,

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University of Massachusetts Medical
School

Eric J. Mash
University of Calgary

David A. Wolf
University of Western Ontario

ABNORMAL
CHILD
PSYCHOLOGY
Second Edition

Australia Canada Mexico Singapore Spain United Kingdom United States




2003

 56.14
616.89
97

Thomson Learning of Berkshire House.
.

.

97

., .
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2003. 384 . ( )

,

ISBN 5938780810
ISBN 0534554172 (.)


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05761 04.09.01
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103473, , . , . 16.

ISBN 5938780810
ISBN 0534554172 (.)

Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning Inc.

Thomson Learning is a trademark used herein
under license, 2002
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32 1

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34 1


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venthal & BrooksGunn, 2000; McLoyd, 1998); ,
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1998); , 
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. 

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36 1

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1 5 (U.S. Bureau of
the Census, 1999), (Statistics Canada,
1997), , , 
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Schteingart, Molnar, Klein, Lowe & Hartmann, 1995).
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Duncan, 1997).
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1998).
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14 (
).


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Saltzman, 2000; Roth & BrooksGunn, 2000). 

 37

,
(1014 ) (1519 ) 
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(Millstein, Petersen & Nightingale, 1993).


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2000; Nagin & Tremblay, 1999).

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38 1

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(nosologies)
(psychological disorder)
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(vulnerability factors)

40 2

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Egeland & Carlson, 2000; Steinberg & Avenevoli,
2000). 1, 
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 43

T1

T2

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44 2

 

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 45

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2000). 

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1989). ,

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46 2

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 47

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Sameoff, 2000). , , 
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48 2


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 49

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2000; S. B. Campbell et al., 2000).
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50 2

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Caspi, ; Nagin & Tremblay, 1999).
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Hamilton, 2000). 


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 51

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52 2

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X (XX).

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 53

; Nigg,
2000),
(,
; Garber & Flynn, 1998). , 

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& Neiderhiser, 2000), ,

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).


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, (MZ), ,
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54 2

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 55

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56 2

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 57

2.2

.
 (corticotropinreleasing hormone, CRH), 
, , ()
(adrenocorticotropic hormone, ACTH). 
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Gold, 1997). 
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nam, 1996; Van der Kolk & Fisler,
1994).

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58 2

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 59

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60 2

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64 2


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Lamb, 2000; Phares & Compas, 1992).
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 65

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66 2

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(Takanishi, 1993), 
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(adaptational failure)
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chopathology)
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(sensitive periods)
(etiology)
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(transaction)
(continuity)
(discontinuity)
(neural plasticity)
(behavioral genetics)
(frontal lobes)
(epinephrine)
(cortisol)

(hypothalamicpituitaryadrenal axis)
(brain circuits)
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(emotion regulation)
(temperament)
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68 3

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 73

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 75

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76 3

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 77

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 79


(Thatcher, Lyon, Rumsey & Krasnegor,
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 87

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1990). 
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 89

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(Bromfield, Weisz & Messer, 1986). 
,

, , . 
, 

, : , 
, ,
. ,

(Guskin,
Bartel & MakMillan, 1975). , 
,

, 
(Corrigan, 2000).

,

.

.

.


.

, 
,
.
DSMIVTR , 
: , 
,
, ,

.
DSMIVTR 
,
, 


.

,
,
,
,
.
. .

,

,
, 

120 4

.


, 
(Kazdin, 2000). 
,

.
,

, ,
, , ,
.


,
, .

.
: 
, 
? 
,
,

? 
.

, ?

,

. 

,
,
, ,
. 
. 

(Hibbs & Jensen, 1996;
Kazdin & Weisz; 1998; Lonigan & Elbert, 1998). 

, , 
(Weisz & Weiss,
1993). ,

,
, ,

.
,
,
, 
, , , 
, 

,
.

, 
.

,
. 
:

.


(Mash, 1998). 

,
, ,


.
, ,
(Adelman, 1995).
. 4.4 
. ,

, .

,
, 


, ,

, 
.


,
(Mash, 1998; Schroeder & Gordon, 1991).

, 
. 

, 
:

? , ? ?
?
? 
? ?

?

, 
?
?
?

?
?


, , 

, 121

,

.

, 
, 
, 
.

, ,
,
, 
, 
(Forehand
& Kotchick, 1996; NealBarnett & Smith, 1996).
,
,
, 
,
, 

,
, 
(Cohen & Kasen, 1999). .
4.7 , 
, 
. , 

, 
, 
, 
.


? (
)? ,


? ,
? 

,

, (Howard &
Kendall, 1996b). ,

, ,

,
.
, 

,
(Jensen, Hoagwood & Petti, 1996). 
(Kazdin,
1997a).
, 
. 
, ,

.
, 
. 
, 
, 
, ,
, .
. 
( 
, , 
, ),

, 
,
,
.

. 4.4. ( Mrazek & Haggerty, 1994).

122 4

, 
, , 

,
. 

,

, , ,
, , 
, , 
. 
, 
(Kazdin, 1996).
, 

,
,
,
. , 

, 
.
14,
.


, ,
, 

.
,
, 
. , ,


, ;
, ,
.
,

, ,

.
() 
, , 

, 
, 
,

(Adelman, 1995; Offord, Kraemer, Kazdin, Jensen &
Harrington, 1998).

, 
.

(
, , 
, ),


(Kazdin, 2000).
,
,
,
, . 
,
,
.

, 
, 
, .

, 123

,

,
,
.

, ,
, 
. , 
,
,

.

, , 
,
, , .
, , 
, ,
, 
, , 
(Melton,
1996).
,
, :
) , 
;
) ,
;
) , 
;
)
;
)
(MacDonald, 1986; Melton & Ehrenreich,
1992; Weithorn & McCabe, 1988).

,
, 

(McCabe, 1996).
, ,
, 
. 
,
(Melton, 2000).

, 
,
, 
. , 
, , 
,

, 

.



. , 

, , 
, 
, 

. ,

(Kazdin, 2000).

:
, ,
, ,
.
, 
, 
, ,
, 
.

4.7
,

124 4

,
, 
, ,
. ( )

. , 

 (
94142, 1975)

( 10517, 1997).
:
,

, 
,

, 
.
, 
.

,

, ,
.
.


, 550
(Kazdin, 2000). ( )
, 

.
70% , 
,
(Kazdin, Siegel & Bass, 1990).
,

, ,
. 
, 
, .
. 


(Lesser,
1972). ,
, 
,
(GalatzerLevy, Bachrach, Skolnikoff &
Waldron, 2000).
(Campbell,
Baker & Bratton, 2000); 
.

, 

.


. 
, ,
, ,
, :
, ,
.
. 
,
. , 

,
(Krasner,
1991).
, 

(Morris & Kratochwill, 1998).

, 
.

,
,
,

. ,
,

.
. 

,
, 
(Kendal, 2000). 
, , 
, , 
,
.
,
, .
, , 
, 
, ,

.
, 


.
 . 
 

,
.

, 125


, , 
, ,
(Meichenbaum, 1977).
, 
, 
, 
 

(Kendall,
2000), (Foster & Robin, 1998$
Schwebwl & Fine, 1994).
,
, 

(,
), (

). ,

,
, ,
.
 

,
, 

.

. 
 ,


.
 . 


,
.


, , ,
. 
, ,
.
, 
(Axline, 1947; Ellinwood &
Raskin, 1993). 

, ,
, .
,
,

.
, 
,

. ,
.

.
, 
,
,
, 
(Gurman & Kniskern, 1991). 
,

(Szapocznik, 2000).

.
, 
,

, , .
, , 
, 
.
, 
, , , 
, .


. ,


.


,
.
. 




. 

, 
,
, 
, 
() 
(Gadoq & Pomeroy, 1993).
, 
, 
(ECT) 
, 

, 
. 


, 
.
.

,
(Kazdin,
1996a). 

126 4


, ,
 

(Arnold, Abokoff & Wells, 1997; Barkley, 1990)

(Piacentini & Graae, 1997), 
 
(Fauber & Kendall, 1992).

,
, 


(Marten, Albano &Holt, 1991).

, 
 , 

:

:
, !
,
:
,
.
,
, .
!
!
,
. !
,
.
!
,
, ,
!
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:
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!
.
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. , !
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,

.

!
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; ,

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, .
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!
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.

, !
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,

, , :
?
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!
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, !
, !
!

.
!
. 4.5.

, 127

, !
.

!
. !
. !
.

. !
!
. !
:

!
, . !

,
. !
.
!
,
. ,
,

.
! ,


!
( Kolko, 1987, . 163166).

, 
(Angold, Costello, Burns, Erkanli & Farmer,
2000).
? 

, 
, 
, .
, 
, ,
, ,
(Wagner, Swenson &
Henggeler, 2000). 

, , 
.

, 

(Weisz & Weiss, 1993).
, 
, 
.

,
, 
(Weisz, Donenberg, Han & Weiss, 1995),

.
:
, ,

, .
, , 
, 
, 75% .

.
,
(
6 )
, 
.

, , 
, .
, 
(Kazdin, 1996b;
Weisz, 1998; Weisz & Weiss, 1993).

. 4.5. 
(Kolko, 1987).

128 4


,

(Andrade, Lambert & Bickman, 2000; Weiss,
Catron, Harris & Phung, 1999; Weisz, Donenberg et al.,
1995; , . Angold
et al., 2000; Shadish, Matt,
Navarro & Phillips, 2000).
, 

, 


(Weisz, 1998).

, 

,
, 
(Shadish et al., 1997).


, 
, .

,
, ,
.
,
, , ,
, 
, 
, .


, , 
, , 
, , 
.
, 
,
, 
, , 
, . 

, .

(clinical assessment)
(idiograhhik)
(nomothetic)
(clinical description)
(diagnosis
(prognosis)
(treatment planning)

(developmental
history or family history)
(mental status exam)
(semistructured
interview)
(behavioral assessment)
 (target behaviors)

(behavior analysis or functional
analysis of behavior test)
(developmental test)
(screening)
(projective test)
(neuropsy
chological assessment)
(classification)
(categorical
classification)
(dimensional
classification)
(multiaxial system)
(intervention)
(prevention)
(treatment)
(maintenance)
(eclectic)

()

.

.


.

130 5

, , 
. 
, , , 
,
: ? 
? 
?


() , 

, 
(American Psychiatric
Association, 
(), 2000).

: , ,

!
. 10 ,
.
,
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,
. !
, ,
.

. , !
,
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.
, ,
,
!
.
. !
, !

. , !
!
.

.
.

,
!
.
, (!
Kennedy, Terdal & Fusetti, 1993).
, , ,

. 1845 
(Heinrich Hoffmann), ,

. 

*, 
. / , /
, / , / .
, :
: / , ,
, (Hoffmann, 1845).
1994 :
(Life in Overdrive). 
., 
:

. 22!!
, ,
, .
!
, ,
. !
.
,
.
!
.
, , !
, ,
!
(Wallis, 1994).
150 , 

. ,
, ,
; 
,
.

, 
.

,
. , 
, 

* Fidgety (.) , , 
. . .

 () 131

, 1845

, ,

 (space cadet).
,
, ,
. , 
,  ,
.


. , : ,
.

, ,
(D. M. Ross & Ross 1982). 
, 
, 
, 
,
(Treuting &
Hinshaw, 2001).

., 1994
., 1994. , 
.

, , . 
,

.

. 
, 
, .
? 
?
 ? 

. 
,
,


. , 
, 

. , 
. 

100
 ,
. 
, 
,
. 



(Hinshaw, 1994a). 
1902
(Still
(.) !), 
, 
(inhibitory volition)
(defective
moral control) ( 5.1).

( ) 19171918
,

( , 
, 
). , 
, ,
, 
, 
(brain
injured child syndrome), 
. 
, 

,


() (J. W. Kessler, 1980; A. A.Strauss & Lehtinen,
1947).


132 5

II
6 1902 .
, .
"
"
"

;
,
, "
. , , "
: , "
, "
. , , ,
. , "
, .
, "
.

(Lancet, 19 , 1902 ).

(Schachar, 1986).
,
,


(Rie, 1980).

, 
, (Laufer, Denhoff
& Solomons, 1957).

, 

(Chess, 1960). , 
. 
, 

.
,
, 
()
(Douglas, 1972;
Douglas & Peters, 1978). 


DSM . 

(Barkley, 1977a;
Schachar, Tannock & Logan, 1993; Quay, 1988). ,

,
.


() , 


.

,
.


, , 
.
100 

,
.
,
, , 
.

,
,

 () 133

DSMIVTR.
. 5.1, 


(, 2000; Lahey et al.,
1994). 
, 
; 
. ,

, 
, 
,
.
,

.

:
17
,
.
.
, , !
, !
10!.
! ,
, !
. , !

5.1

() DSM(IV(TR
(1), (2)
(1) ( ) , , , 6 ;
:

(a)
,
(b)
(c) ,
(d)
( )
(e)
(f) , ,
( )
(g) , ( , ,
, )
(h)
(i)
(2) ( ) F, , ,
6 ; :

(a) ,
(b) ,
(c) I ( I
)
(d)
(e)
(f)

(g) ,
(h)
(i) (, )
: DSMIIVITR 2000 by APA.

134 5

, :
!
,
. !
, , ,
.
. ,
. !
,
!
: .
, .

. !
!
. , !
,
! .
, !
. ,
, !
: ?
( National Institute of Mental Health,

(NIMH), 1994).



.
.
, ,

.
, , 
, 

. 
,
, 
, .
, 
, , 

(Barkley, 1998b; Hinshaw, 1994a; Milich &
Lorch, 1994).
, 
, , 
(Swanson, Posner et al., 1998;
E.Taylor, 1995, Bjorklund, 1995):

,
. 
,

?


( ) 
.
?


.


.
,
, ,
?
.
,
(E.Taylor, 1995).
,

.
, , 
.
, 
,
(Sergeant & Sholten, 1985). 
. :

(Milich & Lorch, 1994).
: 
, , 

5.1.

(A Continuous Performance Test)
"
(,
),
.
,

. ,
, Z "
A. , Z
, (omis"
sion, O) . "
, Z ,
(commission, ) "
.

AACZAAAZAAAABZAAAZABZAAAZ

C
C
C

"
, .

 () 135

. ,
, 
.


(Douglas, 1972). 
,
( 
). 
,
, . 
, .
,
: ,
, , 

. ,

, 
.

, 5.2:
, 
, (Douglas,
1999).
, , , 
,
(Hinshaw, 1994a). , , 

, , 

, ; 
,
, ,
10 1 (van der Meere, van
Baal & Sergeant, 1989; van der Meere, 1996).

(E.Taylor, 1995; Voeller,
1991),
(Douglas, 1999).

`
:

14!
. 3 !
!,
. !
,
.
.
, !
, ;
,
. !
( !
) !
. , .
:
.

, , .
, (
NIHM, 1994a).
DSM 
,
, , 
. 

, 
(Lahey, Pelham et al., 1988).

, 

(Barkley, 1997a;
Quay, 1997).
. 

. , 
, .

. , , , 
,
.

. 
, , .
, 
,
.
, 1980 
, , 
.

, , ,
. 
, 

,
, , 
. , 
, 

, .

136 5

, .

,
. 
,

(Porrino et al., 1983; Teicher, Ito,
Glod & Barber, 1996) . 

, 
.
. ,

, .
, ,
. 


. 
,
.
,
,
. ,
,
(M. A. Malone & Swanson, 1993).

( 
)
(C. A. Anderson, Hinsaw & Simmel, 1994). 

.

, 
(
).

(Milich & Kramer, 1984):

,
, 
.
,
?
,

. 
,
.
, , 
, , 
, , .


. 

(J. L. White et al., 1994a)
, 

(Hinsaw, 1994).
, 
, 
. , , 
5.2, 

5.2
F
" ,
"
. " :  .
. , "
. "
, "
.
, "
.
. "
,
". "
,
.
" "
. ,
"
. , "
, "
.

: Schachar et al., 1993.

, .

 () 137

. 
,
, 
, (Tannock,
1998).
, ,
, 

. ,
 
. 
,

(Halperin, Matier, Bedi, Sharma & Newcorn,
1992; M. A. Roberts, 1990). , 
(
) ,
. 
,

, 
(Barkley, 1996).

, 
,
, .
, ,
,

. ,
.
, 
:
7 ?

,
?
(
, , 6 )?

?


?
, , 
(
), , 
()
() , .
9 , 

, , 
, .
,
, , 

(American Academy
of Pediatrics, 2000;
; Barkley, 1997b; Hetchman, 2000).


.
. , 
 (, ,
), 

. , DSM 
:

(ADHDPI)
.

(ADHDHI) 

.
(ADHDC) 
, 
.
,
, , 
. ,
, 
 . ,

.
,
. 
,
. 
,
 
(Barkley, 1996). (
) ,
, 
, ,

(Maedgen & Carlson, 2000).
, ,
, ,
(Barkley, 1998b).

, 
,

. , ,
, , 
(Lahey & Carlson, 1992), 
. 

, ,
, 

(Barkley, 1996).

138 5

DSM 
(Eiraldi, Power & Nezu,
1997; Faraone, Biederman & Friedman, 2000; Gaub &
Carlson, 1997a).

DSM?
DSM

(Barkley, 1996):
. 
DSM

, ,
( ) 
. 
, 
, 
,
.
. 
DSM, ,
, . 

, ,
, 
, .
, 
,
DSM, (
). 
,
. ,
,
,

, .
7 
. ,
, 
7 , (Barkley & Biederman, 1997),

7 
(Applegate et al., 1997). 
,
,
. 

DSM 
7 ,

(Willoughby, Curran, Costello & Angold, 2000).

6 
.
6 ,
.

.
,

, .

DSMIVTR 
. 
,
.

.
, , 

.

.
,
, 
.
, ,

, .

7 , , 
, 
,
, .
DSM , 
,

.
, DSM 
,
.


. ,
, . 

, , 
, ,
, 
.

, 
DSM

. 
, 

 () 139

, 
(Welsh &
Pennington, 1988). 
,
, 
, (Pennington &
Ozonoff, 1996). :
, 
, 
, 
, 
.
, ,

( ).
 ,
, 
, ,
.
, 
(
) .


, , 
(Pennington & Ozonoff, 1996).

.
,
. 
, , ,

(Barkley, 1996).

. IQ 
710 ,
(,
IQ 
).
IQ ( WISCIII) 
( ),

,
(Barkley, 1997b). ,
IQ 
,
. ,
, 
(Anastopoulos, Spisto & Maher, 1994).
,
IQ (
), .

.
,
, ,
, !
.
: ,
, , . !
,
, , .
...
, , , !

( Murray, 1993).
.
,
, 
. 
.
, 
. , , 

(Barkley,
1996; Fischer, Barkley, Edelbrock & Smallish, 1990;
G.Weiss & Hechtman, 1993). ,

(Mariani & Barkley,
1997).
.

(. 11); ,
, (Tannock &
Brown, 2000). , 

, ,
, . 
, 
,
80% (Cantwell & Baker,

. !


.

140 5

1992).
, ,


,
25% (Barkley, 1998b; SemrudClikeman
et al., 1992).

30 60%
(L. Baker & Cantwell, 1992; N. J. Cohen et
al., 2000). , 
, ,

.
;
,
,
,
.

, 
,
(Tannock, Purvis & Schachar,
1993).

. 
( 
)?

, :
, ,
, 
. , ,
. (Tannock, Fine,
Heintz & Schachar, 1995).
, , 
, ,
. , 

.

. 
,

, 
, (Szatmari, Offord &
Boyle, 1989). 

(Safer
& Allen, 1976). ,

(Barkley, 1998b; Daly et al., 1996).



, 


. ,

(Leibson, Katusic,
Barbaresi, Ransom & OBrien, 2001).

(Gruber, Sadeh & Raviv, 2000; Prince et al.,
1996), (Corkum,
Tannock & Moldofsky, 1998).
, , 
(Wilens, Biederman
& Spencer, 1994). , 


, , ,
(Mick, Biederman, Jetton & Faraone, 2000).

, 
, ,
, , 
(Spencer et al., 1997).
. ,
, (,
) 
( , 
). ,
, , 

(Spencer et al., 1999).
. ,
, 
, 
, 50% 
.
2 ,
, , ,
, 
(Barkley, 1998b).



(Cuffe, McCullough & Pumariega, 1994). 
, 
 (Barkley, Guevremont,
Anastopoulos, DuPaul & Shelton, 1993; Barkley, Murphy
& Kwasnik, 1996; NadaRaja et al., 1997).

(Milberger, Biedeman, Faraone, Chen &
Jones, 1997), 
(Biederman et al., 1997; Wilens, Biederman,
Mick, Faraone & Spencer, 1997) 
,
(Barkley, Fisher &
Fletcher, 1997). 
 

(

).
, 50 , ,

 () 141

, 
( 
8 ) (H. S. Friedman et al., 1995).
, 


(, , 
, ,
) 
,
(Barkley, 1998b).

:
:
, . !
!
. : ,
!
!
, !
,
. ,
, ,
. ,

(Kennedy et al., 1993).

. ,

,

(Greene et al.,
1996; Greene, Biederman, Faraone, Sienna & Garcia
Jetton, 1997). 
, , 
. 
.
,

. ,
, , 
,
.
,
. 
, ; 
, ,
, , 
. 
, 
,
, . 

:
;
!

:
: ,
! , !
!
, .
, !
, ,
. : ,
. , . ?
, ? !
, !
.
, .
! (!
Murray, 1993).
. 
, 
, 
, , 
,
(Mash & Johnston, 1982; Whalen & Henker,
1999). 
, 

( 
).
, 

(C. Johnson & Mash, 2001).



(Mash & Johnson, 1982). 
, ,
(Tallmadge &
Barkley, 1983). 

810
(Barkley, Fischer, Edelbrock & Smallish, 1991).

,
, ,
(C. A. Anderson et al., 1994;
Whalen & Henker, 1999).
, 
, ,
, , 
(TarverBehring, Barkley &
Karlsson, 1985). , 
,
,

.
,
/ , 

(J. Kendall, 1999).
, , 


142 5

(Anastopoulos, Guevremont,
Shelton & DuPaul, 1992; Mash & Johnston, 1983), 
,

,
(Barkley, 1998b). 
,

(Pelham & Lang, 1999).
,
,


, 
, (Barkley, Anastopoulos,
Guevremont & Fletcher, 1992; C. Johnston & Mash, 2001).
.
,
, 
(Dumas, 1998; Henker &
Whalen, 1999). 
,
(Whalen & Henker, 1985, 1992).
, ,
.
,
,
, 
. 
,

. , 
, ,
,
.
, 
.
, 
,
(Gresham, MacMilan,
Bocian, Ward & Forness, 1998; Landau, Milich &
Diener, 1998).
(Melnick & Hinshaw, 2000) 
,
, 
(Bicket & Milich, 1990; Erhardt &
Hinshaw, 1994).

(Milich & Landau,
1989). , 
,

, 
, , 

.
, 
(Whalen & Henker,
1992).
;

, 

(Landau & Milich, 1988). 
, 
. 

,
(Melnick & Hinshaw,
1996).


. 
,
. 

,
. 
,

.
.
, , 

(Gomez
& Sanson, 1994). :
, 
, 
(Barkley, 1997b).
,
,
. , 
,
; 
, , 
;
,
, .

, 
( )
, 
, , 
(Barkley, 1996).

, 
,
;
, 
.

, . . 
, .

 () 143

.

.

, 
,
.

,
.

, , 
.
,
.

,
, .

,
80% 
(P. S. Jensen,
Martin & Cantwell, 1997; Plizska, 2000).

, .

:
, !
, : !
! .
.
. !
,
,
. .
: ,
. !
. . !
,
, .
.
,
7 ,
 
(Barkley, 1998b; Biederman, Faraone & Lapey,
1992). ,
, ,
.

3050% 
() (Barkley,
1998b; Biederman et al., 1992), 
, 
. 
, 

. , , , 
, 
.
,

 (Loeber, 1990;
Mannuzza & Klein, 1992; E.Taylor, 1995).
, 

,
(Biederman et al., 1992).
,
 
.


,


(Schachar & Tannock, 1995).

 ,

(Faraone, Biederman & Monuteaux, 2000). 
, 

,
, 
. ,
, 
 ,
, 

. 

, ,
.

144 5

, ,

(P. S. Jensen et al., 1997).

(Faraone & Biederman, 1997).

. .:
. . !
, 6 .
. !
, !
. !
,
!
!. . . ,
, !
( Tannock, 2000).
25% , 
, (Mennin,
Biederman, Mick & Faraone, 2000; Tannock, 2000).

, ,
, 
. 
, 
,
. ,
, , 

. ,

. 

, ,
(Pliszka, 1992).

,
(Willcutt, Pennington, Chhabildas,
Friedman & Alexander, 1999). , 20%
, ,
,
(P. S. Jensen et al.,
1997). 
 ,
.
,
, 
(Mick, Santangelo, Wypij & Biederman, 2000;
Milich & Okazaki, 1991). 
,

(Biederman, Wozniak et al., 1995;
G.A.Carlson, 1990).
,

(Biederman, Mick & Faraone, 1998). 

, 


, 80% 
.

 .

,
,
.
.


, 

, .

.
, 3 5% 
, , 
(APA, 2000; Brown et al., 2001;
Szatmari, 1992). ,
, 

. 

(Barkley, 1998b).

, . 
, 

. ,
. 
, 
, 
(Abikoff, Courtney,
Pelham & Koplewicz, 1993). , 
(
), 
, 
, 
( 
, )
(N. M. Lambert, Sandoval & Sassone, 1978).

 () 145

, 
. , 612
23% 69%
. 
, 
, 
2:1 3:1.
:
6:1 .
, , ,
,
(Szatmari, 1992). ,

, 
, .
,
,
(Silverthorn, Frick,
Kuper & Ott, 1996).
,
, 

, 
(McGee & Feehan, 1991).
, ,
DSM, 
,
. 

, (, 

) , 
. , 
, 

(Barkley, 1996). 
,
DSM, ,

, 
.
, , ,
, 
. ( 
) 
, 
; IQ ; ,
(Bieder
man et al., 1999). 
, 
, , 

(Faraone et al., 2000; Silverthorn
et al., 1996). ,

, 
, 
,

(Gaub & Carlson, 1997b; Seidman, Bie

,
. 
, 
.

derman, Faraone & Weber, 1997).

, ,

.

,
,
. 
, , 

, 
(Szatmari et al., 1989).
, 
(Barkley, 1996). 
: 2% 
(Kanbayashi, Nakata, Fujii, Kita & Wada, 1994)
20% (OLeary, Vivian and
Nisi, 1985) 29%
(Bhatia, Nigam, Bohra & Malik, 1991). ,
, 

.
, 
, 
, 
, 
(Pendergrast et al.,
1988).



. ,
(
),
, ,

146 5

, 
(Weisz, Chayaisit, Weiss, Eastman & Jackson,
1995). , 
,

(D. M. Ross & Ross, 1982).
, , 

, .


(Camp
bell, 2000a), 
, 35 .
, .

, 4!
, .
,
,
. , !
, ,
, !
. !
, !
( Murray, 1993).
. ,
(
, 
, , ,
). , 
,

. , 
,
. ,
, , 
,
;
. 
, 
. , 

. ,
.

,

.

:
.
!

, ,
!
. ,
, !
( Barkley, 1995).
. 
34 , 

 (Hart, Lakey, Loeber,
Applegate & Frick, 1996). 
, 
,
, 

, 
(Barkley, DuPaul & McMurray,
1990; S. B. Campbell, 1990).

, 
(Mash & Johnson, 1982).

. ,
.
,
 
,
, . 
.

:

. !
, , !

. !
.
, .
: !
, , !
. , .
, !
(
Barkley, 1995).
.
5 7 , 
,
(Hart et al., 1996). , 
, 
, 
. ,

. 

, , 
, ,


 () 147

(Barkley, 1996). 
, 
, 
.

 , 

(Barkley, 1998b).

, 
, , 
, ,
,
(Koplowicz & Barkley,
1995; Stein, Szumoski, Blondis & Roizen, 1995).

:
13, !
, , !
.

!
. !
,
. !
, , !
, ,
, .
,
, !
( L.Weiss,
1992).
. 
, , 
, ,
. 
,
, 95% ,
(Barkley, 1996).
, , 50%

(Barkley, Fisher, Elderbrock & Smallish, 1990;
G.Weiss & Hechtman, 1993). 
 ( 
, ) 

(Barkley, 1998b).

:

.
, !
. !
.
? , !
. ,
(L. Weiss, 1992).

.
, 
,
*, , . 

, 
. 
,

(Barkley, 1996; Mannuzza & Klein, 1992). ,
, ,
, ,
 .
, 
, ;
;

(Biederman et al., 1992;
Mannuzza & Klein, 1992; G. Weiss & Hechtman,
1993). , , 
, 

. 
,  ,
.
, ,

(Wender, 2000).

, 
35% .

, .
,
, 
.

,
.

. 34 

,
.


,
.

* Robin Williams, (. 1952) 

, ,
, . .
.

148 5

.


,
. , ,
(, ),

 (Hartmann, 1993) (.
5.4). , 
, ,
(T. Armstrong, 1995).

, 
, 
,
.
, 

(Sergeant, 2000). ,
5.5,
, 
, .

.
, 
.

, , , 
, 
,

, 
.

,

(Biedermann & Spencer, 1999; Tannock, 1998).
,
(
) (Hinshaw, 1994a;
E.Taylor, 1999).
, 
. , 
,
(Rapport &
Chung, 2000). ,
,
, . 

, . 5.2
,
. 
.

,
(Kuntsi & Stevenson,
2000).
.

(Faraone, Biederman &

5.3
?
, , "
. (Thom
Hartmann) : , "
. , ( "
, )
. ,
. , "
, , . "
. , "
, .
, , , "
, , . , "
, , , .
, , , , , ,
".

: Wallis, 1994.
. ,
. , (ShelleyTremblay
& Rosen, 1996) , , 
, , ,
.

 () 149

5.4

. , "
; , (Barkley,
1998a). , ,
(Carlson & Tamm, 2000; Douglas & Parry, 1994). , "
, , "
(Barber, Milich & Welsh, 1996).
. :
, , . , "
, (Zentall, 1985).
, , "
.
. "
. "
, "
, (Douglas, 1988, 1999). "
, (Barkley, Grodzinsky
& DuPaul, 1992; Zametkin et al., 1990).
. ( , "
) , "
" ,
. , "
(Logan, 1994). ,
, (Barkley, 1997d, 2000). "
(Barkley, 1997a; Tannock,
1998), .

Milberger, 1996; Hechtman, 1994). , 

,
(Biederman et al., 1992; Pauls,
1991).
.

, 

(van den Oord, Boomsma &
Verhulst, 1994).
. 
,
0,80 (Levy,
Hay, McStephen, Wood & Waldman, 1997; Tannock,
1998). ,
65% 
, (Gilger, Pennington
& DeFries, 1992; OConnor, Foch, Sherry & Plomin,
1980). ,
, 
(Stevenson, 1992).
.
,

(Faraone et al., 1992). 

. , , 
, 
. 

, , 
, 
.
, 
(dopamine transporter gene, DAT)
(E. H. Cook et al., 1995; Gill, Daly, Heron, Hawi &
Fitzgerald, 1997). 
, , 
, , ,
, , 

(Winsberg & Comings, 1999).

,
(DRD4), ,
(
, )
(Biederman et al., 1996; Ebstein et al., 1996). 
, 
,
(
) (Faraone et al., 1999; LaHoste et al., 1996).

.
,
, 
. 
, 


150 5

. ,

, , 
,
.
, 
, ,
(Edelbrock,
Rende, Plomin & Thompson, 1995; Levy & Hay, 1992;
Tannock, 1998).

,


,
. 
,
, ,
,
(Milberger, Biederman, Faraone, Chen &
Jones, 1996; Milberger, Biederman, Faraone, Guite &
Tsuang, 1997). 
, 

.
, .
,
,
. , 
()
, 
(Streissguth
et al., 1984;) (. 9).
,
, 
, 
(R. T. Brown, Coles,
Platzman & Hill, 1993; Streissguth, Bookstein,
Sampson & Barr, 1995). 
( , 
) 


(Weissman et al., 1999).
, 
, 
(Barkley, 1998b).

 () 151


,
. 
, ,


.

. 5.2. .



(Barkley, 1998b; Faraone & Biederman,
1998). (,


152 5

)

, 
, . :
 .

( ).
.
,
,
, 
.

: 
, , ,
; 
, 
(Fuster, 1989; Grattan &
Eslinger, 1991);
,
(Barkley,
Grodzinsky & DuPaul, 1992).
, ,
,
, 
.
, 
,

(Barkley, 1996,
1997a), :

(, , 
, 
), ;


(Frank, Lazar & Seiden, 1992),

(Pliszka, Liotti &
Woldorff, 2000);

, 
(Lou, Henriksen,
Bruhn, Borner & Nielson, 1989), 
.
. 

, 
. , 
(magnetic resonance imaging,
MRI)
 (
, frontostriatal circuitry) . 

, 

( ).
, ,
(Castellanos, Giedd,
Marsh et al., 1996). 
, .
,

(Filpek et al., 1997),
, 

(SemrudClikeman et al., 2000). 
, 
,
 (
) 
, 
(B. J.Casey et
al., 1997; SemrudClikeman et al., 2000).

(positron emission tomography, PET
scan) , 
 
,
(Ernst et al., 1994). 
, ,
,
, . 



(Zametkin et al.,
1993).


 .
, 
,

. , ,

,

.

. 

, , 
(Barkley, 1998b; Zametkin & Rapoport, 1987).

, 

, 
(McCracken, 1991; Swanson,
Castellanos et al., 1998). 


. 

. ,
,

 () 153

. 

, 

(Hinshaw, 1994a).

,
, 
,
,
? : , 

(Barkley, 1995). 
,
(Milich, Wolraich &
Lindgren, 1986).
,
? , 
.
,
, , ,
, 
, ( ) 
, .
, 
.

. , ,
, 
, ,
, . 
, , ,
,
, 
(Hoover & Milich, 1994).
,


.


.
(McGee, Stanton & Sears, 1993).
1970 1980 
,
. 
,
, ,
. 
, 
(Conners, 1980; Kavale & Forness,
1983). 
,

(Arnold, 1999).


( ,
, , 
) (Fergusson,
Horwood & Lynskey, 1993).


(Gittelman
& Eskinazi, 1983; Kahn, Kelly & Walker, 1995). 

(Barkley, 1998b).
, ,
,
, 
.

, 

15% 
(Barkley, 1998b). ,

, 
(I. W. Silverman & Ragusa, 1992; Willis
& Lovaas, 1977).
(C. Johnson
& Mash, 2001; Whalen & Henker, 1999).


. ,

(Bauer
meister, Alegria, Bird, RubioStipec & Canino, 1992;
Jacobvitz & Sroufe, 1987). , ,
,


(Barkley, 1996). , 

(Chess & Thomas, 1984). 

. ,

, 

.


(Mash & Johnson, 1990). 

,

. 

,
(Barkley, 1988; Humphries,
Kinsbourne & Swanson, 1978).
, ,

 .
, 


. ,
, 


154 5

(S. B. Campbell, March, Pierce, Ewing & Szumowski,

1991; Hinshaw et al., 2000).
,

. 
. ,
.
,
, 

, 
(Hinshaw, 1994a; E.Taylor, 1999).

,
, 
, ,
.
,
;

.
, 
, 
, 
,
.
, 

, (
,
, ,
, ).
,

 . 
, 

( ) 
.

, 

, ;

.
, ,
, 
.

; 
. 

.

: !
, !
,
.
!
( , , !
). !
!
.
,
, !
.
, , !
!
. RitalinTM !
, !
.
!
,
. !

( NIHM, 1994a).

: ;

, ,
!
. !
, ,
, .
, !
,
. !
, .
!
, ,
!
.
, , !
!
(
NIHM, 1994a).
,

, , ,

, 
(Barkley, 1998b; Hinshaw, 2000). . 5.2 

 () 155

. (
Consumer Reports 1997 )
, 

(Pelham, Wheeler & Chronis, 1998).

, 
. ,
, 
,
,

(Barkley, 1998a).

:
, 

.

,
, 
.

, 
,
(Barkley, 1998a).


, 
, 
(Waschbusch, Kipp & Pelham, 1998).

:

:
,

(Henker & Whalen, 1980)

(Jacobvitz, Sroufe,
Stew & Leffert, 1990). , 
,
. , .
,

.
, 
.
. (
)
1930 
(. 5.6). 

5.2

,
,
, I
, ,
I

, ,

, ,

, ,
,



,

,

156 5

5.5

, "
, 1937 , "
. ,
. ,
, . " , "
. ,
. , "
. " , "
(choroid plexus),
. "
, ( ). "
, , ,
, , . "
, , , "
, "
.
: Gross, 1995.



(Spencer, Biederman & Wilens, 2000).

(Dexedrine
DextrostatTM) 
(Ritalin). 
 ,
,

(Plizska, McCracken & Maas, 1996; Volkow et al., 1997).
80% 
,

, 
(Swanson,
McBurnett, Christian & Wigal, 1995).
, 
, 
(Danforth, Barkley & Stokes,
1991),
(Lerer, Lerer & Artner,
1977). 
, 
(D. A. Murphy,
Pelham & Lang, 1992). 
, 
(Rapport & Kelly, 1993).
,
(Barkley,
1997b).
( 
5 ),
, 

.
, 
,


(Barkley, 1998b).
, 
,
.

, ,
, .
( 
) 
. 

( 
R),
, . 
, , 
.
,
,
,
, 
.
, ( 
),

(DuPaul, Anastopoulos, Kwasnik, Barkley &
McMurray, 1996). 
, 
,
, ,
, (G.Weiss & Hechtman, 1993).

, ,
, :
, , , !
? : ! (Whalen & Henker, 1976).

 () 157

, 

.
, 
.
,
.

, . 
,
,

.

, .
, 
,
, , 
(Pelham et
al., 1992). , 
, 

, 
(Pelham, Hoza, Kipp & Gnagy, 1997).
,
, 
(Spencer et al., 2000). , 
, 

, 
, 
, 
20
(Pelham, 1993). 
,
, . 

, 
; 
.
, , 

, .


, 
(Safer, 2000b).
.
1990 2 ; 
, 1,3 ( 3% 
) (Han
cock, 1996b; Safer, Zito & Fine, 1996). , 
5 ,
. 

(Goldman, Genel, Bezman & Slanetz, 1998),


. 



, 
, 
.


, , 
, 

(Safer, 2000a).
,
,


(Safer & Malever, 2000).
, 

. , 
, 5%
(P. S. Jensen et al., 1999). 12% 
,
DSM, ,
, , 

, . , 


63%, 
20%
(Angold, Erkanli, Egger & Costello, 2000; LeFever,
Dawson & Morrow, 1999).

,
, 
,
. 
,

, 
. 


(P. S. Jensen, 2000).

. ,
, 
. 
.

(Ken and Andrea McClusky, 2000, . 11).
, 

, .

,
, 
, 

.

158 5

()
, ,
, ,
, . 
(,
) . , 

, . ,
, ,
, 
. 
,
. 
()
:

.
,
.
, 
.

.

,
. 
, 
. ,
,

, 
, 
(Barkley, 1995).
, 
. ,
,
, 

, 
. ,
,
.
,
()
( )

. 
, 
,
. 
,
( ), 
. , ,
, 
, 
(Barkley, 1998a).

, 
, 
. 
,
, . 
, , 

.

, 
.

.

, 

(Kazdin, 1993c);

. ,

, ,

(Barkley, 1998a; P. S. Jensen, 1999).

:
, !
, !
,
. .
,
. !
, .

! , !
. , !
. !
; ,
.
, . !
, !
...
. , !
,
,
. ,
. !
!.
.
. , ,
. !
, ,
, , ,
,
( Barkley, 1995).

.
, , 

 () 159

, , 
. 
, 
.

,
.
, .

, 
, , 
,
. 
, 
. 
, 
(
)
.

, , 
.

, . 


.

(DuPaul, Guevremont &
Barkley, 1992; Pfiffner & Barkley, 1998).


. ,
; , 
, ;
. 
. 
, 
. ,
, ,
, 

, .

, ,
, , ,
. , 
, ,
, ,

(DuPaul & Stoner,
1994; Pfiffner & Barkley, 1998).

,

(DuPaul &
Eckert, 1997).

, 
. 
(Pelham et al., 1996; Pelham & Hoza, 1996)
.
5 15
,
, .

:


, 
.
,

(Pelham et al., 1996).
360
8 ; 
. 

, , ,
, 
,
.
,
.


. 
. ,

, 
.

160 5

. 
, 
. 
(Pelham et al., 2000);
,

.

,

(NIMH)
(Arnold, Abikoff, Cantwell et al., 1997; Richters et al.,
1995).
.
: 

? 
? 
, 
, 
?
(MTA Cooperative Group, 1999).
7 9 

,
9 14
:
. 
, 10
/ , 12 

.
. 
7 .

.
, 
(
).

, 
,

. ,
,
, 
. ,


, 

(MTA Cooperative Group,
1999).


,
,
.

,
, ,

46
, 

(Pelham, 1999).
:
, , (
, ,
,
, . .)
(
, , )
(. S.M.Campbell, 2000b). ,

(Cunningham,
1999). , 
,
,
,
(Boyle & Jadad,
1999).


.
,

. ( 
. 5.2).

. 
, .
,
,
.

. 


.

, . 

, ,
. 
, 
, , 
, 
.
,
.
, , 
.

:
, !
, . .

 () 161

,
. !
, .
!

, ,
! . !
(Murray, 1993).
. 
. 
, 

. ,  ,
, ,
, 
(Hoza,
Wacshbucsh, Pelham, Molina & Milich, 2000).

, 
. . 
, 
,
, 
.
.

,
( 5.7).

. 
,
. 
,

.
,
.

, 
.
,
. 
, 

. .
,
, , 
, 
, , 
, , 
, ,
, 
. 
, , , 

,
.

: ,
, !
. , !
; , . .
!
. , !
, . !
.
: , . .
, ,
( Barkley, 1995).

5.6
,

4 10 :
, . ?
, , . ?
, , ?
?
11 17 :
, ?
, . , .
?
, ?
(: Hallowell & Ratey, 1994).

162 5

.
,
. , 
,
, ,

, .

, 
, 

,
.

,
.

;

,
.
()

,
,
, 
.

,
, ,
,
.
, 

, , 
,

.

, 
.

() (attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD))
(inattentive)
(hyperactive)
(impulsive)
(attentional capacity)
(selective attention)
(distractibility)
(sustained attention)
(vigilance)
(subtype)
(predo
minantly inattentive type (ADHDPI))

(predominantly hyperactiveimpulsive type
(ADHDHI))
(combined type (ADHDC))
(executive functions)
(tic disorder)
(behavioral inhibition)
 (frontostriatal
circuitry of the brain)
(stimulant medications)
(dextroamphetamine)
(methylphenidate)
()
(parent management training)
(responsecost procedures)

. ,

.
.
, 470399 . . .

164 6

,


; 
, 
.
1994 . 
, (H. N. Snyder
& Sickmund, 1999). , 
, 36%

26% , 
(Brener, Simon, Krug & Lowry, 1999).
, ,
, , , ,
, , , 
, 
, ,
,
,
, 
.
, , 

(Toch, 1993).
,
, 
,

.
, , 

,
. , 
, 
, 

(Reese, Vera,
Simon & Ikeda, 2000).

(4 ):
: !
!
. , !
... , !
, , ,
. : ,
! . .
. !

. .
, . , !
,
(
Webster!Stratton & Herbert, 1994, . 4445).

(6 ):
:
. 8 !
. !
,
. ,
! , .
!
. !
, !
.
. ,
!
. .
,
,
.

(10 ): ,


.

!
, ... , !
, .
...
.
, ,

!
. 8 !
, , !
, ,
... !
, , !
, !
. ,
, , !
, 20 !
( Colapinto,
1993, . 122).

 165

: ;
13 1994 5!
8!
!
.
14 . !
, ,
, . !
!
, !
, .
. ,
,
.
, ,
1011
(Annin, 1996, . 5).
(onduct problems) 
(antisocial behavior) 
, 
, , ,

(McMahon & Estes, 1997).
,
, , , 
, 
, 
.
.

.
, ,
,
, 


.
, , ,
, , 
, 
(Lahey, Miller, Gordon & Riley, 1999).

. .
, ,
!
.
, !
.
. !
, ,
!
( Kazdin, 1995, . 1718).
, ,

, 
, 
.
, ,
. ,
.
, 5 ,

(Kazdin, 1995). , ,


. 
,
.


,
, ,

.
, ,

.

:
12! !
,
.
, ,
!
.
,
. !
, !
. !
, !
.
. ;
, !


.

166 6


.


.  
, , ...
, , 
, 
, , 
,
? 
 
! 

(Kazdin, 1995). ( 6%)

, , , 
, 
, 
, , 
(Moffitt, Caspi, Dickson, Silva & Stanton, 1996).
, 
,

(Achenbach, Howell, Quay & Conners, 1991). ,
, 2

, (Tremblay et
al., 1999). 50% ,
 ,
, 10% 

(Achenbach, 1991a).
,
.
, , 
, 
, , 
, 

(Achenbach, 1991b). . 6.1 

,
. 

.


.

. 6.1 ,
, 
418 . (Adapted from Achenbach, 1991a)

 167

:
:

()
:
( 4 14 )

62 000250 000

21 00084 000
( 6 10,6 )

1000 000

335 000

64 000
, ,
1.5000001.800000
*
1.300000
1.500000
:
, 84 000
168 000
,
27.600
"
10.200
,
11 000
31 800223 000
"
, 40 500
, `
200 000480 000
* 150 000360 000
, :
,
300 000
75 000
95 000375 000
,
470 000750 000
* 243 000388 000
:

22000003000000

* 17000002300000

. 6.2. .

* , 
,
,
.

168 6

(
), ,
, 
(, 
).

, , 

.

, 

. 
,
20, 30 40
70 (Farrington, 1991, 1992; Olweus, 1979; Sho
levar & Sholevar, 1995). , 
,
!

, ,
,
, 
, 
. 

(M. A. Cohen, Miller & Rossman,
1994).
, 5% 
,
(Hinshaw & Anderson,
1996). ,

,
(, 1993;
H.N.Snyder & Sickmund, 1999).
1997 . 2000
100 000 
, (Maguire & Pastore, 1998).

, ,
, ,
,
(H. N. Snyder & Sickmund, 1999).

 ,  ,
, .

, 
. 20% 

( , 1996). 
. 6.2, ,
 
, 1,7
2,3 (M. Cohen, 1998).


, 
,
.
. 

(delinquent) . 

, 

( ), 
. 

, ,
, ,
, 
, 
 .
, 

() . 
12 ,



.
,
, 
,
( ) 
; , 
, 
, (Simon, Dent & Sussman,
1997). , 
, 
, ,
, , 
, ,
. 
, ,

, , 

. 

, 
, , , 

. ,
, 
,
(Cicchetti &
Richters, 1993).
.

,
(externalizing
behavior), 

 169

, ,
(Burns et al., 1997). 
, ,
,
, .

, ,
, 
(Achenbach, 1991a).
, :
, , , , 
, 
.
, , , ,
. (Achenbach,
1993a).

: 
 (overtcovert dimension) 
 (Fricl et al., 1993).
 
, ,
, , 
. , 
, ,
,
(Kazdin, 1992). 

, ,
, , 
, 
, 
.
, 
.
,


(Loeber, Lahey & Thomas, 1991). 
 
,
, 
, 
.
. 6.3, 
 

: )  ,
, ) 
, , ) 
, ) 
, . , 
 , 
,

: .

170 6

. 6.3. (dapted from Frick et al., 1993).

(Loeber,
Green, Lahey & Kalb, 2000).
. 
, 

, DSM (APA, 2000).
DSMIVTR 
(disruptive behavior disorders)
,


(Loeber, Burke, Lahey, Winters & Zera, 2000).
,

. 

.



,

.
, 

, .
,
, 
, , 
.
,

,

 171

DSM. 

.

DSM`IV`TR:

:
: ,
! ,
! , .
, , !
... :
, ! . ...
. : ,
. : ,
!... ,
, , ,
,
,
... !
. (Webster!Stratton & Herbert, 1994,
. 47).
 
(oppositional defiant disorder (ODD))
,
. .

6.1 DSMIV 
 . 

DSM, 

. 
, , 
,
,

(Angold & Costello, 1996; Kirk &
Hutchins, 1994).

, ,
, 

(. . 6.2, ). ,
 

(Green & Doyle, 1999).
, , 

, DSM 
 (Keenan
& Walkschlag, 2000).

:
10! ,
, .
! , !
, !
. !
, ,

, ,

6.1

(
. , , , , 6 ,
( ) :
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
: , , ,
.
: I , .
: DSMIIVITR, Copyright, 2000 by APA.

172 6

.
,
.
. ;
!
, !
.
, !
,
. , ,
!
, 2!!
, . !
,
.

, !
23
.
!
. !

.
, ,
! .

.
3 .
!
2 .
.
,

,
!
.
, ,

. , . !
!
!
,
( Kazdin, 1995, . 23).

6.2

. ,
, 12 , ,
, 6 .

1) , .
2) .
3) , (: , ,
, , ).
4) .
5) .
6) (: , ,
).
7) .

8) .
9) ( ).

10) .
11) , , (
).
12) , (, , ;
).

13) , , 13I .
14) , , , (
).
15) , 13 .
: DSMIIVITR, Copyright, 2000 by APA.

 173

(conduct disorder) 
,
, 
,
(. . 6.2 
DSM).

(Kazdin, 1995).

. 
2 .
, 

, 
.

,

.
, , 
,

.
.


, , , 
. 
.

6 ,
, , ,
.

, , ,
. !
. !
6! . !
, !
(Rosentblatt,
2000).


, 
? DSM

. 
,
(childhoodonset CD), , 
, 
10 , ,
(adolescent
onset CD) . 

(Waldman,
Lilienfield & Lahey, 1995). ,


, 
, 
,

(Lahey, Goodman et al., 1999). ,
,

, 

.
,

. 
.

.
(Nottelman & Jen
sen, 1995). , 
 


(Patterson, DeGarmo &
Knutson, 2000). 
, ,
23
6 
9 
(Loeber, Green, Lahey, Christ &
Frick, 1992). 
 ,
, 
. 
 
:
,
 
,
25% , 
 
(Hinshaw, Lahey & Hart, 1993). ,


,
(Speltz, McClellan,
DeKlyen & Jones, 1999). , 


(Biederman et al., 1996; Lahey, Loeber, Quay, Frick &
Grimm, 1992).


DSM. DSM
,

(,
). 
,

, 
.

174 6

6.3

,
,


, ,



,

(APD)
:
13!
,
,
6 . , ,
. ,
,
:
. ... !
, ,
, . !,
. , !
, :
? , , !
. !
, ,
, .
...
, ,
. . !
! (dapted from Hare, 1993, . 162).



(Antisocial personality
disorder (APD)),
, 
(APA,
2000). 40% ,
, 
(Hinshaw, 1994).



, , , 
(Sutker, 1994).

,
. 

3 5 (Kochanska, De Vet,
Goldman, Murray & Putnam, 1994). 
, ,
, .


,
(Hastings, ZahnWaxler, Robinson, Usher & Bridges,
2000). , 
,

(Keltner,
Moffitt & StouthamerLoeber, 1995).

,

.

(callous and unemotional
interpersonal style),
, ,
, ,
(Frick, Bodin & Barry, 2000; Frick & Ellis, 1999). 
,
, . 6.3. ,



,
, ,

(Christian, Frick, Hill,
Tyler & Frazer, 1997; Frazer, 1997; Frick, OBrien,
Wootton & McBurnett, 1994).
6.1,
DSM 
,

.

 175

6.1
: F
?
(*Simpsons () ,
, , , . "
. .
. , "
, . ,
, ,
, . . ).
DSM"IV " "
,
? , :
.
: , .
.
.
.
, .
.
, .
.
.
.
, .
.
.
, .
.
: , , "
, DSM. "
, ""
, , .

 

, 
.
,

, 
,
,
.
,
( 10 ) , ,
, 

, 
.
,

, 
, 
.

 

. ,
 , 
.


,
, ,
.


, ,
, ,

.


, , , 

176 6

. 
,
,
. 
,
,
.

, 
8 ,
(Hogan, 1999; Moffitt & Silva). 
IQ (
15 ) 
, 
, 
,
(Lynam, Moffitt & StouthamerLoeber, 1993).
IQ 


(SonugaBarke, Lamparelli,
Stevenson, Thompson & enry, 1994).

,
,

.
,
,
(Speltz, De
Klyen, Calderon, Greenberg & Fisher, 1999). 

, 

, 
(Caspi & Moffitt, 1995; Hastings et al., 2000).
, ,
, 

, 
(Loney, Frick, Ellis
& McCoy, 1998). , 
, , 

.


, ,
. 

(Patterson,
1996). , 

4 , 
(Moffitt, 1990).
, 

. 

, , ,

.
, 
, 

(Hinshaw,
Lahey & Hart 1993; Patterson, 1996).


. 
, 


. 
, , 

(Toupin, Dery, Pauze, Mercier & Fortin,
2000).  
, 

, 


(Pennington &
Ozonoff, 1996).

,
,
.
, 1900


, ,

, ,
(Hinshaw & Anderson, 1996).

, 
.
, 

, 
(Williams & McGee, 1994). 
, 

, (Maughan,
Pickles, Hagell, Rutter & Yule, 1996).
,
, 
(Maughan,
Gray, & Rutter, 1985), 

, .

, 
, , 
, 
 , :
, 

 177

6.2

13 ,  
. , 
, , 
(Olweus, 1995, p. 196).
(Bullying) " , "
. , "
. .
, .
, , (Olweus, 1995). ,
7% .
, , .
, , "
. . "
, ",
, . "
,
, . "
"
. "
,
, ,

"
.
, 40% "
, , "
"
, 24
(Olweus, 1995). , "
, "
.

(Farrington, 1991a; Hinshaw, 1992a).


(Moffitt, 1993b). 
,



. ,

, (Frick et al., 1991;
Hinshaw, 1992). ,
,
, 


(Rapport, Scanlan & Denney, 1999).
,
.


, 
(McGee
et al., 1986). 
, , 


.

.

, 
, 
. ,
, ,
,
(R. F. Baumeister, Bushman &
Campbell, 2000). 

,
 (R. F. Baumeister, Smart & Boden 1996).
, 

, ,


(E. Anderson, 1994). ,

,

178 6

, 
.

. 
, 
.
, ...
, .
WebsterStraton & Herbert, 1994, p. 46

,
,
(Miller
& Olson, 2000). 
,
,

(Rodkin, Farmer & Van Acker, 2000). 
, 
,


(. 6.2).

. 

(Poulin, Dishion &
Haas, 1999; Vitaro, Brengden & Tremblay, 2000). 




.40 .50 

(Moffitt, 1993a; Patterson & Dishion, 1985).

912

, , 

(Patterson, 1996).


(Dishion, Andrews & Crosbi, 1995).
 

(Dishion, Haas & Poulin,
1997).

. ,
( ,
; ). !
, .
:
,
!
(dapted from Hartup, 1996, . 1).
,
,
(Dushion, Andrews &
Crosby, 1995). 
,

.
, 
,

(Dishion, Spracklen, Andrews & Patterson,
1996).



.


. 

, .

:
16 1995 !
, , 14!

, ...

: .

 179


(hostile attributional bias),
,
, 
(, 
, ,
, , ).

, . 
(Hastings et al., 2000) 

(Crick & Dodge, 1994;
McFaydenKetchum & Dodge, 1998).
,

. 


,

.

:
, !
, ,
!
. ,
, .
,
, !
.
!
. !
, !
, ,
. , !
,
. !
, ,
, !
,
, . ...!
, ,
( Foster & Robin, 1988, p. 725).
,


(C. L. Carlson, Tamm & Hogan, 1999; Patterson, Reid
& Dishion, 1992).
:
, 
,

, .

, :

, 
, 

.

,
, ,
, , ,

,

, , .

. 
, , , 
, ,
,
,

(Patterson et al., 1992;
Winler, Diaz, McCarthy, Atencio & Chabay, 1999).

, , , 
,


(Bickett, Milich & Brown, 1996). , 

, ,
,
,
(Henggeler, Melton & Smith,
1992).
,
.
, !
. !
(Webster!
Stratton & Herbert, 1994, p. 45).


(Johnston &
Freeman, 1998).

.

, 
, , 
(Patterson, 1984, Patterson et al., 1992).
, 
, 
, ,
, , 


. 
,
, ,

180 6

, , 
.

. 
, 
.

,

,

. ,
, ,

. ,
( 30 ) :
, , , 
, . 
34 
,
( , 
!) (Kratzer & Hidgins,
1997). ,
, ,


(Capeld, Crosbi & Stoolmiller, 1996).
,

11 (Tubman, Windle & Windle, 1996).
,

. 
 
. 
, 
,
, ,

, 

( Biglan et al., 1990).

1992 ( 
80)
(H. N. Snyder & Sickmund, 1999; Weinberg, Rahdert,
Colliver & Glantz, 1998).
1217
1992 1995 ,
,
, 
, , , , 
(Givalry, 2000). ,
, , 
, 
, ,
(OMalley, Johnson & Bacman, 1999).



(H. R. White, Loeber, StouthamerLoeber & Farrington,
1999). , ,  
, 
, , 

, ,
(H. N. Snyder & Sickmund, 1999).

, , ,
, , ,

(Givalry, 2000). 
,
(Weinberg
et al., 1998).
, 
, 
?
, 
,

(Block, Block & Keyes, 1988). 
,
,

(Dishion, French & Patterson, 1995). 


, 10% ,
, 
,
(OMalley et al., 1999). 

, 
15 (Farrington, 1991). ,
, 
, 

,

(Brook, Whiteman,
Finch & Cohen, 2000).


,
.

,
,

.

/ 
.

 181


. 
.



.

, 
, .


, , 
, , , 
, 
.


,


(Loeber & Keenan, 1994; Speltz, McClellan
et al., 1999).

( )
50% 

(Nottelman & Jen
sen, 1995).
:
,
,
, 
.


, /

(Loeber, StouthamerLoeber & Green,
1991).


,

(Robins, 1991).

,

, , ,

, . ,
, , 
, 

(Fergusson, Horwood & Lloyd, 1991;
Hinshaw, 1987). , 
,
, 
,
, , 

(Hinshaw & Anderson, 1996).


,
. 




, 
(Hinshaw,
1987). ,
, ,
, 
, , 
(Hinshaw, Lahey & Hart, 1993;
Moffitt, 1990; M. A. Roberts, 1990).


,
(Hops, Lewinsohn, Andrews & Roberts,
1990; Zoccolilo, 1992).

(Dishion, French & Patterson,
1995). 
, 
, 

(Renaud, Brent, Birmaher, Chia
petta & Bridge, 1999).
, 
, 
, 
. , 

,
(Zoccolillo et al., 1992; Zoccolillo
& Rodgers, 1991, 1992).

, , 
, ,
,
(Nottelman & Jensen, 1995).
,
, 

(D. O. Lewis et al., 1991;
Robins, 1986; Robins & Rutter, 1990).

182 6

, , 
, 
, , 
, (Walker et al., 1991).
,

(Pine, Cohen, Cohen & Brook, 2000).
,


, , 


(McBurnett et al.,
1991).


(McBurnett, Lahey, Rathouz & Loeber, 2000).
, ,
, ,
, 
(Frick, Li
lienfeld, Ellis, Loney & Silverthorn, 1999).

50%

.
, 

, 
.


.

,
,
, ,
.

1993). 


12% (Nottelman & Jensen, 1995). 
, , 
, 
.

:
13! , !
,
. 6 !
!
, !
. , ,
, . ,
!
, ...
3
.
. ,
...
.
, !
(!
10 ).
, !
; ,
(
Kazdin, 1995, p. 35).

, 2 6%
1 4 
(Hinshaw & Anderson, 1996; Zoccolillo,

 183



,
4 (Keenan & Shaw,
1997).
3 4 , , 

,
(Anderson, Williams, McGee & Silva, 1987; McGee,
Feehan, Williams & Anderson, 1992; Zoccolillo, 1993).
,
,
, 
.
3%
(Eme & Kavanagh, 1995; WebsterStratton, 1996).

,
15 (McDermott, 1996; McGee, Feehan, Williams
& Anderson, 1992).


(Zoccolilo, 1993). ,
, ,
.
, 
, 
(Offord, Alder & Boyle, 1986).

(Caspi, Elder &
Bem, 1987),
, 
, , 
(D. E. Lewis et al., 1991; Serbin, Moskowitz,
Schwartzman & Ledingham, 1991).


, 
, , 
, 
(ChesneyLind
& Shelden, 1992; McGee et al., 1992; Robins, 1991).


, , .

, .
45% , ,
( 65% ).
, 
,
.

. ,
,
, 

(Keenan &
Shaw, 1997; Kochanska et al., 1994; Kochanska, Mur
ray & Coy, 1997). 
, ,



, 
(Crick, Bigbee & Howes, 1996). ,
,
, ,
, , ,
,
(Bjorkqvist & Niemela, 1992; Crick et al., 1996). 
,

(Crick, 1995).
,

,
(Crick &
Rose, 2000).

, ,
, . 


(Dishion & Andrews, 1995),

,
(WebsterStratton, 1996; Zoccolilo, 1993).
 , , 
, , , 
,
(Achenbach, 1991a; Maccoby,
1986).
,

.

, ,

, 

(Zoccolillo, 1993).

, 
,
(Wangby, Bergman & Magnusson, 1999).

, 

184 6

,
.

,
, 
,
( 
,
),
(Silverthorn &
Frick, 1999).

, 
,
(Caspi, Lynam, Moffitt,
Caspi, Belsky & Silva, 1992). ,

,
, .

, 

, , ,

. 
,

, (Caspi et al., 1993).

, 
,

(Loeber, Green, Lahey, Frick &

McBurnett, 2000).

. . 6.4

.
, , 9

, 
, , (Kazdin,
1995, p. 27). 

( 
. . . .). 
, , 
, 
. ,

, 
,
.





. 
, 
,

25
(S. B. Campbell, 1990). ,

, 

. 6.4.
(Loeber, 1990).

 185

, 
,
(C. B.
Cambell, Pierce, March, Ewing & Szumowski, 1994; S.
B. Campbell, Shaw & Gilliom, 2000).

,

, . 


,

,
.



. ,
,

. 8 12
, ,
, , , 
, .

, . 

, 17 ,

(Hirschi & Gottfredson, 1983).

, 

.

12 14
,
, , 
, ,
, , ,
. 18

,
,
,
(Mof
fitt et al., 1996).
, 

? , . 
. 6.4 
,
.

,

, 
,

.
. . 6.5,


,
.
.
,
.
, 
:

. 6.5. (Moffitt, 1993a).

186 6

,
(Caspi & Moffitt, 1995; Moffitt et al., 1996).
,
(lifecoursepersistent path),
7% ,


. 
4 , 10,
16, 
22
30 (Moffitt, 1993a, p. 679).
, 

, 
(Patterson, 1993).

, 

, , 

3 
.
, 
, ,

(Moffitt, 1993a).
, 
, 

. 
.

, ,
.
, 
,
, 
.

, 6% 
. 
, 
.
,  

.

, 
(aspi &
Moffitt, 1995).
,
(the adolescentlimited path), 
,

,
(Farrington, 1986). 30%
, 
(Hamalainen & Pulkkinen,
1996; Moffitt et al., 1996). 
, 
, , 

. 
,
, 
, 
. 
, ,

, .


, 
.

:
. !

. ,
, 11, !
, . , , ,
, . !
, ... !
, .
...
(dapted
from Goldentyer, 1994).
, 
13 . ,

,
. 17 
,
(Goldenteyer, 1994).

, 
, ,
, 
, 

. 
,
, 

, . , 
,
, 

,
(Moffitt, Lynam & Silva, 1994).

, , 
,
20.
,

, 

, . 

(), ,

 187

, 
, ,
, , 
,
(Moffitt et al., 1994).

, , 

, ,

. 
, 
, ,
,
.
,

, 
(Moffitt, 1993a).


,

,

(Robins, 1978).


. 

,

(Dishion, Andrews & Crosby,
1995).

. 6.6. : (Patterson et al., 1992).

188 6

20

85% 30
(Caspi & Moffitt, 1995).

,

(Caspi & Moffitt,
1995).


,
(Kokko & Pulkkinen, 2000). ,

,

, .
, 
,

. 6.7. .
(: Dishion et al., 1995).

, 
,
, 
, ,

. 
, , 
,
. 
, 

. 

. 
, 
,
,
.

, 6% ,
,
17 ,

 189


(Zoccolillo & Rogers, 1991, 1992).

. 6.6
.


26% 
. 
, ,
12%.
3 4
, . 
15 ,
, 
.




, 
,
.
,
, 
, 
.
, ,
, 
, ,
, 
.


, ,
,
, 
, , 
.

,
.

, , 
Brothers and Keepers ( ), 

. 
,
? 

, 
, , ,
, , 
, ,
, ?


 , :
, ,
, 
.
,  
. 
, , 
,
, 
. , , 
, ,


(Patterson, 1996). , 
, 
, 
(Tremblay,
2000).

.
,
, , 


, 

(Hinshaw & Anderson, 1996).
. 6.7,

, ,
(Lahey, Waldman & McBurnett, 1999;
Shaw, Bell & Gilliom, 2000).


,

,
.
, 
, 
,
.
, 
, ,

, , 
(Caspi, Henri, McGee, Moffitt & Silva,
1995).


(Sanson & Prior, 1999). 6
, ,
(Bates, Bayles,

190 6

Bennett, Ridge & Brown, 1991). , 


3 


(Caspi et al., 1995; J. L. White, Moffitt, Earls,
Robins & Silva, 1990). 
, , , 
, ,
, 

(B. Henry, Caspi, Moffitt & Silva,
1996).

,
,
,
(Mason & Frick, 1994).
, ,

,
. , 
,
, , ,
(Edelbrock, Rende, Plomin &
Thompson, 1995).


(Di
Lalla & Gottesman, 1989; Tellegen et al., 1988). 
, , ,


, ,
(Cadoret, Yates, Troughton,
Woodworth & Stewart, 1995a, 1995b). 

,
,
(Raine, 1993).

85%
70% 
. (DiLalla & Gottesman, 1989; Raine,
1993). 
,


(Rowe, Almeida & Jacobson, 1999). 


, ,
, 
, 

(Gottesman & Goldsmith, 1994; Raine,
1993). ,


, ,
, 
(Frick & Jackson, 1993).

 

, 
(Plomin, Nitz & Rowe, 1990). 
, ,

, ,

(Caspi & Moffitt, 1995).

, 

, .
, , , 
. 
, 
, 
,
,
,
,
, (Eme & Kavanaugh, 1995;
Gottesman & Goldsmith, 1994).
, 
, ,
(reward dominance)
, 
, (B. S. OBrien &
Frick, 1996).

. , 
( 
, 
, ,
) 
. , , 

, ,

(K. Blum, Cull, Braverman & Comings,
1996). ,

D2.

(Blum et al.,
1996). 

, 
(Brunner, Nelen, Breakfield,
Ropers & Van Oost, 1993).

(Gray, 1987) ,

,

, 

(McBurnett, 1992; Quay,
1993) ()
(Behavioral activation system) 

 191


.
() (Behavioral inhibition system), ,

, 
.
,

.
,
, .
,
 , 
,

, 
(Quay, 1993).
,

(OBrien & Frick,
1996). ,



.


:
/
(Magnusson, 1988).
(Pennington
& Ozonoff, 1996;).


,
,
, ,


, 
, , 
, . 

,
.

, 
, .


(Lahey, Hart, Pliszka, Apple
gate & Mcburnett, 1993; McBurnett & Lahey, 1994;
Quay, 1993).


, , 

.

, 


(Needleman, Reiss, Tobin, Biesecker & Greenhouse,
1996).

, 
, 
,
(Moffitt & Lynam, 1994).

,
, , 
, 
(McBurnett &
Lahey, 1994; Olweus, 1987).

, ,

6.4


1:
, . I
, , (Slaby & Guerra, 1988)
2: ,

3:
, I

4:

5:

192 6

`


. 
,
(Selman,
Beardslee, Schultz, Krupa & Podorefsky, 1986; Selman
et al., 1992). 
,
,
(Meichenbaum, 1977),
, 
, , 

(Crick & Dodge, 1994).
(Crick & Dodge, 1994)

, 
 . 
,



.

, .
6.4.


, ,

(Crick & Dodge, 1994).

. 
/ 

.

,
,


,
,

.
. , +
, The New York Times,
6, 1947


,
, 
, 
, (DeKlyen,
Speltz & Greenberg, 1998; Loeber, Drinkwater, et al.,

2000; Reese et al., 2000). 


, 
 
(DeaterDeckard & Dodge, 1997).

, 
, 
,

. , 

,
, 
(Lahey et al., 1992). 
(
)


(Caspi & Moffitt, 1995).

,

. ,

. , 
, 
,
(Dodge, 1991; Dodge, Pettit, Bates & Valente, 1995).

.

(WebsterStratton & Hammond, 1999),
, 
(Grych & Finchman, 1993), /

(Emery, Waldron, Kitzmann & Aaron, 1999).
,
, , , 
,

(Emery, 1999).
:
!
; .
, .
, , , !
.
, (Colapino, 1993, p. 150).
,

.

(reciprocal influence), 
,
. 


 193

6.3

:

1: , , :
"
, ?
2: : "
, ,
. "
,

, "
.
3: "

, . "
: ,
?
"

"
, ,
,
. , "
, ,
.
4:
, "
. "
"
: , , ,
. "
. , ,
"
,
.

194 6

, 
, 
,
(Lytton, 1990).



, 
, ,
(Anderson,
Lytton & Romney, 1986). 
,

, 
.

,
,

. 


.
, 


, 

(Frick & Jackson, 1993).
. T
(coercion theory) ,


(Patterson, 1982; Patterson et al., 1992).

, ,

, 
. 

6.3 , ,
, , ,
.


, ,
.
(reinforcement trap), 

. 
, 8 
,
(Patterson et al., 1992).

, , , 

. , 
,

(Wootton, Frick, Shelton & Silversthorn, 1997).
 

, 
.



.


, , 
,

( 

; DeaterDeckard & Dodge, 1997).
.
(attachment theories) , 


, 
.
, 
.
, 
,
.
,

.
, 
 
(Shaw & Bell, 1993).
, ,
, 
. 

, , ,

(Elliott, Huizinga & Ageton,
1985; Elliott et al., 1989).



(M. T. Greenberg, DeKlyen, Speltz
& Endriga, 1997; Rosenstein & Horowitz, 1996; Speltz,
Deklyen & Endriga, 1991; Speltz, Greenberg & DeKlyen,
1999). ,


(Speltz, Deklyen & Greenberg, 1999). 
,

, , 
.

:
! ( !
2! 4! ) ,
!
,

 195

, . !

, , !
.
. , !
, !
. , !
,
( ), ,
. !
, .
, ,
,
,
.
,
!
(dapted from Kazdin,
1995, p. 17).
.


, 
,
(Dishion, French & Patterson., 1995). 

, , 
, 
(Capaldi & Patterson, 1991;
Henry et al., 1996; Kasen, Cohen, Brook & Hartmark,
1996).

(Emery,
1999). 

(Block, Block
& Gierde, 1986).

, 
, 
. , 

, , 

, , .

( 
, ).


(Pagani, Boulerice, Vitaro &
Tremblay, 1999; Sampson & Lauritsen, 1994). 

? 
,
, 
(Dodge, Pettit & Bates, 1994 b; Elder,
Robertson & Ardelt, 1994).
(amplifier hypothesis) ,



(Elder, Caspi & Van Nguyen,
1986; Conger, Ge, Elder, Lorenz & Simons, 1994).
. 


(Eron & Huesmann, 1990; Frick & Jackson, 1993).

(Huesmann,
Eron, Lefkowitz & Walder, 1984). 
,

(Patterson, 1996). 
, , 
,
, 
.
, 
, 
(Faraone,
Biederman, Keenan & Tsuang, 1991).
(Frick et al.,
1992),


(Lahey, Piacentini et al., 1988). 
, 


, 

(Tapscott, Frick, Wootton & Kruh, 1996).
, 
( 

) , 
,
,
(Patterson, 1996).


. ,

, 
, , 
:

196 6

:

,
, ,
,
. ,

( ).
: !
. ,
; , !
, 3 . ,
, , !
(Kazdin, 1995).


. 
,
,
(Sampson, 1992). ,
, ,
,

(Caspi & Moffitt, 1995; Sampson, Raudenbush
& Earls, 1997).
, 

.
,

, 
(Sampson, 1992; Sampson & Laub, 1994).
, 

, , 


.
,

(Capaldi & Patterson, 1994; Patterson, Forgatch,
Yoerger & Stoolmiller in press; Shaw & Vondra, 1994).
,
, 
, . 

, 
(Patterson, 1996).
, ,
, 
,
, ,
 
, 
.
,
,
, ,

.
, 

.
,
, , ,
.


(Patterson, 1996). ,
.
. 


, 
, , ,

 197

(Caspi & Moffitt, 1995; Leventhal & BrooksGunn,

2000). , , 
, ,
. (social
selection hypothesis) , , 
, ,
,
, . 
.
 ,
, 

, 

(Caspi &
Moffiti, 1995; Sampson et al., 1997). 
,
 
, , 
, 

,


(Sampson & Groves, 1989).

,
, 


(Rutter, 1989).

,
, 
.


. , 
, 

(Gottfredson, Gottfredson & Hybel, 1993).

1. ,
, , ,

, ,
.
, !
, !
, , ,

.
,
!

York Times, April 14, 1946).  

,  
. 
, 
,
,
(Huesmann, Eron,
Berkowitz & Chaffee, 1992). ,


(Freedman, 1984, 1992).
,
8000
100 000 (Lelan, 1995).
,

, 

, ,
. 
, , 
, ,
. 
. 6 10 
, , , 

. (Eron, Huesmann, Lefkowitz & Walder,
1996).



? ,

, 

, 

(Zoglin, 1996).

. 
, ,
, 
,
,
,
(Gadow & Spawfkin, 1993).

, 

(Gadow & Sprafkin, 1993). ,
 
(Rutter & Smith,
1995). , 
, , , 
,
, ,
.

50 (The New


. 

198 6


, 
.
,

:

7 !
,
!
... ( , !
) ,

. !

,
. !
,
. (C. R. Ember & M.
Ember, 1994, p. 639640).



, 
.
, 
, 
,
, ,
. 

.
, !
. , !
. !
. ,

! ! , !
. ,
, , !
,
,
(
, 2000).

1953 1954
200 100 000, 20
.

, . !
, , !
,
.
, , !
, , !
. (C. R. Ember & M. Ember, 1994, p. 641).

,
200 (C. R. Ember &
Ember, 1994).

. 

,  
(Elliott et al., 1985). 
, 
 , 

(Costello, 1989; Velez, Johnson & Cohen,
1989).
,
,
 
, 

, 

6.5
,

I

( )
I
( )

 199

,
,
(Achenbach & Edelbrock, 1981; Achenbach et
al., 1991; Lahey et al., 1995). , ,

, 
, , 
,
.
. 6.5 
.

, 
. 
, 
,
.

, 

.



,
.



.
, 
,
.

,
, 
, , ,

.
, 


.


, , 

.
, 

, 
,
.

: ?
, 10 , !
.
, !
, !
. !

... 3
...

!. 3 !
,
. !
, ,
(4 85 )
.
18
. !
(dapted from R. K. Morgan, 1999).


(McMahon & Wells, 1998).
,
, , , 

. 
,

, 
(Tolan
& Guerra, 1994).
, 
, ,
. , 
,
, ,
, ,
.
, 
, , 
, , 
,


(Henggeler, 1996). 
, , 
,
, , , 
, 
,

(Henggeler, Schoenwald & Pickrel, 1995; Lipsey,
1995).

, , 
, 

200 6

, 
(Tate, Repucci & Mulvey, 1995).
,
,
,

(Dishion, McCord &
Poulin, 1999).
, 
, 
, 

, (Henggeler &
Santos, 1997). , , 70% 
, 
, 
, 
, (Son
dheimer, Schoenwald & Rowland, 1994).

, ,

, , ,
(Henggeler,
1996).
, 

, ,
.
,

. ,

,
, ,
, . ,

,
, ,
,

(Kazdin, 1995). 
, 


, 
,

(Barkley et al., 2000; Shelton
et al., 2000).
:
, 

, 
;
,

(Frick, 2000).

(McMahon & Wells,
1998), , 
(Brestan &
Eyberg, 1998): 
, 
. (. 6.6). 


.

, 
, , 
, 
,
.

6.6

, .

(: ,
).
.
, ,
, ,
.
, , ,
, ,

.

 201

6.7

.
, I
.
, ,
, , , , ,
, .
I .
, ; I
; ; ,
; , , I
; ; .
, ,
.
, ,
.
, .

*
(Parent
management training), 5,
, 
(Eyberg,
1988; Forehand & McMahon, 1981). 

,

, 
, 
,
(Dishion, Patterson & Kavanagh, 1992; McMahon &
Wells, 1989, 1998).

,

, .

.
,
,
,
, 

(Kazdin, 1995).
. 6.7.

. (McMahon &
* 
, , . 
. . . , 2 . .
. .

Wells, 1989). 

,
(, Barkley, 1997e; McMahon & Forehand, in
press). , 
,
.
, 


, , , , 
, 
, 80% ,
(Serketich &
Dumas, 1996). ,
,

.


12 
(Dishion & Patterson, 1992).

,
(Kazdin, 1995, 1997; McMahon &
Wells, 1998). , 

,
,
. 
,
, 
,
(Ambruster & Kazdin, 1994; C. E. Cunningham et al.,
2000).

.

202 6

6.4

: , , . .
?
1: ?
.
.
2: .
.
, .
3: .
, .
, . , .
4: .
, .
, , .
5: .
: "
, , "
( ).
. . " "
, . , , ,
. !

, ,
,  ,
, ,
,
. , 

, 
, . 
,
, 
(Johnston,

1996; Miller & Prinz, 1990; Prinz & Miller, 1996). 

,
.
(
) 
, 
(DeaterDeckard,
Dodge, Bates &Pettit, 1996; Forehand & Kotchick,
1996).


6.8

, , , ;
.
, , .
, , .
, .
, ,
, , ,
.
, , , , ,
.

.
.

 203

, 

,
.
,
(Forehand & Kotchick, 1996:
McMahon & Wells, 1998).



,

,
(Kazdin, 1996). 

, 



. 
6.4, ,


.
, 
, 
, , 

,
,
, ,
, 
, ,


. 

. 6.8.

,

, ,

(Kazdin & Wassel, 2000). 


, 
.

(Finch, Nelson & Ott, 1993; Shure,
1992). , 

. , 

(Dodge, 1989). , 
,

,
(Kazdin, Siegel & Bass, 1992).

(Multisystemic treatment)
, 

,
, , 
(Henggeler & Borduin, 1990; Henggeler,
Schoenwald, Borduin, Rowland & Cunningham, 1998).
,

, ,
, , . 
,


6.9


1: .
2: ,
.
3: .
4: .
5: .
6: , .
7: .
8:
.
9: , I
.

204 6

(Henggeler,
1991). ,
, , 
,
.
,
, :
, 
, 
,

, 
.


(Rowland et
al., 2000). 
. 6.9.


,
, , 

. , , 


. , 

5 . 
,
, 
(Henggeler,
1992, 1999; Henggeler et al., 1998, 1999).

,

, 
,
,
. 
,


, ,
.




, , , 

(M. Campbell, Cueva &Adams, 1999; Gadow, 1991).

.

 ,
,
, 
 . 
, 

, 
(Malone, Delaney, Leubbert, Cate &
Campbell, 2000). 


. 
, 



(Frick, 2000).
, 
, 
, 
,
.
,

,

(M. Campbell et al., 1999).

,
. ,

,

,

(Henrich, Brown & Aber, 1999; Sanders, 1999;
Tolan, Guerra & Kendall, 1995).

.

, 
.

, 

, , 
, ,

.


, , 
, 
(WebsterStratton, 1996).
 

48 
(WebsterStrat
ton, 1995, 1996, 1998). 
,
.

 205

, 
,
. 
, 
, .
,
, , 
, 
.
65% , 
,
(Web
sterStratton, 1996). 


,
,
.


. 
. ,
.
,
, 
(WebsterStratton, 1996). 
(8 ),
, ,
, , . 
, 
,
(Webster
Stratton & Hammond, 1997).
(FAST
track) 
(Conduct Problems
Prevention Research Group, 1992, 2000).

, 
.
,
, 
.


,
. 
, 

.
, ,

.

: 1) 
; 2) /

; 3) 
; 4) ; 5) ,
. ,
,

, 
. ,
,
, 
, 
.

,

,
; 

;
(Coie,
1997; Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group,
1999a, 1999b). 
, ,




. , 
.


, . ,
,
100 ,



(Kazdin & Wassel, 1999).

, ,
,
,

, 
.


,

(Kazdin, 1995).

, 
, 
. 
.


.

,

206 6

.
, 

.

, 
, , ,
, 
.
,


.



.

conduct problems
antisocial behavior
delinquent
externalizing
behavior
 overtcovert di
mension

desttructive nondestructive di
mension
disruptive
behavior disorders

oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)

conduct disorder (D)

,
childhoodonset conduct disorder
,
adolescent onset conduct
disorder

antisocial personality disorder
psychopathy

callous and unemotional interpersonal style
bullying

hostile attributional bias
, 
lifecourse persistent path
,
adolescentlimited path

reward
dominance
behavioral activation
system
behavioral
inhibition system
reciprocal influence
coercion theory
reinforcement trap
amplifier hypothesis
social selection
hypothesis
parent
management training

cognitive problemsolving skills training
multisystemic
treatment

208 7

:
.
, , !
.
;
: : !
, , ,
.
: ,
.
.
; ;
: ,
. !
:
, !
.
: !

. ,
, ! . !
, .
, , 
,

.
.
.

, 
. (Majcher &
Pollack, 1996).
, , 
, 
(Vasey & Ollendick,
2000). , 
.
, (
, )
, 
, 
, 
(Albano, Chopita & Barlow, 1996).

,

. ,
, ,

(Ollendick & King, 1994a). 
, 

(March, 1995a).
,
,
8 (Keller et
al., 1992).

, 
,

(Barlow,
1988). 

. , ,
, 
. 
. , ,
,
. , , 


.
, , 
, , 
. , , 
,
, ,
, . 
, ,
,
, .

, 
.

,
, , 
(Eisen, Kearney
& Schaefer, 1995). 

, 
, (Barlow,
1988). 
, 

. 

(Pine, Cohen, Cohen & Brook, 2000).

,
, ,
. ,
.
, .

.
, 

. 

. 


. 

 209

, , 

.
, 
,
, .
, 

.
, ,
 ,
. 
, ,
, 
.

, ,
. , 
, 
, 

(Barlow, 1988).

, 
. 
, 
.
, 
. 
, , ,
, :

. 7.1. .

, , , 
. , ,
.

.
, 

7.1

,

,

,
,

: Barrios & Hartmann, 1997, .

210 7

. 
, , 
,
. 

(Mowrer, 1950). 
,
, 
.

. 
,
,

(), 
(). , ,
, ,
,
.


(Barlow,
1988).
, 
. 
? 
? ? ? ,
, , 

, . 7.1.
?
?

: 
, 
.
,
,
. ,

, 
.
, .
. 


, 
. 
,
(Rapee, Craske & Barlow, 1996):
. 
.
 .
, 


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. 
,

.
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,
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. 
,
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. 
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,
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,
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.

. ,

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,
, 

(Rapee et al., 1996).
. 

,

.
,

.
,
: 
, , , 
,  .
:
, ,  .
, .

: ,
, , , 
, 
, (Rapee et al., 1996).

, ,
.
. ,
, 
,
,


 211

. ,
,

, , , 
,
.
, 
( 
) 
,
. , 
, 
.
. , 

. ,