32 Хинди в современной Индии

..
1998
81.2
449

. .

..
449
..
. .:
, 1998. 264 .
ISBN 5-02-018008-4
..
,
.
,
, :
, ,
.

... ..
.., ..
.
020910 02.09.94
09.02.98. 20.08.98
60 90Vi6. 1
. . . . 16,5. . .-. 16,8. .-. . 17,0
500 . . 7771. 161

103051, -51, , 21
000 -1
107143, -143, , 28
81.2
.., 1998

,
ISBN 5-02-018008-4
1998
XX .

.
,
,
,

, ,
, .
, , ,

, (

)
.. (18911938) 30- .

-
,
. ,

,

.
,
.

.
,
,
,
, .
1*
1947 .,
.
, ,
, ,
, ,
..,

.
,
.
-
. ,
,

,
- ,

,
.
.
,
,
.
(, , )

, :
-, .

. ,
,
40 ,
, :

, ,

, .
,
,
, , ,

, .
,
, ,
,
. , , 4
,
, .

(, , ) ,
,
.
, ,
,
. ,
,
, , ,
.

, ,
,
.
, ,

,
,
.

.
.. ..,
(. ).

,

- (
): ,
,
.
.
-
40- XX .
.

,
, , ,
,
,
- ..
,
( -5
) , ,
,
, . , ,
, ,
,
.

(,
, ),
.

,
-
, ..

, *,
.
,
. , ,

.
:
,
, , ,
- (
- );
(
). ,

,
( )
(- ).

, .

,
, ,

,

,
-.

6
: ,
.

( ),
, ,
, .

,
, ..
,
, ,
.

.
-,
, (
)
,
.
, XIII .,
- ,
.
.
-
. 20-

. 1925 . ( )
(),
- .

( ), 1918 .
,
.
, ,
, ,
(
) ,
-.

, :
7
..,

.

, , ,
(, ,
, ..) .
, , ,
:
, ,
.
,
1949 ., ,

,
, 60-
,
, .

:
;
, ,
,
.
, ,
,
, ,
.
.
,

.
,
.
,
,
,
. , , ,
, ,
,
,
, ,
.
, ,
8
,

, , ,

.

.
,
(
),
( ),
,
,

.

, .. .
(
), ,
:
, ,
,

, ,
,
, ,
, ,
,
.
, ,
, :
, ,
. , ,
,
.
,

,
, ,
.
.

, :
9
,
, ,
,
, ,
, ,
.

, , , ,

,
.
I
:

-

, ,
,
,
[67, . 2131; 114].
, .. ,

, ,
, .
,
, ,
, 3 287 782 . ,
,
, 1991 ., 843 930 861
261 . .
, , , 80-
810 .
(, ,
800 .), XX ., ,

300 . .

, ,
( ,

..).

, ,
, ,

. Linguistic Survey of India

( )
, . 1902
1928 .
, 179 544 [359].
1991 .
,
,
1981 ., , ,
1961 1971 .
1971 .
.

,
1971 . ,
.. ,
,
:
, ,

, , ,
, .. [307, . 1].

,
10 . 105. 18
VIII , ..

( : , , , , ,
, , , , , , ,
, , , , ). 18
, , 95,37%
(. . 1; 15
, ,
VIII 1992 .).
87
4,63% [307, . 2].
1961 1981 .
,
.
, , 1961 1971 .
2,49 3,0% (.. 0,51%), 1971
1981 . 2,81% (.. 0,19%);
1961 1971 . 7,72
8,17% (.. 0,45%), 1971 1981 ., ,
8,17 7,79% (.. 0,39%).
12
, ,

( 1961 1971 .),
( 1971 1981 .). , ,

1961 1971 . 0,01%,
1971 1981 .: 0,12%,
0,04%.

: 0,1%
0,3% (. . 1).
, , ,
,
-
. ,
: (
), (
, , ,
)
.

: , ,
-.
,
.
.
. 1981 .
,
490 . , 74,24% .

: ,
, 40% .

.
158 . ,
23,86% .
, , : , , . 95%
.

14 , -,
.
7,7 . , 1,16%
. .
13
1
,
19611981 .
1961'
198
1971*
/
,
%
133 435 360

6 803 465
33 888 939
20 304 464
17 415 827
1 956 115
17 015 782
33 286 771
15 719 398
10 950 826
2 544
1 371 932
30 562 706
37 668 132
23 323 518
55 528 992
439 234 771
30,37
1,55
7,72
4,63
3,97
0,45
3,87
7,56
3,58
2,49
162 577 612

8 958 977
44 792 722
25 875 252
21 707 918
2 438 360
21 938 231
42 251 207
19 855 450
16 449 573
2 212
1 676 728
37 690 020
44 752 926
28 607 874
68 374 747
547 949 809
29,67
1,63
8,17
4,72
3,96
0,44
4,00
7,71
3,62
3,00
-0,7
+ 0,08
+ 0,45
+ 0,1
-0,01
-0,01
+ 0,13
+ 0,13
+ 0,04
+ 0,51
0,31
6,96
8,58
5,31
12,64
0,31
6,88
8,17
5,22
12,50
0,0
-0,08
-0,41
-0,09
-0,14
264 189 057

11 158 977**
50 503 085
33 189 039
26 887 837
3 174 684
25 952 966
49 624 847
22 881 053
18 558 400
2 946
1 946 278
44 730 389
54 226 227
35 323 282
78 830 625
685 184 692
39,94
1,33"
7,79
5,02
4,06
0,48
3,92
7,50
3,46
2,81
* 1961 1971 . [336, . 77]; 1981 . [311, . 34].

*' .
0,29
6,76
8,20
5,34
11,50
/
,
%
+10,27
-0,3"
-0,38
+ 0,3
+ 0,12
+ 0,04
-0,08
-0,21
-0,16
-0,19
-0,02
-0,12
+ 0,03
+ 0,08
-1,0

( 4,2 . ).
-
.
630 . .
(53
) - ,
- .
4,1 . , 0,62%
.
()
900 . .

[466, . 109110]:
1) , ,
, (, , .), , ,

, ;
2) , ,
, (,
, .).
-
-
.
,
, - ( - -).

,
.

, . ,
- ,
,
, .

: , , , .
, ,
.
,
(.
. 2).
15
2
,
,
1981 ., . [311, . 4]

, .
( )
20
17
14
53
491086,1
157 836,7
7 705,0
4 071,7
74,24
23,86
1,16
0,62

. 1961 ., 220 .
.
1971 ., 190 . ;
1981 . 230 .
, .
,
, ,
( 3% ).
,
. 1961 .,
2,5 . ,
200 .
,
, ,
,
,
, , , , , , ,
XIX XX . [30, . 14].
, ,
: , , , ,
,
, ,
,
. ,
26 1950 .,
,
- ,
,
.
16
1956 .,
1960 ., 1966 .
, ,
,
, . ,
1991 ., 25 1
( , , , , ,
, , , , ,
, , , , ,
, , , , , ,
, , , ) 7
( -; ; ; ; ;
).

: 140 . ,
16% .
(86,3 . , 10,23%
) (78,7 . , 9,33%
).
(67,9 .
, .. 8% ).

,
50 . (. . 3).
5060-
- ,
, VIII
, .. .

.

, ,

, ,
.
,
, 1947 . ;
; ;
; -
(1991 .)
( , , ) .
2 . 161
17
3

, 1991 .

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
(%)

18
138 760 417

86 338 853
78 706 719
67 982 732
66 304 854
66 135 862
55 638 328
44 827 398
43 880 640
41 174 060
31 512 070
29 011 237
22 294 562
20 190 795
16 317 715
9 370 475
7 718 700
5 111 079
2 744 827
1 826 714
1 760 626
1 215 573
1 168 622
858 392
789 416
686 217
640 725
403 612
16,44
10,23
9,33
8,06
7,86
7,84
6,59
5,31
5,2
4,88
3,73
3,44
2,64
2,39
1,93
277 989
0,03
138 542
101 439
51 681
0,01
0,01
0,01
685 184 692
100,00
1,11
0,91
0,61
0,32
0,22
0,21
0,14
0,14
0,10
0,09
0,08
0,08
0,05
;
;
; ,

...
-

. ,
; ;
; .
-
(
- ),
, ,
,
VIII . , ,

, ;
,
, - (,
, ).
-
,
, VIII
,

, VIII (.
. 4).
, , 1981
1991 .,
: , 1991 .
66,3 . ,
86,3 ., 41 . ..,
,
(
VIII
VIII ),
. ,
1981 . 99,21
0,79%, 93,97 6,03%, 98,35 1,65%
.. [311, . 13].
,

, .
4

,
1981 ., . [311, . 13]

/

VIII

VIII
52 754 352
(99,21)
17 048 739
(85,66)*
65 440 524
(93,97)
33 361 388
(98,35)
12 861 460
(99,91)
4 084 570
(95,94)
4 325 961
(72,74)
34 801 429
(94,47)
25 024 913
(99,13)
47 884 931
(92,09)
59 153
(95,06)
32 570
(2,31)
181 113
(13,65)
69 726
(9,33)
23 535 237
(89,93)
16 689 494
(99,80)
32 518 743
(95,26)
19 570
(6,35)
53 175 277
(100,0)
19 902 826
(100,00)
69 638 725
(100,00)
33 919 882
(100,00)
12 873 434
(100,00)
4 257 575
(100,00)
5 947 299
(100,00)
36 839 222
(100,00)
25 244 369
(100,00)
52 000 069
(100,00)
62 230 282
(100,00)
1 409 239
(100,00)
1 326 748
(100,00)
747 071
(100,00)
26 171 262
(100,00)
16 723 153
(100,00)
34 135 701
(100,00)
308 262
(100,00)
20
420 925
(0,79)
2 854 087
(14,34)*
4 198 201
(6,03)
558 494
(1,65)
11 974
(0,09)
173 005
(4,06)
1 621 338
(27,26)
2 037 793
(5,53)
219 456
(0,87)
4 115 138
(7,91)
3 077 166
(4,94)
1 376 699
(97,69)
1 145 635
(86,35)
677 345
(90,67)
2 636 025
(10,07)
33 659
(0,20)
1 616 958
288 692
(93,65)

VIII

VIII
48 089 281
(100,00)
2 034 242
(100,00)
110 549 826
(100,00)
54 207 652
(100,00)
48 041 159
(99,90)
1 459 299
(71,74)
506 761
(99,96)
51 570 921
(95,14)
48 122
(0,10)
574 943
(28,26)
43 065
(0,04)
2 636 731
(4,86)
178 885
(100,00)
597 862
(100,00)
440 837
(100,00)
101 818
(100,00)
6 174 632
(100,00)
1 059 012
(100,00)
39 709
(100,00)
476 439
(100,00)
143 748
(80,36)
103,037
(17,23)
437 301
(99,20)
31 213
(30,66)
6 136 683
(99,39)
446 406
(42,15)
33 687
(84,83)
43 523
(9,14)
35 137
(19,64)
494 825
(82,77)
3 536
(0,80)
70 605
(69,34)
37 949
(0,61)
612 606
(57,85)
6 022
(15,17)
432 916
(90,86)
599 384
(100,00)
597 780
(99,73)
1 604
(0,27)
* . [307, . 1].
, ,
. ,
(, ),
, ..

, .
,
.
- : (,
), (, ),
( ,
), ,
21

, .
,
- , , ,
, ,
- :
,
, (
).

,
,
, ,
.
,
, ,
, ,
, .
,
, ,
,
: , , , ,
,
, .

XX .,
,
, XIX .
XX .
,
, , ,
, .
XIX .
().
, ,
. ,
, :

22
.

. ,
, -
, , ,
, 1815 . :
,
, , ,
, ,
, ( . ..) [378, . 43].
,
, ,
, , ,
, XIX
XX .,
1875 . ..,

; ,
-
- [412, . 65].

.

XIX .
2030- -
,
.

: ,

;

.

, ,
. .. ,
,
() .
.
(18501940).
23

. ,

,
: , ,
, .
, .,
.

(18901977).
, ,
, .. ( ), ,
( ),

() . , ..
,
,
( ... ..) [320, . 281],

, , , ,
[320, . 312].
,
, ,
,
-. ,
, , .
,
. [332, . 50],
, . [109, . 188].
(I),

, ,
,
, :
, -, (..
) , . ,

,
. (., .. .)
,
,
.
-
(18841940).
24
XX .
,
.
. (
), 20- ,
, .
. ,

:
, ,
. .
,
,
-

.

(. 1912 .), ,
,
[214, . 400].
, , , ,
[214, . 410].
,
, ,
[214, . 411] (, ,

).

..
(. 1925 .), . [9].
(II)
,
. ,
, ,
, .
,
(1951, 1961 1971 .).
..
(. 1927 .), , ,
,
1961 . [48, . 73],
. .. ,

.
25
(III) ,
, , ,
. ,
.,
- , ..
.
.
.. (18901952).
(IV) , ,
, ,
. ,

, ,
.
,
,
.
, (V)
.
,
.
,
, ,

.
- .
,
,
. ,
,
,
,
,
, ..
(,
, ,
) ,
,
(. 1).
, , , , ,
, ,
,
,
. ,
26
, , ,
,
.
1
, (II, III V)
-
, ,
, (I), .
,
,
, .
, 1951 .,
42% [502, . 37],
, .. ,
,
, , 1%
[486, . 5657].

(III) .
,
,
, , 27
, ,
.

, , ,
,

( ),
, .
, ,
,
-, -,
,
. (
) ,
, ,

.

(, ,
)
, , , , ,

,
, :
,
- .
- , .,
, ,
,
,
[251, . 223].
,
,
,
,

.
(, ,
) ,
, ,
28

.

, -
,

, ,
.
:

, 13 ( 14)
,
VIII .
,
,
: , ,
,
-
.
, ,
, ,

-
,
.
,

, ,
.
, X .
XIXII ., ..
,
,
.
XIII .,

, 1193 . [75, . 140146, 148].
, XIII .,
,

,
.

,
29
,
(,
)2.
, ,
(, , )
, ,
,
.

,
.

,

- . ,
,
---- (
), .

XVI XVII .,
, [93, . 3047;
21, . 1639].

XVIII . ,
,
-

[36, . 309].
(2530 )
.

( XVIII .) .

XIX .
2
, ,
,
, , , ,
. ,
, , , .. ,
(, ,
) ~ (),
. ,
, , ,
,
XIII .
30
.
XVIII XIX .
.
XIX XX .
- ,
, ,
,
( ) .
.

XIX .
XIX .
20-
XX .
,

, , ,
,
[331, . 134].
,
,
(, , ),
()
,

(. 2).

,
, ,
, ,
.
, ; XIX .,
XX .
;
. ,

[99, . 2326].
,
,
-
(
, -) ,
31
(, , , ,
..). .
,
, (.. )
.
, ,
,
, , , ,
; ,
.
, ,
,

- , .
,
..,
, []

[7, . 3].

,
, ,
(
, , , ..)
:
( ),
, ..
, , ,
,

, , ,
(. 2;
,
, , , ).

.
, ..
,
,
,
.
32

( )
, ,
, ( )
, .
-: .
,
. , ,
[181, . 112], .
,
[233]:
( ),
. , ,
,
, ,
,
.

, ,
,
, ,
.

. , ,
, ,
XI . 3
161
-,
[270, . 3034],
:
, , VIII ., ... VIII , . XIV
, [
] []
,
[251, . 235].
,
VIII ., ,
,
-,
, .
,
:
, , ,
,
, . ,
. ,
,
.
,
: ,
,
[318; 291, . 391
192].
.
,
19541955 .

( 80 ),
[370, . 137
153].

: ( )
( ).
,
, , ,
,
.
( )
:
.
34
( )
,
.
,
, , ,
, , ,
,
[301; 441; 465; 473; 483; 417].
, ,
-
,
, ,
, , ,
.
, , .
,

: ,

,
,
,
,
[99, . 22].
50- XIX .
, ,

-
, .
,

, ()
.
,
, ,
.

:
1918 ., ..
, (
)
1923 . [296, . 434, 437].
,
, :
,
3*
35
,
.
,
,
,
.

: ,
.
,

,
.
, ,
,
(. 3).
3

( )

--
( )
( ) , ,
. (
)
,

,
,
, ,
,
.
36

(, , )3.
(XII .)
,
.
, (
), ,
. ,
, ,
.

.
: , ,
-
.

- .
, , . , ,
[180, . 47].
,
, ,

,
,
.

,
, , .

.
50- 60- XVIII .,
, ,
: 3
,
. , ,
, ,
, :
-
,
, ,
,
1 .
37

()
.
,

.
(16581707)
,
,

- (17381739) ( 1748 1765 .).

, .
:
1757 . , 1764 .
, 1803
, ,
1849 .
.
,

,
, ,
, , , , , ,
[270, . 4248],
.

: , .

,
,
,
,
,
[106, . 121 141]
[316, . 108123], (
)
(
).

,
19561957 ., ,
38
() , , , ,
, -
[527, . 43].
,
,
,
, , ,
[42, . 546557).
,
,
: , ,
,
.

,
, , XVI .

,

.
, ,
,
,
-
,

.
,
,

, ,
.
-
(, ),

, ,
.
, ,
,
. , ,
, , ,
: ,
39
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
, ,
,
, (
).
,
:
, -,
;
-
, - .
, ,

[99, . 5690].
, () ( ,
, , )

() .
, ,

( ),
4.

,
.
,
,
,

.
,

, ,
,
4

XIX . [377, . 1011].
40
-
.
,
,
(. . 5),
[, . 100].
5

-

-:
-:

- (+)
(+)
+
+
+
+
+
+
,

(
) ,

/
.

, ,
, .
,

, 41
, ,
,
(. 4).
4

( )

..
,
, ,

,
,
.
, ,
,
.

( ),
,
,

[115, . 2441].

(. 5).
42
,
- ,
- ,

.
- ^ , , ,
, , .
43

( ) Hindi speaking regions (
).
1360 . . , ,
1991 ., 360 . , ..
42% (. . 6).

, ,
.
, ,
,

,
,
.
6

, 1991 .
/
(. . )*
294,4
173,9
443,4
44,2
342,2
55,5
1,5
1 355,1
(.
)**
138
86
66
16
43
5
9
366
760,4
338,8
135,8
317,7
880,6
111,0
370,4
114,7
"
()
471
497
149
369
128
92
6 319
* [310, . 120123J.
** [385, . 1012].
,
(1947 .)
(1950 .),

,
() (
).

, .
44

,
(,

, ,
).
,
,
,
, .. ,
. ,
, ,
, .

, ,
,
.

,

, .

, ,
- , , ,
,
:
,
- ,
( )
.

,
,
,
.
, ,

,
-
.
45
, ,

. ,
( 1951 1981 .),
,
, ,
. , ,
1951 . (..
), ,
, 13,4 . , 1961 .
, 23,3 ., 1971 .
28,6 . [307, . 13], 1981 .
35,3 . [311, . 42].
,
( ).
, , 1951 .,
. , 1961 . 133,4 ., ,
1971 ., 208,5
[307, . 9], 1981 . 264,1 . [311,
. 20].
,
,
, , ,
.
, , 1961 .,
, */ 190
,
128,6 .
, ,
( ) ,
9 / 1 0
;
1 / 1 0 ,
. ,
4/$
{/5 .
,
, , ,
,
, ,
. (
) ,
.
, ,

46
. , 1911 1951 .
( 23,7 . 1911 . 31,4 .
1951 ., 29,72%), ,
1961 .,
31,4 . 20,6 . ,
7 3 ( 34,52%) [304, . XXXVIII].

1971 .,
19,78 . . ,
,
, [The Times of India.
31.10.1973].
, 1971 .
44 953 . (

, ,
, 118,6%), , ,
,

, ,
, 14 340 ., 6638 .
7121 . [305, . 333].
,
6,7 .
(19611971) 23,4 ., ..
3,5 ! ,
(, , ),

. , ,
,
(, , , , , , .)
, ..
(,
, [307, . 67]).

: ,
, (
, , , .),
,
(1961 1971)
20 (!)
135 . 3 . .
47

19511971 ., . [304,
/
1951 .
1961L .
63 216
38 782
26 072
50 456
31 428
20 858
..
15 971
3 298
73
46
32
20
20
746
456
372
306
156
62
20
25
974
560
271
297
714
.-
..
1 351
135
1 646
2 658
2 057
* 1966 .

, 1971 .,
196,5 . , . . 7 (
.. ,
, ,
153,7 . [305, . 333]).
, ,
, .
, 1951 .
7,4 . 1961 . 13,6 .,
1971 . 16,3 . [304, . XVIXVIII;
307, . 2063], 1981 . 20,4 . [311,
. 42]. (
) .
, ,
1981 ., , :
(10,7 .) (6,9 .).

. ,
,
, 1961 . 30% :
48
7

( . )
XVIXXIV; 307, . 2063]
1971 .
78 214
+ 24,2
75,5
+ 118,6
64,3
+ 24,81
-34,52
85,39
44,3
110 862
69,917
4-21,16
78,07
56,1
33,32
52 178
44 953
34 698
23 480
8 975
3 005
+ 249,7
+ 2,125
68,8
70,1
70,0
3 088
143
+50
49,6
31
..
+103,58
..
10,00
34 261
12 922
4 280
77,38
6 220
451
+ 37,3
66,4
196 553
: .
32,62%, 33,2%,
43,35% [304, . X].

. ,
20% ,
21%, 23, 25, 26,
27, 29,
30,
34,
37,
40%
[304,
. CXXXVIII].

.
,

( 1961 1971 .)
, ( 1971 1981 .)
. ,
( 1961 1971 .) 7,8 .
9,2 . , 1981 . 10,7 .,
10,66% 1961 .
83% 1971 ., ( 9,7%) 1981 .
4
. 161
4q
8

( . ), 19511981 .
/
1951 .
1961 .
63 216
38 784
26 072
15 971
16 135
4 300
2 646
368
156
73 746
46 456
32 372
20 156
20 306
7 892
4 149
740
510
255
+83,51
+55,79
+100,99
+266,37
10,7
11,5
2,3
2,5
1,3
1 744
2 658
7 470
13 697
153
5,7
. 8
/
1971 .
19811 .
88 341
56 353
9 273
4 993
+ 17,5
+ 13,1
10,5
8,8
110 862
69 914
10 767,1
6 955,8
+ 18,0
+ 39,7
9,7
9,8
41 654
25 765
1 001
650
+ 35,0
+ 27,4
2,37
52 178
34 261
1 131,2
725,4
+ 13,0
+ 11,6
2,1
2,1
13,2
227,2
+ 32,0
+ 16,5
0,3
1,7
362,9
20 482,0
+ 57,0
5,6
3 460
10 036
10
195
4 065
16 343,0
231
2,6
0,29
1,9
4 280
12 922
0,57
6 220
+ 50,9
* 1966 . .

(1961 1971) 4,1 . 4,9 . , 1981 .
6,9 .
11,5% 1961 . 7,1% 1971 ., 9,8%
1981 .

:
2,3 1,9% 2,1%
, 2,5 1,8% 2,1%
, :
27,4 35% 1971 . 13,0 11,6% 1981 . (.
. 8).
,
.
,

1971 .,
12 .
12 . ,
( 1961 ., ,
15 . ,
: 5 .
10 . ).
1981 . , ,
, ,
34 . , 19 .
15 .
.

,
.
, ,
, , 1961 .,
224 .,
,
( ), (
), [304, . 106].

: 44 . (
. 9).
52
9

, 19611981 .
, .
1961 .
1971 .
1981 .
23,2
8,3
5,9
1,4
1,2
6,8
4,4
4,4
0,5
2,2
5,0
2,5
4,3
0,3
1,9
0,02
4,1
43,92
0,2
4,6
23,1
0,3
6,7
21,0
* 1966 .
,
, :
1971 ., 191,5 . ,
[305, . 334].

, , ,
-,
: (69,2 .), (30,1 .),
(27,2 .) () 16,9 .

( ) .
(, , , )
( , , ,
-) ,
, .

, ,
, .
, ,
1961 .,
1971 . ,
:
Vrrap ( 23,2 . 6,8 . ),
( 8,3 . 4,4 .) ( 5,9 . 4,5 .
)
( 4,1 .
53
4,6 . ) (
1,2 . 2,2 .).
23,3 . ,
, ,
-
.
1981 .
,
, 232 875
,
(. 22 .)
(. . 9).
(,
, )
, .

,

. , 1961 ., 6,2 . ,
, ,
3,3 . ,
. ,
, ,
- (
)
- (. . 10).
10
, ,
, 1961 .
,
.
1 553 889
449 184
264 695
478 761
9 233
10 132
303 259
3 069 153
1 372
410
225
382
8
8
224
2 632
315
945
408
714
437
068
601
488
181
38
39
96
574
239
287
047
796
2 064
78 658
436 665
1966 .
54
,
, 1961 .
,

, ,
, .
,
( VIII
) .
800 . .

,
:
, , 61,9%
, 61,8% , 50,8%
.
,
: 72,0%, 61,6 65,8%
5.

:
54,9% -
, 62,8%.
,
:
.

, 1961 ., 10,7%
(446,8 . 4152,1 . ) 21,9%
(86,7 . 351 . ; ,
218,8 . ,
62,3% ).
,
,
.

, 700.
,
350 .

: 100,
5
, . [35, . 99101].
55
66, 50, 19
[285, . 6366).

( III).

, ,
,
.
,

. ,

, ,

. , ... , , ,
, ..,
-
,
,

(
. ..) [502, . 27].
, ,
, ..
,
,
, ,

[472, . 250].

,
.
,
, ,
, ,

.
, , ,
8 10 ; 56
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , ,
,
, : (),
(), (), ()
() (. . 11).
11

(
), 1961 .

()

( .,
)
7,0
13,0
8,0
10,0
21,0
()
5,8
8,0
()
28,0
9,5
()
()
17,0
20,0
5,0

(. )

(-.
)

(.-.
)
(. )

(., .
-.
)

(. )
(.
)
(,
-.
)
(.
)

(.-.
)

-:
, , ,
57
,
.
,
(
),
(, , ) [100, 6591].
,
,

: ,
,
.
,
, :
, , -
6 .

, , ,
70% ,
15 30% [251, . 34].

,
, ,

, .
,
: ,

[362, . 214215].
,
, :
,
.
... [],
. ,
,
:
( . ..)
[6
.
. [360363], .. [9, . 1861]
|99, . 3444, 100128].
58
],
(.. . ..)
( ) [377, . XI].
,
, , ,
,
, ,

, , ,
[513, . 10].

,
, ,
, [247,
. 180].

, , ,
,
,
,
. (..
. ..) ,
,
,
, , ,
[] [..
21.08.1972].

. ,

/

, , ,
,
[369].
,
,
, ,

( . ..) * [70, . 31].

,
1961 . 97 (!)
:
59
, ,
[304, . 3745].
1971 .,
, 57 .
, ,
,
,
10 . [307, . 67].

1981 . [311, . 10].
, 1971 .

, [305, . 333340],
1981 . ,
[311, . 20].
, ,
. ,
,
1951 .,
,
,
, . ,
1951 . 42%
, 1961 . 30,3%, 1971 .
29,7% [The Times of India.
31.10.1973].
,
. , ,
1971 . 56,3 . ,
19,8 . ,
,
88,3 .
71,9 .
, ,

( ), ,
, , [The Times of India.
31.10.1973].
,
-
, ,
, ,
. :

( 60
),
.

,
.

.
,
(, , ..),
,
, ...
, ...
, ,

[70, . 3334].

, . , 1961 .
530 .
( 170 1951 .), 1971 .
136 ., .. 4 .
1961 .
550 . , 1971 .
, 231 . .
: 1961 .
3 ., 1971 .
6693 . , .. 2,2 [305, . 333
335].
, ,
, 1961 .
: ,
1961 ., :
8 . , 2,8 .,
5 . ( 56
1951 .,
90 . ).
10 ,
, .
1971 ., ,
, , H
bix . ,
(. . 12), 14,3 . (
2 ); 6,6 . (
2,2 ); 6,1 . ( 20%) [305,
333].
61
12

( . ),
19511971 .
1951 .
1,1
3,7
87,6
0,05
0,10
0,23
1971 .
1961 .
7 842,7
2 818,4
4 984,8
%
16,88
6,07
10,73
14 340,5
6 638,4
6 121,9
25,47
11,79
10,87
, 1951 .,
, 81% ,
, 0,29%
, 1961 .
:
36%, 1971 . 46% ,
,
, 1961 1971 .

, [451; Patriot.
18.12.1987].
,
, , , ,
,
. , 1961 . ,
,
,
, (, , , , ,
), .
1966 . ,
, () ,
3,5 . 1961 . 64 . 1971 . [305,
. 335].
,
,
.

[100, . 143163]. ,
, 62

,
.
,
.

,
.

,
,
, .
1965 ., (
)
. 1971 .
[100, . 140141].
(, ,
.)
, .
, ,

,
,
[-.
22.12.1978].

.
, , , , ,
, ,
.
1961 .,
:
3247 . , 737 ., 648 .,
265 ., 220 ., 177 .,
*42 . [304, . 105137].
63
1971 .,

: 3693 . ,
7.70 ., 749 . ..
, ,
, . ,
221 . ,
46 . [305, . 333336].
, ,
:
.
-;

(. . 13).
13
,

, .
1961 .
1971 .
1981 .*
1659
574
444
96
38
1907
639
536
102
15
2105,1
631,9
539,2
99,4
7,2
' 1981 . [311].

,
, ,
, ,
1961 ., 158 .
1971 . 221 . .
,
, ,
,
, ,
, .. ,
, ,
: , ,
( ). ,
.
64

.

,
[30, . 188; 47, . 125126].
,
,
,
21
: , ,
[New Age. 14.05.1989].
1989 .

,
,
, ..
, ,
1989 . [New Age. 18.06.1989].
,
,
.
, ,
,
, ,
,
: , , , .
1961 .,
:
1501 . , ( ) 1141 .,
512 ., 180 . [304, . 79157].
1971 .,
, ,
:
1548 . , () 1240 ., 350 .,
195 . [305, . 333334].
1981 .
: 2 . ,
() 1264 . .

. ,
2 / 3 ( ),
/4 (.
. 14).
5
. 1G1
65
14
,
19611981 .
, .
()
1961 .
1971 .
1981 .
1045
549
276
1194
624
306
1345,5
645,8
350,0
( )

, ,
[30, . 188189; 47, . 126].
(
) . 60- ,

,
, ,
:
,

.

, [New Age. 11.06.1989].
,
( ) ,
, ,
.
.
1961 ., 2439
[304, . 8991].
1971 .
: , ,
3,4 . [307, . 89].
1981 ., 4,4 .
.
2 /

, (. . 15).

.
66
15

, .
1961 .
1971 .
1981 .
875
831
1299
837
1604,8
1585,1
,

[30, . 189].
60-
, [47, . 126].

,
, .

, ,

[New Age.
9.11.1989], ,
-,
1989 .
II
:

,

[69, . 216246; 28, . 254282; 58, . 110124;
118, . 145156].

,
:
,
.

, ...
,

,
;

[58, . 112].
, ,
,
.
,
, , :

,
,
,
,
:
,
68
,

.
,
, ,
; ,
,
,
( )
, .. ,
,
, ,
,

.

,
,
, ,

.

1947 .,
: .
( )
1946 .
, 389 (
), 296
, 93
[60, . 442445].
1947 .
,
, 19481949 . ,
1949 . , 26 1950 .
[60, . 537543].
,
, (
) .
69

,
.
(18821962)

.

: ,
,
(, ,
, , )
[288, . 14].
, ,

.
XVII ( 343351)
: .
343 (. 2),
[60, . 230].
, . 2 ,
15 (.. 1965 .)
,

[51, . 230].
, ,

,

,

.
,

,
,

.
"
.
,
,
.
(. 351)
,
70
,
,
, ,
, ,
, ,
VIII,
, , ,
, [51, . 234].

15- : , 1965 .
,
, ,
.
, : 15 ,

,

...
15-
,
, ,
[337,
. 4950].
15

, ,
,

,
.

,
1955 .
, -
. ,
,

,
,
[502, . 1].

, -
^ (-
).
71

,

(
, ,
..).

.
,
(18901977),

. .. [502,
. 271324].

,
.. VIII

, [502,
. 312]. , , ,
VIII, ..
1 ,
, , , [502, . 312], .. ,

2.

,
, .
-
,
,
1957 .

(18871961),
[154, . 77].
1
1967 . 21-
VIII
14 .
2
, ..
: ..
1965 . , 1971 .
.
72

, 1959 .

. , ,
,

.
,

,
,
,

...
, ,
. ,
, , ,
[499, . 23]\

( [] , . 1893 .),
(
, . 1910 .),
(
, . 1918 .) -
(
, . 1936 .), . [101, . 341353].
,
,
.

, 50- ,
.

:
, ,
,
: ,
, .
,
: ,
, -.
73
,
, 60-
,

.

,
.

, 1964 .

,
(
) ,
, , ,
,
, , .

, ,

,
,
[263, . 300301].
, ,
,

,
.
, ..,

,
(),
, ,
: ,
,
,
.

,
. ,
1960 .
(
),
74

[154, . 77].
1961 .
( ,
1950 .),

,
,

, [15,
. 146].
, 1961 .
(Central Institute of Hindi,
),
1959 .

, - (
) .

,
.

.
1961 .,

,

.
1963 .
,
1965 ., .. ,
.
,
,,
, , 15-
, .. 1965 .,
,
. ,
.
.

* ,
75
, ,
,
,
, ,

. .
, 1967 .
,

,
.
, ,
.
, 1967 ,
,
,
[413, . 28].

,
. ,
,
, .. ,
, */
, 13% [324, . 24
25] ( 2%
)
[35, . 7475].
,
, -
, -,

,

.

, , ,

,
,
, .
,
60- ,
.
,
(.. ,
76
, )
,

, , .
, 60- , ..
1965 .,
, , -
- ,
- ,

.
-, -
-
,
(Central Institute of
Indian Languages), 1969 . ,
(Central
Institute of English and Foreign Languages),
. ,
, ,
, -,

[313, . 1].

,
. ,

.
-
, ,
. ,
, ,

,
,
, ,
,
. ,
3

,
,
,
, (. 345) 77
,
, ,
,
- [51,
. 232].
,
,
, :
1950 .
; 1951 .
; 1952 .
.
,
,
,
.
,
(. 346),
,

[502, . 442446].

,
: ,
.
,
1956 ., 1950 .
: ,
,
[502, . 443].

1957 . [339, . 237].
1969 .
[339, . 248],

1975 . [339, . 246]
(. . 16).
,
,

. ,
, .
(18771956), 78
. 1950 .
,
[154, . 76].
,
,
( )

[154, . 76].
1953 .
-
(18871961) ,
,
,
[154, . 76].

1959 .

[154, . 76].

,
[154, . 76].
,
, ,
: ,
,
,
.
, 1954 .

[502, . 443446].
(
): 1957 .
.
1960 .
[] ,
.
1963 . ,
.
, 1964 .
:
.
79
16

, . [339, . 232250]
/
1951
1) ,
.
8.10.1949 .
1950
1950
1957
1952
1956
1969
1975
2) 1950 .

,
.
1948 .

1956 .

1956 .

.

1965 .
1968

1966 .,

(),
.

: ,
,
1969 . [339, . 152].

,
( ) ..

, 80
- ,

,
, ( ),
.
, ,
.
, -,
60- , 70- 80- ,

,
(. . 17).
17

, 1976 .*

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
()
6.
7.
8.
9.
.
.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
1?
* [324, . 2 4 0 - 2 4 1 ] .
6
3 . 161
81
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
, ,
,
. 17

18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
,
,
,
,
,

1.
-
2.
3. ,
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
, , ,
,
,
,
,
9.
,
, ..
, ,
. ( )
: I 1975 . (,
), II 1976 . ( ), III 1983 .
().
. ,
- - ,
,

[The Times of India
14.02.1989] .., ,
, , ,
,
,

,
- .
82

,
VIII, 14 (
18) .

,
,
, 1966 .

, ,
( ,
, ,
, 80- ).

,

, , ,

.

.
,

,
,
: ,
, .
, ,
,
?
,
1961 . ,
, ,
,
.

, .
( ) ,
.
6*
83

, , ,
,
,

.
,
:
,

[331,
. 150].
,

,

: -
,
.
,
, ,
, , ,
.
(
. ..) ,
,

[351, . 52]. ,
1971 .
820 . , (
520 .)
[351, . 52].
, ,
,

.
.

,
,
, ,
, :

, 84
.
, ,
, ,
,
.
, , - - ( )
1951 .
[331,
. 142144].
25 1957 .
.

.
[488, . 41].
, (. 350)
,

,
[51, . 234].
, ,
,

. .
(
)
, ,
, 1956 .
. 350 ,
,
,
.
1.
.
2.
, ,

,
,
;

(. [19,
147]).
. 350 ,
1957 .
85

( ).
, (
)
, [448, . 3].
,
,

[448, . 41].
1958 .
.
,
. 347
, ,

, .
,

.
14 1958 .
.
,
,
,
...
,
[488, . 138].
,
,
,
, ,
.
, ,
,
, ,
[488, . 138].
, ,
, , ,
,
,
[488, . 138].

,
[488, . 42].
86
,
20 1958 .,
[488, . 42].

,
.
, ,

. , ( 1955 1963 .)
:
77,7 . 1955/56 159,7 . 1963/64
; 6,5 ,
5,4 33,2 . [100, . 4043].
, ,
,
60- .
,
, ,
- (
). ,
1975 ., , :
, (. ..)
[Indian
Express. 14.03.1979].
,
.

: 1959/60
30 . ,
10 , 1970/71 , 5 .
. , ,
25 . .
,
[Indian Express.
04.03.1979].
1985 .
5 . .
,

[-. 15.04.1985].

.
(.
. 18).
87
18

,
1973 ., . [285, . 8091]
64 511
1 106
14 651
20
4 138
2
2 294
10
57 987
2 936
9 818
363
2 628
243
5 180
146
9 033
64
1 993
44
24 626
44
6 050
1 369
539
6 952
1 890
1 024
105
5 222
1 084
510
103
1 578
28
850
14
497
,
,

, ,
.

.

,
. , ,
.
88
. -
,
,
.
,
,
..

. ,
1970 . 94

169 ,
[478, . 354].

:

( ), ( ).

.

,
. , 108 ,
1961 .
, , 98,

10 [381, . 153].
: 1971 .
433 , ,
115, 4; 1981 . 737 ,
, 153,
. 1982 .:
763 148,
7 [383, . 158].
,

.

,
,
, ,
,
,
, , 60-,
?0- . , , , ,
,
89
,
.
, -,

1973 ., ,

[The Times of India.
12.11.1973].
,
,

, ,
,
, , ,
[Indian Express. 21.11.1973].

, 1976 .
.
,
,

[-. 10.11.1976].

,
,

. ,

, 1975 . [-. 27.02, 05.03.1978;
08.10.1989].

III
( -),
1987 .
[The Statesman. 24.09.1987].

1977 .
( )
.
,

,
10% [New Age. 27.11.1977].
90

,
: , , ,

, ,
[New Age.
27.11.1977].
, 70- ,
, ,
-,

[-. 25.03,
08.09.1978],
,
,
.

,

. ,
,
- :
,
, , :

,
... [209; -. 17.09.1978].

,
(),

, , , [People's Democracy. Calcutta. 13.08.1978].

,
. 1975 .,

1979 .
,

1980 .

(). ,
, ,
()
91
, :
, ,
. , ()
, .
, ()
:
...
,
. ,

.
,

.
(),
.

1980 :

, ( 10%)
,
[-. 12.08.1980].

. ,

.
.
(
)
, ,
(
) ,
[-. 13.04.1981].

,
, ,

[-. 09.01.1981].
, ,
.
,
,
[-. 15.12.1980].
92
, , ,
qro

[-. 21.04.1981].

,
.
,
,

() ,
,

.
80-
, ,
,
(
) [New Age. 14.02.1982].

,
. ,
1967 .

[Patriot. 01.08.1967].
, 1967 .,

, ,
() ,
,
[331, . 149].
: ,
1968 .
,
[Patriot. 09.10.1989].
, 1982 .,
,

, , ,
, ,
,
,
, , .
93
,
.
,
, , ,

.
,

80- .
. -
,
,
[New Age. 18.04.1982, 21.07.1985; -. 16.04.1984].
- ,
;
1980 ., 1985 . [The Economic Times. 03.10.1989].
,
,
II ,
1989 . [The Times of India. 11.02, 12.02.1989].
, ,
, ,
,
, ,
,
.
,

, ,
, ,

,
[The
Statesman. 29.08.1989].

1989 ., ,
. ,
, ,
, , ,
VIII [Patriot. 09.10.1989],

, ,
- ,
94
, 30 ;
^ 200 [The Economic Times.
03.10.1989].

,
, ,
, ,
, -, ,
; -, ,

[Patriot.
09.10.1989].
,
1989 .,
:
,
.

, [The Times of
India. 04.10.1989].
()
:
,
[Patriot. 09.10.1989].
,
,
, , ,

( ) [New Age. 29.10.1989].
, ,
, ,
,
[New Age. 05.11.1989].

, ,
, ()
,
. ,
, 95
,
.

,
.

, .

,
.
, ,

, ,

pea
[108, . 8]. ,

: 1)
;
2) ; 3) .
,
,
, ,
,
-
.

.
,

(18001870) ( ) :
I (18701920) (
) ;
II (19201950) ;
III (1950 90- )
.
XVIII XIX .,
()
80- XIX .

,
,

[39, . 3743].
96
XVIII
XIX . (17631825),
( )
,
- () 10- 1803 . ,

,
,
- ,
,
[5, 36].
XIX .
,
: - ( ),
,
, ,
(), , .
,

.

, : ,
, ,
.

.
,
, , ,
: ( ,
), (
), ( ,
, .., ,
) , , ( , ..
, : ,
, ..) [12, 7589].

: ,
,

: .
7
. 161
97

.

,
:
, .
, ,
,
.
, ,
, ,
, ,

.

: ,
, , .

:
,
, ,
, ,
,

.

: , , .
, ,

. ,
,
.
, ,
, ,
- ,
,
, ,
, , ,
.

,
.
.
, 98

, ,
,
, , ,

,
, .
, ;

... [77, . 338].

,
, ,
, .
XIX .,

(18291895) (18261896)
, :
, , .
,
, ,
.
,

,
- .
,
, ,
1845 ., ,
[296,
. 9].

. , ,
, ,
,
.
,
, .

,

[457, . 53].

:
7*
99

.
,
,
XIX .,
[96, . 90105].
( ), ,
,
.
,
, ,
, :
,
. ,
.
,
,
- , ,
, , ,
,
.
,
( ,
,

),
XIX .,
(18501885).

[214, . 340].
,
,

, , -
,
[15, . 50; 296, . 9].
,

, ,
. , .

.
100
,

- , , ,
70- XIX .

,
.
( )
() 1876 . , 1884 .,
[296, . 228].
, , ,
.

1893 .
( ) -
,
, -
, [256, . 3].

(
) [99,
. 1415].

( ), 1910 .
, ,
, .

, .
(1861
1946), ,

, .

(18821962).

.
- ,
.
,
,
,
, ,
.

,
101
, ,
[368, . 140].

,

.

. ,
, ,

,
,

.
,
,
.
30-
. 1935 . (
), , ,

[263, . 302306].
, ,
: , -,
-, -,
..,
, ,
, [100, . 111 ].

.
,
,
.
XIX .
,
:

,
[112, . 137]. ,

.
102
,
:
,
.
,
, , :
.
, ( ,
)
,
,
-

,
XIX
XX . ,
,
,
.
, .
,
XIX .,
, XIX
XX . , ,
I (19001920) II III .
,
(1900 .), ,

[99, . 1322], , ,

,
, (, )

.
,
, ,
,
( ) .
, , ,
:
, , ,

[99, . 4556], , ,
. ,

. ,
,
(18501894), (1855-^
1929), (18581900)
, [296,
. 160162].
(1900 .), ...
,
.
,
, ,
[296, . 261].

-
,
,
,
, . ,
, , ()
[166, . 9697].

,
,
.

, .
1898 .
,
(
), - ,

[452, . 8694].
:
(
1881 .) 1900 .

.
, , :
.

-
,
, ,
,
104
, ,
,

[112, . 178].
, --
XIX .,
, , , .,
. ,
, ,
,

[251,
. 247].

-

. ...
[166, . 9697].
, ,
, ,
.
,

XIX XX . ,
, 1900 ., ,
,
(19031920)
(1864
1938).
.

,
[166, . 97].
,
, 1918 . -
.., ,
,
.
,
.

, . 1918 .
,
( ),
.
105
, -
, -

:
[156, . 226]. 1925 . (
)
()
,
.

:
, .,
,
[156, . 98].

,

:
,
,
- 3 .

( ) ,
1923 .
, -
,

.
, ,
, , ,
,
.
20-
, ,
,
,
.

, 20-
, 3
-
, 30- 40- . . [112, . 181 186].
106
, ,
.
,
, ,
(1950 .),
[112, . 186],
: , ,
- [15, . 6769, 106128, 129138]. -
, 40-

,
.
,
.
. , ,

,
: ,
(
), ,

( ).

20-, 30- .

.
40-
. ,
,
(1946 .),
.
1950 .
,
1949 .
, ,
,

, .

,

[502, . 443445].
107
,
,
.
,
,
,
,

.
, ,
,
,
, ,
,
.
,
4

,
: 1950 . ,
, 1961 .,
; 1960 .
. 1961 .
26,
300 .
, ,
, ,
,
,
,

-
,
-
.: (..
30- . ..) ,
: , ,
[251, . 249].
4
50- 60- : 1950
( ) 150 . ,
1952 . ( ) 136 . ,
60- (
)
.
108
,
, .. ,
. ,
-,
, , ,
[251, . 249].

, , , ,

(, , , ), (
. III).
,
,
,
,
, ,
. ,
,
.

,

- , , ,
:
,

.
III
-

:
-.
,

, -

(, , )
.
-

: , , , , ,
, .., ..
,
.

,
: , - -,
,
:
( , ),
, ..
XX .

, ,
(,
, ) ,
,
,
, , .
110
,
( ) (
) - ,
.
, ,
,

.

, ,
,
, , . , ,
- ,
, , ,

, ,
, .
, , ,
, , ,
, (, , )
,
,
,
(, , ..).

- -.
,

, ,
, (
) .
, , ,

:
, ( )
, (
),
( ),
, ,

, , ,
,
.
,
, -
in
,
, ( )
, ,
, ;
,
,
,
. , ,
,
, ,
,
,
..
,
, ,
,
, ,
.
, ,

, .
,

:
,
, .

,
( 810),
,
- - .

, ,
.
,
112
0,5% ,

611 35%, 4% [414, . 14].

,
, ,
1947 . .

:
,
- .
,
( I V )
6 11 .
( VI VIII ) 11
14 , ,

[383, . 5051].
.

,
.

: (primary),
(middle), (secondary)
(higher secondary).

,
I V. 6-
, 6
.

( VI VIII)
11 14 .
.
IX X ,
1415 .
,
( ),
XI XII 1617 .
1976 .
. 1976 .

.
8
3. 161
113

1951 1983 ., . [383, . 4950),
1990/91

%

1950/51 .
1970/71 .
1960/61 .
19,15
42,6
34,9
62,4
57,0
3,12
12,7
6,7
22,5
13,3
1,22
5,3
2,89
10,6
1988/89 [385, . 88].

: ,
,
, ,
.

, ..

14 .

1947 .
, ,
, . ,
30 ( 1951 1981 .)
19,15
1951 . 72,69 . 1981 .,
42,6% 1951 . 83,1% 1981 .
1990/91 (. . 19).

, . , ,
19801981 .
, 19501951 .: 1950/51
209 .,
1980/81 . 475 ., . [383, . 49].
114
19
,
1988/89
( . )
1980/81 .
1988/89 .*
1982/83 .
1990/91 ."
72,69
83,1
77,04
87,2
95,73
99,56
99,1
19,8
40,0
22,21
43,9
30,94
56,95
33,2
9,49
20,5
11,82
24,6
18,54
25,3
20,8
* 1990/91 [438, . 540541].

.
30
2,5 ,
9 ( 13 596 1950/51
116 447 1980/81 ),
7 ( 7228 1950/51 47 755
1980/81 ).
(. . 20).
2Q

( ), 19511981 ., . [383, . 49],
1990/91
1950/51 .
1960/61 .
1980/81 .
1990/91 /
209 671
33 039
485 538
538 392
13 596
49 663
116 447
146 636
7 288
17 257
47 755
78 619
* 1990/91 . [438, . 539).

,

8*
115
. , ,
,
:
X .
, ,
.
,
, XI
XII [383, . 51].

,
1980/81 V 3
(611 1114 ),
.
,
2,8%
6,3% [383, . 54].

. ,

:
[535, . 8]
80-
80% [383, . 49],

, ,
, 100% [515, . 3].

.
. ,
80
, ( 43%)
[515, . 1617],

.
2 / .
100 , I ,
33. , ,
, -

[414, . 212213].
: (
9
/ ) ,
; , 116
, 9%,

( 0,75 0,22%) [515, . 40
41)
,
30 . .
92,5% ( 86,3% , 96,9%
), . [414, . 212].

, . ,
, , (), (),
() ,
,
[408, . 17].
,
( ),
.
1961 .,
18,4%,
17,1, 15,2,
17,6, 17,1% [381,
. 69].

: 1971 .
1,6% 20,0%;
22, 18,8,
21,6%. ,
17,1 31,3%.
1971
1981 .: 56% ( ,
) 910% (
), . [310, . 122183].

,
14
, .
,
,
[515, . 40].
,
. ,

: ,
117
,
[515, . 57]. ,
, ,
.
, ,
20%
: , ,
.. [515, . 5253].
- ,

, 80-
(, , .)
10 . .
5 14 3 / 4

[-. 12.09.1984].
1986 . 16,6 . ,
[New Age.
20.11.1988]. ,
, 60%
10 [New Age. 21.06.1987].
, ,
,
300 . [. 12.09.1984].

. 131,3 . 6 14 , ..
,
, 80-
(, , 56,1%),
73,6 . . ,
, 57,7 .
, 43,9%
, , ,
[286, . 192].
, , ,
(
, ). ,

, . ,
-
, 61 4 13 ,
.
,
118
- ,
.
[528, . 42]. ,
, ,

[528, . 42], ,
,
.

, -,
, ,
". ,
,

[link. 12.01.1986].

, ,

270 . ,
80- [New Age. 23.01.1984].

( )
, 1986 .,
, 1995 .
,
[The Times of
India. 7.02.1989]. ,
, ,
, , 1986 .
( 6 11 ) 93,63%,
:
73%.
, ,
, , - XXI .

,
( ),
, .
, ,
, .
,
119
,

.
,
,
. ,
VIII ,

, . ,
,
. ,
60-
81 , 1970/71 67f a
70- 58 [285, . 32].
48
. 16
, VIII
, [285, . 3334].
31 ,
- -
,
[285, . 34].
,
, 21 (
) (. . 21).
21
,
, 19731978 ., . [285, . 35]
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
25
29
3
3
14
11
6
2
7
2
8
265 326
2711
1
16 727
51 878
23 212
30 315
2 853
8 709
3 182
47 659
120
44 084
2 045
13
3 147
8 131
134
10 317
326
3 575
356
20 653
10 221
2 224
14
1 294
4 719
2 640
2 065
5 709
715
56
2 096
10
1
1 326
191
5 166
2
27
517
. 21
12. /
13.
14.
4
7
15.
2
6
203
32 626
5 393
2 007
11 854
2 789
1 500
255
21
454
170
16.
65
17.
153
49
42
18.
11
10
26 979
2 136
13
40 661
5 875
6 723
3 294
223
10
14
8 510
1 484
526
133
19.
20.
21.
,
: 70-
325 .
( : 67 .,
50 ., 8 .).
1976 .,

. ,
,
-.

.

:

.
, :
64 .
, 14,6 . 4 .
, .
57 . , 10 .
2,6 . ,
.

(. . 22).
121
22

, 1978 .'
64
56
5
24
6
5
511
987
180
623
952
222
14 651
9 818
9 033
6 050
1 890
1 084
4 138
2 628
2 294
1 993
532
105
103
1 578
35
165 088
850
13
43 389
1 369
1 024
510
2
9 671
497
1
5 522
* ,
[285, . 6668].

,
, ,
, ,
, ,
.
,
.
, , ,
,
,
.
, ,
, ,
, ,
.
, ,
, 57 .
7 . .

52,6 . 3,5 . (
. 23).
122
23

, 1978 .
56
52
48
21
6
5
950
617
140
674
314
010
6
3
3
2
837
561
498
756
628
180
1 626
35
7
7
4
1
424
688
157
785
527
995
3
1
1
1
191
606
703
212
352
105
2 597
2 001
1 524
722
1 194
807
781
434
591
239
73
1 089
213
28
61
789
311
72
46
848
13
381
2
1 079
:
-
, (
80%) ,

?

, , , , ,
-
[100, . 5455; 207, . 112].

.
,

(
),
,
, , ,
, ,
,
50-
[369; 370].
, ,
,
(, , )
. , , -
,
. ,
,
,
.
-

,
.
,

4050- (
, , ).
, , ,
,
,
50- [100, . 113126].
40- 50-
, 124
,

.
, ,
.
.
: 1950 .
,

[399, . 6]. 1961 . ,
, , ,
430 . ,
55 . ( 2700 4300 ) [491,
. 112113].

, ,
,
, .. ,
10
11 ,
[337, . 280].

,

.
,
. ,

,

, , , [ .
. 20.02.1973].

. ,
1972 .

, , ,
,
.
[. . 26.08.1972].
, ,
,
, . , , 125
, ,

.
,
() ,
, :

(.. . ..)
[468, . 35].
, ,
,
.. ,
,
,
.

,
[468, . 35].
,

- ,
,
:
,

, ,
, -,
, ,
, [164, . 40].
, ,
80- XX .
.
,
,
:
,
,

,
.

,
(, , , 126
, ). ,
, ,
, ,
.
, ,
, , ,

( . ..),
,
[548, . 421422].
,
.
(, , )
[391, . 468], ,
,

, ,
, (..
. ..)
,
[391, . 621], ,
,
,
,
,
[391, . 814].
,

, ,
,
,
.
,
,
,

,
: [New Age.
25.10.1987].
127
,
, ,
,
, , ,

.

;
.
,
, , , ,
, ,

.

,
,
(, ,
), ,
,
,
, .. .
, 1960/61 33
, ,
4 . [492, . 165, 199], 25
, 5 . [492,
. 216217, 240]. , , .
25 55
,
5 . , 2 ,
302 [492, . 201, 242].

: (11), (9) (3).
,
,
.

, , , ,
, 128
, ,
,
. , 1960/61
536 178
, 123 307
, .
,
120 . [492, . 173174, 202, 243] (

60 . ).
(, , )
, ,
, ( ),
. ,
200 (156 45
) , 65 12,
33 6, 95 8,
23 27 ..

,
.
1960/61 316
84
70 . , 112 565
, 390 . [492, . 185,
208, 231, 248].

: ,

(66 24 ),
,
(76 20 ), (76 7
) (23 9 ).

(, , ..).

.
,
, , 1960/61
, 30 ,
8,5 . , 7
2 . [492, . 192,
207208, 248]. , 20 (18
2 ),
.
9
3 . 161
129

. ,
, .
1960/
61 :
39 , 10 . ,
45 ,
16 . [492, . 178, 203204, 244245].
, 13,
.

1960/61 :
( )
,
1,5 . ; ( )
: ,
3 . [492, . 180182;
205206, 246247].

:
, .
1960/61 ,
.

, .
, , 1978
(. . 24).
, ,
,

. -
,
, 11 ( , ,
, , , , ,
, , , )
(, ) [324, . 44].
, ,
,
, .
,

, .
, 1970/71
23 .
130
24

,
1978 ., . [285, . 6668)
I.
,
II.

. -
366
318
448
175
67
29
35
1
135
179
59
49
16
64
69
28
13
197
160
54
15
25
17
2
76
13
6
99
21
21
42
12
15
2
1
3
97
3
98
1
13
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
4
5
4
1
6
1
37 [285, . 40]. ,
,
:
, , , , , .,

- (, , ..),
(, )
( ) (
) [285, . 41].
,
, ,
9*
131

, ,
, . ,
2 . ,
9 ,
1,5 . , 3 ,
90 900 ,
28 , :
167 569 26
[285, . 41].

, ,
.

, ,
V VI
.
- (
, , , , ),
- ,

,
[285, . 100102].

, ,
.
.
,
,

,

. , ,
, , ,
-,

.
, ,
, , ,
,
,
. ,
70- 97 . ,
132
, 85 .
12 . ; 36 . ,
, 34 .
1,5 .
(. . 25).
25

, 1978 ., . [285, . 105]

-I-
+
+

+

+
+
34 626
21 072
2 415
41
1 653
6 752
989
185
85 373
26 480
2 339
514
11 991
5 684
973
503
5 360
3 345
3 329
1 843
916
275
2 676
907
298
463
1 623
764
56
185
1 178
1105
1970/71
24 .
70- 27 [285, . 4142].
.
,
, , . , ,
175 ,
3 ,
3 ,
24 37 891 ,
16 61 379 [285, . 43].
,
26 582 20 .
, ,
,
, ,
, .
133
,
,
[324, . 6465].
IIIIV
V VI ,
,
, .. 45 68 ,
-
,
.

,
, , , ,
,
. , , , ,
,
.
,
, ,
3 2 ,

. 2 6 .
,
,
.
, ,
,
,
( ) ,
. , ,

-.
,
,
,
,
,
:
,
. ,
,
, .
134

,

,

,
,

[285, . 12].

(VVIII IX )

.
,

.
,
.

,

.
.

- , ,
, .
, ,
, 40% ,
, ,
,
[391, . 661].
(
) ,
, , ,
,
, ,
, , , -
.
,
, .. , 60-
. ,
60- 45
, 19 . [391,
135
. 667], ( )
18 ,
6 . ,

[492, . 185, 207];
13
2,5 . ,
(8) (. 1,8 .)
[492, . 179].

, 1960/61
10 ,
400 , 3 19
, 1,8 .
[492, . 180, 223, 246].

,
: 1960/
61 40
8,6 . 174
, 275 . , ,
, (, ,
) :
(7 135
230 . ) (20 14
10 . ) [492,
. 187, 222223, 248].

. ,
44
1,3 . [492, . 167, 199] (

).
5
7 3,3 . [492, . 191, 234, 248],
:
76 ,
, , [492,
. 173, 201].
,
, ,
(..
), ,
, -, , -
.
136

, ,
:
, ,
, ,
. ,
,
(
),
.
, , .
, ,

, ,
(English medium schools),
17 [468,
. 49].

, , :
, ,

.
,
.
,
1100 , .. V 8
(449 , 285 , .315 61
). ( 700),
( 700), , ( 650),
( 650), ( 600), ( 400),
( 350), ( 350) ..

( ,
): 100,
66, 19.
,
: 21 ,
19.
(7)
( ,
, ):
- 8, 4,
2 [285, . 6365].

,
137
. ,
:
( ), .

(,
, ).
IX
, XI XII
.
, ,
,
,
, , . ,
60- , ..
,
20 .
,

, , , ..
[400, . 44, 47].

.
, ,
-

,
, ,
,
.
,
,
-
,
. , ,
,
" ...

, , [400,
. 18].

,
. ,
- ,

,
138
, ,
.
,
,
"
",
[The Statesman.
23.04.1989].

,
,
.

.
( , ,
) ,
-,
,
.

,
,
(,
, ) ,
, .
,
(
) ,
, .

. ,
1941 ., .. 6 ,
14,6% ( ,
8586 ),
1951 ., .. ,
16,6%, 1961 . 24%, 1971 .
29,4%, 1981 . 36,23% [383, . 48].
139

: 1991 .
52,11% [438, . 423].

,
, ,
, ...
, , ,
, ,
[71, . 17].
,
60,1 . 1951 . 275,5 .
1981 .,
, ,
( 15 35 ):

25,4 . 110,1 . [384, . 68]. 1991 .
352 . [438,
. 423].
,
,
.
,
, ,

[438, . 389].
,
,
,

, ,
.
,
,
. ,
20- ( 1951 1971 .)
90 .
298 388 . [414, . 211],
( 1971 1981 .)
50 . 1981 .
424,3 . [383, . 48].

, (
. 26).
140
26
,
( . )
1901 1981 .*,
. [521; The Economic Times. 20.01.1989]
1901
1911
1921
1931
1941
1951
1961
1971
1981
233,1
248,2
246,7
273,4
312,0
353,1
428,1
533,3
665,3
12,6
14,7
17,7
26,0
50,2
58,9
102,6
157,3
241,0
222,5
233,5
229,8
247,4
261,8
294,2
323,5
376,2
424,3
5,3
5,9
7,2
9,5
16,1
16,7
24,0
29,3
36,2
* . 1901
1941 . .
, ,
,
. , 1901 1981 . 222 .
424 ., .. [The Eco
nomic Times. 20.02.1989].
1991 .,
324 . [438, . 423],
7 (
). ,
491,8 . ,
41,7%.
,
80- , 1947 .
,
- [New Age. 02.09.1988].
,
59- [New Age.
04.09.1988].
1964 . ,
,
... 37%
[282, . 370].
, 15 44 ,
,
80- 144 . , 67,4%
141
, [421,
. 21].
, 15 19 ,
(54%)
[Link. 12.12.1986].
,
:
, ,

,
[400, . 15].

.
, 1991 .,
, 90,59%;
, 38,54%
( , 1971 .,
20,0%), . [438, . 425].
, ,
, ,
. , 1981 .

24,05%; 26,01%,
27,4, 27,82%, ..
,
.
, 36%.
,
, 42%, , ,
, 60%

[438, . 389] (. . 27).
1991 .
,
.
,
,
. , 1981 . *
(75,95%),
(73,99%), (72,6%) ..
,
1981 . 208,9 . 290,6
,
[310, . 120123] (. . 28).
142
27
,
19611981 ., 1991 .
**

1961
1971
1981
199
17,6
18,4
17,1
15,2
21,6
20,0
22,0
18,8
26,7
31,3
56,7
27,4
26,01
27,82
24,05
35,84
41,94
61,06
41,71
38,54
43,45
38,81
55,33
63,54
76,09
17,1
52,7
* 1991 . , . [438, . 425].

** 1966 .
28

, 1981 .
/
69
52
34
12
4
6
290
823
138
108
885
850
237
196
240
154
467
292
874
902
569
414
672
18 163
14 504
8 203
30 383
4 605
1 777
3 783
81 421
410
202
670
715
649
201
611
458
%
26,01
27,82
24,05
27,40
35,84
41,94
61,06
51
37
25
80
8
2
2
208
659
634
904
502
245
460
412
821
744
265
622
159
253
368
803
114
%
73,99
72,18
75,95
72,60
64,16
58,06
38,94

1991 ., - ^ .
, ,

.
, , 1981 ., 20% ,
; ,
143
( 1981 . 80% ,
), . ,
1981 ., 24,05%,
50,8%,
16,4%. ( 26,01%)
51,8%, 22,3%,
( 27,4%) 45,9 23,3% .. [310,
. 120123].
, ,
,
. ,
1951 .
50,5%, 19,1%,
17,1 2,0%. 1981 .
, ,
54,44%, 35,4%,
35,82 9,86%.
1991 ., ,
52,11%,
63,86%, : 39,42% [438,
. 423].

,
: , ,
.

,
.
,

", 1968 .,
[]
[] ,
,
[414, . 208].

.

, 1949 . [414, . 205],
,
1952 . [535, . 12], 0 '
: (1960 .), (1962 .), (1965 .)
(1972 .) [282, . 375; 421, . 3].
144

,
,
, ,

.
,

. , 1948 .
.

,
.

: ,
,
[421, . 23].

, 2 1978 .
,
[438,
. 536].
1976 . ,
, .
1976 .
:
( ,
, )
.

.

.

. , 50-
, , ,

[414, . 205].
10
3. 161
145
29

( . ),
1961 1971 ., . [414, . 210]
1971 .
1961 .
I ( 5 14 )
33,66
29,5
80,32
70,5
52,33
34,9
97,36
65,1
II ( 15 24 )
26,33
36,0
46,88
64,0
43,01
47,5
47,59
62,5
33,9
50,61
66,1
24,5
42,67
75,5
III ( 25 34 )
19,23
28,5
48,19
71,5
IV ( 35 )
26,27
22,3
91,77
77,7
26,0
36,62

,
.
60-
, , ,
.. [414, . 206].

,
,
, (.
. 29).
, ,
, ,
, . , 1952/53
44 595 ,
, 1 088 784 ,
, .. 1953/54
39 965, 948 847 [341, . 302].
, ,
140 . ,
:
11 362
2891, , 261 899
60 490 [341, . 291292].

:
, ,
( 1859 2164),
58 505 ( 56 596 1909 )
69 307 ( 66 976, 2331),
49 547 1645 ,

[341, . 289].
, ,
,
, 1953/54
200,
5 .
.

2 . [341, . 294].
,
(.
. 30).
10*
147
30
,
1952/53- 1953/54 , . [341, . 302-303]
1952/53
1953/54
, ,
1952/53
1953/54
1952/53
1953/54
1953/54
1 859
2 164
56 596
66 976
1 909
2 331
49 547
1 645
11 362
2 891
204 883
55 559
57 016
4 931
19 745
3 425
96
179
2 089
4 122
370
882
1610
385
220
200
11275
10 620
1755
1755
10 620
1755
859
628
17 376
5 266
17 256
5 153
4 045
3 177
70-
80- ,

, ..
.

, 6 14 ,

. ,
, ,
, .
.
, 573 842
25 194 ( 4,39% )

(614 , 1435 35 ).

, 14
35 : 17 942 ,
3,13% [286,
. 194]. 1978 . 590 . ,
.

6 14 ,
.
6631 , 1,16%
[286, . 192].

35 :
2673 ( 0,47% ),
56 928 [286,
. 195].

12 ., ..
.
70- , 50- , ,
: ,
,
. , 1978 .
6 . ,
14 35
( ! / 3 149
), 200 . [286, . 194195],

,
6 14 (.. V4
), 46 . , 300
,
35 , 8,5 . [286
. 195].
, , 50-

, : 1953/54
,
, 1960/61 :
7702 , 303 263
, [391,
. 495], 1978 .
. ,
, 1978 .
200 ( 8
6 14 7
35 ), 6 .
[286, . 192195].

,
,
. , 1953/54 ,
,
200,
12 . ,
1961 ., :
4 .,
71 . [391, . 816],
70- ,
2,2 .,
55 . [286, . 346347,
356357] (. . 31).
, ,
.

1978 .
,
250 . ,
200 . ,
, .. 14 35 [286, . 356
357].
150
31

, 1978 .

/1

14
14
35
35
184
199
266
416
53
735
654
1 151
421
2 226
1 566
6 352
288
7 918
23
211
31
265
282
32
424
68
35
101
8 664
867
12 156
2 627

, , , ,
,
, 6 .
[386, . 354355] (. . 32).
32

, 1978 .
6
14
14
35
35
286
5 717
98
6 101
6 366
11 386
527
18 279
15 321
,31 408
8 191
54 920
46 502
200 338
8 627
255 467
539
6 922
646
8 107
1 705
7 764
652
10 021
2 141
386
2 527
265 676
19 127
355 522
70 719
151
,

, ,
, ,
: 12 . ,
350 . ( 3 / 4 , ,
),
, ,

.

,
2000 .

.
1958 .
, . 1958 .
,
,

(Central Board of Workers' Education),

,
.
,

.
1964 . 22
25 ,
[535, .65]

,
, ,
,
[535, . 111
112].
(,
, , )
.
,
,

, , , ,
, 1964 .
89,8% , 81,7, 152
60,4, 51,3%, , ,

79%, ,
,
95% [535, . 69].

.

,
,

.
,
,
, ,
:

.
, ,
,
.
,
, 1957 .
2,1%
( ), 4,2%
6,2% [535,
. 4546].

60-
1961 1981 .,
,
,
-, ,

1544 (. . 33).
,
1961 1981 .
( 131 .
!961 . 139 . 1981 .).
153
33

15 44 ,
19611981 ., . [414, . 211]
I
1961
1,
% *

131 095,4
69,3
1966
144 359,1
67,4
1971
157 710,2
65,5
1976
154 425,0
56,2
1981
139 443,2
44,3
,

15 44 ,
,
.

:
1961 1971 .
: 2 5% .

. , ,
, 1% [414, . 212].

(,
10 14 29,6 49,75%,
15 24 23,69 47,47% ..),

,
, ,
25 34 ( 89,7 . 1951 .
98,2 . 1971 .; . . 34).

,
,
. , 2 1978 .
..
,

154
34

,
19511971 ., . [512, . 386]
, .
9,7
20,8
33,6
32,6
28,5
33,9
29,6
42,26
49,75
14,4
26,3
43,0
46,3
46,9
47,6
23,69
35,97
47,47
25,4
45,6
69,0
89,7
93,1
98,2
22,09
32,4
41,27
55,3
105,8
158,1
293,3
334,4
387,4
16,67
24,03
29,46
I. 10 14
1951
1961
1971
II. 15 24
1951
1961
1971
III. 25 34
1951
1961
1971
IV.
1951
1961
1971
[438, . 536].
65 . 1535 .
, ,

[414, . 209].
,
,
: ,
, , ,
.

,
1988 .
,
8 550 ( 55
) .
,
80 . :
155
30 . 1988 1990 . 50 . 1991

1995 . [Hindustan Times. 15.01.1988].

(National Literacy Mission),
1988 .
XX . 80%
15 35 , . [438, . 524].
, . ,
",
, ,
,
XXI ! [New Age. 01.10.1989].

, 1535 ,
.
,
, -

[459, . 22].

,
,
,
,
, (
),
[535, . 4, 15].
, , , , ,
:
, 2%
98% [437,
. 125].
,
1989 .,
100-
,
.
...
, , ,
, ,
XXI ! [New Age. 05.11.1989]
, 80-
,
[New Age. 21.10.1990].
156

.

.

,

,
, , ,
. ,
.

, , ..
:
,
,
. ,
, ,

,
,
.
.

,
,
[324, . 7].

, ,
, , ,
.

, , ,
-
.

.
,
,
( )
.
157

.

(teachers training schools)
(teachers training colleges),

(.
. 35).
35
,
19501981 ., . [383, . 49)
/
1980/
81 .
1950/
51 .
1955/
56 .
I960/
61 .
1965/
66 .
782
930
1138
601
897
53
107
478
1272
500

.
. , 1950/51 1978/
79
2,5 538 . 1950/51
1295 . 1978/79 [382, . 47]. 1980/
81 50 .
[383, . 49].
,

. 30- 1950/51
1980/81
10 85 .
830 . [383, . 49].

.

126 . 1950/51
902 . 1980/81 .

1982/83 [392, . 258] (. . 36).
158
36

( , .),
1951 1981 ., . [383, . 49], 1982/83

1950/51 .
1960/61 .
1980/81 .
537 918
714 555
1 345 376
85 496
345 228
830 649
856 389
126 504
296 305
902 332
993 115
1982/83 .*
1 389 356
* 1982/83 . [392, . 258].

,
, ,
, (
) ( ),
( . ) (
), - (
-) ( ) [380, . 335].

,

( ;
,
) 46 ,
. , , 1978 .,
20 ,
12, 11, 3,
[392, . 259].
,
.
,

,
,
.

.
,
. , 159
, , ,
, ,

. , ,
.
, 11
,
, ,
( ),
,
.
,
()
(), -
, ,

[391, . 880].

.

, 1956 .

(Hindi Pandits Training Course).
,
.
,
, :
, ,
( []) ( [
]), [391,
. 439].

, , ,

, ,
[391, . 440].
,
,
,
:
( ): ,
, (
) [391, . 668].
160
, ,
. ,
:
, [391, . 731
732].
,

, (
10%) ,

, ,

. , 1950/51 ,
,
58,8% , ,
1960/61 , 64,1%,
1980/81 87,4%.
:
1950/51
(53,3%)
; 1960/61
66,5%; 1980/81
89,4% [383, . 49].

,
:
, ,
, ,
, ,
( I IV )
52 [515, . 74].

, .
,
.
, .
. ,
, ,
, .
,

,
,
.
11 . 161
161
...
, ,

. ,

: ,
... ,
(.. . ..).
,
,
[225, . 174] ( . ..).
, ,
,
..,
,
.
,
: -
, ,
.
,

. , ,
,
( ,
),
, ,
,
.
, ,
, ,

,
, .,
, , , :

. ,
,
, - ,

, ,

,
, 162

.
, .
, ,
,
:
,

.

,
,
, ,
,
,
, -, , . ,
,

, ,

. ,

. ,
. ,
,
,
,
.
, ,
,
:
1857 .
:
, .
, 1887 .
XX .
: (1915), (1916),
(1917), (. --, 1918),
(1920).
*
163
2040-
. : (1921), (1922), (1923),
(1926), (1946) [382, . 517520].

.
, 80-
1951 . ( 27 133)
[383, . 49]; 1982/83 ,
137 [392, . 258], 1985 . 150 [384, . 70].
( 1950 1980 .) ,
, 11 .
1950/51 360 .
, 1980/81
3990 . [383, . 49], 1985 .
5 . [384, . 69].

5,5 ,
: 13,6 2,2
[351, . 11].

17 23 (. . 37).
37
,
19511981 ., . [383, . 49]

, .

17-23
1950/51 .
1960/61 .
1980/81 .
1982/83 .*
27
45
132
137
360
890
3990
4750
0,8
1,8
4,8
1982/83 . [392, . 258].

,
,
. ,
1950 1980 .
13 . 1950/51
542, 1122,
164
, 1980/81 ,
7311 [383, . 49].
1982/83 8011 [392,
. 258].

- . , 1950/51
18,5 .
, 1960/61
42 . , .. ,
250 . [392, . 258],
. . 38.
38
-
, 19501979 ., . [383, . 49]

1950/51
18 648
1960/61
41 759
+124,5
1968/69*
91 069
+ 118,3
1978/79*
249 399
+ 175,1
* [392, . 258].
,
- ,
, 13 ,

,
,
.
,
.
,

,
, [351, . 98], ,
, ,
.

. 400,
65 . .
165
, 40
, 4 .
[383, . 52].

,
,
, .

:
,
(1956), (1956),
(1957)
[382, . 517520].
1971 . 36
,
.

. , ,
1971 . 11
, 10, 7,
3, 2,
1 [539, . 13], . . 39.
39
,
, 19701971 ., . [539, . 13, 509514]
.
166
1952
1960
1961
1962
1917
1970
10
- .

-
.
. .
- .
- .
- .
I960
1968
1970
1956
1964
1957
1964
1964
1964
1946
1957
1962
1962
1947
11
-

.
1927
1921
1887
1916
1957
1966
1921
1966
1960
1949
1958
1970
1956
1970
- . .
1922
1968
36

,
. , ,
167
,
. (),
-
, () [539, . 302, 514]. , -

.
,
.
,
7080-
47
.
.
8 : (1975),
(1975),
(1975), -- (1973), (1973),
(1974),
. (1974)
(1974).
19 .
,
.
.
, 1972 .
. (1976 .).
1978 . ( ) [382, . 517
520].
, , ,
,
,
,
. ,
, 42 ,
44 . , 72
56 ., .
3 . ,
.
.
, ,
, : 168
, 170 ,
113 . .
, ,
, ,
(417 . ).
200 .
.
(135 . ),
(125 . ), ( 80 . )
( 70 . ).
,
11 . .

1979 . [382,
. 517520].

( 1500)
, 900 . (. . 40).
40
,
19701971 ., . [539, . 337]
/

270
190 024
310
142 403
148
80 736
365
242 922
255
190 387
34
12 659
55
62 221
* .
,

, ,
, ,
:
.
169
,
, ,
,
,
.
(
),
, ,
,
: , .
,
, , ,
,
, ,

.
, , , ,
,
, ,
, -
, ,
,
: ,
,

[406].

,
[The Times of India. 23.06.1988].
(,
, ) ,
,
: , , ,
, , , , .

[355, . 74].
,
,
, , (. 1909 .):
,
, . 170
, .
. [315, . 196].
,
, -
,
, ,
.
,
[355, . 75].

,
.
,
, [The Times
of India. 05.07.1987].
.
: ,
, , ,
, ... [The Times of
India. 05.07.1987], ,
, , .
, , ,
, (
) ,
, ,
, .
, ... [ ]
,
[ ] [315, . 193].
,
,
.
(, ),
:
, . ,
,
20- -
[516, . 34].
-
.

,
.
171
, 1948 .
. ,
,

[499, . 35].
,
,
,
, ,
, .
, , ,
,
, ,
,

. , -,
,
.

,
19501951 .
, . , ,

,
,
,
. , ,
.
:
, , ,
, , .

,
,
,
[507,
. 316].
,
, ,
,
1955 .

.
172
[502]

, ,
, ,

,

[502, . 75]. ,
, ,

. , ,
,
.
,
, ",
,
,
, ,
, ...
" ,
, "

[502, . 77]. ,
.
, ,
.
, , .

...

[320], ,

, ,

, ,
.
,

, .. ,

,
. 173
- ,
, ,
[502, . 290].
, ..
:
( . ..)
, .
, , ,
,
,
,
, ,
[502, . 291].

, .. :
(. ..),

[502, . 293].

,
, ..
:
,
.
60- ,
,
.
, 1965 . -

,
.

,
( )

.

- ,
,
,
: ,

, , , ,
[516, . 5].
174

, , .
,
,
..,
. ,

, .

,

[516, . 5].

, ;
( ,
, )

[516, . 167168].
, ,

, .
,
[413, . 2728] 1967 .
,
.
,

, ,
,
, , ,
.

,
.
,
-
. ,
, 1979 .
,
29
. , ,
(, , , ,
175
),
:
- ,

() [476, . 36].
,

,
,
, , .. [476, . 37].

(
).
:
,
:

(
, ) [476, . 37]. ,
, ,
, ,

[476,
. 8485], .
()

[476, . 109], .
,
, .
1978 .,
83
(. . 41),
, ,
( , , . ..)
[400, . 27].
,
.
15 , VIII
, 1973 .
: , ,
.
:
,
,
.
176

, .

: 1973 .
.
-,
( ),
:
; ,
( ) ();
.

, :
.

1979 .:
, ,
. 1979 .

:
(),
() [476, . 80, 82, 96].
70-
,
.

, , : 1973 .
45 ,
35 (. . 41).
41

, 1973 ., . [19, . 177]
1.
45
2.
-'
3.
4.
5.
6.
. 161
177
. 41
7.
-"
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
83
46
* 1979 .
, .
** 1979 .
.
,
,
.
, ,
,
[476,
. 73].

, , ,
,
. .
,
.
- - , , 30-
, , ,
,
[The
Times of India. 14.02.1989].

, , ,
. 178
( 1974 .),
(
1975 .).
.
[476, . 67119].

: , ,
, , ,
,

,
.
, .
,
- ,
, ,

.

, . ,
, ,

, [476,
. 75].

(),
[476, . 83].

(),
[476, . 105].
, ,
,
:
.

. ,
,
.. :

() ,
[468, . 72].
, , , ,
,
. , 12*
179
, .,

[468, . 39], .. ,
, , ,

.
,

,

.
,
.
.

[476, . 41].

,
.
,
, ,

.

:
1. .
2. ,
.
3. ,
.
4.
.
5. , ,
.
6.

.
7. ,

;
, [328,
. 158159].
180

,
[476, . 4041].
, ,

,
, ,
,
. ,

, , -
[476, . 4041].
-,
, ..,
[476,
. 41].
, ,
,

.
, -,
,
.
, ,
, ,
: 1980 .
(, 46%) ,
[396; Mainstream. 27.04.1985].
,

, , , . ,
1978 ., 1029
, 597
432 .

: 1978 . 629 ,
273 , 356 .
(553 ),
(551 ), (516 ).
181

: 65 ,
50 (. . 42).
42

,
1978 ., . [19, . 173-174]

1.
597
432
1029
2.
206
161
367
25
25
50
4.
268
283
551
5.
297
219
516
6.
202
331
533
3.
94
62
156
154
71
225
46
19
65
10.
273
356
629
11.
190
217
407
2352
2176
4528
7.
8.
9.
,

,
, ,
.
,
, (1029),
, 1978 .

, , , , ;
2 , 4,
6, 7,
7 ..

, (66),
(63), (53) ..
,
,
, .
182

,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
, ,
,
, ,
, ,

, .. :
,

[468, . 37].
, ,
: ,
, , ,
, , , ,
.
,

.

.
,
,
. , ,
,
,
.
, ,
, ,

, , , , ,
,
.

, , ,
, -183

.
, ,
, , , ,
.
, ,
, , , ,
.
.

, .
.
,

,
,
,
, .
,
.
, , , ,
, ,

.
,

[352, . 148].
, ,
, ,
,
, ,
.
(, , )
, ,
,
,

,
,
, ,
, ,

,
:
184
,
,
, .

,
,
, ,
, ,
, , ..,
,
.
, ,
,
,
,

,
,
,
.
, ,
,

,
.
,
,
, .

,
,
,

,

,
..

, , , ,
,
185
, ,
, ,

.

,
,
. ,

,
, ,
.

1780 . ( , 1826 .),
.
, 1981 . 19 .
,
51 . [383, . 160] (. . 43).
1984 .
21 784,
61 147 . [384, . 224225].
,
92 ,
15 76
, VIII
(
), . [384, . 224].
43

,
1981 ., . [383, . 160-161]

2-3-
105
409
3
41
39
77
8
26
2
8
3
3
407
2 432
23
387
165
145
186
3 063
2 432
43
1 027
489
386
3 583
5 329
71
1 463
696
611
( .
.)
11 039
13 984
249
3 299
2 540
1 888
. 43

2-3-
101
120
10
22
2
4
99
31
128
31
8
34
2
17
1 264
( .
.)
4
1
7
12
1
3
1
115
361
31
159
4
20
121
149
637
345
68
54
548
600
214
225
24
38
580
365
527
1 118
273
176
1
766
1 098
255
407
30
62
804
546
1 299
1 506
350
267
4 127
2 883
415
1 028
11
38
4 502
1 556
2 254
1 020
177
92
98
5 624
12 158
19 144
51 102

1947 ., , ,

, 70-
,
.
70- , ,
, 70-
80- .
1978 .
,
. 1978 .
4196 9706 . .,
3085 ,
9 . . [382, . 145146].

,
1980 .
1978 .

(
2475 . . 2555 . . [382, . 146]), 1980 .
: 187

:
3664 . .,
3089 . . [-. 04.05.1983].

1981 . (,
..) 1981 .

: 19 144
8912 ,
26 023 . . 51 102 .
,
82 80- [383, . 160].
(5329) 1981 .
1740 , (3589),
(13 984 . .) 3 . .

(11 039 . .) [383, . 161].
1982 .,

:
2 . ,
, (13 763 . .)
4 . .
[-. 08.05.1985].
1993 .
(12 506) 2,5
, . [385, . 275].

.
1978 .
( 3085
4196 ) 1696 . . (
9030 . . 9706 . . )
[382, . 145146].
1981 .
, (1299 3583),
1/5
( 2254 . .
039 . .) [383, . 160161].

, , .
,
1981 .
(. . 44).
188
44
, ( . .),
1978, 1981, 1989 .

1978 .
1989 .
1981 .
%*
"
4 196
9 706
23,6
5 329
13 984
27,9
8 924
3 085
9 030
22,1
3 583
11 039
22,0
4 627
1 130
1 696
1 299
2 254
4,5
1 795
8 411
20 432
10 211
27 277
.
" [385, . 320].
4,1

, 1984 .:
6370 , 3961,
1492 [384, . 224].

80- : 1989 . 8924
,
(4627 .)
(1795 .), . . 44.
1993 . 2224 ,
5316, . [385, . 275].

1981 .
;
80- (. . 45).
45
,
1981, 1989 ., . [383, . 159160]
,
1981 .
614
691
1 031
2 702
368
77
2 325
7 808
43
102
87
178
12
1
48
471
304
357
414
1342
134
21
342
2 914
267
232
530
1182
222
55
1 935
4 423
,
1989 .#
1 190
1 534
1 735
3 711
**
3 565
* [385, . 319].
*# - .

. (2702 ) 1981 .
,
, [383,
. 159]. (, 1981 .
178.)
190

1984 . , : 1984 .
(
3063) [384, . 224].
1981 .
( ) :
1981 . ( ).
1981 . 2395
.

,
.
- ,
XIX XX .,
(
),
,
,
,
,
, .. [100, . 43].
,
,
,
.
1984 .,
(2772)
, 1981 .,
,
[384, . 224].
,
, ,
, ,
.

,
(. . 46).
, 40-

,
:
,

, 191
46

( . .), . [382, . 147]

1977 .
1978 .
280,2
199,1
159,6
131,9
136,9
287,4
213,8
171,2
146,2
105,7
1990 /
4-7,2
+ 14,7
+ 11,6
+ 14,3
-30,8
517,8
332,9
432,6
581,0
* [438, . 545].
, - ,

- .
, ,

,

[472; 540, . 254].
,

.
,
, ,
- ( ): ,
, , . [100, . 82].
,

, [100, . 82 85], , ,
,
.
, , ,
(
) ,
. , , , 12
,
(25%)
,
192
,
, ,
, [535, . 1415],
, , , (
37 ) ,
; ,
.,
,
- .
.
().
,
, [528,
. 58]. ,

( 4 / 5 ) ,
,
, , ,
[528, . 74, 84].
, ,
(1913 .),
,
: 1979 .,
714 ( 619 1978 .);
1981 . 737, 1982 . 763 (
, , 720 ), . [383, . 165]. 1985 .
,
912 ,
187 [384, . 232].

, .

, .
,
, ,
, 64%
. , 763 , 1982 .,
487,
13 . 161
193
276 (
210, 66 ).

[383, . 165].

, 60- 59
(58 ),
( 300 )
130 . .

, (
). ,
,
( ),
.

50- ,
,
. , 1951 1981 .

: ,
5 ( 26 1951 . 137 1981 .), 6,5 (
20 132), 16 ( 7 111), 30 ( 2 65).
,
VIII :
, , .
, ,
, ,

(. . 47).
,
;
,
, .
,
, , ,
, , ..
, ,
.
,
(
), ,
.
194
47
,
1951 1982 ., . [383, . 156]; 1990 ., . [438, . 539];
1991 ., . [438, . 575]
1951
1961
1971
1981
1982
1990-
1991"
100"*
98
115
1
5
30
1
3
33
1
52
153
2
5
42
5
34
65
148
1
5
49
3
39
51
1
117
200
4
8
50
5
14
81
215
1
9
51
8
16
91
38
2
36
6
2
7
12
11
111
16
15
23
27
1
2
1
73
85
2
10
8
24
2
9
6
2
5
26
20
49
55
219
10
303
4
433
126
2
25
4
13
7
94
1
29
8
137
132
1
2
141
154
194
204
1
5
186
174
948
910
737
3
1
1
1
7
763
*3 1990 .
.
** 1991 . :
.
"* .
"** 14 .
:
, ,
. , ( 1975
1982 .) 9 . 13*
195
12 ., .. ,
29,6% (. . 48).
48
19751983 .,
. [383, . 168]
1975/76
1976/77
1977/78
1978/79
1979/80
1980/81
1981/82
1982/83
5 650
5 845
6 030
6 216
6 405
6 667
6 991
7 149
3 367
3 332
3 521
3 744
4 157
4 146
4 248
4 553
9 017
9 167
9 551
9 960
10 562
10 813
11239
11 682
,
, ,
50-
:
. ,
, ,
1951 1955 . (2835 ,
, 236 ), , 1726,
, [502, . 47].
50- , ,
,
1961 . 1961 . ,
, , 108 303,
(98 10
), 1 / 3
, , . [381, . 153].
,
, : 1971 .
V 4 (119 433); 1981 .
{/5 (153 737);
( )
1982 ., 155 (
763).
. 47,
80- 90- : 1990 .
196
200 , 1991 . 215.

: 1993 . 183 ,
1995 . 157.

,
,
( ,
1982 .).
70-
.
: ,
.
(),
,
( ),
.
- (
),
.
,
.
(
), (19211977).
,
( ) ( ),

(. 1932 .), (
) ( )
( , )
(1925 1972).
(
),
(. 1929 .).
,
,
( ),
( )
, (
),
[ . . 07.01.1973].
. , -
197
, -
;
,

..
,
,
,
.

, ,
.
, ,
,
( V3) , . , 1983 .
4 . ,

.
, ,
,

.
,
, ,
,
,
,
[528, . 118]. ,
,
.
,

,
(
), , ,
, ,
, , , , [528, . 59].
,
,
1
/\ (, 11%) .

: , ,
, , .. 198
.
.
,
,
:
.
.
,
, 11%
, 89% , ,
XX ., ,
,
.

, , .. -
, , ,
.

: ,
, -
, ,
, .
* ( )
,
,

.

,
4 / 5
,
, , ,

,
.

1961 , [381, . 153].
60-
.
,

: , , , , [100, . 8991].
199

,
, - ,
, ,

.
1947 ., ,
,
, .

: 172 ,
-
90% 97%
[385, . 264].

,
, [294, . 67].
60 .
19
[383, . 151].

: 10 ,
11,
10 15
[294, . 6870].

500 . .
40%
, V 4
, 11% , , 5,6%
[382, . 135].
, , ,
, , (
), .
,
, , , .
,
( ), (
), ( ),
( ), ( ), 200
( ) , ,
[294, . 266269].
,
,
- (
-) [294, . 269].
,

,
.

(, , )
,
.
80-
70 . ,
.

: ,
, ,

, .. [48, . 96].
, , ,
: ,
,
, ,

, ,
[436, . 821].
,
, ,
, ,
, .
,
, ..
, .
:

, .
. ,
(), ( 10
)
(33,6%), ( 6 10 ) V 6 (17,6%),
201
( 5 ) V20
(4,9%) [528, . 59].
, ,
, -
, , ,

.

.

,
, , ..
, .

,
70- .
,
,
, ,
(
: , ). ,
,
, (8.00)
87,5% , (20.45) 69,4%.

83,9%, 69,0%.
,
, 72,8% (
) 76,5% ( );
66,3 78,9% [294, . 270].

, :
, , -
[294, . 270].
,
( ):
66%,
52,1%, . [294, . 270].
, , - (,
, .),
(), (), ( ) (), ,
, :
14,5% ( , 202
) 0,3% (
, ,
) [294, . 271].

, ,
( ), (),
() ().
:
,
, 3%,
[294, . 271].
,
, ,
-
.
(
) ,

(, ,
).

. ,
55% ,
( ), 54,6%
, (
), 54%
,
( ), 53,1% ,
( )
[294, . 273].

, , ,
,
( ): (
) 4,7%, (
) 6,2% [294, . 273].

: ,
,
5,7%
( ) 41%
[294, . 272].
,
,
.
203
,
.
,
, ,
,

.
,
,
[), ".

, ,
[The Statesman. 23.10.1989].

,
. , ,
,
".
,
, [The Times
of India. 21.08.1989].
, ,
, :
,
[338, . 83].
, ,
, ,
, : ,
, .
, , ,
, ()
- .

. ,
[338, . 160].
,
.
.
, (,
,
, ..), -
- ( , ,
, ..)
204
, .

,
( ) :
( )
, ,
.
,
,

( ),
: , ,
, , .
,
. ,

( ),
;
, , , ; ,
; ,
,
( ),
, ..

, , ,
(
), , , "...
,
(.. . ..) [528, . 59].
, 1972 .
(, )
,
, , , ,
() : , , , , , , .
,
(46,9% )
, ( 1/5,
21,89%) ,
[444, . 97].
,
, ,
, , 205
90% ,
(28,37%) (
24,21% , 18,3%
..), ,
, 42,1%
[444, . 97].
,
[338, . 26].

- ( )
,
[184, . 19 20; 245, . 91, 97].
,
..,
:
,
,
, ,
[100, . 89].
, ,

,
. ,
, ,
,
,
- ,
,
[. . 14.03.1969].
,
,
, ,
, 70-
.
,
, ,

.
,
,
.
206

.
. ,
.

1959 .,
1965 .
70- .
. 1976 . ,

.
1979 . 8 :
, , , , , ,
, 3 (, , ) 7 .
1979 . 6%
15% [382, . 143].
70- , , ,
,
,
,
50 80 [528, . 3].

1975 ., 1975 . 1976 .

,
, ,
.

,
,
.. [528, . 3].
15
1982 .
1982 ., .. IX
, 20
. , 1983 .
,
,
41 [383, . 156].
1983 . 221 790 .
(6,8% ) 125 . (19,1%
), . [383, . 156]. 1993 .
207
85% 90% , . [385bf

. 270271].
1986 . 11
5 10
. ,
159 .
1 1986 . 70%
[384, . 222].

, ,
:
, ,

, ,
[383, . 157
158].
,
, ,
, :
, ,
.
,
(
, ) . , 1978 .
900 . , ,
, ( 290 .)
(250 .) [382, . 143]. 1981 ., ..
,
1700 . [383, . 154].
1981 .,
, ,
500 . ,
.
, ,
, , 350 .,
, ,
, 1981 . 190 .,
.. {/{0
,
.
90-
: , 1993 . 45 .
.
, ,
. [385, . 274].
208
,
: , , , ,
,
. .
,

-" (
) , ..,
,
15 : ,
[338, . 46].

- . ,
, ,
..
,
,
.
, ,
,
,
( . ..) [The
Times of India. 14.03.1989].
,
,
: ,
, ,
[]
, [The Times of India.
14.03.1989].
,
, ,
:

.
,
,
, , :

( 5 ) *
( 2,5 ). ,
,
.
,
, 14 . 161
209
. ,
, ,
, .
,
, :
, ,
, .
, ,
,
,

[528, . 7374]. ,
,

, . ,
: ,
[528, . 87].

: ,
, ,
, ,
, [528, . 74].

. , 19821983 .
40
, ,
,
, ,
[338, . 58, 104].
, ,

,
, ,
, , ,
.
,
, - ,
, ,
, ,
,
,
.
210

, ..

(

), ,
, ,
, ,
(
) ,

.

:

, ,
, .
,
,
,

, ,
,
, :
,
,
, -
, ,
,
-
,
.
,

:

, ,
,
( 2 / 5 )
, ,

( 14*
211
) ,
- ,
,

.
, ,

.
, , ,

,
.

, , ,
,
, :
- ( ) - ( ).
. 120 ,
,

,
[51, . 113].
, ,

. , , 83,2%
1954 .
,
*/6 (16,2%).
, , , .
1954 .
: 85%
13,1% [502, . 451].

,
,
. , ,
1976 ., .. ,

, , ,
212
/ (30,91%) , ,
, 67,12% [19, . 153).
, ,
-
, , ,
.

,
, , ,
.
,
,
( ) 1954 .
(
50,4% , 52,4, 89,67%
..),
.
, , 1954 .
(100,0%), 98,2% (
1,3%),
95% ( 5%) .. [502, . 451455].

,
,
,
, . 348 ,

(1) ,

,
(2) ,
, ,
, ...
(3) , ,
,
,
,
[51, . 223].
,
,
,
,
. , ,
-
.
213

( ),
,
.
1947 .
(),
.
20-
[34; 41, . 3648].
20-
,
,

,
. , 1919 .
19 , 1939 .
V3 [34, . 40].
, ,
,
:
.
,
-
, , -
,
... ,
-
,
[34, . 4243].
1947 . ,

, .
()
(),
,
;

,
. 214
,
,

: ,
, ..
,
,
.
,
, ,
,
, ,
,
.
, ,
(, ,
) , ,
,

, ,
VIII ,

, ,
[476, . 120121].

,
. ,
(, , , ,
, , , )

, , ,
, ..
, ,
. ,

, ,
, ,

[476, . 122123].

:
, (
).
,

215

[476, . 121 123].
,
: ,
, ,
, , . , ,
,
. , ,
, ,
. ,

, ,
,
16 18,5% 9,5 13,6%
( , . . 49).
49

,
19691972 ., . [19, . 171]
1969 .
1970 .
1971 .
1972 .
1969 .
1970 .
1971 .
1972 .
6507
6724
7619
8424
6396
6635
7514
8424
8
106
17
877
11
3
68
17
630
9
3
46
20
458
2
4
54
27
539
8
5
46
33
648
6
21
28
15
26
1
24
20
10
12
17
8
24
1
1
24
9
8
12
21
6
30
2
27
10
19
8
90
34
1148
9
2
16
23
16
57
1
2
47
20
16
2
17
6
12
10
18
9
21
1
1
30
17
9
1068
1243
1489
872
633
738
854
15,88
16,31
17,68
13,63
9,54
9,82
10,14
4
91
28
932
10
1
30
27
22
6
84
23
791
3
1
17
27
12
40
1
1
29
14
19
1207
18,55
25
30
18
35
18
30
15
57
216
, ,
,
V 1 0 V 6 ,
, :
2 / 3 / 4
7 13%
, , ,
( ),

.

, ,

.
, :
, ,
,
-
. , , ,
( 5 / 6 9 / 1 0 )
,
,
, . , 1969 .
6507 , ,
5300 (.. 81,45%), 1970 .
6724 5656 (84,12%), 1971 . 7619
6376 (83,69%), 1972 . 8424 7935 (82,34%).

: 1969 .
86,37%, 1970 . 90,44, 1971 .
90,18, 1972 . 89,86%.
, ()
, ,
4
/ 5 ,

9
/ 1 0 .
60- 70- .
70-:
, , , 7500
,
1980 ., 14%
, 86%
[281; The Times of India. 04.01.1980].
(, . ..)
, 217
,
.,
, ,
[339, . 177178].

: ,
- ,
,
, , ,
, ,
, .
,
",

,
;
,
()
() [502, . 118].

,
, ,

, :
, - ,

,
.
, ,

, ,
, , ,
.
,
, ,
, , ,
, ( )

[351, . 144].
1970 .
,

,
218
, , ,
, , ..
,
1972/73
.
-
,
: 1973/74 .
30%, ,
1974/75 . 50%, 1975/76 .
60% [339, . 128-129].
70-
,
,
100% ,
[339, . 129].
.
10
:
, ,

80- .
, , ,
",
, ,
, , ,
, ,
, .
,
.
,
, ", ,
,
.
, ",

[398; The Statesman. 17.09.1987].
, , :
,

.

. ,
1956 ., , 219
,
,
, ..,
, [502, . 106].
1956 .
,
. ,
[502,
. 107].
1956 .
.

,
,
,
.. [502, . 107].

, ,

- .
,
: ,
, .

,
. ,
,
. 5060-
,
.

(1951 .).
1960 .
( ).
1959 . ,

-
.
1964 . (
) (
),

, 220

[262, . 300301].
1967 .
, -.
,
.
, ,
.

[19, . 97].

: , ,
, ,
.
, ,
,
,
,
. 1952 .
,
.
.
.
.
.

[502, . 120].
1955 .
.
,
.
,

,

6 18 .
[502, . 120 121].

, ,

,

[413, . 45].
221

, 20 .
, , 1956 .
2,5 ., .. 12,5%
.
75 [502, . 121-122].
1975 .
: ,
,
, 320 .
57,3% ,
, ,
172 . , 53,8%,
1965 1975 . ,
,
50,7 59,6% ,
[19, . 99100).
, ,
,
,
(. . 50).
50
,
,
19651975 ., . [19, . 99]

1965/66
1966/67
1967/68
1968/69
1969/70
1970/71
1971/72
1972/73
1973/74
1974/75
4 888
3 131
3 533
2 166
6 760
6 954
5 723
5 188
5 383
5 183
8 371
5 875
5 378
4 371
5 937
7 184
6 287
5 922
5 120
4 913
9 382
7 398
6 332
6 061
6 082
7 207
6 469
5 490
5 695
4 306
1 038
915
840
919
1 121
1 368
1 283
1 388
1 388
1 139
201
203
183
278
427
548
408
258
193
152
24 240
17 522
16 266
13 765
20 327
23 261
20 170
18 246
17 779
15 693
48 909
59 688
64 422
11 399
2 851
187 269
26,2
32,0
34,2
222
6,1
1,5
100,0
-27,7
-14,3
-15,6
+ 47,6
+ 14,4
-13,2
-9,5
-5,8
-8,6
,
60- ,
.
1969 .,
14 . ,
1965 .
50%. , 1969 .,
( 47,7% 1969/70 14,4% 1970/71 )
.
(1971 1975) , 1975 .
1969 .
,
, ,
1967 . ,

.
,

-
: 1975/76 , 90% ,
,
[373, . 41].
,
,
, - ,
. , 1987 . ,
,

, , ,
,
[The
Statesman. 27.05.1987].
, ,
, (,
,
),
.
,
.
,
, [The
Statesman. 27.05.1987].
,
? 223
. ,

, , ,

.
,
-
. ,
,
.
, ,
,
, [373, . 42].

.

.
[413, . 45].
,
,
. ( ,
) -
, ,
, (. 348, . 1], : ...

)
...
.

,
,
, :
,
(. ..), .. , ,
, (. ..) ,
,
.
,
,
224
,
.

...

, (
. ..), . [502, . 160].
,

.

, (. 348, . 2)
: ...

,
, ,
[51, . 233].

,

. , 70- ,
,
,

( , ..)
.

, ,
, , -
, .
, ,
,
[19,
. 102].

:
, ,
,

,
. ,
, ,
(1976/77) ,
, 35 15 . 161
225
[339, . 238],
10 [339, . 240],
, (!)
[339, . 245].
, ,
, -
.

- , 1976 .

,
-
, , .

25 1977 ., ,
,
,
[19, . 102].
,

,
-
- .
-
.

, ,
,
, ,
, ,
, -

.
, , ,
, .,

( , , ..),
, 226
,
.

,

- ,
( )
. , 1964 .
[339, . 237],
1985 . [339, . 2 3 3 - 2 3 4 ] , 1980 .

[339, . 245].

,
. 1972 .
, ,
, , ,
[339, . 233234].
, ,
.
1961 1970 .
,
. ,
1961 .
,
1965 . ,
.
,
(, , ) .

, ..
. ,
,
26 1968 .
[339, . 234].
.
,
,
1978 ., 75%
,
, [339,
. 234235].
15*
227

, .
1970 .
20%
(,
100%) [339, . 235].
.
1947 . ,

, 30 , 1978 .,
,

( )
1 1980 . [339, . 235236].
[] ,
1957 .,
(
).
, ,

,
, ,
..
, 1964 .,
,

.
.
,
,
,
,

[339, . 238].
,

,
1975 .,
, 1977 . [339, . 238].

,
1948 .,
1950 .
1960 .,
60- , , 228

[391, . 502].
, , ,
15% ,
, , ..

[339, . 242], ,
.
1948 . ,
,
, -
.
,
,
, . 1971 .

[339, . 244].

,
: ( ), ,
,
[339, . 244].
( ),

[339,
. 244].
1977 .
,

[339, . 244].
60-
,
[391, . 636] ,
,

,
,
[339,
. 239].
229
,
: 1978 . 80
90% , 50
75% 40%
, [339,
. 239].

, ,
,
[391,
. 814815J.
,
,
: 1957 ., .. ,
,
, 80-
,
,
[339, . 240].
, 20
, 1966 .,

1967 .,
[]
, 1969 .
,
, ,
, ,
, , -,
, ,
, , .

,
.

,
,
.
,
,
(
Gazette), . [339, . 248].
230

,
.

( 1978 .) , 75%
[339, . 249250].

. ,
,
80-

[339, . 250].

1965 .,
1975 .,

[339, . 246].
1968 .

.
,
[339, . 246].
1971 .
[339, . 246].

1972 .
10 ,
.
1975 .

,
. 26 1978 .
,

[339, . 247248].
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
:
, 231
. ,
63,28%,
()
52 55%, ()
48,57% [444, . 149150].
,
. , (..
) - 60%,
48 52% [44,
. 151].
,
.

.

.
,
. ,
,
3 / 5 (, 59
61%) ,
*/ 5 ( 19 22%),
2%
[444, . 152].
,
,
(. . 51).
51

( 19741975 .), . [444, . 151]
(
)
49,39
48,5
47,34
46,73
59,4
60,69
53,28
52,42
()
60,08
52,45
69,8
60,54
0,68
6,47
6,27
6,81
22,28
23,09
1,99
21,37
22,22
23,08
38,18
39,6
232

, , ,

,
.

. 1968 .
,
,

.
,
, -
.
, ,
,
, ,
, , ,
,
.
,
, , ,
,
,
[339, . 245246].
,

,
,
. ,
, ,

.
( ,
) ,

( ,
) [339, . 238240, 244245, 249
250].

,
-, ,
, , .
233

, .
,
,
: ,
,
. ,
( 720 .,
1981 .),
, , .
60-
,
, [391, . 554].

. ,
, , ; , -,
, , 1981 .,
4,2 . , ,
.
,
, ( ),
1956 . ,
1956 . .

[391, . 701].
.

, ,
, . ,

,
, ,
,
. , (,
, ) 1979 .

,
...
, ,
234

,

, ,

- .

, ,

(, , ). ,
1963 .
(
), ,
, .
,

,
,
[493, . 241].

( ),
, ,
[493, . 253].
.

.
.
,

, ,
.

,
,
: ,
;
( ),
, .
, (, 235
, ) ,

, , ,

,
, , ,
- ,

,
[300, . 186]. 70-
, , , ,

,
[300, . 233].
80- , , :
, 1980 .
[-. 12.07.1980],
1989 .
[The Times of India.
04.10.1989].

, ,

.

- ,
,
. ,

, (
),
,
.
,
,
, ,
.
,
,
.

, ,
XX .,
236
40- 60- ,
1966 .
,
1972 .,

[100, . 154163].

, ..
,
, , , ,
(
) ,
.. , , [100, . 127,
140141].

, , , ,
,

,
,
-
,
. , , ,

,
,
( , ..).
.

,
.

,
( )
,

.
,
.
237
100 ,
95 ,
.

, ,
.
,
(-),
,
, ,

.
, ,
,
I (- ), 1975 . .

, .. .

: II 1976 . III
1983 .
,
, 1978 .
..,
,
.
, ... ,
( .
..), , ,
[Hindustan Times. 25.02.1978].

, .
,
- ,
. , -,
,
-
.
,
1955 .
,
, 238
,
,
, ,

[502, . 106],
,
.
, ,
,
, - ,

.
,
, - .
-
. ,
1961 .
- .
,
.
, ,

,
1960 .,
.
,
,
. , ,
.
:
(, ,
,
;
;
- ).

.

, ,
,

,
,

- ,
,
, , ,

:

,
.

,
, 240
, , , , ,
, , ,
.
:
,
.
, ,

, - ,
40-
,
.
(
) ,

.
,
, ,
,
( , , , ..),
- .

, ,
,
, .
,
, ( ).
,
,
-,
. ,
,
.

:
.
,
, ,
.
.
,
- ,
/ 2 1 6 . 161
241
.
.

, ,
,
,
,
.

,
,
.

,
. ,
(
), -
.

,
.
.

,
,

; ,
, , , ,
,
( ), -
.

,

.

70- 80- ,
,
. 90-
.

,
, 242
,
, ,
.

, ,
.

.
,
,
.
, ,

.
, ,

. ,
- ,
.
, , , -
, ,
.

,
,
.

,
,

,
, -:
,
, (. 345
) (. 210),

(. 29),

(. 30),
,
(. 29, . 2; . 30, . 2) ..

, V216*
243
.
,
,
, ^
,

.
,
-

, ,
(
)
.
, -,
. ,
, ,
,

.
AL
BSO(A)S
CIL
UAL
IL
JAS
JRAS
American Anthropologist
Anthropological Linguistics
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
Contemporary Indian Literature
International Journal of American Linguistics
Indian Linguistics
The Journal of Asian Studies
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
244
I.
1. . .
., 1975.
2. . .( 1970.
3. .., .. . ., 1973.
4. .. . ,
. .., 1935.
5. .. - . - . . ., 1937.
6. .. . . . 7.
.., 1939.
7. .. (, ). ., 1934.
8. .. .
. . . 4. ., 1954.
9. .. . ., 1972.
10. .. : ,
. . ., 1970.
11. .. . ., 1984.
12. .. . ., 1963.
13. .. .
. 1941, 2.
14. ..
. . ., 1965.
15. .. . ., 1984.
16. .. . , 1967.
17. . . 18. , 19551969.
18. . ., 1960.
19. .. (
.). ., 1982.
20. P.P. . .
. 3. ., 1961.
21. ., . . . , 1967.
22. .. . ., 1978.
245
23. .. . .,
1971.
24. .. . ., 1963.
25. ..
. ., 1970.
26. .., ..
. . ., 1972.
27. ..
. ., 1976.
28. .. . ., 1977.
29. A.M.
. ., 1948.
30. A.M. . . 1963.
31. A.M. .
. ., 1965.
32. A.M. .

. , 1970.
33. A.M., .. (
1961 .).
. . XIV. . 3. ., 1972.
34. ..
. : . ., 1974.
35. : .
. . 1986.
36. .. . . 1958, 13.
37. .. XVIII .
... , 61. ., 1963.
38. .. . .
. XIX. . 4. ., 1977.
39. .. XVIII XIX . ., 1961.
40. .. , , . ., 1960.
41. : . ., 1974.
42. . ., 1968.
43. ( .). ., 1964.
44. .. . ., 1968.
45. ..
. , 1967.
46. . . ., 1974.
47. .. - .
., 1978.
48. .. . :
. ., 1974.
49. .. . , 1982.
50. .. .
. ., 1970.
51. ( ). ., 1965.
52. . , 1977.
246
53. .
. . ., 1967.
54. . ., 1963.
55. - .
, 1977.
56. . ., 1977.
57. . ., 1982.
58. .. . . 1976.
59. . . 1961.
60. . ., 1959.
61. . . 6. . , 1972.
62. . . 7. . . 1975.
63. . ., 1969.
64. .. . ., 1965.
65. A.M.
. . , 1959.
66. . ., 1972.
67.
. ., 1970.
68. . . 1983.
69. .. . ., 1977.
70. .. .
. . XIV. . 3. ., 1972.
71. ..
1971 . . . XIV. . 3. , 1972.
72. .. . ., 1981.
73. .. . ., 1976.
74. .. . ., 1963.
75. .., .. ( .). M.f 1954.
76. A.M. . . .
. ., 1970.
77. A.M. . .,
1980.
78. . ., 1965.
79. .
. . 1951.
80. . . 1975.
81. .. . ., 1978.
82. .. .
-
. ., 1966.
83. ..
. ., 1976.
84. . . V . . 1967.
85. . . XII. . . 2.
., 1972.
86. . . XIV. .
. 3. ., 1972.
247
87. . . XIX. .
. 4. , 1977.
88. . ., 1981.
89. ..
. . ., 1972.
90. . ., 1985.
91. ..
. .( 1979.
92. . (
). : . ., 1971.
93. .. ( ). ., 1961.
94. . . (
.). ., 1977.
95. . ( ). .,
1960.
96. .. . . ., 1968.
97. .. . ., 1965.
98. . ( ):
. . . XIX.
, 1977.
99. . . ., 1969.
100. .
( 1947 .). ., 1978.
101. .
. 19851986. . ., 1987.
102. .
( ).
. . 1967.
103. . -. .
, 1968.
104. . .
. ., 1969.
105. . - . .
1972, 9.
106. .
. ( ).
., 1971.
107. .
. .
. 1974.
108. . . ., 1983 ().
109. .
. .
, 1976.
110. .
. ., 1981 ().
111. .
. . 1968, 2.
248
112. .
. . ., 1983.
113. .. . . 1972,
9.
114. ..
. . ., 1970.
115. .. .
. M.f 1985.
116. .. ( XVII .).
, 1974.
117. . ( .). . 1956.
118. .. . ., 1976.
119. .. ?
. ., 1967.
120. . . 1968.
121. . ., 1977.
122. - . ., 1977.
123. . ., 1967.
124. ..
. . ., 1979.
II.
125. . - ( ). , 1926.
126. .
( ).
, 1971.
127. ().
128. ().
129. . (
). , 1966.
130. . : ( :
). , 1965.
131. ().
132. ().
133. ().
134. ().
135. ().
136. . , 1950.
137. . :
( ).
(). . 1972.
138. . (
). . 1944, 110.
139. . (
). . 1944,
110.
17 . 161
249
140. . (
). , 1962.
141. ().
142. . (
). , 2009 (1952).
143. ().
144.
(
). , 1970.
145. . ( ). , 1966.
146. . (
). 2-. , 1957.
147. . (
). . 1944, 110.
148. . ( ). , 1960.
149. .
(-
). . 17, 1993 (1936).
150. ( ). , 1985.
151. .
(
). , 1973.
152. . :
( : ). , 1965.
153. . ( ). . I, II.
, 1966.
154. ( ). -, 1983.
155. . ( ). , [..].
156. .
( ). , 1972.
157. . (
). , 1976.
158. . ( ). , 1965.
159. . (
). , 1958.
160. ().
161. (, [] [
] ). . 1964, .
162. (, [] [
] ). . 1964, 12, .
163. . :
( : ). , 1965.
164. , .
(- ). , 1979.
165. .
( ). , 1952.
250
166. . - (
). 6- . (. .). , 1956.
167. . . .
1962, 2.
168. - (, []
). . 1944, 110.
169. (, [] ). (). 19851986, 1.
170. - ().
171. .
(
). . 1960, 3.
[72. . ( ). , 2007
(1951).
[73. . (
). , [..].
[74. . ( ). , 1954.
[75. . ( ).
4- . , 1953.
176. . 1947 - (
1947 .). . 1965, 33.
.77. . ( ). ,
2009 (1952).
78. . : ( : ). , 1969.
79. . (125
). -. , 1948.
80. . (
). , 1956.
81. . (
). , 1948.
82. . (
). , 2014 (1958).
83. . (
). , 1957.
84. . - (
). , 1960.
85. . (
). , 1972.
86. . (
). , 1960.
87. . ( [] ).
. 1966, 35.
88. . ( ).
. 1974, 3.
89. . (
). . , 1964.
7*
251
190. ().
191. . -: ( : ).
(- ). 1. , 1966, . 8183.
192. . ( ). , 1928.
193. . ( ). (), 2008 (1951).
194. . (
). . 1963, 3.
195. .
( ). , 1942.
196. . :
( : ). , 1965.
197. . (
). . 1965, 34.
198. . .
. 22.05.1966.
199. ().
200. ().
201. . (
). , 1953.
202. . , 1. --
( , . 1. ).
, 1963.
203. . , 2 ( ,
. 2). , 1965.
204. . - (
). . 26, . 1956.
1957.
205. .
( []
). , 1953.
206. . (
). , 1968.
207. . ( ). 2- .
, 1957.
208. . . , . ,
2004 (1947).
209. . (
). -. 17.09.1978.
210. (, []
). . 1964. 1965.
211. . ( ). 5- .
, 2013 (1956).
212. . -
( :
). . 1971, . 26, 12.
213. . . , 1966.
214. . ( ). , 1961.
252
215. . ( ).
. , 1954.
216. .
( ). , 1977.
217. . (
). , 1954.
218. . (
). , 1965.
219. . - (
[] ). , 1886.
220. .
( ). , 1955.
221. .
( ). , 1963.
222. . -
(
). . 1974, 2.
223. . - (
). , 1964.
224. . (
). . 1966, 36.
225. .
(
[]
). . 1975, 34.
226. . (
). , [..].
227. . ( ). 9- .
, 2013 (1956).
228. . ( ). 6- .
, 2011 (1954).
229. . - (
). , 1955.
230. . (
). 2- . , 2012 (1955).
231. Mump.
( ). , 1969.
232. . (
). . 1976, . 32, 5.
233. . (
). . 1944, 110.
234. . 1947 ( 1947 .). . 1966, 35.
235. . - ( ). ,
1965.
236. ().
237. . (.
.). , 1950.
253
238. ().
239. . - ( ). , 1967.
240. . (
). . 1944, 110.
241. . (
). , 2011 (1955).
242. . (
[] ). -, 1976.
243. . (
). , 1956.
244. . ( ). , 1946.
245. . (
). , 1954.
246. . 1947
( 1947 .). . 1966, 33.
247. . (
). , 1954.
248. . (
). , 1961.
249. . : - - ( :

). , 1977.
250. . (
). 1968.
251. . : , (: ,
). , 1966.
252. - (, [
] ).
, 1966.
253. ( ). , 2009
(1952).
254. ( ). , 1951.
255. ().
256. (, []
[- ]). , 2011 (1953).
257. . : (
: ). , 2025 (1968).
258. . (
, [] ). ,
1962.
259. . : (
[] : ). , 1962.
260. . : - (:
). , 1960.
254
261. . - -
(
). , 1971.
262. . (
). . , 1983.
263. . , (
). .
-, 1983.
264. . (
). . 1965, 34.
265. . (
). . , 1959.
266. . ( ).
, 1959.
267. . (
). , 1960.
268. ().
269. ().
270. . ( [
] ). , 2013 (1956).
271. . ( ). , [..].
272. . . . 1964, .
273. : (
. , ).
(..), 1974.
274. , .
( ). , 1950.
275. .
( ). , 1968.
276. . (
). , 1953.
277. . - (
). (), 1964.
278. . ( ). , 1954.
279. . ( ). 9- . ,
2010 (1953).
280. . ( ). , 1951.
III.
281. Abraham A.I. UPSC Examination Reform. The Times of India.
04.01.1980.
282. Aggarval C. The Progress of Education in Free India. Delhi, 1966.
283. The [First] All India Educational Survey. N.Delhi, 1960.
284. The [Second] All India Educational Survey. Panaji, 1967.
285. The [Third] All India Educational Survey. Languages and Media of
Instruction in Indian Schools. N.Delhi, 1981.
286. The [Fourth] All India Educational Survey. N.Delhi, 1982.
255
287. [The Fifth) All India Educational Survey. N.Delhi, 1989.

288. Ambedkar B.R. Thoughts on Linguistic States. Aurangabad, 1955.
289. Amrita Bazar Patrika (Calcutta).
290. Bailey T.G. Studies in North Indian Languages. L., 1938.
291. Bailey T.G. Urdu: the Name and the Language. JRAS. 1930.
292. Barannikov A.P. Modern Literary Hindi. BSOS. 1936, vol. 8, pt. 23.
293. Barns M. The Indian Press. Liverpool, 1940.
294. Baruah U.L. This is All India Radio. N.Delhi, 1983.
295. Bharat year-book (10th ed.). Delhi, 1960.
296. Bhatnagar R.R. The Rise and Growth of Hindi Journalism. Allahabad, 1947.
297. Bhatnagar Y.C. Dynamics of Bilingualism and Nationality Question: A
Case Study of USSR and India. Delhi, 1985.
298. Bhatnagar Y.C. Indian Bilingualism: An Overview. The Indian
Bilingualism. Agra, 1977.
299. Bopegamage A. Delhi. A Study in Urban Sociology. Bombay, 1957.
300. Brass P.R. Language, Religion and Politics in North India. L., 1974.
301. Bright W. Linguistic Change in Some South Indian Dialects.
Linguistic Diversity in South Asia. N.Y., 1960.
302. Bright W. Sociolinguistics. The HagueParis, 1966.
303. Castle E.B. Principles of Education for Teachers in India. L., 1969.
304. Census of India 1961. Vol. 1. Part 2-C(ii). Language Tables. Delhi, 1964.
305. Census of india 1971. Census Centenary Monograph 10. Language
Handbook on Mother Tongues. N.Delhi, 1972.
306. Census of India 1971. Series I. Paper 1 of 1971. Provisional Population
Tables. Delhi, 1971.
307. Census of India 1971. Series I. Part H-C(i). Social and Cultural Tables.
N.Delhi, 1977.
308. Census of India 1971. Series I. Language Monograph. Grammatical
Sketches of Indian Languages with Contemporary Vocabulary and
Texts. Delhi, 1975.
309. Census of India 1981. Series I. Paper 1 of 1982. Final Population Totals.
Delhi, 1982.
310. Census of India 1981. Series I. Paper 3 of 1981. Provisional Population
Totals. Workers and Non-Workers. N.Delhi, 1982.
311. Census of India 1981. Series I. Paper 1 of 1987. Households and
Household Population by Language Mainly Spoken in the Household.
Delhi, 1987.
312. Census of India 1981. Series 18. Rajasthan. Paper 1 of 1981. Supp
lement. N.Delhi, 1981.
313. Central Institute of Indian Languages. Mysore, 1980.
314. Chanana D.R. The Sanskritist and Indian Society. Enquiry. New
Series. Vol. 2, 2 (Old Series 2). N.Delhi. 1965.
315. Chatterjee K.K. English Education in India: Issues and Opinions. Delhi,
1976.
316. Chatterji S.K. Calcutta Hindustani. A Study of a Jargon Dialect.
Select Papers. Vol. 1. New Delhi, 1972.
317. Chatterji S.K. India: Language Problems. Select Papers. Vol. 1. New
Delhi, 1972.
256
318. Chatterji S.K. Languages and Linguistic Problem of India. 3nd ed. L.,
1945.
319. Chatterji S.K. Languages and Literatures of Modern India. Calcutta,
1963.
320. Chatterji S.K. A Note of Dissent. Report of the Official Language
Commission. New Delhi, 1957.
321. Chatterji S.K. The Oldest Grammar of Hindustani. IL. 1935, vol. 5, pt. 4.
322. Chatterji S.K. A Roman Alphabet for India. Select Papers. Vol. 1.
N.Delhi, 1972.
323. Chatterji S.K. Select Papers. Vol. 1. N.Delhi, 1972.
324. Chaturvedi M.G., Mohale B.V. Position of Languages in School
Curriculum in India. N.Delhi, 1976.
325. Chaube S.P. A Survey of Educational Problems and Experiments in
India. Allahabad, 1965.
326. Chaudhuri N.C. The Continent of Circe, an Essay on the Peoples of
India. L., 1965.
327. Clair Tisdal N.S. A Conversation Grammar of the Hindustani Language.
L., 1911.
328. Contractor M.K. Our Language Problem and Unity of India. Surat, 1982.
329. Current Trends in Linguistics. Vol. 5. The HagueParis, 1969.
330. Das Gupta J. Language Associations in India. Language Planning
Processes. The Hague, 1977.
331. Das Gupta J. Language Conflict and National Development. Berkeley,
1970.
332. Das Gupta J. Language Planning in India-Authority and Organi
zation. Language Planning Processes. The Hague, 1977.
333. Davidson T.T.L. Indian Bilingualism and the Evidence of the Census of
India 1961. Lingua. 1969, vol. 22, 2, 3.
334. Desai M.P. The Hindi Prachar Movement. Ahmedabad, 1956.
335. Dikshit S.S. Nationalism and Indian Education. Delhi, 1966.
336. Distribution of Languages in States and Union Territories in India.
Mysore, 1973.
337. Dua HP. Language Planning in India. N.Delhi, 1985.
338. Duggal K.S. Indian Broadcast Media Yearbook. N.Delhi, 1982.
339. Dvivedi S. Hindi on Trial. N.Delhi, 1981.
340. The Economic Times (N.Delhi).
341. Education in India 195354. Report. N.Delhi, 1956.
342. Education in India 196061. Vol. 1. Report. Delhi, 1966.
343. Education in India 196364. Education and National Development.
Vol. 1. Report. Delhi, 1968.
344. Ekka F. Language Loyalty and Maintenance among Kuruxs. Lan
guage Movements in India. Mysore, 1979.
345. Emeneau M.B. India as a Linguistic Area. Language. 1956, vol. 3,
1.
346. Enquiry (N.Delhi).
347. Ferguson . The Language Factor in National Development. AL.
Vol. 4, 1, Jan. 1962.
348. Forbes D. A Grammar of the Hindustani Language. L., 1846.
257
349. Forbes D. The Hindustani Manual. L., 1896.

350. Fridhch P. Language and Politics in India. Daedalus. 1962, vol. 91,
3.
351. Gandhi K. Issues and Choices in Higher Education, a Sociological
Analysis. Delhi, 1977.
352. Gandhi M.K. Thoughts on National Language. Ahmedabad, 1956.
353. Garvin PL. The Standard Language Problem. AL. 1959, vol. 1, pt. 3.
354. Ghosh A.K. The Movement for Linguistic States and the Struggle
against Bourgeous Nationalism. New Age, May, 1954.
355. Gokak V.K. English in India: Its Present and Future. N.Delhi, 1964.
356. Gopal R. Linguistic Affairs of India. Bombay, 1966.
357. Greaves M.A. Education in British India, 16981947. L., 1967.
358. Grierson G.A. Linguistic Survey of India. Caltutta, 19041927.
359. Grierson G.A. Linguistic Survey of India. Vol. 1, pt. 1. Introductory.
Calcutta, 1927.
360. Grierson G.A. Linguistic Survey of India. Vol. 5. Indo-Aryan Family.
Eastern Group, pt. 2. Specimens of the Bihari and Oriya Languages.
Calcutta, 1902.
361. Grierson G.A. Linguistic Survey of India. Vol. 6. Indo-Aryan Family. Modiate Group. Specimens of the Eastern Hindi Language. Calcutta, 1904.
362. Grierson G.A. Linguistic Survey of India. Vol. 9. Indo-Aryan Family,
Central Group, pt. 1. Specimens of Western Hindi and Panjabi. Cal
cutta, 1916.
363. Grierson G.A. Linguistic Survey of India. Vol. 9. Indo-Aryan Family,
Western Group, pt. 2. Specimens of Rajasthani and Gujarati. Caltutta,
1904.
364. Grierson G.A. SeVen Grammars of the Dialects and Subdialects of the
Bihari Language, pt. 1. Introductory. Calcutta, 1887.
365. Gumperz J.J. Dialect Differences and Social Stratification in North
Indian Village. AA. 1958, vol. 60.
366. Gumperz J.J. and Naim CM. Formal and Informal Standards in Hindi
Regional Language Area. UAL. 1960, vol. 26, pt. 3, 3.
367. Gumperz J.J. Hindi-Punjabi Code-Switching in Delhi. Proceedings of
the 9th International Congress of Linguistics. Massachusetts, 1962.
368. Gumperz J.J. and Das Gupta J. Language, Communication and Control
in North India. Language in Social Groups. Princeton, 1971.
369. Gumperz J.J. Language Problem in the Rural Development of North
India. JAS. 1957, vol. 15, 2.
370. Gumperz JJ. Linguistic and Social Interaction in Two Communities.
AA. 1964, vol. 66, 2.
371. Gumperz J.J. Some Desiderata in South Asian Areal Linguistics.
Studies in Indian Linguistics. PadnaAnnamalainagar, 1968.
372. Handa R.L. History of Hindi Language and Literature. Bombay, 1978.
373. Handa R.L. Missing Links in Link Language. N.Delhi, 1983.
374. Harrison S. India. The Most Dangerous Decades. Princeton, 1960.
375. Himkar C.M. Spelling Erros in Hindi: Analysis, Causes and Cures.
Shiksha. 1962, 2.
376. Hindustan Times (N. Delhi).
258
377. Hoernle R.A. A Comparative Grammar of the Gaudian Langueges. L.r

1880.
378. Hooper J.S.M. Bible Translation in India, Pakistan and Ceylon. 2nd ed.
Oxf.( 1963.
379. Hymes D. Language in Culture and Society. N.Y., 1964.
380. India, a Reference Annual 1955. Delhi, 1955.
381. India, a Reference Annual 1962. N.Delhi, 1963.
385a. India, a Reference Annual 1991. N.Delhi, 1992.
385b. India a Reference Annual 1995. N.Delhi, 1996.
386. Indian Express (Delhi).
387. Indian Linguistics (Poona).
388. Indian Literature (Bombay).
389. Indian Literature (N.Delhi).
390. The Indian PEN.
391. Indian Year Book of Education (19471961). 1st Year Book. Part 2.
States Programmes. N. Delhi, 1968.
392. The International Year Book and Statesmen's Who's Who 1987. Suffolk
(England), 1987.
393. Ishwaran R. Multilingualism in India. Studies in Multilingualism.
Leiden, 1969.
394. Jafri Ali Sardar. Why two literary forms Urdu and Hindi (a Short
Supplementary Note...). Indian Literature (Bombay). 1953, 1,
3046.
395. Jaiswal M.P. A Linguistic Study of Bundeli (A Dialect of Madhyadesha).
Leiden, 1962.
396. Jayaram N. Colonial Legacy, Neo-Colonial Dependency. Mainstream.
1985, vol. 23, 35, April 27.
397. Jevoor S.V. Aims and Objectives of Indian Education. Bombay, 1971.
398. Jha R. Failures on Language Front. The Statesman. 17.09.1987.
399. Jha R. The Problem of Maithili. Indian Literature. (N. Delhi). 1969,
vol. 12, 4.
400. John V.V. Education and Language Policy. Bombay, 1969.
401. Joshi K.C. The Making of Hindi. Shiksa. 1961, 3.
402. Journalism in Modern India. Bombay, 1954.
403. Kachru B.B. Code-Mixing as a Verbal Strategy in India. International
Dimensions of Bilingual Education. Wash., 1979.
404. Kachru B.B. The Englishization of Hindi: Notes on Language Rivalry
and Language Change. Linguistic Method. The Hague, 1979.
405. Kachru B.B. Indian English: A Sociolinguistic Profile of Transplanted
Language. Studies in Language Learning. Urbana, 1976.
406. Kachru B.B. The Indianization of English. L., 1982.
407. KamatA.R. The Educational Situation in India. N.Delhi, 1973.
408. Karve I., Ranadive J.S. The Social Dynamics of a Growing Town and its
Surrounding Area. Poona, 1965.
259
409. KaulJ.M. Problems of National Integration. N.Delhi, 1963.

410. Kelkar M.G. Linguistics and Language Planning in India. Poona, 1969.
411. Kelley G. The Status of Hindi as Lingua Franca. Sociolinguistics. The
HagueParis, 1966.
412. Kellogg S.H. A Grammar of the Hindi Language. L., 1875.
413. Keravalla G.J. Language Problems and Policies in India and the USSR.
Delhi, 1979.
414. Kochhar S.K. Pivotal Issues in Indian Education. N.Delhi, 1981.
415. Kodesia K. The Problems of Linguistic States in India. Delhi, 1969.
416. Kripalani K. Modern Indian Literature. Bombay, 1968.
417. Krishnamurti Bh. Bilingualism and Social Dialects in Telugu. Zbornik
radova. 1972.
418. Kumar K. Journalism in Bihar. Patna, 1971.
419. Kumar VS. How to Echieve Universal Literacy. New Age. 02.09.1989.
420. KumaramangaJam S.M. India's Language Crisis. Madras, 1965.
421. Kundu C.L. Adult Education: Principles, Practice and Prospects.
N.Delhi, 1984.
422. Language and Society in India. Simla, 1969.
423. Language Movements in India. Mysore, 1979.
424. Language Problems of Developing Nations. N.Y., 1968.
425. Lebedeff H. A Grammar of the Pure and Mixed Dialects Spoken in All
the Eastern Countries, Methodically Arranged at Calcutta. L., 1801.
426. Le Page R.B. The National Language Question. Linguistic Problems of
Newly Independent States. L., 1964.
427. Linguistic Diversity in South Asia. UAL. 1960, vol. 26, 3, pt. 3,
paper 13.
428. Linguistic Minorities and Literacy: Language Policy Issues in Deve
loping Countries. ., 1984.
429. Linguistic and English Language Teaching. Poona, 1965.
430. Link (N.Delhi).
431. Lulla B.P., Murty S. Essential Problems of Indian Education. Agra, 1971.
432. Machve P. Writers Within the Walls of Language. Asian Review.
1968, vol. 2, 1, Oct.
433. Maheshwari H. History of Rajasthani Literature. N.Delhi, 1980.
434. Mainstream (N.Delhi).
435. Majumdar A.K. Problem of Hindi. A Study. Bombay, 1965.
436. Malaviya H.D. Village Panchayats in India. N.Delhi, 1956.
437. Mali M.G. Adult Education in India. N.Delhi, 1984.
438. Manorama Yearbook 1984. Kottayam, 1984.
438a. Manorama Yearbook 1992. Kottayam, 1992.
438b. Manorama Yearbook 1993. Kottayam, 1993.
439. Mass Media and Adult Literacy. N.Delhi, 1966.
440. Mazundar S.N. Marxism and the Language Problem in India. N.Delhi,
1970.
441. McCormack W. Social Dialects in Dharwar Kannada. Linguistic
Diversity in South Asia. N.Y., 1960.
442. Mehta A., Patwardhan A. Communal Triangle. Allahabad, 1942.
443. Mishra J. The Case of Maithili before Sahitya Akademy. N.Delhi, 1963.
444. Misra B.G, Dua H.R. Language Use in Himachal Pradesh. Mysore, 1980.
260
445. Misra B.G. Studies in Bilingualism. (A Study of the Characteristics of

Hindi as Written by Speakers of South Indian Languages.) Mysore, 1976.
446. Mishra J. A History of Maithili Literature. Vol. 1. Allahabad, 1949.
447. Mishra J. A History of Maithili Literature. Vol. 2. Allahabad, 1950.
448. Mishra J. History of Maithili Litearature. N.Delhi, 1976.
449. Monier Williams. A Practical Hindustani Grammar. New Edition. L.f 1868.
450. Mukerji S.N. Education in India. Baroda, 1957.
451. Mukherji S. and Ishtiaq M. Dialects of Bihar: Sociolinguistic Study.
Patriot. 18.12.1987.
452. The Nagari Memorial. Hirak Jayanti Granth. Kashi, 2001 (1953).
453. Naik J.M. Policy and Performance in Indian Education 19471974.
N. Delhi, 1975.
454. Naipal V.C. An Area of Darkness. L., 1968.
*
455. Nalanda Yearbook. Calcutta, 1958.
456. Narula S.S. Scientific History of the Hindi Language. Delhi, 1955.
457. Natarajan J. History of Indian Journalism. N. Delhi, 1955.
458. National Herald (Lucknow).
459. National Literacy Mission. N. Pelhi, 1985.
460. Nehru J. Language Problem in India. CIL. 1963, vol. 3, 10, Oct.
461. New Age (N.Delhi).
462. On the Formation of the Hindustani Nation and the Problem of its
National Uanguage. Indian Literature. (Bombay), 1953, 1, 130.
463. Organiser (Delhi).
464. Pakistan Times (Karachi).
465. Pandit P.K. Sanskritic Clusters and Caste Dialects. IL. 1963, vol. 24.
466. Panikkar K.M. Geographical Factors in Indian History. 2nd ed. Bombay,
1959.
467. Patriot (Delhi).
468. Pattanayak D.P. Language Curriculum. An Approach to and Structure
of Curriculum in Indian Languages. Mysore, 1977.
469. Pattanayak D.P. Papers in Indian Sociolinguistics. Mysore, 1978.
470. People's Age (N.Delhi).
471. People's Democracy (Calcutta).
472. Pietrzyk A. Problems in Language Planning. The Case of Hindi.
Contemporary India. L., 1964.
473. Pillai M.S. Caste Isoglosses in Kinship Terminology. AL. 1965, vol. 7.
474. Platts J.T. A Grammar of the Hindustani or Urdu Language. L., 1874.
475. Prakash P. Language and Nationality Politics in India. Madras, 1973.
476. Prasad N.R. The Language Issue in India. Delhi, 1972.
477. Press and Advertisers' Year Book. N.Delhi, 1979.
478. Press in India. Pt. 1. New Delhi, 1971.
479. Profiles of Indian Education. Bombay, 1971.
480. Rajya Sabha Proceedings. N.Delhi, 1976.
481. Ram M. Hindi against India. The Meaning of DMK. N.Delhi, 1968.
482. Ramanathan G. Educational Planning and National Integration. N.Y.,
1965.
483. Ramanujah A.K. The Structure of Variation. Structure and Change in
Indian Society. N.Y., 1968.
261
484.
485.
486.
487.
Rangari . Indian Caste System and Education. N.Delhi, 1984.

Ray PS. Language Standardization. The Hague, 1963.
Report of the All India Lalnguage Conference. Calcutta, 1958.
Report of the Commission on the Hill Areas of Assam 19651966.
Delhi, 1966.
488. Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities (1st Report).
Delhi, 1959.
489. Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities (2nd Report).
Delhi, 1960.
490. Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities. (3d Report).
Delhi, 1961.
491. Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities (4th Report).
Delhi, 1962.
Delhi, 1963.
Delhi, 1965.
Delhi, 1966.
495. Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India (14th
Report for the Period July 1971 to June 1972). Allahabad, 1972.
496. Report of the Committee on Broadcasting and Information Media.
N.Delhi, 1966.
497. Report of the Committee on Emotional Integration. N.Delhi, 1962.
498. Report of the Committee of Parliament on Official Language. N.Delhi,
1959.
499. Report of the Committee on the Medium of Instruction at the
University Stage. Delhi, 1948.
500. Report of the Education Commission 19641966. N.Delhi, 1967.
501. Report of the Enquiry Committee on Small Newspapers. N.Delhi, 1966.
502. Report of the Official Language Commission 1956. N.Delhi, 1957.
503. Report of the Sanskrit Commission. N.Delhi, 1955.
504. Report of the Secondary Education Commission 19521953. N.Delhi,
1955.
505. Report of the Seminar on Literacy. N.Delhi, 1962.
506. Report of the States Reorganisation Commission. N.Delhi, 1955.
507. Report of the University Education Commission. Delhi, 1951.
508. Report of the Uttar Pradesh Language Committee. Lucknow, 1963.
509. Rice FA. Study of the Role of the Second Language in Asia, Africa and
Latin America. Wash., 1962.
510. Sahaya S.N. The Teaching of English in India. Patha, 1956.
511. Saihgal's Hindustani Grammar. 15th ed. Simla, 1947.
512. Saini S.K. Development of Education in India. Delhi, 1980.
513. Saksena B. Evolution of Awadhi. Allahabad, 1937.
514. Samuel H. Journalism by Radio. Journalism in Modern India.
Bombay, 1954.
515. Seetharamu A.S., Usha Devi. Education in Rural Areas. Constraints and
Prospects. Bangalore, 1985.
262
516. Shan A.B. The Great Debate: Language Controversy and University
Education. Bombay, 1968.
517. Shanker U. Education of Indian Teachers. N.Delhi, 1984.
518. Sargent J. Society, Schools and Progress in India. Oxf., 1968.
519. Sarker A. Handbook of Langluages and Dialects of India. Calcutta,
1964.
520. Segal R. The Crisis of India. Middlesex (England), 1965.
521. Sharma O.D. Literacy Trends. The Economical Times. 20.01.1989.
522. Sharma O.P. Universal Literacy. A Far Cry. The Economical Times.
20.02.1989.
523. Shrimali K.L. A Search for Values in Indian Education. Delhi, 1971.
524. Shukla H., Khan V.H. A Survey of Arabic Words in Middle India. Allissan al-arabi. 1984, 20.
525. Shukla R. Language Policy of All India Radio. Allahabad, 1944.
526. Singh M.P. A Student's History of Educational Thought. Vol. 1 (Educa
tors). Amritsar, 1957.
527. Singh V.P. Spoken (basar) Hindi/Hindustani in Shillong. Abstracts
of the Papers III International Conference on South Asian Languages
and Linguistics. Mysore, 1982, Jan.
528. Sinha A.K. Mass Media and Rural Development. N.Delhi, 1984.
529. Siqueira T.N The Education in India. 4th ed. Oxf., 1952.
530. Srinivas M.N. Social Change in Modern India. N.Delhi, 1966.
531. Srivastava G.N. The Language Controversy and the Minorities. Delhi,
1970.
532. Srivastava R.N. Indian Bilingualism: Myth and Reality. Indian Bilingualism. Agra, 1977.
533. Srivastava R.N. Literacy Education for Minorities: A Case Study from
India. Linguistic Minorities and Literacy. ., 1984.
534. The Statesman (N.Delhi).
535. Styler W.E. Adult Education in India. L., 1966.
536. The Times of India (Delhi).
537. Tiwari U. A Dialect of Bhojpuri. Allahabad, 1936.
538. Tiwari U. The Origin and Development of Bhojpuri. Calcutta, 1958.
539. University Development in India: Basic Facts and Figures 19701971.
N.Delhi, 1974.
540. Verma B.N. Contemporary India. L., 1964.
541. Vyas . The Development of National Education in India. Bombay,
1954.
542. Weinreich U. Functional Aspects of Indian Bilingualism. Word. 1957,
vol. 13, 2.
543. Weinreich U. Languages in Contact. Findings and Problems. The
Hague, 1964.
544. White Paper on Indian States. Delhi, 1950.
545. Who's Who of Indian Writers. N.Delhi, 1961.
546. Who's Who of Indian Writers: 1983. N.Delhi, 1983.
547. YadavS.K. Non-Formal Education: A New Policy Perspective. N.Delhi, 1986.
548. Zide N.H. Munda and Non-Munda Austroasiatic Languages. Current
Trends in Linguistics. Vol. 5. The HagueParis, 1969.
I. :

II. :

III. -

3
11
11
22
28
43
68
69
83
95
110
112
163
185
211
240
244
245

32 Хинди в современной Индии

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

32 Хинди в современной Индии

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

..

. Linguistic Survey of India

133 435 360

162 577 612

264 189 057

* 1961 1971 . [336, . 77]; 1981 . [311, . 34].

138 760 417

685 184 692

( . ..) * [70, . 31].

2,2 ); 6,1 . ( 20%) [305,

' 1981 . [311].

1988/89 [385, . 88].

* 1990/91 [438, . 540541].

* 1990/91 . [438, . 539).

* 1991 . , . [438, . 425].

), 200 . [286, . 194195],

30 . 1988 1990 . 50 . 1991

* 1982/83 . [392, . 258].

1982/83 . [392, . 258].

200 , 1991 . 215.

85% 90% , . [385bf

287. [The Fifth) All India Educational Survey. N.Delhi, 1989.

349. Forbes D. The Hindustani Manual. L., 1896.

377. Hoernle R.A. A Comparative Grammar of the Gaudian Langueges. L.r

409. KaulJ.M. Problems of National Integration. N.Delhi, 1963.

445. Misra B.G. Studies in Bilingualism. (A Study of the Characteristics of

Rangari . Indian Caste System and Education. N.Delhi, 1984.

Вам также может понравиться