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TO
SAMPLING
BY
DR.CHIRAG PATIL
WHAT IS SAMPLE
DEFINATION OF SAMPLE:
SAMPLING UNITS
THE INDIVIDUAL ENTITIES THAT FORM THE FOCUS OF STUDY ARE TERMED AS SAMPLING UNIT
SAMPLING FRAME
THE LIST OF SAMPLING UNITS IS CALLED AS SAMPLING FRAME.
SAMPLE SELECTION
1)PURPOSIVE SELECTION 2)RANDOM SELECTION
1)PURPOSIVE SELECTION
IN THIS TYPE SELECTION OF A SAMPLE PRIMARILY AIMS AT REPRESENTING THE POPULATION AS A WHOLE E.g.-STUDY ON A ORAL HYGINE IN 30 STUDENTS OF BDS 3RD YEAR MAY BE PICKED AND ASSESSED FOR POOR ORAL HYGINE. A PURPOSIVE SAMPLE IS ONE IN WHICH THE SAMPLE IS SELECTED BY THE RESEARCHER SUBJECTIVELY.THE RESEARCHER ATTEMPTS TO OBTAIN SAMPLE THAT APPEARS TO HIM/HER TO BE REPRESENTATIVE OF THE POPULATION AND WILL USUALLY TRY TO ENSURE THAT RANGE FROM ONE EXTREME TO THE OTHER .
ADVANTAGE
EASY TO CARRY OUT DOES NOT NEED PREPARATION OF SAMPLE FRAME
DISADVANTAGE
UNDER REPRESENTATION OF POPULATION
2)RANDOM SELECTION
IT IS ALSO CALLED AS PROBABILITY SAMPLING
HERE A SAMPLE OF UNITS IS SELECTED IN SUCH A WAY THAT ALL THE CHARACTERISTIC OF THE POPULATION IS REFLECTED IN SAMPLE HERE THE SAMPLE IS SELECTED AT RANDOM WHICH INDICATES THE CHANCE OF POPULATION UNIT BEING SELECTED IN THE SAMPLE.
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
DIFFERENT TYPES .
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING SYSTEMIC RANDOM SAMPING STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING MULTISTAGE SAMPLING CLUSTER SAMPLING MULTIPHASE SAMPLING
2)SYSTEMIC SAMPLING
THIS METHOD IS POPULARLY USED IN THOSE CASES WHEN A COMPPLETE LIST OF POPULATION FROM WHICH SAMPLE IS DRAWN IS AVAILABLE. ADVANTAGE: 1)IT IS SIMPLE ND CONVENIENT TO ADOPT 2)TIME AND LABOUR INVOLVED IN COLLECTION OF SAMPLE IS SMALL. 3)IF POPULAR IS LARGE, HOMOGENEOUS AND EACH UNIT IS NUMBERED THIS METHOD CAN YIELD ACCURATE RESULTS.
3)STRATIFIED SAMPLING
THIS METHOD IS FOLLOWED WHEN THE POPULATION IS NOT HOMOGENEOUS.
THE POPULATION IS FIRST DIVIDED IN TO HOMOGENEOUS GROUPS OR CLASSES AND STRATA AND THE SAMPLE IS DRAWN FROM EACH STRATUM AT RANDOM IN PROPORTION TO ITS SIZE.
EXAMPLE OF STRATIFIED SAMPLING - IF WE WANT TO ENSURE THAT A SAMPLE OF 5 STUDENTS FROM A GROUP OF 50 CONTAINS BOTH MALE AND FEMALE STUDENTS IN SAME PROPORTIONS AS IN THE FULL POPULATION (I.E. THE GROUP OF 50), WE FIRST DIVIDE THAT POPULATION INTO MALE AND FEMALE. IN THIS CASE, THERE ARE 22 MALE STUDENTS AND 28 FEMALES. TO WORK OUT THE NUMBER OF MALES AND FEMALES IN THE SAMPLE........ NO. OF MALES IN SAMPLE = (5 / 50) X 22 = 2.2 NO. OF FEMALES IN SAMPLE = (5 / 50) X 28 =
4)MULTISTAGE SAMPLING
AS THE NAME IMPLIES THIS METHOD REFERS TO THE SAMPLING PROCEDURES CARRIED OUT IN SEVERAL STAGES USING RANDOM SAMPLING TECHNIQUES. ITS IS EMPLOYED IN LARGE COMPPANY SURVEY . IN FIRST STAGE, RANDOM NUMBER OF DISTRICTS ARE CHOOSEN IN ALL THE STATES , FOLLOWED BY RANDOM NUMBERS OF TALUKAS, VILLAGES AND UNITS, RESPECTIVELY. EXAMPLE: FOR STREPTOCOCAL MUTANTS SURVEY IN A DISTRICT, CHOOSE 10% VILLAGES IN THE TALUKAS AND THEN EXAMINE SALIVA OF ALL PERSONS IN EVERY 10TH HOUSE.
ADVANTAGES.
1)IT INTRODUCES FLEXIBILITY IN SAMPLING, WHICH IS LACKING IN OTHER SAMPLING. 2)IT ENABLES THE USE OF EXISTING DIVISIONS AND SUBDIVISIONS WHICH SAVES EXTRA LABOURS.
4)CLUSTER SAMPLING
CLUSTER:- IT IS A RANDOMLY SELECTED GROUP.
USED FOR SELECTION OF SAMPLE UNITS IN CLUSTERS LIKE VILLAGES, WARDS, SLUMS OF TOWN OR CHILDRENS OF SCHOOL ETC. ADVATEGES: IT ALLOWES SMALL NUMBER OF THE TARGET OF THE POPULATION TO BE SAMPLED . IT IS 95% CONFIDENCE LIMITIS AND 10%VARIATION. DATA COLLECTION IS SIMPLER AND INVOLVES LESS TIME AND COST DISADVANTAGE IS IT GIVES HIGHER STANDARD ERROR.
AS PER MODULE APPROVED BY WHO IT IS MOST OFTEN USED TO EVALUATE VACCINATION COVERAGE IN EXPANDED PROGRAMME OF IMMUNIZATION AND UNIVERSAL IMMUNIZATION.
5)MULTIPHASE SAMPLING
IN THIS METHOD PART OF INFORMATION IS COLLECTED FROM THE WHOLE SAMPLE AND PART FROM THE SUBSAMPLE. FOR EXAMPLE IN TUBERCULOSIS SURVEY MONTOUX TEST MAY BE DONE IN ALL CASES OF THE SAMPLE IN THE FIRST PHASE IN THE SECOND PHASE X-RAY OF THE CHEST MAY BE DONE IN MONTOUX POSITIVE CASES AND SPUTUM MAY BE EXAMINED IN X-RAY POSITIVE CASES IN THIRED PHASE ONLY.
ERRORS IN SAMPLING
THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF ERRORS IN THE SAMPLING INVESTIGATIONS. 1) SAMPLING ERRORS IT MAY ARISE DUE TO FAULTY SAMPLING DESIGN OR DUE TO SMALL SAMPLE SIZE. 2) NON SAMPLING ERRORS. IT MAY BE DUE TO A) COVERAGE ERROR DUE TO NON CO- OPERATION OF INFORMANT . B) OBSERVATIONAL ERROR: DUE TO INTERVIEWERS BIAS OR IMPERFECT EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE OR INTERACTION OF BOTH.
APPLICATION IN DENTISTRY
TO EVALUATE THE ORAL HEALTH STATUS OF A COMMUNITY.
EVALUTION OF HEALTH EDUCATION ON ORAL HYGINE STUDIES ON SERVICES LIKE AVAILABILITY AND UTILIZATION OF ORAL HEALTH FACILITY IN THE COMMUNITY ADVANCE DATA FROM SURVEYS. TO TEST THE HYPOTHESIS ABOUT THE POPULATION FROM WHICH THE SAMPLE OR SAMPLES ARE DRAWN.
BIAS
BIAS COMES IN WHEN THE SAMPLE FROM A POPULATION ARE NOT CHOSEN AT RANDOM OR SAMPLE ARE NOT DRAWN FROM SIMILAR POPULATION.
CONCLUSION
HENCE SAMPLING IS VERY MUCH ESSENTIAL FOR SURVEY IN THE POPULATION.