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Tm tp xc nh ca hm s lng gic
Ch : 1)
A
B
c ngha khi B 0 = (A c ngha) ; A c ngha khi A 0 >
2) 1 sinx 1 ; -1 cosx 1 s s s s
3) sin 0 ; sinx = 1 x = 2 ; sinx = -1 x = 2
2 2
x x k k k
r r
r r r = = + +
4) os 0 ; osx = 1 x = 2 ; osx = -1 x = 2
2
c x x k c k c k
r
r r r r = = + +
5) Hm s y = tanx xc nh khi
2
x k
r
r = +
Hm s y = cotx xc nh khi x kr =
Bi 1: Tm tp xc nh ca cc hm s sau
1) y = cosx + sinx 2) y = cos
1
2
x
x
+
+
3) y = sin 4 x +
4) y = cos
2
3 2 x x + 5) y =
2
os2x c
6) y = 2 sinx
7) y =
1 osx
1-sinx
c +
8) y = tan(x +
4
r
) 9) y = cot(2x - )
3
r
10) y =
1 1
sinx 2 osx c
=
0 0 0
( ) ( ) chn
( ) ( ) l
C x ( ) ( ) khng chn, khng l
f x f x f
f x f x f
f x f x f
Bi 2 Xt tnh chn, l ca cc hm s sau
1) y = -2cosx 2) y = sinx + x 3) y = sin2x + 2
4) y =
1
2
tan
2
x 5) y = sin x + x
2
6) y = cos 3x
Bi 5* Lp bng bin thin ca hm s
1) y = -sinx, y = cosx 1 trn on
j
; t t
2) y = -2cos 2
3
x
t | |
+
|
\ .
trn on
2
;
3 3
t t 1
(
]
IV. Tm GTLN, GTNN ca hm s lng gic
Ch : 1 sinx 1 ; -1 cosx 1 s s s s ; 0 ssin
2
x s1 ; A
2
+ B >B
Bi 6*: Tm GTLN, GTNN ca cc hm s
1) y = 2sin(x-
2
t
) + 3 2) y = 3
1
2
cos2x 3) y = -1 -
2
os (2x + )
3
c
t
4) y =
2
1 os(4x ) c + - 2 5) y = 2 sinx 3 + 6) y = 5cos
4
x
t
+
7) y =
2
sin 4sinx + 3 x 8) y =
2
4 3 os 3 1 c x +
Ch :
Bi 7*: Tm GTLN, GTNN ca cc hm s
1) y = sinx trn on ;
2 3
t t 1
(
]
2) y = cosx trn on ;
2 2
t t 1
(
]
3) y = sinx trn on ; 0
2
t 1
(
]
4) y = cos tx trn on
1 3
;
4 2
1
(
]
1/Phng tr nh lng giac c ban .
si n u = si n v
+ =
+ =
r r
r
2
2
k v u
k v u
( k e Z )
cos u = cos v u = v + k2t. ( k e Z )
tanu = tanv u = v + kt ( k e Z )
cotu = cotv u = v + kt ( k e Z )
2/ Phng t r nh ac biet :
si nx = 0 x = kt , si nx = 1 x =
2
r
+ k2t ,si nx = -1 x = -
2
r
+ k2t
cosx = 0 x =
2
r
+ k t , cosx = 1 x = k2t , cosx = -1 x = t + k2t .
3/ Phng t r nh bac nhat oi vi sinx vacosx .
Laphng trnh codang : acosx + bsi nx = c (1) trong o a
2
+ b
2
= 0
Cach 1: acosx + bsi nx = c ) cos( .
2 2
+ x b a = c vi
2 2
cos
b a
a
+
=
asi nx +bcosx = c ) sin( .
2 2
+ + x b a = c vi
2 2
cos
b a
a
+
= .
Cach 2 :
Xet phng trnh vi x = t + kt , k e Z
Vi x = t + kt at t = tan
2
x
ta c phng trnh bac hai theo t :
(c + b)t
2
2at + c a = 0
Chuy: pt(1) hoac pt( 2) conghi em a
2
+ b
2
- c
2
> 0 .
Bai tap :Giai cac phng tr nh sau:
1. 2 sin cos 3 = x x , 2. 1 sin 3 cos = x x
3. x x x 3 sin 4 1 9 cos 3 3 sin 3
3
+ = , 4.
4
1
)
4
( cos sin
4 4
= + +
r
x x
5. ) 7 sin 5 (cos 3 5 sin 7 cos x x x x = , 6. tan 3cot 4(sin 3 cos ) x x x x = +
7.
3(1 cos 2 )
cos
2sin
x
x
x
= 8.
2
1
sin 2 sin
2
x x + =
4/ Phng t r nh chcha mot ham solng giac :
Bai tap: Gi ai cac phng trnh sau:
1. 2cos
2
x +5si nx 4 = 0 , 2. 2cos2x 8cosx +5 = 0
3. 2cosx.cos2x = 1+cos2x + cos3x 4. 2(si n
4
x + cos
4
x) = 2si n2x 1
5. si n
4
2x + cos
4
2x = 1 2si n4x 6.
x
x
2
cos
3
4
cos =
7.
2
3
3 2tan
cos
x
x
= + 8. 5tan x -2cotx - 3 = 0
9.
2
6sin 3 cos12 4 x x + = 10.
4 2
4sin 12cos 7 x x + =
5/ Phng t r nh ang cap theo sinx vacosx :
a/ Phng trnh ang cap bac hai : asi n
2
x +b si nx cosx + c cos
2
x = 0 .
Cach 1 :
- Xet cos x = 0: Nu tho ta l y nghi m .
- Xet cos 0 x = chi a hai vecua phng trnh cho cos
2
x roi at t = tanx.
Cach 2: Thay si n
2
x =
2
1
(1 cos 2x ), cos
2
x =
2
1
(1+ cos 2x) ,
si nxcosx =
2
1
si n2x ta c phng trnh bac nhat theo si n2x vacos2x .
b/ Phng trnh ang cap bac cao : Dung phng phap at an phut = tanx sau khi a
xet phng trnh trong trng hp cos x = 0 hay x =
2
r
+ kt ,keZ.
Bai tap :
1. 2si n
2
x 5si nx.cosx cos
2
x = - 2
2. 3si n
2
x + 8si nxcosx + ( 8 3 - 9)cos
2
x = 0
3. 4si n
2
x +3 3 si n2x 2cos
2
x = 4
4. 6si nx 2cos
3
x = 5si n2x.cosx.
5.
2 2
1
sin sin 2 2cos
2
x x x + =
6/ Phng t r nh dang : a( cosx sinx ) + b sinxcosx + c = 0 .
at t = cosx + si nx , i eu ki en 2 2 s s t khi osi nxcosx =
2
1
2
t
Ta a phong trnh acho vephng trnh bac hai theo t .
Chuy: neu phng trnh codang :a( cosx - si nx ) + b si nxcosx + c = 0
at t = cosx - si nx , i eu ki en 2 2 s s t khi osi nxcosx =
2
1
2
t
Bai tap : Gi ai cac phng trnh sau :
1. 3(si nx + cosx ) +2si n2x + 3 = 0
2. si n2x 12( si nx cosx ) = -12
3. 2(cosx + si nx) = 4si nxcosx +1
4. si n2x 12( si nx + cosx )+12 = 0
5. cosx si nx 2si n2x 1 = 0
7. Cac phng tr nh lng giac khac.
Bai 1: Gi ai cac phng trnh sau :
1/ cos 2x + 3cosx +2 = 0 , 2/ 2+ cos 2x = - 5si nx , 3/ 6 4cos
2
x 9si nx = 0,
4/ 2cos 2x + cosx = 1 , 5/ 2tg
2
x + 3 =
x cos
3
, 6/ 4si n
4
+12cos
2
x = 7
Bai 2 : Gi ai cac phng trnh sau :
1/ 4(si n3x cos 2x ) = 5(si nx 1) . HD : at t =si nx
2/ x
x
2
cos
3
4
cos = S : x = k3t , x=
4
r
+k3t , x =
4
5r
+k3t
3/ 1+ si n
2
x
si nx - cos
2
x
si n
2
x = 2cos
2
(
4
r
2
x
) S: si nx =1 v si n
2
x
= 1
4/ 1+ 3tanx = 2si n 2x HD : at t = tanx , S : x = -
4
r
+ k t
5/ 2cos 2x 8cosx + 7 =
x cos
1
S : x = k2t , x =
3
r
+k2t
6/ si n2x(cotx +tanx ) = 4cos
2
x S : cosx = 0 , cos 2x =
2
1
7/ 2cos
2
2x +cos 2x = 4si n
2
2xcos
2
x
8/ cos 3x cos 2x = 2
9/ 4si nx + 2cos x =2 + 3tanx HD :at t = tan
2
x
10/ si n2x+ 2tanx = 3
11/ si n
2
x + si n
2
3x = 3cos
2
2x HD :at t =cos 2x
12/ tan
3
( x -
4
r
) = tanx - 1 S : x = kt v x =
4
r
+ kt
13/ si n 2x cos 2x = 3si nx + cosx 2 HD : a vePT bac hai theo si nx.
14/ si n2x + cos 2x + tanx = 2 S : x =
4
r
+ kt
15/ cos3x 2cos 2x + cosx = 0
I I . PHNG TR NH ANG CAP BAC n THEO SI NX ,COSX.
Gi ai cac phng trnh sau :
1/ si n
2
x + 2si n 2x 3 +7cos
2
x = 0 .
2/ cos
3
x si n
3
x = cosx + si nx.
3/ si nxsi n2x + si n3x = 6cos
3
x
4/ si n
3
x + cos
3
x = 2( si n
5
x + cos
5
x ) S : x=
4
r
+
2
r k
5/ si n
3
(x -
4
r
) = 2 si nx S : x =
4
r
+kt
6/ 3cos
4
x si n
2
2x + si n
4
x = 0 S :x =
3
r
+ kt v x=
4
r
+
2
r k
7/ 3si n
4
x +5cos
4
x 3 = 0 .
8/ 6si nx 2cos
3
x = 5si n 2x cosx
I I I . PHNG TR NH OI XNG PT PHAN OI XNG .
Gi ai cac phng trnh sau :
1/ cos
3
x + si n
3
x = si n 2x + si nx + cosx 2/ 2cos
3
x + cos 2x +si nx = 0
3/ 1 + si n
3
x + cos
3
x =
2
3
si n2x 4/ 6( cos x si nx ) + si nxcosx + 6 = 0
5/ si n
3
x cos
3
x = 1 + si nxcosx 6/
3
10
cos sin
sin
1
cos
1
= + + + x x
x x
7/ tanx + tan
2
x + tan
3
x + cotx+cot
2
x +cot
3
x = 6
8/
x
2
sin
2
+ 2tan
2
x + 5tanx + 5cotx + 4 = 0
9/ 1 + cos
3
x si n
3
x = si n 2x 10/ cos
3
x si n
3
x = - 1
11/ 2cos 2x + si n
2
x cosx + cos
2
x si nx = 2( si nx + cosx ).
I V.PHNG TR NH T CH VAPHNG TR NH LNG GI AC KHAC .
Gi ai cac phng trnh sau:
1/ si n 2x +2cos2x = 1 + si nx 4cosx 2/ si n 2x cos 2x = 3si nx +cosx 2
3/ si n
2
x + si n
2
3x 3cos
2
2x = 0 4/ cos3x cos
3
x si n3xsi n
3
x = cos
3
4x +
4
1
5/ si n
4
2
x
+ cos
4
2
x
= 1 2si nx 6/ cos3x 2cos 2x + cosx = 0
7/ si n
6
x + cos
6
x = si n
4
x + cos
4
x 8/ si n
4
x + cos
4
x cos
2
x = 1 2si n
2
x cos
2
x
9/ 3si n3x - 3 cos 9x = 1 + 4si n
3
x. 10/
x
x
x x
sin
cos 1
sin cos
=
+
11/ si n
2
)
4 2
(
r
x
tan
2
x cos
2
2
x
= 0 12/ cotx tanx + 4si nx =
x sin
1
13 / si nxcosx + cosx = - 2si n
2
x - si nx + 1 4 / si n 3x = cosxcos 2x ( tan
2
x + tan2x )
15/ 3 2 cos )
2 sin 2 1
3 sin 3 cos
(sin 5 + =
+
+
+ x
x
x x
x 16/ si n
2
3x cos
2
4x = si n
2
5x cos
2
6x
17 / cos3x 4cos2x +3cosx 4 = 0. 18/
2
4
4
(2 sin 2 )sin3
tan 1
cos
x x
x
x
+ =
19/ tanx +cosx cos
2
x = si nx (1+tanx.tan
2
x
)
20/ cotx 1 =
2
cos 2 1
sin sin 2
1 tan 2
x
x x
x
+
+
21/ 3 tanx(tanx + 2si nx)+ 6cosx =
D. TOHP
Tm tt gio khoa
I. Quy tc m
1. Quy tc cng: Gi s cng vic c th tin hnh theo mt trong hai phng n A v
B. Phng n A c th thc hin bi n cch; phng n B c th thc hin bi m cch.
Khi , cng vic c thc hin theo n + m cch.
2. Quy tc nhn: Gi s cng vic bao gm hai cng on A v B. Cng on A c th
thc hin bi n cch; cng on B c th thc hin bi m cch. Khi , cng vic c
thc hin bi n.m cch.
II. Hon v Chnh hp T hp
1. Hon v:
a. nh ngha: Cho tp A c n phn t. Mi s sp xp ca n phn t theo mt th t
nh trc l mt php hon v cc phn t ca tp A.
b. nh l: S php hon v ca tp hp c n phn t , k hiu P
n
l: P
n
= n! = 1.2.3n
2. Chnh hp:
a. nh ngha: Cho tp hp A c n phn t. Xt s k e m 1 k n s s . Khi ly ra k phn t
trong s n phn t ri em sp xp k phn t theo mt th t nh trc, ta c mt
php chnh hp chp k ca n phn t.
b. nh l: S php chnh hp chp k ca n phn t, k hiu
k
n
A l:
, ) , )
, )
k
n
n!
A n. n 1 ... n k 1
n k !
= + =
.
3. T hp:
a. nh ngha: Cho tp hp A c n phn t v s k e m 1 k n s s . Mt tp hp con ca
A c k phn t c gi l mt t hp chp k ca n phn t.
b. nh l: S t hp chp k ca n phn t, k hiu
k
n
C l:
, )
, ) , )
k
n
n n 1 ... n k 1
n!
C
k! n k ! k!
+
= =
+
e
= s s
= + s s
Nhn xt:
Trong khai trin nh thc Newton c n + 1 s hng.
Trong mt s hng th tng s m ca a v b bng n.
Cc h s ca khai triu nh thc cch u s hng u v cui th bng nhau.
S hng tng qut th k + 1 k hiu T
k+1
th:
k n k k
k 1 n
T C a b
+
=
0 1 2 n n
n n n n
C C C ... C 2 + + + + =
, ) , )
k n
0 1 2 3 k n
n n n n n n
C C C C ... 1 C ... 1 C 0 + + + + + =
Ch :
, )
n
n
k n k k
n
k 0
a b C a b
=
+ =
l khai trin theo s m ca a gim dn.
, )
n
n
k k n k
n
k 0
a b C a b
=
+ =
l khai trin theo s m ca a tng dn.
Cc Dng bi ton c bn
Dng 1: Bi ton v quy tc m
Phng php gii: Cn phn bit cng vic phi lm c tin hnh theo phng n A
hoc B chn quy tc cng, hoc bao gm cng on A v B chn quy tc nhn.
Bi 1: Bn X vo siu th mua mt o s mi, thoe c 40 hoc 41. C 40 c 3 mu
khc nhau, c 41 c 4 mu khc nhau. Hi X c bao nhiu cch chn?
Bi 2: Cho tp { ; A 0;1; 2;3; 4 = . C bao nhiu s chn m mi s gm ba ch s khc nhau chn
trong s cc phn t ca A?
Bi 3: T tp
{ ; A 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 = hi c th lp c bao nhiu s c 7 ch s sao cho ch s 1
xut hin 3 ln, cn cc ch s khc xut hin mt ln?
Dng 2: Thc hin php hon v
Phng php gii:
- S dng php xp t ca n phn t c th t: P
n
= n! = 1.2.3n
- Thc hin quy tc cng hoc quy tc nhn
Bi 4: Bn X mi hai bn nam v ba bn n d tic sinh nht. Bn nh xp nam, n
ngi ring trn cc chic gh, xp theo mt hng di. Hi X c bao nhiu cch xp t?
Dng 3: Thc hin php chnh hp
Phng php gii: Php xp t c th t ca k phn t trong n phn t:
, ) , )
, )
k
n
n!
A n. n 1 ... n k 1
n k !
= + =
|
\ .
, (x > 0), hy tm s hng khng cha x.
Bi 12: Tm h s ca x
8
trong khai trin
, )
8
2
1 x 1 x 1 +
]
Bi 13: Cho khai trin: , )
10
2 10
0 1 2 10
1 2x a a x a x .. a x + = + + + + , c cc h s
0 1 2 10
a , a , a ,.., a . Tm h
s ln nht
Bi 14: Tm s hng trong cc khai trin sau
1) S hng th 13 trong khai trin
25
(3 x) -
2) S hng th 18 trong khai trin
2 25
(2 x ) -
3) S hng khng cha x trong khai trin
12
1
x
x
4) 32) S hng khng cha x trong khai trin
12
28
3
15
x x x
-
5) 33) S hng cha a, b v c s m bng nhau trong khai trin
21
3
3
a b
b a
Bi 15: Tm h s ca s hng trong cc khai trin sau
1) H s ca s hng cha
4
x trong khai trin
12
x 3
3 x
2) H s ca s hng cha
8
x trong khai trin
12
5
3
1
x
x
3) H s ca s hng cha
8
x trong khai trin
8
2
1 x (1 x)
+ -
4) H s ca s hng cha
5
x trong khai trin
( )
10
2 3
1 x x x + + +
5) H s ca s hng cha
3
x trong khai trin
2 10
(x x 2) - +
6) H s ca s hng cha
4
x trong khai trin
2 10
(1 x 3x ) + +
7) H s ca s hng cha
3
x trong khai trin:
8)
3 4 5 50
S(x) (1 x) (1 x) (1 x) ... (1 x) = + + + + + + + +
9) H s ca s hng cha
3
x trong khai trin:
10)
3 4 5 22
S(x) (1 2x) (1 2x) (1 2x) ... (1 2x) = + + + + + + + +
11)Tm h s ca s hng cha x
10
trong khai trin
10 10
(1 x) (x 1) + + .
Dng 7: Tm tng c cha
k
n
C
Phng php gii: T bi, ta lin kt vi mt nh thc khai trin v cho x gi tr
thch hp, t suy ra kt qu.
Bi 16: Tnh tng: , ) , )
k n
0 1 2 n 0 1 2 k n
1 n n n n 2 n n n n n
S C C C ... C ; S C C C ... 1 C ... 1 C = + + + + = + + + +
Bi 17: Tnh tng:
0 2 4 2n 1 3 2n 1
3 2n 2n 2n 2n 4 2n 2n 2n
S C C C ... C ; S C C ... C
= + + + + = + + +
Bi 18: Tnh tng:
, )
n
0 1 2 2 3 3 n
n n n n n
T C 2C 2 C 2 C ... 2 C = + + +
E. CAP SO CONG
Kien t hc can nh:
1. nh ngha: Cap socong l amot day so( hu han hay vohan), trong o, ketso
hang thhai , moi sohang eu l atong cua sohang ng ngay trc novi mot so
khong oi goi l acong sai .
Goi d l acong sai , theo nh ngha ta co: u
n+1
= u
n
+ d (n = 1, 2, ...).
ac bi et: Khi d = 0 th cap socong l amot day sotrong otat cacac sohang eu
bang nhau.
echrang day so(u
n
) l amot cap socong,ta k hi eu u
1
, u
2
, ..., u
n
, ....
2. Sohang tong quat
nh l: Sohang tong quat u
n
cua mot cap socong cosohang au u
1
vacong sai d
c cho bi cong thc: u
n
= u
1
+ (n - 1)d
3. Tnh chat cac sohang cua cap socong
nh l: trong mot cap socong, moi sohang ketsohang thhai ( vatrsohang
cuoi cung oi vi cap socong hu han), eu l atrung bnh cong cua hai sohang ke
ben no, tc l a
2
1 1 +
+
=
k k
k
u u
u (k > 2).
4. Tong n sohang au cua mot cap socong
nh l: etnh S
n
tacohai cong thc sau:
- S
n
tnh theo u
1
vad j d n u
n
S
n
) 1 ( 2
2
1
+ =
- S
n
tnh theo u
1
vau
n
) (
2
1 n n
u u
n
S + =
BAI TAP AP DUNG
Bai 1: Xac nh sohang can tm trong moi cap socong di ay:
,... 8 , 5 , 2 / a tm u
15
.
,... 3 2 , 4 , 3 2 / + b tmu
20
.
S:
3 18 40 /
44 /
20
15
=
=
u b
u a
Bai 2: Xac nh cap socong cocong sai l a3, sohang cuoi l a12 vacotong bang
30.
Bai 3: Cho cap socong:
= +
= +
26
10
6 4
3 5 2
u u
u u u
Tm sohang au vacong sai cua no.
Bai 4: Tm cap socong co5 sohang bi et tong l a25 vatong cac bnh phng cua
chung l a165.
Bai 5: Tm 3 sotao thanh mot cap socong bi et sohang au l a5 vatch socua
chung l a1140.
Bai 6: Tm chi eu dai cac canh cua mot tam gi ac vuong bi et chung tao thanh mot
cap socong vi cong sai l a25.
Bai 7: Cho cap socong u
1
, u
2
, u
3
, ...
Bi et u
1
+ u
4
+ u
7
+ u
10
+ u
13
+ u
16
= 147.
Tnh u
1
+ u
6
+ u
11
+ u
16
.
Bai 8: Mot cap socong (a
n
) co a
3
+ a
13
= 80.
Tm tong S
15
cua 15 sohang au ti en cua cap socong o.
Bai 9: Mot cap socong co11 sohang. Tong cua chung l a176. Hi eu cua sohang
cuoi vasohang au l a30. Tm cap soo.
Bai 10: cho cap socong (a
n
) coa
1
= 4, d = -3. Tnh a
10
.
Bai 11: Tnh u
1
, d trong cac cap socong sau ay:
=
=
=
= +
35
19
/ 2
129
14
/ 1
9
5
13
5 3
u
u
S
u u
=
= +
=
=
7 2
31
/ 4
2
45
9
/ 3
9 4
10 3
6
4
u u
u u
S
S
S: 1/ u
1
=
13
53
vad =
39
38
; 2/ u
1
= 3 vad = 4.
3/ u
1
= 0 vad =
2
3
; 4/ u
1
= vad = .
Bai 12: Cho cap socong (u
n
) cou
3
= -15, u
14
= 18.
Tnh tong cua 20 sohang au ti en.
Bai 13: Cho cap socong (u
n
) co u
1
= 17, d = 3. Tnh u
20
vaS
20.
S: u
20
= 74, S
20
= 910
Bai 14: Cho cap socong (u
n
) coa
10
= 10, d = -4.
Tnh u
1
vaS
10
. S: u
1
= 46, S
10
= 280
Bai 15: Cho cap socong (u
n
) cou
6
= 17 vau
11
= -1.
Tnh d vaS
11
. S: d =
5
18
vaS
11
= 187
Bai 16: Cho cap socong (u
n
) cou
3
= -15, u
4
= 18.
Tm tong cua 20 sohang au ti en. S: S
20
= 1350
CAP SO NHAN
Kien t hc can nh:
1. nh ngha: Cap sonhan l amot day so( hu han hay vohan), tronh oket
sohang thhai moi sohang eu l atch cua sohang ng ngay trc novi mot
sokhong oi goi l acong boi .
Goi q l acong boi , theo nh ngha ta co
u
n+1
=u
n
.q (n = 1, 2, ...).
ac bi et:
Khi q = 0 th cap sonhan l amot day sodang u
1
, 0, 0, ..., 0, ...
Khi q = 1 th cap sonhan l amot day sodang u
1
, u
1
, ..., u
1
, ...
Neu u
1
= 0 th vi moi q, cap sonhan l aday so0, 0, ..., ...
echday so(u
n
) l amot cap sonhan ta thng dung k hi eu
..
..
u
1
, u
2
, ..., u
n
, ....
2. Sohang tong quat
nh l: Sohang tong quat cua mot cap sonhan c cho bi cong thc:
u
n
= u
1
1 n
q
(q 0 = )
3. Tnh chat cac sohang cua cap sonhan
nh l: Trong mot cap sonhan, moi sohang ketsohang thhai (trsohang
cuoi oi vi cap sonhan hu han) eu cogi atrtuyet oi l atrung bnh nhan cua hai
sohang keben no, tc l a:
1 1
.
+
=
k k k
u u u ) 2 ( > k
4. Tong n sohang au cua mot cap sonhan.
Cho mot cap sonhan vi cong boi q = 1
u
1
, u
2
, ...,u
n
, ...
nh l: Ta co:
1
1
1
=
q
q
u S
n
n
(q = 1)
BAI TAP AP DUNG
Bai 1: Tm cac sohang cua cap sonhan bi et:
1/ Cap sonhan co6 sohang mau
1
= 243 vau
6
= 1
2/ Cho q =
4
1
, n = 6, S
6
= 2730. Tm u
1
, u
6
.
Bai 2: Cho cap sonhan co: u
3
= 18 vau
6
= -486.
Tm sohang au ti en vacong boi q cua cap sonhan o
Bai 3: Tm u
1
vaq cua cap sonhan bi et:
=
=
144
72
3 5
2 4
u u
u u
Bai 4: Tm u
1
vaq cua cap sonhan (u
n
) co: u
3
=12, u
5
=48.
Bai 5: Tm u vaq cua cap sonhan (u
n
) bi et:
= + +
= + +
351
13
6 5 4
3 2 1
u u u
u u u
Bai 6: Tm cap sonhan (u
n
) bi et cap sooco4 sohang cotong bang 360 vaso
hang cuoi gap 9 l an sohang thhai .
Bai 7: Tong 3 sohang l i en ti ep cua mot cap socong l a21. Neu sothhai tri 1
vasothba cong them 1 th ba sool ap thanh mot cap sonhan. Tm ba soo.
PHN I I . H NH HC
CHNG 1: PHP BIN HNH
Cau 1: Trong mat phang oxy,phep tnh ti en theo vect ( ; ) v a b
bi en i em M(x;y)
thanh M (x ;y ) . Tm toa oi em M'
Cau 2:Trong mat phang oxy cho i em M (1;2) .Phep tnh ti en theo vect (2;3) v
bi en
i em M thanh i em N. Tm toa oi em N.
Cau 3: Trong mat phang oxy cho i em A(4;5). Tm i em B(x,y) sao cho A l aanh cua
i em B qua phep tnh ti en theo (2;1) v
:
Cau4 : Trong cac hnh sau ay, hnh nao coba truc oi xng:
A) tam gi ac eu B) hnh chnhat C) Hnh vuong D)Hnh thoi
Cau5: Trong mat phang oxy Cho i em M(2;3). Phep oi xng qua truc ox bi en
i em M thanh M . Tm toa oi em M'
Cau 6: Trong mat phang oxy cho ng thang d cophng trnh : x+y -5=0 .Tm anh
cua ng thang d qua phep tnh ti e n vect (1;1) v
?
Cau 6: Trong mat phang oxy cho ng thang d cophng trnh : 3x+5y-4=0.Tm anh
cua ng thang d qua phep oi xng truc ox.
Cau 8 :Trong mat phang oxy Cho iem M(2;3).Phep oi xng qua goc toaobi en
i em M thanh i em N. Tm toa oi em N?
Cau 8 :Trong mat phang oxy cho ng thang d cophng trnh : x+y -5=0 3x+4y-
6=0, phep oi xng qua goc toaobi en d thanh d . Tm phng trnh d'
Cau 7: Trong mat phang oxy cho ng tron (C) cophng trnh (x-5)
2
+(y-4)
2
=36
. Phep tnh ti en theo vect (1; 2) v
= k ' OM
B) ' OM
= k OM
C) OM =k OM D) ' OM
=
1
k
OM
| c o c
=
b ; a
M b a (P) trong
M l im chung
1. 1: 1)Cho t din ABCD c E l trung im ca AB. Hy xc nh giao tuyn ca mt
phng (ECD) vi cc mt phng (ABC) ; (ABD) ; (BCD) ; (ACD)
2)Cho t din SABC v mt im I trn on SA; d l ng thng trong (ABC)
ct AB; BC ti J ; K. Tm giao tuyn ca
mt phng (I,d) vi cc mt phng sau : (SAB)
; (SAC) ; (SBC)
1. 2: 1)Cho t gic li ABCD v im S khng nm trong mt phng cha t gic. Tm
giao tuyn ca :
a) (SAC) v (SBD) b) (SAB) v (SCD) c) (SAD) v (SBC)
2)Cho hnh chp S.ABCDE. Hy xc nh giao tuyn ca mt phng (SAC) vi
cc mt phng (SAD) ; (SCE)
o
|
I J
- -
1. 3: Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l mt t gic li ; M l im trn cnh CD.
Tm giao tuyn ca cc mt phng :
a)(SAM) v (SBD) b)(SBM) ; (SAC)
1. 4: Cho t din ABCD; M l im nm trong AABC; N l im nm trong AACD. Tm
giao tuyn ca : a) (AMN) v (BCD)
b) (CMN) v (ABD)
1. 5: Cho t din ABCD .M nm trn AB sao cho AM =
4
1
MB ; N nm trn AC sao cho
AN = 3NC; im I nm trong ABCD. Tm giao tuyn ca :
a) (MNI) v (BCD) b) (MNI) v (ABD) c) (MNI) v (ACD)
1. 6: Cho t din ABCD ; gi I ; J ln lt l trung im ca AD; BC .
a) Tm giao tuyn ca : (IBC) v (JAD)
b)M l im trn AB; N l im trn AC. Tm giao tuyn ca (IBC) v (DMN
)
1. 7: Cho hai ng thng a ; b e (P) v im S khng thuc (P). Hy xc nh giao
tuyn ca mt phng cha a v S vi mt phng cha b v S ?
1. 8: Cho t din ABCD ; trn AB ; AC ln lt ly hai im M v N sao cho :
NC
AN
MB
AM
= . Tm giao tuyn ca (DMN) v (BCD)
1. 9; Cho bn im ABCD khng ng phng ; gi I ; K l trung im AD ; BC . Xc
nh giao tuyn ca hai mt phng (IBC) v (KAD) ?
1. 10 : Trong mt phng o cho hnh thang ABCD c y l AB ; CD ; S l im nm
ngoi mt phng hnh thang. Tm giao tuyn ca :
a) (SAD) v (SBC) b) (SAC) v (SBD)
1.11. Hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh thang hai y l AD ; BC .Gi M ; N l
trung im AB ; CD v G l trng tm ASAD. Tm giao tuyn ca :
a) (GMN) v (SAC) b) (GMN) v (SBC)
Vn 2: CHNG MINH BA IM THNG HNG
V BA NG THNG NG QUY
Chng minh A; B; C thng hng :
Ch ra A ; B ; C e o
Ch ra A ; B ; C e |
Kt lun : A; B; Ce o . | A; B; C thng hng
Chng minh a ; b ; MN ng quy:
t a . b = P
Chng minh M ; N ; P thng hng
Kt lun :MN ; a ; b ng quy ti P
o
|
A C
- - -
B
M
N
-
-
a
b
P
2. 1: Cho hai mt phng o v | ct nhau theo giao tuyn d .Trn o ly hai im A ; B
nhng khng thuc d. O l im ngoi hai mt phng . Cc ng thng OA ; OB ln
lt ct | ti A ; B. AB ct d ti C
a)Chng minh O; A; B khng thng hng ?
b)Chng minh A ; B ; C thng hng ? T suy ra AB ; AB; d ng quy
2. 2: Trong khng gian cho ba tia Ox ; Oy ; Oz khng ng phng. Trn Ox ly A ; A ;
trn Oy ly B ; B trn Oz ly C ; C sao cho AB ct AB ti D ; BC ct BC ti E ; AC
ct AC ti F. Chng minh D; E ; F thng hng ?
2. 3: Cho A; B; C khng thng hng ngoi mt phng o . Gi M ; N ; P ln lt l giao
im AB ; BC ; AC vi o. Chng minh M; N; P thng hng ?
2. 4: 1) Cho hnh chp S.ABCDy ABCD l hnh bnh hnh ; O l giao im hai
ng cho ; M ; N ln lt l trung im SA ; SD. Chng minh ba ng thng SO ;
BN ; CM ng quy
2)Cho t din ABCD.Mt phng o khng song song AB ct AC ; BC ; AD ; BD
ln lt ti M ; N ; R ; S . Chng minh AB ; MN ; RS ng quy ?
2. 5: Chng minh trong mt t din cc ng thng ni nh vi trng tm mt i din
ng quy ?
2.6. Hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh thang hai y l AD ; BC .Gi M ; N l
trung im AB ; CD v G l trng tm ASAD. Tm giao tuyn ca :
a) (GMN) v (SAB) b) (GMN) v (SCD)
c) Gi giao im ca AB v CD l I ; J l giao im ca hai giao tuyn ca cu a v cu
b. Chng minh S ; I ; J thng hng ?
Vn 3: CHNG MINH HAI NG THNG CHO NHAU,
V CC IM NG PHNG
Chng minh 2 ng thng a ; b cho nhau :
Gi s : a khng cho b
T suy ra hai ng thng a v b nm trong
cng mt phng o ( ng phng )
T suy ra iu mu thun vi ga thit hoc
mu thun vi mt iu ng no
Chng minh A, B, C, D nm trong cng mt mt phng ng phng
Chng minh hai ng
thng to thnh t bn
im ct nhau hoc
song song vi nhau
3. 1: Cho bn im A, B, C, D khng ng phng
a)Chng minh ba trong s 4 im ny khng thng hng
b)Chng minh AB cho vi CD ?
b
a
o
-
A
o
B
C
D
-
-
-
-
A
o
B
C
D
-
-
-
3. 2: Cho hai ng thng cho nhau a v b.Trn a ly hai im A, B ; trn
b ly hai
im C, D
a)Chng minh AC cho BD ?
b)Ly M nm trn on AC; N nm trn on BD. ng thng MN c song song AB
hoc CD khng ?
c)O l trung im MN. Chng minh A, O, C, N ng phng
3. 3: Cho ng thng a ct hai ng thng b v c. Hi ba ng thng a, b, c c ng
phng khng ? Ti sao ?
3. 4: Cho t din ABCD. Gi I ; J l trung im AD; BC.
a) Chng minh AB cho CD ? b) Chng minh IB cho JA ?
Vn 4: TM GIAO IMCA NG THNG D V MT PHNG
Gi s phi tm giao im d o = ?
Phng php 1:
Tm a c o
Ch ra c a ,d nm trong cng mt phng v
chng ct nhau ti M d . o = M ( hnh v )
Phng php 2:
Tm | cha d thch hp
Gii bi ton tm giao tuyn a ca o v |
Trong | : a . d = M d . o = M ( hnh v b)
4. 1: Cho t din SABC; M ; N ln lt l cc im nm trong
ASAB ; ASBC. MN ct
(ABC) ti P. Xc nh giao im P
4. 2: Cho t din ABCD ; M l trung im AB; N v P ln lt l cc im nm trn
AC; AD sao cho AN : AC = 3 : 4 ; AP : AD = 2 : 3. Tm giao im :
a) MN vi (BCD) b) BD vi (MNP)
c) Gi Q l trung im NP.Tm giao im ca MQ vi (BCD)
4. 3: A; B ; C ; D l bn im khng ng phng. M; N ln lt l trung im ca AC;
BC. Trn on BD ly P sao cho BP = 2PD. Tm giao im ca :
a) CD vi (MNP) b) AD vi (MNP)
4. 4: Cho hnh chp SABC ; O l im trong
AABC ; D v E l cc im nm trn SB ;
SC.Tm giao im ca a) DE vi (SAO)
b) SO vi (ADE)
4. 5: Cho t din SABC. I ; H ln lt l trung im
SA; AB. Trn on SC ly im K
sao cho CK = 3KS.
a)Tm giao im ca ng thng BC vi (IHK) ?
b)Gi M l trung im HI. Tm giao im ca ng thng KM vi (ABC) ?
4. 6: Cho hnh chp SABCD y l hnh thang ABCD y ln AB. I; J; K l ba im
trn SA; SB; SC .Tm giao im IK v (SBD); giao im (JK) v SD; SC
-
o
d
a
M
-
o
M
|
d
a
4. 7: Gi I ; J ln lt l hai im nm trong AABC; AABD ca t din ABCD. M l
im tu trn CD. Tm giao im IJ v mt phng (AMB)
4. 8: Hnh chp SABCD y l hnh bnh hnh ABCD. M
l trung im SD
a)Tm giao im I ca BM v (SAC) ?
Chng minh : BI = 2IM ?
b)Tm giao im J ca ca SA v (BCM) ? Ch
ng minh J l trung im SA ?
c) N l im tu trn BC. Tm giao im ca MN vi (SAC) ?
Vn 5: THIT DIN TO BI MT PHNG VI KHI A DIN
Ln lt xt giao tuyn ca o vi cc
mt ca khi a din ng thi xt giao im ca
cc cnh ca a din vi mt phng o
Khi cc on giao tuyn tm c khp
kn thnh a gic ta c thit din phi tm.
Vic chng minh tit din c hnh
dng c bit nh hnh bnh hnh; hnh thang ;
. . . trong mt phng o cng nh vo qu trnh
i tm giao tuyn v giao im trn
Trong phn ny ta ch xt hai cch lm c bn :
I. Xc nh thit din bng cch ko di cc giao tuy
n
II.Xc nh thit din bng cch v giao tuyn ph
5. 1: 1) Cho hnh lp phng ABCDABCD. Gi M ; N ; P ln lt l trung im AA
; AD ; DC . Tm thit din to bi mt phng i qua M; N; P vi hnh lp phng ?
2) Cho hnh hp ABCDABCD. Gi M ; N ; P ln lt l trung im DC ; AD
; BB. Tm thit din to bi mt phng (MNP) vi hnh hp v giao tuyn ca (MNP)
vi mt phng (ABCD)
5. 2: 1)Cho hnh chp S.ABCD y ABCD l hnh bnh hnh . Gi E; F; K ln lt l
trung im ca SA ; AB ; BC. Xc nh thit din ca hnh chp v mt phng i qua ba
im E; F ; K
2) Cho hnh chp S.ABCD. Gi A ; B ; C ln lt l cc im nm trn SA ;
SB; SC. Xc nh thit din to bi mt phng (ABC) vi hnh chp
*5. 3: Cho t din ABCD ; im I nm trn BD v ngoi BD sao cho ID = 3IB; M ; N
l hai im thuc cnh AD ; DC sao cho MA =
2
1
MD ; ND =
2
1
NC
a)Tm giao tuyn PQ ca (IMN) vi (ABC) ?
b)Xc dnh thit din to bi (IMN) vi t din ?
c)Chng minh MN ; PQ ; AC ng qui ?
*5. 4: 1)Cho t din ABCD ; im I ; J ln lt l trng tm
AABC ; ADBC ; M l trung
im AD. Tm tit din to bi (MJI) v t din ?
2) Cho hnh chp S.ABCDE. Ly ba im M ; N ; K trn SA ; BC ; SD. Xc nh
thit din to bi mt phng (MNK) vi hnh chp
A
o
B
D
C
E
F
5. 5: Hnh chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh thang vi AB l y . Gi M ; N l trung
im SB ; SC .
a)Tm giao tuyn ca (SAD) v (SBC) ?
b)Tm giao im ca SD vi mt phng (AMN) ?
c)Tm tit din to bi mt phng (AMN) vi hnh chp
*5. 6: Hnh chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh bnh hnh . M l trung im SC
a)Tm giao im I ca AM vi (SBD) ? Chng minh IA = 2IM
b)Tm giao im F ca SD vi (AMB) ? Chng minh F l trung im SD ?
c)Xc nh hnh dng tit din to bi (AMB) vi hnh chp
d)Gi N l mt im trn cnh AB .Tm giao im ca MN vi (SBD) ?
*5.7. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y l hnh bnh hnh tm O. Gi M ; N ; P ln lt l
trung im SB ; SD ; OC
a) Tm giao tuyn ca (MNP) vi (SAC) ?
b) Dng thit din ca (MNP) vi hnh chp ?
c) Tnh t s m (MNP) chia cnh SA ; BC ; CD ? S: c) 3 : 1 ; 1 : 1 ; 1 : 1
5.8. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y l hnh bnh hnh; gi M l trung im SB ; G l
trng tm ASAD
a) Tm giao im I ca GM vi (ABCD) ?
b) Chng minh (CGM) cha ng thng CD ?
c) Chng minh (CGM) i qua trung im SA ?
d) Dng tit din ca (CGM) vi hnh chp ?
*5.9. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh bnh hnh tm O ; I ; J l trng tm
ASAB ; ASAD
a) Tm giao im ca JI
vi (SAC) ?
b) Dng thit din to bi (JIO) vi hnh chp
5.10. Cho hnh chp SABCD. Gi I ; M ; N l ba im trn SA ; AB ; CD
a) Tm giao tuyn ca (SAN) v (SDM) ?
b) Hy xc nh thit din to bi (IMN) vi hnh chp
BI TP TNG HP
1: Cho t din ABCD ; I l im nm ngoi on BD. Mt phng o qua I ct AB; BC;
CD; DA ti M; N; P; Q.
a) Chng minh I ; M ; Q thng hng v ba im I ; N ; P cng thng hng ?
b) Chng minh MN; AC; PQ ng qui ?
2: Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh b
nh hnh . M l trung im
SD; E l im trn cnh BC
a) Tm giao im N ca SC vi (AME) ?
b) Tm giao tuyn ca (AME) vi (SAC) ?
c) Tm giao im ca K ca SA vi (MBC) ? Chng minh K l trung im SA
3: Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh bnh h
nh .F l trung im CD; E l
im trn cnh SC sao cho SE = 2EC .Tm tit din to bi (AEF) vi hnh
4: Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh bnh hnh .I l trung im SD; E l
im trn cnh SB sao cho SE = 3EB .
a) Tm giao im F ca CD vi mt phng (AIE) ?
b) Tm giao tuyn d ca (AIE) vi (SBC) ?
c) Chng minh BC ; AF ; d ng qui ?
5: Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l t gic li .F l trung im SC; E l im
trn cnh BC sao cho BE = 2EC .
a)Tm tit din to bi (AEF) vi hnh chp ?
b) Tm giao im ca SB vi (AEF) ?
6: Hnh chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh bnh hnh tm O ; M l trung im SB; G l
trng tm ASAD
a) Tm giao im I ca GM vi (ABCD) v chng minh I nm trn ng thng CD v
IC = 2ID ?
b) Tm giao im J ca (OMG) vi
AD ? Tnh t s
JD
JA
c)Tm giao im K ca (OMG) vi SA ? Tnh
KS
KA
HD: b) 2 c) 2
7: Cho t din ABCD; trn AD ly N sao cho
AN = 2ND ; M l trung im AC ; trn BC ly Q sao cho BQ =
4
1
BC
a) Tm giao im I ca MN vi (BCD) ? Tnh IC:ID
b) Tm giao im J ca BD vi (MNP) ? Tnh JB:JD
8 Cho t din ABCD. Gi I ; J l hai im c nh nm trn AB ; AC v J khng song
song vi BC. Mt phng o quay quanh IJ ct cnh CD ; BD ti M ; N
a) Chng minh MN lun i qua mt im c nh ?
b) Tm tp hp giao im ca IN v JM ?
c)Tm tp hp giao im ca IM v JN ?
9. Cho hnh chp SABC. Gi A ; B ; C l cc im di ng trn SA ; SB ; SC tho :
SA =
1 n
1
+
SA ; SB =
1 n 2
1
+
SB ; SC =
1 n 3
1
+
SC
a) Chng minh AB i qua mt im c nh I v AC i qua im c nh J khi n thay
i ?
b) Chng minh (ABC) cha mt ng thng c nh
HD: a) dng nh l menelaus b) ng IJ
Vn 6 HAI T SONG SONG
Phng php :
C th dng mt trong cc cch sau :
- Chng minh hai ng thng ng phng , ri p dng phng php chng minh
song song rong hnh hc phng (nh tnh cht ng trung bnh, nh l o ca nh l
Ta-lt ...)
- Chng minh hai ng thng cng song song song vi ng thng th 3.
- p dng nh l v giao tuyn .
6.1 Cho hai hnh bnh hnh ABCD v ABEF khng cng nm trong mt phng . Trn hai
ng thng cho nhau AC v BF ln lt ly hai im M ; N sao cho
AM : AC = BN : BF = 1: 3 . Chng minh MN //< DE
6.2 Cho hai hnh bnh hnh ABCD v ABEF khng cng nm trong mt phng . Trn hai
ng thng cho nhau AC v BF ln lt ly hai im M ; N sao cho
AM : AC = BN : BF = 5 . Dng MM' < AB vi M' trn AD; NN' < AB vi N' trn AF.
Chng minh : a) MM' v NN' // < CD b) MN<// DF
Vn 7: NG THNG SONG SONG VI MT PHNG
1. Chng minh ng thng d song song vi mt phng P
Phng php :
Ta chng minh d khng nm trong (P) v song song vi ng thng a cha trong (P) .
Ghi ch : Nu a khng c sn trong hnh th ta chn mt mt phng (Q) cha d v ly a
l giao tuyn ca (P) v (Q) .
7.1 Cho t din ABCD . Trn cnh AD ly trung im M ; trn BC ly im N bt
k.Gi ( a )o o l mt phng cha ng thng MN
v song song vi CD .
a)Tm tit din ca t din ABCD vi ( a )o o ?
b)Xc nh v tr ca N trn BC sao cho tit din l hnh bnh hnh ?
7.2 Cho hnh chp SABCD vi y ABCD l hnh thang c y ln l AD. Gi M l
im bt k trn cnh AB.( a ) o l mt phng qua M v song song AD v SD.
a)Mt phng ( a )o o ct SABCD theo tit din l hnh g ? b)Chng minh SA // o
7.3 Cho hnh chp SABCD. c y ABCD l hnh bnh hnh. Mt phng ( a )
o o di
ng lun lun song song BC v ng thi i qua trung
im C ca SC .
a)Mt phng ( a )o o ct cac cnh SA ; SB ; SD ln lt ti A ; B ; D tit din
ABCD l hnh g ?
b)Chng minh rng ( a )o o khi chuyn ng lun lun cha mt ng thng c nh
c)Gi M l giao im ca AC v BD .Chng min
h khi ( a )o o di ng th M di ng
trn ng thng c nh
7.4 Cho hnh chp S.ABCDy l bnh hnh.Gi M l im di ng trn cnh SC; mt
phng ()o cha AM v < BD
a)Chng minh ()o lun lun i qua mt ng thng c nh khi M chuyn ng trn
cnh SC
b) ()o ct SB v SD ti E ; F .Trnh by cch dng E v F ?
c)Gi I l giao im ca ME v CB; J l giao im ca MF v CD . Chng minh ba
im I ; J ; A thng hng
Vn 8: MAT PHANG SONG SONG
1. Chng minh hai mt phng song song
Phng php :
* Chng minh mt phng ny cha hai ng thng ct nhau ln lt song song vi hai
ng thng ct nhau nm trong mt phng kia .
8.1 Cho hnh chop S.ABCD coay l ahnh bnh hanh. Goi H,I ,K l an l t l atrung
i em cua SA,SB,SC.
a) Chng mi nh (HI K)// (ABCD).
b) Goi M l agi ao i em cua AI vaKD, N l agi ao i em cua DH vaCI .Chng
mi nh (SMN) //(HI K).
8.2 Cho hnh hop ABCD.AB C D .
a) Chng mi nh (BA D) // (B D C).
b) Chng mi nh AC qua trong tam G vaG cua tam gi ac A BD vaCB D
8.3 Cho hnh chop S.ABCD, ay l ahnh bnh hanh tam O. Goi M,N l an l t l atrung
i em cua SA ,CD.
a) Cm: (OMN) //(SBC).
b) Gi astam gi ac SAD, ABC eu can tai A. Goi AE,A F l acac ng phan
gi ac trong cua tam gi ac ACD vaSAB . Cm: E F //(SAD).
8.4 Cho hai hnh vuong ABCD, ABE F khong cung nam trong mot mat phang . Tren
cac ng cheo AC,BF l an l t l ay cac i em M,N sao cho AM=BN . Cac dng thang
// AB vetM,N l an l t cat AD, A F tai M ,N .
a)Cm: (CBE) //(AD F).
b) Cm: (DE F)//(MNN M ).