dksM dks Msoyi djds 6 fcV chlhMh dksM esa dUoVZ fd;k x;k gSA blesa tqMus okyh nks ,DlVk fcV tksu dks fjiztsaV djrh gs bu dksMl ds }kjk 64 dsjsDVj fjiztsaV fd;s tk ldrs gSa ;g dksM Msfley dsjsDVj dks fjiztsaV djus ds fy;s i;kZIr gS fdlh dsjsDVj dk chlhMh dksM fudkyus ds fy;s ml dsjsDVj ds vkWDVsy uEcj dks fy;k tkrk gS rFkk bl uEcj ds izR;sd fMftV dks vyx dj fn;k tkrk gS vyx dh xbZ izR;sd fMftV dk ckbujh uEcj fudky fy;k tkrk gS blds fy;s vkWDVsy dks ckbujh esa cnyus dh 'kkWVZdV esFkM mi;ksx dh tkrh gsA fudkyh xbZ ckbujh fMftV dks feykdj fy[k fn;k tkrk gsS rFkk bls psd fd;k tkrk gS fd ;g fMftV 6 fcV dks dEIyhV djrh gS ;k ughA ^^0** yxkdj 6 fcV dEIyhV dj nh tkrh gS bl izdkj izkIr gqvk ckbujh uEcj ml dsjsDVj dk chlhMh dksM gksrk gSA
64
UNIT - V
Character A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z D = I G I T = = = 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 - 0100
BCD Codes Zone Digit 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001
Octal No. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 70 71 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 50 51 22 23 24 25 26 27 30 31
DIGIT dk BCD CODE 11 - 1001 11 - 0111 11 - 1001 - 0011

65
= 01
UNIT - V
DIGIT = (110100111001110111111001010011)BCD EBCDIC CODE :(EBCDIC CODE Full Name is Extended Binary Code Decimal Interchange Code.)
Ckh lh Mh dksM es eq[; leL;k ;g Fkh fd muds }kjk dscy 64 vyx dsjsDVj gh fjiztsav fd;s tk ldrs FksA tks fd yksojdsl ysVj] dsihVy ysVj] rFkk cgqr lkjs Lisky dsjsDVj dks fjiztsaV djus ds fy;s i;kZZIr ugha Fks blfy;s ch lh Mh dksM~l dks 6 fcV dksM ls ,DlVsaV djds 8 fcV dksM esa cnyk x;k bl izdkj bZ ch lh Mh vkbZ lh dksM 8 fcV dksM~l dgykrs gSaA buesa add gqbZ ,DLVk 2 fcV tksu fcVl esa tqM+rh gS buds }kjk 256 fMQjsaV dsjsDVj vklkuh ls fjiztsaV fd;k tk ldrk gSA blds vykok Msfley baVhtj Lisky dsjsDVj rFkk dbZ izdkj ds fizaVscy ;k ukWu fizUVscy dsjsDVj dks vklkuh ls fjiztsaV dj ldrs gSa bu dksM dks IBM esa Msoyi fd;k x;k gS ftUgs ;g vius dEI;wVj esa ;wt dj jgh gS blds vykok dbZ vU; dEI;wVj daifu;ka ;wt dj jgh gSaA
EBCDIC 8 fcV dksM gS fdlh dsjsDVj dk EBCDIC fudkyus
ds fy;s mldks gsDtkMsfley esa fy;k tkrk gS bl uEcj dh izR;sd fMftV dks vyx dj fy;k tkrk gS vyx dh xbZ bu fMftV ds ckbujh uEcj fudky fy;s tkrs gsa izR;sd fMftV 4 fcV esa dEIyhM fd;k tkrk gS rFk fudkys x;s ckbujh uEcj dks feykdj fy[kus ij ml dsjsDVj dk EBCDIC dksM fey tkrk gSA ftldh QLV 4 fcV tksu rFkk ykLV 4 fcV fMftV dks fjiztsaV djrh gSA
CHARACTER EBCDIC ZONE DIGIT
66
HEXA DECIMAL
UNIT - V
A 1100 B 1100 C 1100 D 1100 E 1100 F 1100 G 1100 H 1100 I 1100 J 1101 K 1101 L 1101 M 1101 N 1101 O 1101 P 1101 Q 1101 R 1101 S 1110 T 1110 U 1110 V 1110 W 1110 X 1110 Y 1110 Z 1110 0 1111 1 1111 2 1111 3 1111 4 1111 5 1111 6 1111 7 1111 8 1111 9 1111 (286)10 --------- (?)EBCDIC 2 = 1111 Fundamental of computer
0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 0010
67
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 E8 E9 F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9
UNIT - V
(286)10
8 = 1111 - 1000 6 = 1111 - 0110 --- (111100101111100011110110)EBCDIC
-- NUMBER SYSTEM-Introduction :dEI;wVj fMftVy bysDVkWfud ifjiFk ls fufeZr gksrk gS blds ifjiFk ds eq[; Hkkx esa VkaftLVj gksrs gsa ftldh izd`fr ckbujh gksrh gSa ;gka ckbujh izd`fr dk vFkZ ;g gS fd VkaftLVj dsoy nks voLFkk esa dk;Z djrk gS ^^vkWu** ;k ^^vkWQ** ;gka vkWu dk vFkZ gS fo|qr dk lapkj vr% VkaftLVj ,d fLop dh rjg dk;Z djrk gsA bl izdkj dEI;wVj ckbujh rkj ds ifjiFk ls fufeZr gksrk gsS vkSj MkVk dks mlesa bysDVkWfud ladsr dh mifLFkfr ;k vuqifLFkfr ds :i esa O;Dr djrk gSA vksj MkVk dk ;g izfrfuf/kRo ckbujh ;k f}vk/kkjh fu:i.k dgk tkrk gSA dEI;Vj esa MkVk dks O;Dr djus ds fy, uEcj fllVe dh lgk;rk yh tkrh gS dEi;wVj esa MkVk dks O;Dr djus okyh la[;k iz.kkyh ckbujh voLFkk dh gksuh pkfg;sA D;ksafd blds bysDVkWfud ifjiFk ds VkaLysVj nks voLFkkvksa esa gks ldrs gSaA ^^vkWu** vkSj ^^vkWQ** esa dEI;wVj esa MkVk dks O;Dr djus okyh la[;k iz.kkyh ckbujh uEcj flLVe dgykrh gSA Fundamental of computer
68
UNIT - V
lHkh izdkj ds MkVk dEI;wVj jftLVj esa ckbujh dksM esa gh jgrs gSa D;ksafd jftLVjlZ gSaA
1. Decimal Number System. 3. Octal Number System. 2. Binary Number System. 4. Hexadecimal Number System.
FLIP-FLOP
i)fr ls fufeZr gksrs gSa
tks dsoy 0]1 dks xzg.k djrs gSaAuEcj flLVe pkj izdkj ds gksrs
(1) Decimal Number System :Vki nkeyo iz.kkyh ifjfpr gSa ftesa 0 ls 9 rd VksVy 10 vad gksrs gsa bl la[;k iz.kkyh dk vk/kkj 10 gksrk gS D;ksafd blesa dqy 10 vad esa ladsr gksrs gSa nkeyo la[;k iz.kkyh esa fy[kh xbZ fdlh Hkh la[;k dk eku fuEu nks xq.k j[krk gSA 1& ladsr eku ;s 0 ls 9 rd gksrs gSaA 2& LFkkuh; eku & la[;k ds nk;h ls ck;h fnkk esa vk/kkj 10 dh ?kkr ds :i esa c`f) djrs gSa tSls & gtkj] lSdMk] ngkbZ] bdkbZ vkfnA
(2) Binary Number System :blesa dsoy nks vad 0 o 1 gksrs gSa vr% bl iz.kkyh dk vk/kkj ^^2** gSA nke la[;k ds cjkcj ckbujh la[;k dh Vsfcy :-
69
UNIT - V
Decimal Number
Hexadecimal Number Binary Number
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f
0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111
(3) Octal Number System :vkWDVsy uEcj flLVe esa fdlh la[;k dks nkkZus ds fy;s ^8* fpUgksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS fdlh Hkh la[;k iz.kkyh dk vk/kkj iz;qDr la[;k ds vk/kkj ij gksrk gSA vkWDVsy flLVe esa Symbole 0 ls 7 rd Msfley flLVe dh Hkkafr gksrs gSa bl iz.kkyh esa vf/kdre vad 7 gSa vFkkZr vadks dh dqy la[;k 8 gSA 8 ,oa 9 vad ugha gksrs vr% vkWDVsy iz.kkyh esa fdlh Hkh ckbujh uEcj dks vkWDVsy cukrs le; rhu fcV ds lewg cuk, tkrs gSa rkfd mudk eku fy[kus ij vkWDVsy la[;k cu tkrh gSA vkWDVsy iz.kkyh esa lkr ls vf/kd eku fy[kus ds fy;s nks nkeyo uEcj ,d lkFk fy[ks tkrs gSA vkWDVsy esa 10 nke iz.kkyh dks iznfkZr djrk gS tSlk fd fuEu rkfydk esa nkkZ;k x;k gS :Fundamental of computer
70
UNIT - V
Decimal Number
Octal Number Binary Number
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111
(4) Hexadecimal Number System :Hexadecimal Number System dk ekbks izkslslj ds dk;ksZa
esa O;kid mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA gsDtkMsfley flLVe dk vk/kkj 16 gSA gsDtkMsfley uEcj Msfley fllVe dh rjg gksrs gSaA vr% bUgsa ljyrk ls fy[kk tk ldrk gSA gsDtkMsfley esa 10 dks ^ A* 11^B* 12^C* 13^D* 14^E* 15^F* ls iznfkZr djrs gSA Msfley la[;k gsDtkMsfley esa 10 }kjk O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA uksV :- (loky ds QkesZV cukuk gS) fu;e (1) Msfley dks ckbujh esa cnyus ds fy, nks dk Hkkx nsaA
(2) ckbujh dks Msfley esa cnyus ds fy, nks dk xq.kk djsaA (3) Msfley dks vkWDVsy esa cnyus ds fy, vkB dk Hkkx
nsaA
(4) vkWDVsy dks Msfley esa cnyus ds fy, vkB dk xq.kk
djsaA
(5) Msfley dks gsDtk Msfley esa cnyus ds fy, lkSyg dk
Hkkx nssaA
(6) gsDtkMsfley dks Msfley esa cnyus ds fy, lkSyg dk
xq.kk djsaA
71
UNIT - V
******************** THE END ******************

UNIT - V
Need Of Data Communication :
orZeku MkVk dE;wfudsku esFkM dh izkslsl cgqr Lyks gksrh gS rFkk ;g Costly gksrh gSA
bldh rqyuk esa dEI;wVj }kjk dE;wfudsku cgqr QkLV rFkk de [kphZyk gksrk gSA
Vkbe ,oa distance dk dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+rk gSA izdkj ds ek/;e mi;ksx gksrs gSaA ijarq dEI;wVj ds }kjk lHkh izdkj ds MkVk VkaLQj djus ds fy;s ,d gh ek/;e ;wt gksrk gSSA
fofHkUu izdkj ds MkVk dks VkaLQj djus ds fy;s fofHkUu
Elements Of The Communication System : lzksr :- lsUMj ;k lzksr og gsS tgka ls MkVk rS;kj gksdj VkaLQj fd;k tkrk gSA og ek/;e ftlls MkVk VkaLQj fd;k tkrk gks A mnkgj.k& VsyhQksu ykbu] lsVsykbV fyad] ekbdzks osOl vkfnA izkIrdrkZ& ;g og ,fyesUV gS ftlesa MkVk VkaLQj gksdj igqaprk gSA Target of Data Source of Data Communication Communication
72
UNIT - V
Data Communication :MkVk dE;wfudsku ds fofHkUu Mk;jsDku ls rkRi;Z gsS fd MkVk VkaLQj ,d flLVe ls nwljs flLVe ij fdl izdkj ls fd;k tkrk gSA ;g VkaLehku yks rhu izdkj ds gksrs gSaA
(1) Simplex (2) Half Duplex (3) Full Duplex
(1) Simplex :flEIysDl eksM esa dE;wfudsku psuy ,d gh Mk;jsDku esa ;wt gksrh gS blesa fjfloj dsoy lqu ldrk gS ijarq ckr ugha dj ldrk gS ;k ,sls lHkh dE;wfudsku ek/;e ftlesa ;wtj vkmViqV rks ys ldrk gS ijarq buiqV ugha ns ldrk gS ;fn bl izdkj ds VkaLehku yks dks nksuksa Mk;jsDku esa ;wt fd;k tkrk gS rks mlesa bjj vk tkrh gSA blfy;s flEIysDl eksM dks MkVk dE;wfudsku esa cgqr de ;wt fd;k tkrk gSA mnk& Vh-oh(2) Half Duplex :bl izdkj ds dE;wfudsku psuy esa MkVk dk VkaLehku nksuksa Mk;jsDku esa gks ldrk gSA ijarq ,d ckj esa ,d gh Mk;jsDku ;wt fd;k tk,xkA gkQ Duplex dE;wfudsku psuy flVhtu csaM jsfM;ks ds leku gS blesa ,d ikVhZ ,d Vkbe esa gksrh gS rFkk mldh ckr [kRe gksus ds ckn gh vxyh ikVhZ cksyuk LVkZV djrh gS bl izdkj ds dE;wfudsku psuy esa Mk;jsDku psat gksus esa Vkbe ykWl gksrk gSA mnkgj.k& ok;jysl ds }kjk MkVk VkaLehkuA (3) Full Duplex :bl izdkj ds dE;wfudsku esa Hkh MkVk VkaLehku Mk;jsDku nksuksa lkbM gksrk gSA ijarq blds nksuksa Fundamental of computer
73
UNIT - V
lkbM
,d
lkFk
;wt
fd;s
tk
ldrs
gSaA
Qqy
M~;wiysDl
dE;wfudsku psuy VsyhQksu ykbu ds leku gh gS blesa nksuksa ikfVZ;ksa dks ,d lkFk ,d gh le; esa ckr djus dh ijfeku gksrh gS tc nks dEI;wVj Qqy M~;wiysDl psuy ds }kjk dusDV fd;s tkrs gSa rc ;gka ls lquk tk,] le>k tk, fQj viuk MkVk VkaLQj fd;k tk,A Qqy M~;wiysDl eksM gkbZ lihM MkVk dE;wfudsku fefM;k esa blh izdkj ds dE;wfudsku eksM dks ;wt fd;k tk jgk gSA --TYPES OF NETWORK-(1) LAN (Local Area Network) (2) WAN (Wide Area Network) (3) MAN (Metropolitian Area Network)
(1) LAN (Local Area Network) :ysu dk Qqy QkWeZ Local Area Network gS ;g fufpr lhek dh nwjh 1 fd-eh- esa ;wt gksus okyk usVodZ gS ;g ukWeZyh vkWfQl] fcfYMax ;k dsEil esa ;wt gksrk gS blesa MkVk Vaklehku jsV cgqr gkbZ gksrk gSA blesa yxHkx 10
MB/Sec ls 1 GB/Sec dh jsV ls MkVk VkaLQj gksrk gS LAN esa
dE;wfudsku fyad V~foLVsM is;j] dkWfDlvy dscy ;k Qkbcj vkWfIVd ;wt fd;s tk ldrs gSaA LAN dks lkekU;r% fdlh ,d laxBu }kjk vius izkbosV MkVk dE;wfudsku usVodZ ds :i esa ;wt fd;k tkrk gSA
74
UNIT - V
(2) WAN (Wide Area Network):WAN dk Qqy QkeZ Wide Area Network gSA osu dk LAN dh
rjg ,fj;k fyfeVsM ugha gksrk gSA ;g World Wide gks ldrk gSA
WAN dh MkVk VkaLehku LihM jsat 1200 bit/Sec
ls 2 Mb/Sec
gksrh gSA WAN esa dE;wfudsku fyad VsyhQksu ykbu ekbks oso fyad rFkk lsVsykbV psuy gks ldrs gSaA WAN dks ,d ls vf/kd LAN dks baVjuyh dusDV djus ds fy;s Mk;yvi fd;k x;k gS rFkk bldh dE;wfudsku dkLV LAN dh rqyuk esa cgqr vf/kd gksrh gSA D;ksafd blesa VkaLehku ehfM;k yhTm ykbu ;k ifCyd dE;wfudsku fllVe tSls ekbks oso fyad rFkk lsVsykbV psuy ;wt gksrs gsaSA (3) MAN (Metropolitian Area Network) :MAN dk Qqy QkWeZ Metropolitian Area Network gSA MAN
dk ;wt LAN dks yksdy flVh esa ;k esVjks iksfyku flVh esa baVjusV dusDV djus ds fy;s gksrk gSA MAN esa dkWDlhvy dscy ;k ekbks oso fyad dks dE;wfudsku psuy ds fy;s ;wt djrs gSaA NETWORKING TOPOLOGY :usVodZ VksiksykWth ls rkRi;Z ml lajpuk ls gS ftlds varxZr ,d ls vf/kd dEI;wVj usVodZ esa tqMrs gSa blds }kjk MkVk path dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k tkrk gSA usVodZ VksiksykWth fuEu izdkj dh gksrh gSaA
(1) Star Network. (4) Mesh Network. (2) Ring Network. (5) Tree Network (3) Bus Network.
(1) Star Network :Fundamental of computer

75
UNIT - V
Star Network esa dEI;wVj usVodZ ls LVkj QkWeZ esa
tqMs jgrs gSa buesa ,d Host dEI;wVj gksrk gS ftlls vU; dEI;wVj Mk;jsDV tqMs jgrs gSaA bl usVofZdx ls tqMs lHkh dEI;wVj ,d nwljs ls Host dEi;wVj ds ek/;e ls dE;wfudsku djrs gSaA vr% bl usVofdZax esa Host dEi;wVj gh lkjs Routing Function Perform djrk gsS ftlls iwjk usVodZ dUVksy gksrk gSA Advantage :
LVkj VksiksykWth lcls de dkWLV esa devlop gsk tkrh gSA bl usVofdZax esa fdlh u;s node dks add djrs le; igys ls tqMh node ds dk;Z esa dksbZ varj ugha vkrk gSAa usVofdZax esa tqMh ,d Hkh node ds Qsy gks tkus ij usVofdZax ij fdlh izdkj dk izHkko ugha iMrk gSA
Disadvantage :
bl usVofdZax esa lHkh node host dEi;wVj ij Depend djrh gS ;fn gksLV dEI;wVj Qsy gks tkrk gS rks iwjk usVodZ Qsy gks tk,xkA
(2) Ring Network :bl usVofdZax esa dEI;wVj Ring form esa tqMs jgrs gSa ;g lHkh ,d nwljs ls Mk;jsDV dE;wfudsV djrs gSa ;gka ij fdlh izdkj dk dksbZ host dEI;wVj ugha gksrk gS tks vU; dEI;wVj dh dUVksfyax djs ;gka izR;sd uksM vkil esa MkVk dks Mk;jsDV
Received djrh gS blesa nodes Lo;a fMlhtu ysrh gS fd Received MkVk
mlds fy;s ;wtQqy gS fd ughaA ;fn MkVk ;wtQqy gksrk gS rks
76
UNIT - V
og mls ,DlsIV dj ysrh gS vU;Fkk mls vxyh node ij VkaLQj dj nsrh gSA Advantage :
fjax usVofdZax LVkj usVofdZax dh rqyuk esa T;knk vPNs ls odZ djrh gS D;ksafd blesa dksbZ host dEI;wVj ugha gksrk gSA ;g LVkj usVofdZax dh rqyuk esa T;knk fooluh; gSA D;ksafd blesa communication fdlh flXuy gksLV dEI;wVj ij fMisUM ugha djrk gSA ;fn nks dEI;wVj ds
chp fyad czsd gks tkrk gS rks vYVjusV jksfyax lEHko gSA Disadvantage :
fjax usVofdZax esa lHkh uksM~l Mk;jsDV ,s nwljs ls dE;wfudsV djrs gSa blfy;s tc Hkh fdlh u;s node dks blesa
add fd;k tkrk gS rks bldk dE;wfudsku izHkkfor gks tkrk
gSA (3) Bus Network :blesa ,d flXuy dE;wfudsku ykbu gksrh gS ftls usVofdZax lHkh node }kjk 'ks;j fd;k tkrk gSA djus dk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd usVofdZax ds lHkh dEI;wVj ,d gh dEI;wVj ykbu ;k psuy ls tqMs gskrs gSa tc Hkh fdlh dEI;wVj dks fdlh nwljs dEI;wVj ij eslst lsUM djuk gksrk gS rks ;g ckr ml dEI;wVj dh nwjh rFkk dE;wfudsku ykbu ds h gksus ij fuHkZj djrh gS dgus dk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd node 1 dks node 3 ls dE;wfudsV djus ds fy;s dE;wfudsku ykbu h feyuk pkfg;sA bl izdkj dh usVofdZax
LAN esa ;wt gksrh gS tgka ij ,d NksVs ,fj;k esa dEI;wVj ds
77
UNIT - V
chp
gkbZ
LihM
dE;wfudsku
gskrk
gS
bldk
lsVsykbV
dE;wfudsku esa Hkh ;wt gksrk gS D;ksafd ,d lsVsykbV psuy dks oYMZ okbM ,d ls vf/kd dEi;wVj 'ks;j dj ldrs gSaA Advantage : blds }kjk usVofdZax dh fQthdy dscy de dh tk ldrh gSA
;fn dksbZ node Qsy gks tkrh gS rks bldk izHkko vU; dEI;wVj ds dE;wfudsku ij ughs iMrk gSA bl usVodZ esa fdlh Hkh node dsk vklkuh ls tksMk tk ldrk gSA
Disadvantage :
bl usVofdZax esa tqMus okys lHkh dEi;wVj esa good dE;wfudsku rFkk fMlhtu esfdax rFkk dsikflVh gksuh pkfg;sA
;fn dE;wfudsku ykbu Qsy gks tkrh gS rks iwjk usVodz czsd Mkmu gks tkrk gSA (4) Mesh Network :blesa ,d ls vf/kd point to point fyad usVodZ ;wt gskrs gSa bls dEIyhVyh dusDVsM usVodZ VksiksykWth dk ,Mokal QkWeZ Hkh dg ldrs gSaA blesa lHkh node ,d flaxy fyad }kjk tqMs gksrs gSaA ;g usVodZ dkQh [kphZyk gSaA blesa nks fMokblsl ds chp Mk;jsDV dE;wfudsku fd;k tk ldrk gSA (5) Tree Network :Vh VksiksykWth esa cl rFkk LVkj nksuksa izdkj ds VksiksykWth ds y{k.k fo|eku
78
gksrs
gSaA
blesa
LVkj
UNIT - V
VksiksykWth dh Hkkafr Work Station dk ,d lewg gksrk gS tks fd cl Backbone rkj ls tqMk gksrk gSA Vh VksiksykWth esa iwoZ&fufeZr usVodZ dk foLrkj gks ldrk gSA Advantage :
izR;sd [k.M ds fy, point to point rkj fcNk;k tkrk gSA tkrk gSA
gkMZos;j rFkk lkWVos;j fosrkvksa ds }kjk liksVZ fd;k Disadvantage : izR;sd [k.M dk dqy yEckbZ iz;ksx esa yk;s x;s rkj ds }kjk lhfer gksrk gSA

;fn Backbone ykbu VwV tkrk gS rks iwjh [k.M :d tkrh gsSA vU; VksiksykWth dh vis{kk blesa rkj fcNkuk rFkk bls
configure djuk dfBu gksrk gSA
--Virus working principals -VIRUS :Virus LekVZ izksxzke gksrs gSA tks fcuk fdlh lwpuk ds
izksxzke Qkby ls tqM+s gksrs gSaA rFkk muds ,DthD;wku ds le; f;kkhy gks tkrs gSA ok;jl dEI;wVj flLVe esa vlkekU; dk;ksZa dks djrs gSA ;s dk;Z gkMZos;j vkSj lkWos;j ls lacaf/kr gks ldrk gsSA tc ok;jl f;kkhy gksrk gS rc viuh f;kkhyrk o vVspesaV dks c<+krk tkrk gSA ;g fuEu izdkj ds gksrs gSA (1) Boot Sector Virus :Fundamental of computer
79
UNIT - V
;s Virus Disk ds cwV lsDVj dks [kjkc djrs gSaA ;s cwV lsDVj ds dh Qkby dks Lo;a ls izfrLFkkfir dj ysrs gSaA tc dEi;wVj flLVe dks vkWu fd;k tkrk gS rc ;s ok;jl eseksjh esa vk tkrs gSA blds ipkr ;s vU; fMLd esa LFkkukarfjr gks tkrs gSA tSls :(i) C-Brain :C-Brain uke dk igyk ok;jl ekuk tkrk gS tks iwjs foo esa
cM+s Lrj ij QSyk FkkA bl ok;jl dks ,d lekpkj dk :i feyk Fkk D;ksafd bl ok;jl esa ok;jl cukus okys dk uke] irk rFkk bldk foks"kkf/kdkj o"kZ 1986 ekStwn FkkA ml izksxzke esa nks ikfdLrkuh Hkkb;ksa ckflr rFkk vetn dk muds dEiuh dk uke rFkk iw.kz irk miyC/k FkkA ml le; ok;jl fcYdqy u;k Fkk vr% yksxksa us blds ckjs esa cgqr xEHkhjrk ls ugha lkspkA (ii) PC-Ston :;g ok;jl Hkh Message nsus okys cwV lsDVj ok;jl gSa tc ;s f;kkhy gksrs gSaa rc ;s dEi;wVj vkWu djus ij eslst nsrs gSaA PC is stone vkSj flLVe hang dj nsrs gSaaA (iii) Poly Boot :;g Hkh ,d cwV lsDVj ok;jl gS ijarq ;g dksbZ eslst ugha nsrk gsS tc flLVe dks vkWu djrs gSa rc ;g vyx&vyx izdkj ls izksxzke error nsrk gS vkSj flLVe dks can dj nsrs gSaA (2) FILE VIRUS (Passive Virus) :;g ok;jl dEI;wVj flLVe ds izksxzke Qkby rFkk MkVk Qkby dks uqdlku igqaWpkrs gSaA ;g ok;jl lkeku;r% .com , .exe
80
UNIT - V
Qkby ls tqMs gksrs gSaA rFkk izHkkokhy Qkby dks ju djus ij viuh dbZ dkWih cuk ysrs gSA (i) Rain Drop :;g ok;jl lkekU;r% MkWV dkWe Qkby ls tqMk jgrk gSA tc ;g f;kkhy gksrk gS rc ;g dekaM Qkby ds v{kjksa dks uhps fxjk nsrk gSA ,oa bUgs vYQkcsfVdyh tek nsrk gSaA izHkkokhy ,DthD;wV djus ds ckn f;kkhy gks tkrs gSaA rFkk mlds ipkr~ mu lHkh Qkby ls tqM tkrs gSA ftUgsa ok;jl ds f;kkhy gksus ls ,DthD;wV djk;k tkrk gsSA (ii) Data Crime :;g ok;jl .com , .exe Qkby ds lkFk attach gks ldrs gsSA tc ;g ok;jl f;kkhy gksrk rc ;g ok;jl cwVj flLVe dh lHkh Qkbyksa dks feVk nsrk gSA (iii) Date Virus :MsV ok;jl Hkh Qkby ok;jl gS ijarq ;g dksbZ eslst ughas nsrk gSA ,oa ;g ,d fufpr MsV o fufpr le; esa f;kkhy gksrk gS tSls& 13 vDVwcj ;g ok;jl dsoy 13 vDVwcj dks f;kkhy gksrk gSA ;fn bls vU; fnu ju djk;k tk, rks ;g izHkkokhy ugha gksxk vkSj ;fn 13 vDVwcj dks ju djk;k tk, rks ;g dEI;wVj dh lHkh Qkbyksa dks bQsfDVo dj nsxkA (3) Other Virus :(i) Memory Virus :-
81
UNIT - V
eseksjh ok;jl dEI;wVj flLVe dh izkslsl ekhu dks bQsDVsV djrk gSa dEI;wVj izkslsl ekhu esa vuko;d Lisl ysrk gS ,oa flLVe dh izkslsflax dks Lyks cukrk gSA (ii) Warm :;g ok;jl dEI;wVj flLVe dk vuko;d Lisl capture djrk gSa ;g ok;jl .exe Qkby ls tqM+k gksrk gsSA ,o ;g izHkkoh gksrk gsSA tc dksbZ bUQsDVsV Qkby ju gksrh gsS rc okeZ ok;jl uEcj vkWQ dkWih cukrk gsSA ,oa bl rjg ls cgqr lkjk Lisl dSIpj dj ysrk gsSA (iii) Internet Virus :bUVjusV ok;jl ,d flLVe ls nwljs flLVe ij e-mail ds }kjk QsSyrk gSa tc ;g ok;jl vk tkrk gS rc ;g fdlh ,d ikVhZD;wyj MsV esa activate gksrk gSA
(iv) Miss World :;g ok;jl e-mail message ds lkFk Miss World ds fiDpj ds :i esa vkrk gsSA tc dHkh ;wtj bl Qkby ls buQsDVsM Qkby dks vksiu djrk gS rc ;g ,fDVosV gksrk gsS vkSj gkMZ fMLd ds lHkh dUVsUV dks fjewo dj nsrk gSA (v) I Love You :;g Hkh ,d bUVjusV ok;jl gSA tksfd e-mail ds }kjk vkrk gSA tc ;g ok;jl ,fDVosV gksrk gS rc ;g ok;jl mu yksxksa dks eslst nsrk gSA ftudk bZ&esy ;k bZesy address cqd esa gksrk gSA
82
UNIT - V
(vi) Partition Virus :;g ok;jl ikfVZku Vscy dks fMyhV djrs gSa ,oa gkMZ fMLd dks unreadable cukrs gSaA (vii) Game Virus :dqN ok;jl ekdsZV esa action game ,oa movi ds :i esa vkrs gSaA ;s ok;jl Hkh Qkby dks bQsDVsM djrs gSa ,oa Qkby dks fjewo djrs gSaA tSls &Torge Horse ;g ok;jl ,fDVosV gksrk gS rc ;g
.com ,oa .exeQkby dks dEI;wVj flLVe esa ls fMyhV dj nsrk gSA
(viii) Network Virus :dqN ok;jl yksdy ,fj;k usVodZ ij activate gksrs gSaA ,oa usVodZ ds tfj, ,d flLVe ls nwljs flLVe esa QSy tkrs gSaA lkekU;r% ;s ok;jl dEI;wVj eseksjh ,oa Qkby dks izHkkoh djrs gSsA usVodZ ok;jl flLVe ds cwV lsDVj dks izHkkfor ugha djrs gSaA ANTI VIRUS :Anti Virus Hkh ,d LekVZ izksxzke gksrk gS tks ok;jl dk Identy djrk gS ,oa mldks jhewo djrk gSaA izR;sd ,aVhok;jl ok;jl
dk vkbMsaVhfQdsku uaoj ,oa property j[krk gSaA ,aVhok;jl ok;jl dks flLVe es ,fDVosV gksus ls jksdrk gSA dqN ,aVhok;jl fuEu gS Virus Detection And Prevention :-
83
UNIT - V
ok;jl ls fdlh Hkh ra= dks lqjf{kr j[kuk dksbZ dfBu dk;Z ugh gSA blds fy;s ges FkksMh lh tkudkjh rFkk dqN utility lkWQVos;j gksus pkfg;asA gesa bl ckr dh tkudkjh gksuh pkfg, fd ok;jl dbZ L=kSrks ls vk ldrs gSa rFkk os L=kSr gekjs fooklik= Hkh gks ldrs gSaA mnkgj.kLo:i] dksbZ bZ&esy ok;jl vkids bu&ckWDl esa vkids fe= ;k lgdehZ ds }kjk Hksts x;s lansk ds :i esa Hkh vk ldrk gS D;ksafd og ok;jl igys gh ml O;fDr ds dEI;wVj dks lafer dj pqdk gksrk gSA x`g&fufeZr MsVk dkWEiSDV fMLd ;k ykWih fMLd Hkh lafer gks ldrk gSA Hkh&dHkh izfrf"Br nqdkuksa ls [kjhns x;s iSdsVksa esa Hkh ok;jl dk okl gks ldrk gsA blds fy, lcls csgrj cpko ;g gS fd lHkh bZ&esy lanskksa rFkk fMLd dks lae.k ds laHkkfor okgd ds :i esa ns[kk tk;sA ok;jl ds lae.k dh tkWap ds fy, ok;jl fujks/kd lkWVos;j dh vko;drk gksrh gS tks vkids dEI;wVj eseksjh rFkk fMLd dks ok;jl dk irk yxkus gsrq LdSu djrk gS rFkk mUgsa lekIr djrk gSA flLVe ij ok;jl fujks/kd lkWVos;j ds LFkkiu rFkk bls lf; djus ds ipkr~ tc Hkh ml flLVe ij fdlh izdkj ds fMLd dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS vFkok dksbZ Qkby usVodZ ;k bUVjusV ds ek/;e ls MkmuyksM fd;k tkrk gS rc ;g fujks/kd izksxzke Lor% gh mlesa lae.k dh tkap djuk 'kq: dj nsrk gSA vf/kdrj ok;jl fujks/kd izksxzke mu bZ&esy lanskksa rFkk layXu Qkbyksa dh Hkh tkap djrs gSa tks vki Hkstrs ;k izkIr djrs gSaA ifj"d`r ok;jl LdSuj vkidks ml fLFkfr esa Hkh lko/kku djrs gSa tc dksbZ osc ist lansgkLin dksM vkids dEI;wVj ij Hkstus dh Fundamental of computer
84
UNIT - V
dksfkk djrk gSA dqN yksdfiz; ok;jl fujks/kd izksxzke fuEufyf[kr gSa :&& eSdsQh ok;jl LdSu && ukWjVj ok;jl fujks/kd && ihlh- lhyhu
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85

Fundamental Hindi Notes of Mcu

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UNIT - V

tsdkMZl ywe (Jacquards Loom) :Fundamental of computer

pkYlZ oSost dk fMQjsals batu

(8) v{kerk (Diligence) :-

(ii) Mini Computer. (iv) Super Computer.

Types of Personal Computer :-

(A) Desktop Computer :-

(C) Palmtop Computer :-

j[kk tkrk gSA ftlls vko;drk iM+uk ij izkIr fd;k tk lds A

106 vkSj ,d ckbV dk

***************** END *****************

Input/Output & Storage Units Input Device :- (KEYBORD)

fdlh Hkh dEI;wVj flLVe es use gksus ckyk eq[; input

gSA (ii) Tracker Ball :-

Track ball ekml ds leku gksrk gS tks fd dEI;wVj esa

ekWuhVj dh foks"krk,a (Characteristics of a Monitor)

Interlaced ,d ,slh fMLIys rduhd gS tks fd ,d ekuhVj dks bl

(v) SVGA (Super Video Graphics Array)

(v) SVGA (Super Video Graphics Array) :Fundamental of computer

(2) Non Impact Printer :-( Types of impact printer)

(1) Primary Storage Device :(a) Ram (b) Rom

& 1-44 ,ech & 2-88 ,ech CAPACITY

(ii) Hard Disk :Fundamental of computer

gSA dkVsZt Vsi foks"kr;k

gkMZ fMLd ls MkVk vkSj Programms dk cSdvi ysus ds fy;s rS;kj

(c) Inventory Software :Fundamental of computer

esa vfrfjDr lqfo/kkvksa ds fy;s fodflr fd;k tkrk gS lkekU;r%

***************** END *****************

gh vyx fd;k tk ldrk gS vf/kdkakr% 4 G.L Automatic Application

APPLICATION SOFTWARE :Application Software dEI;wVj ls foks"k dk;ksaZ dks

(5) Graphics Program :Fundamental of computer

DIGIT dk BCD CODE 11 - 1001 11 - 0111 11 - 1001 - 0011

8 = 1111 - 1000 6 = 1111 - 0110 --- (111100101111100011110110)EBCDIC

i)fr ls fufeZr gksrs gSa

Hexadecimal Number Binary Number

Octal Number Binary Number

0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111

******************** THE END ******************

Need Of Data Communication :

fofHkUu izdkj ds MkVk dks VkaLQj djus ds fy;s fofHkUu

(1) Star Network :Fundamental of computer

Star Network esa dEI;wVj usVodZ ls LVkj QkWeZ esa

mlds fy;s ;wtQqy gS fd ughaA ;fn MkVk ;wtQqy gksrk gS rks

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