Heat

1. There are three different states of matter. They are solids, liquids and gases.
2. In solids volume and shape both are constant.
3. In liquids volume is constant but shape changes according to pot in which they are kept.
4. In gases neither the shape nor the volume are constant. They take the shape and volume of the pot
in which they are kept. They are easily compressable.
The density of the matter is maximum in case of solids and minimum in case of gases
Kinetic Theory Of Gases : -
The theory /law/Principle which explains all the properties of gas on the basic of molecular motion is
said to be Kinetic theory of gases.
It is based mainly on two assumptions.
1. All gases are made up of molecules.
2. The molecular motion is related with the heat energy possessed by the molecule.

Postulates Of Kinetic Theory Of Gases :-
(1) Molecule: - Every gas is made up of small particles, which are called as molecules. Molecules are like a
solid sphere rigid and perfectly elastic spheres.
They are like a point mass and their size is very small.
(2) Motion: - Molecules are continuously is motion the motion is irregular say molecules are moving in all
possible directions with all possible velocities.
(3) Collision : - Molecules are having collision in between them and also with the wall of the container. In
the collisions kinetic energy is conserved and the density of the gas remains uniform or number of
molecules /volume remains constant in complete gas.
(4) Force :- As we have considered the collision of molecules are perfectly elastic so no force is acting
between them. Hence we can conclude that energy possessed by the molecules will be only kinetic
energy and value of potential energy with them is zero.
(5) Time :- The time taken between two collisions is very large in comparison to duration of collision.
(6) Path :- The path between two collisions is a straight line and the mean distance traveled between two
collisions is said to be mean free path. Mean free path at normal temperature and pressure is nearly of
10
-7
m.
(7) Molecular motion is not affected by gravitational force because the mass of the molecule is negligible
The velocity of the molecule is very high thats why the density is made uniform.
(8) Volume of the molecule present in the gas is negligible to the volume occupied by the gas
(9) Molecules produce uniform pressure in all directions.
Mean velocity of molecules of gas :
Consider n molecules of a gas let their velocities are C
1,
C
2,
C
3
C
n
then the mean velocity of
the molecules will be C : -
n
C
n
C C C C
C
n

+ + + +

...... .......... ..........

3 2 1
Mean square velocity of molecules of gas (
2
C ): -
n
C C C C
C
n
2 2
3
2
2
2
1
2
...... .......... .......... + + + +

C
2
=
n
C

2
Root mean square velocity (R.M.S.) velocity of molecules of gas (
2
C )

n
C
........ ..........
C C
C
2
n
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
+ + +

Crms
C
C C
rms
C
rms
C
1
w
1
u
1
C
1
Ideal gas :-
The gas having following properties is said to be ideal gas.
1. The value of volume of molecules is negligible is comparison to the volume of gas occupied.
2. Value of molecular force in ideal gas is zero, so energy possessed by the molecules is kinetic
energy and they cannot be converted to the liquid.
3. Ideal gas obeys the gas equation
PV = nRT
Where
P = pressure applied on the gas.
V = volume occupied by gas.
R = gas constant = 8.3 x 10
3
joule /kg mole. Kelvin
T = Absolute temperature of the gas.
n = mole of gas (mass in the form of molecular weight of gas )
No gas is having all the above properties with them hence no gas is ideal gas but real gases like
hydrogen, nitrogen at low pressure and high temperature will behave like ideal gas
To Establish the formula for pressure exerted by gas :
Consider n molecules of a gas each having mass m are kept in a cube having each side l The
mass of the gas in the cube will be m x n = M
As the molecules are continuously in motion and their velocities are having all possible values and all
possible directions. Consider a molecule of gas having velocity C
1
and in a direction so that the component
of velocity along X,Y and Z axis are u
1
,
1
and w
1
respectively. Then we can write the relation as
1
C = u
1
i +
1
j +w
1
k

2
1
C
=
w u
2
1
2
1
2
1
+ +

Similarly, we can have the velocity of n molecules as C

1
, C
2
,C
3
.Cn and we can resolve
their components in X,Y and Z axis.
P1
= m
1
u
P2
= -m
1
u
Let any molecule is moving along x axis and having collision with the face A B C D .The momentum of
molecule before the collision will the m x u
1
, and after the collision , its velocity will be same but opposite
in direction say its momentum will be -mu
1..
So

change in momentum of molecule will be
1
P

1
P = m x u
1
(-mu
1
)
= mu
1
+ mu
1
= 2mu
1
During the collision with the face A B C D . Its component of velocity along y axis and Z axis will remain
constant. After the collision with the face ABCD molecule will move towards the face EFGH and will be
having collision with this face and again there will be a change in linear momentum = 2mu
1
. Now, the
molecule will move again towards the face ABCD .To have the second collision with the face ABCD , the
molecule has to travel a distance l+l = 2l, If the time taken between two collision is T then T will be
T=
1
2
u
l
So number of collision per second with the phase A B C D will be N.,
N =
T
1
N =
l
u
2
1
So total change in the momentum of a molecule per unit time due to the collision with the face A B C D will
be
2
P
2
C
D
H
O
A
B
F
E

E

l
1

2
P = 2mu
1
x N = 2mu
1
x
l
u
2
1
=
l
mu
2
1
As there are n molecules in the gas then change in momentum of n molecules due to the collision with the
face A B C D will be P
P =
l
mu
2
1
+
l
mu
2
2
+
l
mu
2
3
+ -------------------
l
mun
2
=
l
mu
2
=
2
u
l
m

Change in momentum /second will be = the force applied. So force applied on the face A B C D due to the
collision of molecules with this face will be F
x
F
x
=
t
P

(
sec) 1 t
F
x
=
l
mu
2
=
2
u
l
m

So pressure on the face will be P

x
P
x
=
area
F
x

P
x
=
2
2
l
l
mu
=
3
2
l
mu
P
x
=
V
mu
2

(l
3
=

Volume = V)
Similarly, the pressure along y and Z axis will be P
y
and P
z

P
y
=
V
m
2

where
velocity
V = Volume
P
z
=
V
mw
2

As the pressure exerted is uniform so P

x
= P
y
= P
z
Thus, mean pressure will P
P =
3
z y x
P P P + +
P =
V 3
1

2 2 2
mw m mu + +
P =
V
m
3

u
2
+

2
+ w
2
u
2
+

2
+ w
2
= C
2

1
]
1

2
2
C
C
P =
V
m
3

C
2
C
2
=
n
n
C
C C C
2
..... .......... .......... .
2
3
2
2
2
1
+ + +
C
2
=
n
C
2

n C
C

2
2
P =
V
m
3
x
C
n
2
P =
V
n m
C
3
2

m x n = M = Total mass of gas
P =
C
V
M 2
3

C
2
= Mean square velocity of the molecules of the gas present in the volume (V) and mass of gas is
M.
P is the pressure exerted by the molecules of gas on the wall of the container in which gas is kept .
If we take the mass of gas = 1 mole of gas. Say M = Mw Then the relation will be -
3
P =
C
V
Mw 2
3
1
1 mole of gas is having number of molecules = Avagadro number N . Then Mw = m x N
P =
C
V
N M 2
3
1

P =
C
V
M 2
3
1

V
M
Density of gas = d
P =
C
d
2
3
1
(1) Kinetic energy per unit volume of gas for any mass of gas .
P =
V
M
C
2
3
1
P =
2
1
3
1
C M
V

=
2
1
3
2

V
2
C M
P =
V
M
C
2
2
1
3
2

2
2
1
MC
= Kinetic energy of M mass of gas
2
2
1
C m
V
= Kinetic energy per unit volume of gas = E
V

P =
V
E
3
2

E
V
=
P
2
3
Kinetic energy per mole of gas
Let the molecular weight of gas in Mw then
P =
V
Mw
3
1
C
2
One mol of gas means mass of gas is equal to the molecular weight of the gas is gram or kilogram.
P =
V
Mw
3
1
C
2

P =
2
C Mw
2
1
V
1
3
2

P x C =
,
_

2
2
1
3
2
C Mw
2
2
1
C Mw
= Kinetic energy of one mole of mass
= E
mole
P x V =
3
2
E
mole
By gas equation PV = nRT , but for one mole of gas we know n = 1
gas equation P x V = RT
So RT =
3
2
E
mole
E
mole
=

2
3RT
E
mole
T
Thus, the kinetic energy of one mole gas depends on absolute temperature only.
Kinetic energy of unit mass of gas kinetic energy of one gm. mass of gas kinetic energy of one mole of gas
4
E
mole
=
2
3RT
Kinetic energy of one gm. of gas =
wt. molecular
E
mole
E
one gm
=
weight molecular
E
mole

=
weight 2Molecular
3RT
Kinetic energy of one molecule of gas :
P =
V
C Mw
2
3
1
Mw = m x N
PV =
2
3
1
C N m
PV =
2
3
1
3
2
C m
N

2
2
1
C m
= E
molecule3
PV = RT =
molecule
E N
3
2

E
molecule
=
N
RT
2
3
s Boltzman K
N
R
'
Constant
= 1.38
K
J
23
10

E
molecule
=
2
3
KT
Thus the kinetic energy of a molecule of gas depends on the temperature of the gas but does not
depend on the gas. Thus at Constant temperature kinetic energy of a molecule of different gases remain
same.
Explanation of temperature on the basis of kinetic theory of gases
Consider one mole of gas having volume V , temperature T and number of molecules are present
N let the mass of each molecule is m and mean square velocity is
2
C then we can write a formula for
the pressure
P =
V
C Mw
2
3
1
P =
V
C N m
2
3
1
PV =
2
3
1
C N m

RT =
2
3
1
C N m

N m
RT
C

3
2
Mw
3RT
C
2

So,
2
C T

2
C
Mw
1


2
C =
Mw
RT 3
C
rms
=
Mw
RT 3
if T = 0 gives C
rms
= 0
Absolute 0 temperature 0 or Kelvin temperature is that temperature at which root mean square
velocity of gas molecules reduces to zero.
(1) At the zero Kelvin total energy is not zero but mean linear kinetic energy is zero
(2) As
2
C is having only (+) value so
Mw
RT 3
will be (+) ve. Only Hence T will be having positive
value or ve absolute temperature is not possible
5
C
rms
=
Mw
RT 3
C
rms
=
1
1
3
Mw
RT
For any gas having molecular wt. Mw
1
& Temperature T1

C
1
rms
=
2
2
3
Mw
RT
For second gas having molecular wt. Mw
2
& Temperature T
2
rms C
C
rms
1
=
1 2
2 1
Mw T
Mw T

Mw
1
= Mol. wt of a gas
Mw
2
= Mol. wt of a second gas
If we take the case when gas remains same and temperature changes
rms C
C
rms
1
=
2
1
T
T
If we take the case when T remains constant and gas changes.
rms C
C
rms
1
=
1
2
Mw
Mw
Thus, we can write the points about C
rms
as
1. C
rms
depends on temperature of the gas.
2. C
rms
depends on the gas itself (molecular weight)
3. C
rms
does not depend on pressure and volume if temperature is constant.
4. C
rms
does not depend on
d
P
if T is constant.
Constant about the kinetic theory of gases : -
Normal presser = 1.013 x 10
5
N/m
2

(Atmospheric pressure) = 1.013 x 10
6
dyne/cm
2

= 760 mm of mercury column
If pressure is given in the form of height of mercury column then we can convert it into N/m
2

P = hdg
Where h = height of mercury column
d = density of mercury column
g = acceleration due to gravity
Volume of 1 mole of gas at N.T.P = V =
V = 22400 cm
3
Or V = 22400 x 10
-6
m
3

Or V = 22.4 liters
1 m
3
= 10
3
liters
Gas constant (R) = 8.37 x 10
3
Joule/kilo mole Kelvin
R = 8.37 x

Joule/gm. mole Kelvin
R = 8.37 x 10
7
erg /gm. mole Kelvin
R = 2 calories/gm mole. Kelvin
Normal temperature = 0
0
C or 273 Kelvin
Different scales of measurement of temperature are :

5
273
4 9
32
5

K R F C

The temperature different in
0
C and in Kelvin will be equal or increase and decrease in temperature
by 1
0

C = 1 Kelvin.
Boltz mann Constant = 1.38 x 10
-23
Joule/ Kelvin
= 1.38 x 10
-16
erg/ Kelvin
Avagadro number (N) = 6.023 x 10
23
per gram mole
= 6.023 x 10
26
per kilogram mole
Find the temperature having same value in
0
C and F temperature :-
9
32
5

F C
F = C
9
32
5

C C
9C = 5C 160
9C 5C =160
4C = 160
6
PV
V
P
V
PV
V
1
V
P
1
V
1
P
V
1
P
1
C = -40
O
C
Temperature 40
0
C = -40
0
F
Relation between C
rms
of a molecular and velocity of sound in the gas

at a constant temperature .
(Isothermal process).
For the velocity of the sound in a gas
d
p

where p = pressure applied
d = density
C
rms =
Mw
RT 3
PV = nRT
For one mole of gas we know n = 1
PV = RT we know that Volume(V) =
d
Mw
density
mass

So, P x
d
Mw
= RT
Mw
RT
d
P

C
rms =
Mw
RT 3
C
rms
=

3
X

C
rms
= 1.732 x

For adiabatic process-

C
rms =
Mw
RT 3
Mw
RT

d
P

V
P
C
C

C
rms
=

3
Different laws for gases :-
1. Boyles Law :-
If the temperature of the gas is constant then pressure of the gas is inversely proportional to its
volume or
V
P
1

If T is constant
or P x V = constant - If T is constant
Proof of law on basis of kinetic theory of gases:-
1. For any mass of gas
P =
V
C M
2
3
1
P x V =
2
3
1
C M
If T is constant then
2
C is constant or
2
3
1
C M
is constant so P x V is also a constant, if T is constant
7
2. Charles Law :-
At constant pressure the volume of any constant mass of any gas is proportional to the temperature of
the gas
V

T when P is constant
T
V
= Constant. IF P is constant
2
2
1
1
T
V
T
V

= Constant If P is constant
At any constant pressure the volume of any constant mass of any gas will increase
th
273
1
part of its
volume at 0
0
C with the rise of unit temperature.
V
t
= V
0
+
273
0
t V

V
t
= V
0

,
_

+
273
1 t

Proof of the law on basis of kinetic theory of gases -
The relation of P for 1 mole of gas
P =
V
C Mw
2
3
1
V =
P
C Mw
2
3
1

2
C =
Mw
RT 3

P
Mw
RT
Mw
V
3
3
1

P
RT
V
f P is constant then
P
R
is also constant
Hence T V If is constant.
8
T
T
V
T
V
T
V
V
V
1
T
V
Gas equation :-
PV = nRT
Derivation of gas equation by kinetic theory of Gases :-
For one mole of gas (n=2)
P =
2
3
1
C
V
Mw
P =
2
3
1
C
V
Mw
PV =
2
3
1
C
V
Mw
As T C
2


T
2
C Mw
3
1
hence, PV T
PV = T
PV = nRT
3. Gaylussacs Law :-
If the volume of any gas is constant, then pressure of the gas is proportional to the temperature of the
gas or,
P T If V is constant
2
2
2
1
T
P
T
P

If V is constant
or if the volume of any gas is constant and its temperature is increase by unit then its pressure will rise by
th
273
1
part of the pressure as 0
0
C
P
t
= P
0
(1+
273
t
)
Proof: -
Relation of pressure for one mole of gas
P =
V
C Mw
2
3
1

Mw
C RT
C
2
2
3

P
V
Mw
RT
Mw
3
3
1

P =
V
RT
If V is Constant
P T
9
V
T
1
T
V
T
1
T
P
P
T
1
T
P
T
P
T
P
T
1
T
P
P
1

3. Dalton s Law of partial pressure -
If there are different inactive gases kept in a container then the total pressure exerted will be
equal to the sum of pressure exerted by individual gases kept in the container .
or P = P
1
+ P
2
+P
3
Pn
or P =
P
Proof of the law on basis of kinetic theory of gases :
Consider different gases kept in a container in a volume V and number of molecules of different
gases are n
1
,n
2
, n
3
..and the masses of molecules of different gases are
m
1
,m
2
,m
3
then pressure exerted by different gases will be P
1,
P
2,
P
3
.
P
1
=
2
1
1 1
3
1
C
V
n m
P
2
=
2
2
2 2
3
1
C
V
n m
P
3
=
2
3
3 3
3
1
C
V
n m
Total pressure P = P
1
+P
2
+P
3
5. Avagadro s law - :
If two or more than two gases are having equal temperature, equal pressure and equal volume then the
number of molecules present will be equal. or If P1 = P
2
, V
1
= V
2
and T
1
= T
2
then n
1
= n
2
Proof : -
Consider two gases having molecular weights Mw
1
,& Mw
2
number of molecules present in the mass
are n
1
and n
2
Masses of each molecule of gases m
1
and m
2
let the mean square velocity are
2
1
C and
2
2
C ,
then the pressure exerted P
1
and P
2
will be given as-
P
1
=
2
1
1
1 1
3
1
C
V
n m
P
1
V
1
=
2
1 1 1
3
1
C n m
P
2
=
2
2
2
2 2
3
1
C
V
n m
P
2
V
2
=
2
2 2 2
3
1
C n m
10
T
V
T
1
T
P
P
1
V
1
= P
2
V
2

As P
1
=P
2
and V
1
= V
2

2
1 1 1
3
1
C n m
=
2
2 2 2
3
1
C n m
(I)
As the T of gases are equal or say

2
1 1
2
1
C m
=
2
2 2
2
1
C m
.. (II)
Say kinetic energy of a molecule of gas will be equal by replacing the value of equation (I) in (II)
n
1
= n
2
P
1
= P
2
, V
1
= V
2

6. Grahams law of diffusion -
At constant temperature and pressure the rate of diffusion of gas is inversely proportional to the
square root of density.
Rate of diffusion
d
1

C
rms x

d
1

or, C
rms
x d = Constant
or,
rms
rms
C
C
1
=
1
2
d
d
7. Maxwells law of distribution of velocity :
(i) At any temperature the value of velocities of gas molecules is possible between zero and infinity .
(ii) The number of molecules having velocity either zero or infinity is very less.
The maximum number of molecules are having velocity given by the relation as

Mw
RT
C
mp
2

Mw
PV
C
mp
2
K =
N
R

w
KT
C
mp
2

= 1.414
m
KT 414 . 1
for 1 mole of gas
Degree of freedom - :
Number of direction in which any particle can move freely are said to be degrees of freedom or
number of co-ordinates required to explain the position and configuration completely of any particle is said
to be degree of freedom.
Degrees of freedom are of three types
(i) Degree of freedom for translatory motion.
(ii) Degree of freedom for rotatory motion
(iii) Degree of freedom for vibratory motion.
Formula for the degree of freedom is given as
F = 3N B
Where N = number of atoms present in a molecules
B = number of bonds in the atoms to form a molecule.
Examples.-
(i) Motion of a train on its track .
Degree of freedom = 1
(ii) Coin of carrom
Degree of freedom = 2
(iii) Motion of balloon ,bird etc.
Degree of freedom = 3
Degree of freedom with the molecules of mono atomic gas .
f = 3N B
= 3 x 1 - 0
f = 3
Degree of freedom with the molecules of dia- atomic gas
f = 3 x 2 - 1
= 6 1
f = 5
Out of these 5 degrees of freedom three for translatory motion and two for rotatory .
Degree of freedom with the molecules of tri- atomic gas
(i)Liner structure
11
f = 3 x3-2
Liner structure
= 9-2S
= 7
(ii)Any other structure
f = 3 x 3-3
= 6 Any other structure
Out of these seven three translatory and four rotatory.
Out of these six three translatory and three rotatory.
Note :-In the case of molecules of gas if temperature of the gas is increased then one degree of freedom will
increase that is due to vibratory motion.
Maxwells equi-partition law of energy:-
The total energy of any molecule is divided equally in each degree of freedom .At any temperature the
mean energy in a degree of freedom will be
kT
2
1
, if a molecule is having f degree of freedom then its
total mean energy will be
KT f U
2
1

so , total mean energy of mass equal to 1 mole of gas will be .

N KT f U
2
1

RT
2
1
f U
Specific Heat:-
In solids and liquids:-The amount of heat required to raise the unit temperature of unit mass is said to be
specific heat.
In gases :- We can increase a temperature of gas in two ways (1) Keeping pressure as constant
(3) Keeping volume constant. So there will be two specific heats of gas
Specific Heat of gas at constant pressure :- The amount of heat required to raise the unit temperature of
unit mass of gas keeping pressure constant is said to be specific heat of gas at constant pressure . Denoted by
CP
unit is kilo calorie per. Kilogram per degree centigrade
If the mass of the gas is taken one mole in places of unit mass then specific heat is said to be molar
specific heat . Denoted by C
P
unit kilo calorie per kilo mole per degree centigrade
Specific Heat of gas at constant Volume:- The amount of heat required to raise the unit temperature of
unit mass of gas keeping volume constant is said to be specific heat of gas at constant volume . Denoted by
Cv

unit is kilo calorie per. Kilogram per degree centigrade
If the mass of the gas is taken one mole in places of unit mass then specific heat is said to be molar
specific heat . Denoted by Cv unit kilo calorie per kilo mole per degree centigrade

C
v
= M
w
X C
v
. C
v
> Cv
C
P
= M
w
X C
p
C
P
> Cv

Pressure -constant Volume-constant
Temp.increases Temperature
Volume increases Pressure




Note :- Amount of heat possessed by any body will be
s m Q
Where m = mass , s = specific -
- heat ,
e temperatur

Amount of heat required to increase temperature will be.
s m Q
Where = Increase in
Temp.
To find the specific heat of the gases :-
(i)For monatomic gas:-In the case of monatomic gas degree of freedom f =3 ,
Energy with each degree of freedom is
kT
2
1

So energy with a molecule of gas will be =
kT
2
3
.
Energy with one mole of gas =
N kT
2
3
12
( )
R Cp
R R Cp
R Cv Cp
R Cv
RT
dT
d
dT
dU
4
3
3
3

+
+

N KT U
2
3

RT U
2
3

Now by Differentiating the above equation with respect to temperature:-

2
3
2
3 R RT
dT
d
dT
dU

1
]
1

. Cv
dT
dU
Specific heat at constant Volume

dT
dU
Means the amount of energy required in raising unit temperature of 1 mole of gas i.e. Cv.
Cp >Cv
Cp=Cv +R
Cp=
R
R
+
2
3
Cp =
2
5R

,
3
5
2
3
2
5

R
R
C
C
V
P

Is gas constant

=1.66
(I) For diatomic gas:- In this case , Degree of freedom ( f ) is 5.
(II)Energy with a molecule =
KT
2
5

Energy with a mole of gas=
N T K
2
5

U =
RT
2
5


R Cp
R R Cp
R Cv Cp
Cv R
dT
dU
2
7
2
5
.
2
5

+
+


4 . 1
5
7
2
5
2
7

R
R
Cv
Cp

(iii)For Triatomic gas: -(Degree of freedom is 6.) Energy with a molecule =

KT
2
6
Energy with a mole of gas =
RT N T K 3
2
6

U=3RT

=
33 . 1
3
4
3
4

R
R
Cv
Cp
(i) For any gas having f degree of freedom:- Degree of freedom = f
Energy with a molecule =
KT
f
2
Energy with a mole of gas

13
)
2
(
2
2
2
RT
f
dT
d
dT
dU
RT
f
U
RT
f
N KT
f

Equation of state for real gases or , Vander Waals gas equation for real gases:-
In the case of the ideal gases they obey gas equation P x V =n RT . For the ideal gas we assume that volume
occupied by the molecules of the gas is negligible in comparison to the volume occupied by the gas. But for
real gas this condition will not be correct. Similarly, in the ideal gases, value of molecular force is negligible
and in the real gases this force will not be negligible and that will effect the pressure exerted by the gas so
.We need two corrections in the gas equation. -
(1)Volume correction = In the ideal gas volume occupied by the molecules is negligible but in the real gases
molecules will occupy some volume then the volume for the motion molecules of gas will be- V-b where b
is a constant = 30 cm
3
/mole
(2)Pressure correction:- In the ideal gas the molecular force is supposed to be zero. If there is a molecular
force existing between the molecular of gas then the value of pressure exerted will increase and it is given by
-
,
_

+
2
V
a P
Where a is a constant thus, the gas equation will be
RT b V
V
a p

+
) )( (
2

If we plot curve between pressure and V mole =volume occupied by the one mole of gas at N.T.P.


PV mole
RT
o.o P
Internal energy of any ideal gas :- In any ideal gas the energy possessed with a molecular of gas will be
only translatory kinetic energy no rotatory and no vibratory energy. This translatory energy is related with
the temperature of the gas .It is not effected by pressure and volume .If temperature is constant whatever is
value of pressure and V volume, Energy with a mole of gas will be
RT
2
3
and energy with a molecule will
be
.
2
3
KT
At the zero Kelvin temperature translatory kinetic energy is zero in ideal gas the total energy is
not zero.
14

,
_

,
_

+
+
+

2
2 f
R Cp
1
2
f
R
R R
2
f
R Cv Cp
R
2
f
Cv

,
_

+

R
f
f
R
Cv
Cp
2
2
2

f
f
Cv
Cp 2 +

RT
PV