HIPOTHALAMUS & HIPOFISIS

DEVELOPMENT OF PITUITARY (HYPOPHYSIS)

ADENOHYPOPHYSIS (P. DISTALIS P. TUBERALIS P. INTERMEDIA) RATHKES POUCH (THE ROOF OF THE MOUTH)

HYPOPHYSIS (PITUITARY)

NEUROHYPOPHYSIS (including: NEURAL STALK P. NERVOSA) (Fig. 18.18)

DIVERTICULUM OF DEVELOPING BRAIN

Fig 18.18

THE HYPOTHALAMUS

IN THE FLOOR AND INFERIOR PARTS OF THE WALLS OF THIRD VENTRICLE CONTAINS NEUROSECRETORY CELLS (ENDOCRINE FUNCTION): CLUSTERS OF NEUROSECRETORY CELLS/NUCLEI PRODUCE HORMONES (RF/IF, oxytocine, ADH/vasopressin)
(RF: releasing factor; IF: inhibiting factor; ADH: antidiuretic hormone) (Fig. 18.5 & 18.6)

Hypothalamus

HYPOTHALAMUS - HYPOPHYSIS- TARGET GLAND HYPOTHALAMUS

RF/IF OXYTOCINE/ADH

ADENOHYPOPHYSIS
TROPHIC HORMONES (TROPHINS)

NEUROHYPOPHYSIS

(OXYT./ADH)

TARGET GLANDS
HORMONES
CELLS/TISSUES CELLS/TISSUES

NEUROHYPOPHYSIS
SUPRAOPTIC NUCLEUS (SON) ADH (+ OXYTOCIN)

NEURO NEUROHYPOPHYSIS SECRETORY CELLS (hypothalamus) PARAVENTRICULAR OXYTOCIN NUCLEUS (PVN) (+ADH) (ADH: antidiuretic hormone/vasopressin)

NEUROSECRETION
NEUROSECRETORY CELL
(Activate)

CLUSTERS OF NEUROSECRETORY CELLS IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS

Substances in the blood (glucose, peripheral hormones)

HORMONE SYNTHESIZED ARCUATE NUCLEUS (ARC) RF/IF ADENOHYPOPHYSIS TROPHIC HORMONES SUPRAOPTIC NUCLEUS (SON) ADH (+OXYTOCIN) NEUROHYPOPHYSIS PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS (PVN) (Transported) Stored (in vesicles)

Released (into extracellular space) Capillaries (fenestrated, plexus) (veins) Blood TARGET CELLS

OXYTOCIN (+ ADH)
NEUROHYPOPHYSIS

PVN/SON

OXYTOCIN

O X Y T O C I N

PVN/SON
OX/ADH

NERVE (Distention of the uterus during

labour/delivery Suckling the nipple by the baby)

NEUROHYPOPHYSIS

PREGNANT UTERUS
(octapeptide)

ONSET OF LABOUR MILK LETDOWN

BREAST (MAMMILLARY GLAND) (smooth muscle/myoepithelium)

STRENOUS WORK

INCREASED REABSORPTION OF WATER TARGET CELLS

HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES

VASOPRESSIN (ADH) (octapeptide)

SON/PVN (OSMORECEPTOR)

COLLECTING TUBULES (kidney) INCREASED REABSORPTION OF WATER CONCENTRATED URINE (in attempt to retain water)
ADENOHYPOPHYSIS (cords/clumps of endocrine cells) Trophic hormone (Trophin TARGET GLAND

INCREASED OSMOTIC PRESSURE OF THE BLOOD (Haemoconcentration)

STRENOUS WORK (in a hot environment) HYPOTHALAMUS (ARC) RF/IF (RF/IF)

Primary plexus Hypothalamohypophyseal portal system

HORMONE

TARGET CELLS/TISSUES

ALDOSTERON & REGULATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE

THE NEGATIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM THAT REGULATES THE SECRETION OF ALDOSTERON AND CONTROLS BLOOD PRESSURE

BLOOD VOL. INCREASES TO NORMAL

START
BLOOD VOL. DECREASES BLOOD PRESS. INCREASES TO NORMAL

BLOOD PRESSURE DECREASES

SODIUM & WATER REABSORPTION INCREASE BLOOD VOL. IN ASSOCIATION WITH INCREASED INGESTION OF SALT & WATER

KIDNEY RELEASES RENIN INTO BLOODSTREAM

KIDNEY: INCREASE REABSORPTION OF WATER (WATER RETENTION)

RENIN CONVERTS ANGIOTENSINOGEN INTO ANGIOTENSIN I (AI)

AI PASSES THROUGH LUNGS, IS CONVERTED INTO AII

AII CIRCULATES IN BLOODSTREAM STIMULATES ZONA GRANULOSA OF ADRENAL GLAND TO RELEASE ALDOSTERONE; AII ALSO ACTS AS VASOCONSTRICTOR

Oxytocin

ADH

GH

TSH

Prolactin

ACTH

Gonadotropins: LH, FSH

FIG 13-4

ADENOHYPOPHYSIS

TROPHIC HORMONES (TROPHINS) Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

HORMONES ACTING DIRECTLY ON PERIPHERAL TISSUES Growth Hormone (GH)/Somatostrophin)

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Prolactin (Luteotrophic Hormone/LTH)

PARS INTERMEDIA

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH) Pigment formation

HYPOTHALAMUS Menggabungkan fungsi-fungsi yang memelihara homeostasis kimia dan suhu Berfungsi bersama dengan sistem limbik Mengendalikan keluarnya hormon-hormon dari pituitari anterior dan posterior

Figure 11-3: Autonomic control centers in the brain

HYPOTHALAMUS
Mensintesis dan melepaskan hormon-hormon hypophysiotropic :
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) Prolactin-releasing factor (PRF) Prolactin-inhibitn hormone (PIH)

HYPOTHALAMUS Mensintesis hormon-hormon hypophysiotropic dalam badan sel neuron yang berlokasi dalam hypothalamus Membawa hormon turun melalui akson dan tersimpan dalam akhir syaraf (nerve endings) Mensekresi hormon-hormon dalam nadi/denyutan (pulses)

HYPOTHALAMUS: Mensekresi Hormon Hypophysiotropic Dipengaruhi oleh emosi Dapat dipengaruhi oleh status metabolik setiap individu Dihantarkan ke pituitari anterior melalui sistem portal hypothalamic-hypophyseal Biasa memulai tahapan/urutan 3 hormon

Negative Feedback Controls: Long & Short Loop Reflexes

Figure 7-14: Negative feedback loops in the hypothalamicanterior pituitary pathway

Negative Feedback Controls: Long & Short Loop Reflexes

Figure 7-15: Control pathway for cortisol secretion

Endocrine Control: Three Levels of Integration

Figure 7-13: Hormones of the hypothalamic-anterior pituitary pathway

ANTERIOR PITUITARY

MENSEKRESI HORMON-HORMON TROPIC SECARA PULSATILE

ANTERIOR PITUITARY

ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES Growth Hormone (GH, Somatotropin): hormon utama yang bertanggung jawab terhadap pengaturan pertumbuhan tubuh, dan penting dalam metabolisme

Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH): menstimulasi sekresi hormon thyroid & pertumbuhan kelenjar thyroid

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): menstimulasi sekresi kortisol oleh korteks adrenal & memacu pertumbuhan korteks adrenal

ANTERIOR PITUITARY
Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH): Wanita: menstimulasi pertumbuhan dan perkembangan folikel ovarium, memacu sekresi estrogen oleh ovarium. Pria: dibutuhkan untuk produksi sperma Luteinizing Hormone (LH): Wanita: bertanggung jawab untuk ovulasi, pembentukan corpus luteum dalam ovarium, dan pengaturan sekresi ovarium pada hormon seks wanita. Pria: menstimulasi sel dalam testes untuk mensekresi testosterone Prolactin: Wanita: menstimulasi perkembangan payudara dan produksi susu. Pria: berperan dalam fungsi testicular

ANTERIOR PITUITARY

Mensintesis berbagai hormon pituitari anterior pituitary oleh berbagai macam populasi sel.
Corticotropes Lactortropes Somatotropes Thyrotropes Gonadotropes ACTH Prolactin GH Thyrotropin FSH, LH

Pengaturan Endokrin: Three Levels of Integration

Stimulasi Hypothalamic dari CNS Stimulasi Pituitarydari hypothalamic trophic Hs Stimulasi kelenjar Endocrine dari pituitary trophic Hs

Pathologies: Over or Under Production

Figure 7-19: Negative feedback by exogenous cortisol

Pathologies: Due to Receptors

Figure 7-20: Primary and secondary hypersecretion of cortisol

POSTERIOR PITUITARY
Terdiri atas akhiran akson dari badan sel dalam hypothalamus (supraoptic dan paraventricular)

Axons melintas dari hypothalamus menuju ke posterior pituitary melalui traktus hypothalamohypophysial

Hormon-hormon Posterior pituitary disintesis dalam badan sel dalam neuron dalam nukleus supraoptic dan paraventricular

POSTERIOR PITUITARY Hormon-hormon yang disintesis dalam hypothalamus ditransportasi turun sepanjang akson menuju ke akhiran pada posterior pituitary

Hormon-hormon disimpan dalam vesikel-vesikel dalam posterior pituitary sampai dengan dilepaskan ke dalam sirkulasi

Principal Hormones: Vasopressin & Oxytocin

Figure 7-12: Synthesis, storage, and release of posterior pituitary hormones

POSTERIOR PITUITARY

Oxytocin: Disintesis sebagai hormon prekursor: prepro-oxyphysin Bekerja utamanya pada payudara dan uterus Meningkatkan kontraksi otot polos Vas Deferens

POSTERIOR PITUITARY

Vasopressin Osmolalitas plasma dimonitor oleh osmoreceptors dalam hipothalamus Peningkatan osmolalitas plasma menstimulasi sekresi vasopressin Perubahan sedikit saja di atas tekanan osmotik plasma normal ( 285 mosm/kg) menstimulasi dilepaskannya vasopressin

POSTERIOR PITUITARY

Sekresi vasopressin juga distimulasi oleh: 1. 2. Penurunan volume darah yang banyak Penurunan tekanan darah

POSTERIOR PITUITARY

Kerja Vasopression : Menurunkan ekskresi air oleh ginjal (V2 receptors) Constricts blood vessels (V1 receptors) Meningkatkan hormon adrenocorticortropin (V1B receptors)

Summary of the Endocrine System

Figure 7-2-3: ANATOMY SUMMARY: Hormones

Summary of the Endocrine System

Figure 7-2-2: ANATOMY SUMMARY: Hormones