WRK Scanning

Introduction to Scanning & Digital Imaging Richard J.
Urban Colorado Digitization Program

2002 Colorado Digitization Program
http://www.cdpheritage.org
Contact Information Colorado Digitization Program University of Denver, Penrose Library 2150 East Evans Avenue Denver, CO 80208-2007 303-871-2006 Fax 303-871-2290 http://www.cdpheritage.org
Contact Information Richard J. Urban Colorado Digitization Project (303) 871-4558 rurban@du.edu
Introductions
Who am I? Scanning experience? What is your quest? What I hope to get out of this workshop?
Agenda
Definitions Image capture File formats & compression Image sizing Managing color Benchmarking & formulas Outsourcing Hands-on exercises
Definitions Pixels Spatial Resolution Spatial Dimensions Bit Depth Tonal Range
Pixels Pixel = Picture Cell Points of information which make up a digital image Similar to newspaper printing Pointillism
George Seurat: A Sunday on La Grande Jatte (painted in 1884)
Pixels 1 Pixel =
4x4 Pixels =
Pixels
=
1010101 0101010 1010101

A pixel is a set of digital information
Pixels Per Inch

Each outline square is 1 inch on each side The right box has 8 pixels per inch The left box has 4 pixels per inch
Pixels Per Inch (PPI) vs. Dots Per Inch (DPI)
Pixels Per Inch more accurately describes digital display and capture
On-screen display Scanning equipment
Dots Per Inch more accurately describes output

Printers
Resolution and PPI

Resolution is the number of pixels per inch High resolution has many pixels per inch Low resolution has few pixels per inch
Resolution
Resolution determines the amount of detail
High resolution will show high detail Low resolution will show little detail
Scan originals at a resolution appropriate to their format and use
Resolution 300 DPI 72 DPI
300 DPI
Resolution 300 DPI 20 DPI
Resolution High Resolution Low Resolution
In this case, they are nearly the same.

Bit Depth
The number of bits of digital information used to define one pixel The higher the bit depth the greater the number of grayscale and color tones
Bit Depth of 1 = Bit Depth of 2 = Bit Depth of 4 =
Bit Depth letter o

The higher the bit depth the greater the number of grayscale and color tones Bit depth 1 Bit depth 12 black/white grayscale
Bit Depth
2 colors/shades of 1 bit gray, usually black (bitonal) or white
8 bit
256 colors/shades of gray
16 million 24 bit colors/shades of gray
Spatial Dimensions Pixel dimensions are the number of actual pixels horizontally and vertically
Image Monitor
Pixels and Monitors

Computer monitor screens vary: 1280 x 1024 pixels per inch 1024 x 768 pixels per inch 800 x 600 pixels per inch 600 x 400 pixels per inch
Tonal Range The variation between light and dark The range between the
lightest light and the darkest dark of an image
Tonal Range
Photographic experts consider tonal reproduction most important in digitizing photographs; it is essential for details, especially in highlights and shadows. However, unlike image attributes such as detail and stroke, tone and color are not easily measured.
Page 76 Moving Theory into Practice by Anne R. Kenney and Oya Y. Reiger
Examples of Tone
The goats image has great tonal variation The chipmunk image has little tonal variation
Histograms
Histograms
Downtown Colorado Springs Creator: Stewarts Commercial Photographers Date Original: 1964 Project: Pikes Peak Library District
Computer Hardware
1 1.6 GHz 256 MB (or larger) RAM 16 MB video RAM 21" monitor 9 GB hard drive with expansion slot CD-ROM drive (48x maximum speed) ISO 9660 compliant CD-ROM recorder (also called CD writer or CD burner) High speed data transfer: SCSI, USB 2.0, Firewire
Image Storage How to store your files?

CD DVD On-line
Tape Hard disk
What are the costs,

one-time & ongoing?
Types of Image Scanners Flatbed scanner Slide scanner Microfilm scanner Drum scanner Sheet feed scanner Wide-format scanners Digital camera
Influences on Scanner Types

Paper
Single sheet Bound materials
Photographs
Color Black and white
Transparencies
Slides: color, black and white Glass plates
Size of materials
Selection Criteria Price Maximum document size Scanning speed Optical resolution Bit depth supported Peripheral connection
Selection Criteria
Scanner lifetime Warranty terms Service contract terms Hardware features Ergonomic features Ratings for image quality Ratings for OCR accuracy Platforms/OS compatibility
Selecting a Scanner Optical Density

Density Range of Scanning Equipment[i] Equipment 24 bit color flatbed scanners 30 bit color flatbed scanners 34 36 bit color flatbed scanners Desktop drum scanners High-end drum scanners Film/Transparency scanners Maximum Density range 2.2 2.6 2.8 3.2 3.3 3.6 3.3 3.7 3.4- 3.8 2.2 4.2 Source Newsprint Printed material Coated stock Normal Photographic prints (C-Type) High contrast photographic prints (R-type cibachrome) Negative film 35mm slides Transparencies Density Range of source materials[i] Density range .09 1.5 1.5 1.9 1.6 - 2.0 2.0 - 2.3 2.8 2.8 3.0 3.0 4.0
[i] Density chart adapted from Technical Advisory Service for Images. Scanners http://www.tasi.ac.uk/advice/creating/scanners.html and Kenny & Reiger. Moving Theory into Practice, p. 39.
Scanner Review Sites Technical Advisory Service for Images

www.tasi.ac.uk
A Few Scanning Tips by Wayne Fulton www.scantips.com Flatbed Scanner Review www.flatbed-scanner-review.org
Image Capture
Scanners
CDP uses
Epson Expression 836 XL

Epson Expression 1640XL Graphics Arts (current model)
Digital cameras
Not recommended at this time
Low resolution Expensive to have high resolution
35mm slide film does a GREAT job

Types of Scanning Bitonal

Bits are either black OR white
Grayscale
Bits are black, white, and/or a shade of gray
Color
Bits are black, white, gray and/or color
3 Files for Every Image

Master image
High quality Stored off-line
Access image
Full screen Web delivery
Thumbnail image
Small view Web delivery
Thumbnail Image
Access Image
Compression
File compressions are algorithms used to extract extraneous information to make the file smaller.
Information is removed Quality decreases
JPEG High Compression JPEG Medium Compression JPEG Low Compression Low Quality Medium Quality High Quality 5 kilobytes 10 kilobytes 82 kilobytes
Detail of Serene Donner in a Picture Hat, 1910 courtesy Ira M. Beck Memorial Archives, University of Denver
File Formats Uncompressed

TIFF: Tagged Image File Format PNG: Portable Network Graphics
Compressed
JPEG: Joint Photographic Experts Group GIF: Graphics Interchange Format
TIFF
Used for master image
Reproduction quality Future uses
Uncompressed
JPEG Best for continuous tone images Supports

8-bit grayscale 24-bit color
Compressed
GIF Best for bitonal images Supports

1-8 bit bitonal Indexed Grayscale Indexed Color
Compressed color
Future File Formats PNG JPEG 2000
Image Sizing Size of access image should be based on your desired output
Monitor
Use 800 x 600 ppi as a standard full screen size
Print
Image Dimensions Spatial Resolution - Guidelines ONLY

Master: dependent on media type, size of object, and intended image use Access: resize according to screen size Thumbnail: 150-200 (+/-) pixels across long dimension
Image Resolution - Photographs Master: Minimum 3000-5000 pixels on the long dimension Access: between 150-250 ppi Thumbnail: 72 ppi The resolution depends on:
Original Format Image use Audience File size
3 inches
5000 pixels on the long dimensions or ~ 1600 ppi
2 inches
Serene Donner in a Picture Hat, 1910 courtesy Ira M. Beck Memorial Archives, University of Denver
File Size Master image

As large as is appropriate for the media As large as you can store
Access image
Between 50K and 150K
Thumbnails
Under 10K
File Size
Estimating File Size for images

File size (bytes) Pixel Height x Pixel Width x Bit Depth x Spatial Resolution (PPI)2
16,200,000,000 bytes
600 px x 800 px x 24 x (300 ppi)2
Managing Color What you see isnt always what you get Scanners have different variations Monitors have a wide range of color variation Print output is VERY different from screen output
Color Influences Light in the viewing room

Natural day light Florescent light Ultraviolet light Amount of light or shadow
Controlling Color CDP Scan Centers are NOT doing technical color calibration of the equipment CDP Scan Centers will provide standard grayscale and color targets Document what your organization is doing Take frequent color samples
Color Chart Kodak Color Separation Guide and Gray Scale. Q-13, CAT 152 7654
Gray Scale Chart
Benchmarking Requirements definition

Quality Cost Performance
Measurement
Gather good data on size, tonal range
Tolerance values
What are the priorities
Image Workflow
Begin Capture of Technical Metadata
Preparation
Calibration
Assessment
Load equipment
Unacceptable quality - rescan
Assess histogram & color
Scan
Adjust color/White points
Prescan
End Capture of Technical Metadata
Save using unique identifier
Backup storage
Secondary Quality Review
Produce Derivatives
Unacceptable quality - rescan

Image Capture When to outsource

Special materials Oversize Large volume Quality control critical
Larimer County Digitization Initiative/Loveland Public Library 2002 Colorado Digitization Program
Working with Vendors

Provide the service bureau with as much information as possible
Resolution standards Spatial resolution File formats File size Possible print options Time frame Delivery format (CD, FTP, print)
Working with Vendors Ask questions

Do not assume anything Put your questions in writing Ask for a written response
Get references
View previous work
Thank You We will spend the afternoon working with the portable scanner. Contact me with your questions. Richard Urban (303) 871-4558 rurban@du.edu

WRK Scanning

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Introduction to Scanning & Digital Imaging Richard J.

Urban Colorado Digitization Program

2002 Colorado Digitization Program

2002 Colorado Digitization Program

2002 Colorado Digitization Program

2002 Colorado Digitization Program

2002 Colorado Digitization Program

2002 Colorado Digitization Program

1010101 0101010 1010101

A pixel is a set of digital information

Pixels Per Inch

2002 Colorado Digitization Program

Pixels Per Inch (PPI) vs. Dots Per Inch (DPI)

Dots Per Inch more accurately describes output

2002 Colorado Digitization Program

Resolution and PPI

2002 Colorado Digitization Program

Scan originals at a resolution appropriate to their format and use

2002 Colorado Digitization Program

Resolution 300 DPI 72 DPI

2002 Colorado Digitization Program

2002 Colorado Digitization Program

Resolution 300 DPI 20 DPI

2002 Colorado Digitization Program

Resolution High Resolution Low Resolution

In this case, they are nearly the same.

Bit Depth letter o

2002 Colorado Digitization Program

256 colors/shades of gray

16 million 24 bit colors/shades of gray

2002 Colorado Digitization Program

2002 Colorado Digitization Program

Pixels and Monitors

2002 Colorado Digitization Program

2002 Colorado Digitization Program

2002 Colorado Digitization Program

2002 Colorado Digitization Program

2002 Colorado Digitization Program

Image Storage How to store your files?

What are the costs,

2002 Colorado Digitization Program

Influences on Scanner Types

2002 Colorado Digitization Program

2002 Colorado Digitization Program

2002 Colorado Digitization Program

Selecting a Scanner Optical Density

2002 Colorado Digitization Program

Scanner Review Sites Technical Advisory Service for Images

2002 Colorado Digitization Program

Epson Expression 836 XL

35mm slide film does a GREAT job

Types of Scanning Bitonal

3 Files for Every Image

2002 Colorado Digitization Program

2002 Colorado Digitization Program

2002 Colorado Digitization Program

2002 Colorado Digitization Program

File Formats Uncompressed

2002 Colorado Digitization Program

2002 Colorado Digitization Program

JPEG Best for continuous tone images Supports

2002 Colorado Digitization Program