1

Introduction to Power Electronics

Flyback Converter

Schematic Diagram
3
Continuous Mode
Is
Id
S1

DT T
Lm

Flyback Converter Operation
(Continuous Mode)
1. Turns Ratio
(Continuous Mode)
( )
( )
1
1
1
reflected o
reflected ms s
o ms s
ms s
o
V V n
V V V
V n V V
V V
n
V
= +
=
+ =

=
+
Vms
Vs
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
during on time;
1
during off time;
1
(1 )
combining both equations
0 and
1 1
(1 ) 0
1 1 (1 ) 0
1
1 (1 )
1 1 0
1 1
s
on
m
o p s
off
m
on off p s
o s
m m
s o
o
s
s o o
s o
V
di DT
L
V n n
di D T
L
di di n n n
V n V
DT D T
L L
V D V n D
V D
V n D
V D V n V nD
V V n

=
+
=
+ = =
+
=
+ =
+
=

+ =
+
( )
( ) ( )
0
1
1 1
o
o
s o
D V n
V n
D
V V n
= (

+
=
+
Is
Id
S1

DT T
Lm

2. Duty Cycle
(Continuous mode)
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1 1
2
spc
oc
ppc
oc
s
oc
s
oc
s
oc
I
I D
nI
I D
V
n DT
L
I D
n V D
I D
Lf
n V D D
L
I f
=
=

| |
|
\ .
=

=

=
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1 2
1
1
2
1
2
s
oc
s
o
c
s
c
o
c
c
n V D
L D
I f
n V D
L D
V
f
R
V
nDR
L D
V f
n D
nDR
L D
D f
n D R
L
f

=
+

=
+

=
For known Io
For known R
3. Inductance
(Continuous mode)
4. Currents
(Continuous mode)
( )
1
sp
pp
o oc
pp
I
I
n
I I
I
n D
=
+
=

( )
1
2
1 2
1
1 1
1
s
o ft
o s
sp
o
sp sfpc
o oc
sp
o oc
sp
i
I I D
I i
I
D
I
I i
D
I I
I
D D
I I
I
D
A
= +
A
= +

= +

= +

+
=

5. ESR
esr C esr
esr sp esr
esr
esr
sp
Vr i r
Vr i r
Vr
r
i
= A
=
=
Ripple due to ESR:
DT T
DT T
4. Capacitance
o
o
L
o
o
L
o
o L
Q C V
V
Q i dt DT
R
V
C V DT
R
V D
V CfR
A = A
A == =
A =
A
=
}
DT T
DT T
5
R 10
o esr
C

=
Flyback Converter
Design Example
Requirement:

1. Po=10W
2. Vo = 5V
3. Vs = 12V
4. Vr = 100mVp-p
17 12
1) 1
5
sw s
o
V V v v
n
V v

= = =
Assumptions:

1. Fs = 100kHz
2. Vsw=16V
3. Po(critical)=30%Po
4. Vr(esr) = 25% Vr
5. Vr(Co) = 25% Vr
( )
( )
5 1
2) 0.294
5 1 12
o
o s
V n
D
V n V
= = =
+ +
( ) ( )
2 (0.3)
3)
1 1 0.294 1
critical
critical
o
L
I
A
I
D n
= = =

( )
min
4)
s o
L
V V D
L
i f

=
A
Flyback Converter
Design Example
Requirement:

1. Po=10W
2. Vo = 5V
3. Vs = 12V
4. Vr = 100mVp-p
Assumptions:

1. Fs = 100kHz
2. Vsw=16V
3. Po(critical)=30%Po
4. Vr(esr) = 25% Vr
5. Vr(Co) = 25% Vr
min
2
1
7)
8
o
o
D
C
V
Lf
V

=
| |
A
|
\ .
0.25
6)
s
p
Vripple
ESR
I

=
2
5)
1
o
p
I
I
D
=

13
Discontinuous Mode
Flyback Converter Operation
(Discontinuous Mode)
Signal
Vsw
Is
Ip
Transfer Function
2
2
2
o s
o
s s
p
o
s
P P
V
V I
R
I
V
V D
R
=
=
=
2
2 2 2
2
2
2
s
o
s
o s
o s
V
DT
V
L
V D
R
V V D
R Lf
R
V V D
Lf
=
=
=
1. Turns Ratio
(Discontinuous Mode)
( )
( )
1
1
1
reflected o
reflected ms s
o ms s
ms s
o
V V n
V V V
V n V V
V V
n
V
= +
=
+ =

=
+
Vs1
(off)
Vs

2. Duty Cycle
(Discontinuous mode)
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
during on time;
1
during off time;
1
combining both equations
0 and
1
1
0
1 1 0
1 1 0.8 0
1 1 0.8 1 0
0.8 1
1
s
on
m
o p s
off
m
on off p s
o
s
m m
s o
s o
s o o
o
s
V
di DT
L
V n n
di T
L
di di n n n
V n
V
DT T
L L
V D V n
V D V n D
V D V n V nD
V n
D
V
o
o
o

=
+
=
+ = =
+

=
+ =
+ =
+ + + =
+
=
( ) 1
o
V n + +
DT
(1-D)T
DT T o
For known Io
For known R
3. Inductance
(Discontinuous mode)
( )
2
2
2
2
0.8
2
sp
o
pp
o
s
o
s
o
s
o
I
I
nI
I
V
n DT
L
I
nV D
I
Lf
nV D D
L
I f
o
o
o
o
=
=
| |
|
\ .
=
=

=
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
0.8
2
0.8
2
0.8
2
0.8
1
2
0.8
2
s
o
s
o
s
o
nV D
L D
I f
nV D
L D
V
f
R
V nDR
L D
V f
n D
nDR
L D
D f
n D R
L
f
=
=
=

=
4. ESR
esr C esr
esr sp esr
esr
esr
sp
Vr i r
Vr i r
Vr
r
i
= A
=
=
4. Ripple due to Capacitance
o
o
L
o
o
L
o
o L
Q C V
V
Q i dt DT
R
V
C V DT
R
V D
V CfR
A = A
A = =
A =
A
=
}
5
R 10
o esr
C

=
Capacitor Selection
( )
o C esr
o L p s esr
V i r
V i n n r
A = A
A = A
fR
V
V
D
C
DT
R
V
V C
DT
R
V
dt i Q
V C Q
o
o
o
o
o
o
A
=
= A
= == A
A = A
}
Ripple due to ESR:
DT T
DT T
Design Procedure
Given:
Vs, Vo, Po, F, Vripple

Calculate
1. Turns Ratio
2. Duty Cycle
3. Minimum Inductance
4. Maximum ESR
5. Minimum Capacitance
6. Device Ratings
Diode Rating
Switch Rating
Inductor Current
D I I
o s
=
) 1 ( D I I
o d
=
C
o
esr
i
V
R
A
A
=
( )
f i
D V
L
o
A

=
1
min
|
|
.
|

\
| A

=
o
o
V
V
Lf
D
C
2
8
1
( )
( )
2
max
2
max max
2
min
2
max
3
1
o o L
L
i i i I
i i i i I
+ =
+ + =
* Assuming switch and diode use Mosfet, replace Io with I
L
p
sw s
s o
n
V V
n V

=
Flyback Converter
Design Example
Requirement:

1. Po=10W
2. Vo = 5V
3. Vs = 12V
4. Vr = 100mVp-p
17 12
1) 1
5
sw s
o
V V v v
n
V v

= = =
Assumptions:

1. Fs = 100kHz
2. Vsw=16V
3. Po(critical)=30%Po
4. Vr(esr) = 25% Vr
5. Vr(Co) = 25% Vr
( )
( )
5 1
2) 0.294
5 1 12
o
o s
V n
D
V n V
= = =
+ +
( ) ( )
2 (0.3)
3)
1 1 0.294 1
critical
critical
o
L
I
A
I
D n
= = =

( )
min
4)
s o
L
V V D
L
i f

=
A
Flyback Converter
Design Example
Requirement:

1. Po=10W
2. Vo = 5V
3. Vs = 12V
4. Vr = 100mVp-p
Assumptions:

1. Fs = 100kHz
2. Vsw=16V
3. Po(critical)=30%Po
4. Vr(esr) = 25% Vr
5. Vr(Co) = 25% Vr
min
2
1
7)
8
o
o
D
C
V
Lf
V

=
| |
A
|
\ .
0.25
6)
s
p
Vripple
ESR
I

=
2
5)
1
o
p
I
I
D
=

1. Turns Ratio
p
sw s
s o
n
V V
n V

=
Discontinuous mode
f L
R
D V V
f L
R D V
V
R D DT
L
V
V V
T
DT DT
L
V
V
R
V
DT
L
V
I
T
DT I I I V
R
V
I V P
R
V
P P P
m
s
m
s
m
s
s
m
s
s
m
s
Lm Lm s s s
s s s o s o
O
O
O
O
O
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
;
1
2
1
;
; ;
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
=
=
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
|
.
|

\
|
= =
= = =
27
END
Example
Specs:

Vin=10V
Vo=20V
Fsw=20kHz
Rload= 20 ohms

Calculate:

D, L, C, I
inductor
, I
switch
, I
diode

Design Procedure
Given:
Vs, Vo, Po, F, Vripple

Calculate
1. Turns Ratio
2. Duty Cycle
3. Minimum Inductance
4. Maximum ESR
5. Minimum Capacitance
6. Device Ratings
Diode Rating
Switch Rating
Inductor Current
D I I
o s
=
) 1 ( D I I
o d
=
C
o
esr
i
V
R
A
A
=
( )
f i
D V
L
o
A

=
1
min
|
|
.
|

\
| A

=
o
o
V
V
Lf
D
C
2
8
1
( )
( )
2
max
2
max max
2
min
2
max
3
1
o o L
L
i i i I
i i i i I
+ =
+ + =
* Assuming switch and diode use Mosfet, replace Io with I
L
p
sw s
s o
n
V V
n V

=
Inductor Currents
( ) ( )( )
( )
2
2
1
2
m p
L
p m m p
L
d s L
i i
i
D i i D i i
i
i i i
+
=
+
+
+
=
+ =
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
0
0
2
0
0
D i i
i
D i D i D i
i
D i D i i
i
D i
D
i i i
DT i
T
DT
DT
i i
T
i
t i
T
t
DT
i i
T
i
i t
DT
i i
T
i
i t
DT
i i
T
i
m p
s
m m p
s
m m p
s
m m p s
m
m p
s
DT
m
DT
m p
s
DT
m
m p
s
DT
m
m p
s
+
=
+
=
+
=
+ =
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
+
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

=
(

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
}
}
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
| |
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
2
1
2
1 1
2
2
2 2 1
2
1
) 1 (
2
1
1
1
1
) (
1
2 1
1
1
1 1
2 1
1
1 1
1
1 1
1
2
2 2
2
D i i
i
D i D i
i
D i i D i i
i
D i i D i i
i
D i i
D
i i i
D i i D i
D
D
i i
i
DT T
D
D i i
T
DT T i
T
DT T
T D
i i
T
i
t
D
D i i
T
t i
T
t
T D
i i
T
i
D
D
i i
i t
T D
i i
T
i
DT
T D
i i
i t
T D
i i
T
i
p m
d
p m
d
m p p m
d
m p p m
d
m p p m d
p m p
p m
d
p m
p
p m
d
T
DT
p m
T
DT
p
T
DT
p m
d
T
DT
p m
p
p m
d
T
DT
p m
p
p m
d
+
=
+
=
+
=
+ +
=
+
+
=
+
(

+
(

=
(

+
(

=
(

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
}
}
+ =
D i i
L s
= ( ) D i i
L d
= 1
Answer
D=