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Articulations denote how a note, or series of notes, is to played. They give texture to the notes and along with pitch & duration give very detailed directions for how the music is to be played.
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unarticulated note - no special directions are applied to the performance of the note(s)
staccato - note duration is cut short, noticeably detached from the note after it, usually applied to a quarter-note or faster
legato or tenuto - the note is to receive a soft or dull attack & is to be held for its full value
breath mark - comma symbol placed at the end of a phrase that denotes a break in the sound
accented articulation - the note is to be played louder than the others & articulated