GIAOTRINH

I HC S PH
KHOA CNG NGH

PHM THNH PH H CH MINH
KHOA CNG NGH THNG TIN

TP. H CH MINH 2013

GIO TRNH TIN HC 10 CHNG 1

ng Th Kiu_Nguyn on Nh Hnh Page 1

Mc lc
Li ni u ........................................................................ 2
Bi 1: Tin Hc L Mt Ngnh Khoa Hc ......................... 4
Bi 2: Thng Tin V D Liu ........................................... 5
Bi Tp n Tp ............................................................... 22
Bi 3: Gii Thiu V My Tnh ...................................... 23
Cu hi cng c ............................................................ 34
Bi 4: Bi Ton V Thut Ton ...................................... 36
Cu hi v bi tp cng c .............................................. 45
Bi 5: Ngn Ng Lp Trnh ............................................ 46
Bi 6: Gii Bi Ton Trn My Tnh .............................. 48
Bi 7: Phn Mm My Tnh ............................................ 50
Bi 8: Nhng ng Dng Ca Tin Hc ........................... 52
Bi 9: Tin Hc V X Hi .............................................. 58



Li ni u

GIO TRNH CHNG 1 TIN HC 10
Xin cho cc bn hc sinh thn mm!
Trong k nguyn thng tin, iu kin tin quyt cho s thnh t ca nhiu
ngi trong chng ta l kin thc v k nng s dng my tnh, mng Internet.
My tnh chim mt phn quan trng trong cng vic ca nhiu ngnh,
nhiu lnh vc; trong , c nhng chc nng m my tnh thay th hu ht
nhng cng c truyn thng v tr thnh hnh trang khng th thiu c ca
ngi lao ng trong x hi hin i. gip cc bn c ci nhn tng quan v tin
hc nhng khi nim c bn ca tin hc, chng ti bin son cun gio trnh ny,
cung cp kin thc cn bn cho cc bn.
Gio trnh Tin hc chng 1 lp 10 c xy dng da trn nn tng ca
sch gio khoa Tin hc 10 do b gio dc v o to xut bn vi mc ch l
ph cp tin hc nhng khc nim cn bn v bc u tip cn tin hc ca hc
sinh lp 10. Gio trnh da trn ni dung v c bin tp cho ph hp vi hc
sinh lp 10.
Hc xong gio trnh ny, cc bn s:
Nm c kin thc c bn v my tnh.
Bit cch biu din v m ha thng tin trn my tnh
Bit cch phn bit, nhn bit v s dng my tnh.
Bit khi nim bi ton thut ton
Bit cc ngn ng lp trnh s dng cho my tnh
Bit cch vit chng trnh gii bi ton trn my tnh
Bit phn mm my tnh l g.
Khai thc c nhng ng dng ca tin hc trong i sng x
hi.
V cu trc, gio trnh bao gm 9 bi:
- Bi 1: Tin hc l mt ngnh khoa hc: phn ny hng dn
nhng khi nim cn bn nht khi lm quen vi tin hc.


- Bi 2: Thng tin v d liu: phn ny gii thiu n cc bn cc
dng ca thng tin ng thi hng dn cc bn cch biu din
thng trn my tnh vi nhiu minh ha.
- Bi 3: Gii thiu v my tnh: Phn ny hng dn nhng phn
c bn nht ca my tnh, gip cc bn d dng nhn bit cc
linh kin my cng nh nhng thit b h tr khi s dng my
tnh kt ni.
- Bi 4: Bi ton v thut ton: Phn ny mang li nn tng kin
thc vng chc cho cc bn v thut ton h tr cho vic hc
lp trnh trn my tnh.
- Bi 5: Ngn ng lp trnh: Phn ny gip cc bn bit c
khi nim v ngn ng lp trnh, cch phn bit ngn ng lp
trnh vi ngn ng my.
- Bi 6: Gii bi ton trn my tnh: Phn ny gip cc bn c th
gii nhng bi ton tng qut thng qua vic vit chng trnh
v gii bng my tnh.
- Bi 7: Phn mm my tnh: Phn ny cho cc bn ci nhn tng
quan v cc phn mm ng dng trong my tnh.
- Bi 8: Nhng ng dng ca tin hc: Cung cp thng tin v
nhng ng dng m tin hc h tr
- Bi 9: Tin hc v x hi: Nu ln tm quan trng ca tin hc
i vi con ngi v x hi.
Mi bi hc u c v d minh ha, hnh nh gi nh, v h thng bi
tp cng c.
Chc cc bn t kt qu tt!
Nhm Tc Gi
ng Th Kiu Nguyn on Nh Hnh



Bi 1: Tin Hc L Mt Ngnh Khoa Hc

I. Cc khi nim c bn
1. Khi nim Tin hc
Khi x hi cng pht trin, khi lng thng tin cn x l ngy cng nhiu. Do vic cp
nht, x l, lu tr, tm kim hay truyn ti thng tin ... i hi phi nhanh chng v chnh
xc cao.
Tin hc (Informatics) l ngnh khoa hc nghin cu cc phng php, cng ngh v cc k
thut x l thng tin mt cch t ng.
2. Khi nim my tnh
My tnh in t (Computer) l cng c x l thng tin mt cch t ng theo mt chng
trnh c xc nh trc m khng cn s tham gia trc tip ca con ngi.
Mi qu trnh x l thng tin bng my tnh u thc hin theo mt chu trnh sau:
M ho (Coding) Gii m (Decoding)

Khi s dng my tnh gii quyt mt vn no , th bn thn my tnh khng th t
tm c cch gii quyt, con ngi phi cung cp y ngay t u cho my tnh cc ch th
hng dn cho my tnh thc hin ng vn t ra. Tp hp cc ch th nh vy (do con
ngi son ra theo mt ngn ng m my tnh hiu c) gi l chng trnh. Chng trnh s
thay cho con ngi iu khin my tnh lm vic.
Nh vy, my tnh hot ng theo nguyn tc t ng iu khin bng chng trnh.

MT X L
PROCESSING

D LIU
NHP
INPUT
THNG TIN XUT
OUTPUT


ng Th Kiu_Nguyn on Nh H

Bi 2: Thng Tin V D

I. Khi nim thng tin v

Thng tin:
L s phn nh cc hin t
ng ca con ngi trong i sng x
D liu: l thng tin

II. n v o lng thng tin
CHNG 1
n Nh Hnh
Bi 2: Thng Tin V D Liu
m thng tin v d liu
phn nh cc hin tng, s vt ca th gii khch quan v
i trong i sng x hi.
c a vo my tnh.
ng thng tin
Page 5
Liu

ng, s vt ca th gii khch quan v cc hot


n v dng o thng tin gi l bit.

Bit: l n v nh nht o lng thng tin.L phn nh nht ca
b nh my tnh lu tr trong hai k hiu 0,1

Mt bit tng ng vi mt ch th hoc mt thng bo no v s
kin c 1 trong 2 trng thi c s o kh nng xut hin ng thi l Tt
(Off) / M (On) hay ng (True) / Sai (False).

V d: Mt mch n c 2 trng thi l:

- Tt (Off) khi mch in qua cng tc l h
- M (On) khi mch in qua cng tc l ng
S hc nh phn s dng hai k s 0 v 1 biu din cc s. V kh
nng s dng hai s 0 v 1 l nh nhau nn mt ch th ch gm mt ch
s nh phn c th xem nh l n v cha thng tin nh nht.
Bit l ch vit tt ca BInary digiT. Trong tin hc, ngi ta thng s
dng cc n v o thng tin ln hn nh sau:

1 Byte = 8 bit
1 KB (KiloByte) = 2
10
byte = 1024 byte
1 MB (MegaByte) = 2
10
KB = 1.048.576 byte
1 GB (GigaByte) = 2
10
MB = 1.073.741.824 byte

III. Cc dng thng tin
Th gii quanh ta rt phong ph v a dng nn c nhiu dng thng
tin khc nhau. Nhng y chng ta ch xt ba dng thng tin c bn
trong tin hc


y l cc dng thng tin th
CHNG 1
n Nh Hnh

ng thng tin thng gp trong cuc sng.

Page 7
c sng.


CHNG 1
n Nh Hnh

Page 8



- Dng vn bn: l nh

CHNG 1
n Nh Hnh
l nhng thng tin thu c t sch v, bo ch

Page 9
c t sch v, bo ch, bia...


- Dng hnh nh: l nh
nh, ...

- Dng m thanh: l nh
n, ting trng trng...

CHNG 1
n Nh Hnh
l nhng thng tin thu c t nhng bc tranh, b
l nhng thng tin m em nghe thy c nh
ng...

Page 10
tranh, bc
c nh: ting


Dng vn bn

- Ba dng thng tin m SGK trnh by khng ph
tin. Trong cuc sng con ng
nhau: mi, v, cm gic (nng, lnh, vui bun...).
- Nhng hin ti th my tnh ch
ngi cng ang nghi
tin khc.

CHNG 1
n Nh Hnh

ng vn bn
SGK trnh by khng phi l tt c cc dng thng
c sng con ngi thng thu nhn thng tin d
m gic (nng, lnh, vui bun...).
my tnh ch c th x l 3 dng thng tin ni tr
i cng ang nghin cu my tnh c th x l cc dng thng thng
Page 11
t c cc dng thng
i dng khc
c th x l 3 dng thng tin ni trn. Con
u my tnh c th x l cc dng thng thng


IV. M ha thng tin trong my tnh

CHNG 1
n Nh Hnh
M ha thng tin trong my tnh

Page 12



- Bng n trn sng l 1, t
- Thng tin v trng thi tm bng
ha thng tin trong my tnh.

CHNG 1
n Nh Hnh
, ti l 0
trng thi tm bng n c biu din thnh dy tm bt l m
ha thng tin trong my tnh.
Page 13

nh dy tm bt l m


V. Biu din thng tin trong my tnh
1. Biu din s trong cc h m
H m l tp hp cc k hiu v qui tc s dng tp k hiu biu
din v
xc nh cc gi tr cc s. Mi h m c mt s k s (digits) hu hn. Tng s k
s ca mi h m c gi l c s (base hay radix), k hiu l b.
H m c s b (b 2, b l s nguyn dng) mang tnh cht
sau :

C b k s th hin gi tr s. K s nh nht l 0 v ln nht l b-1.
Gi tr v tr th n trong mt s ca h m bng c s b ly tha n: b
n

S N
(b)
trong h m c s (b) c biu din bi: N
( b)
= a
n
a
n1
a
n2
... a
1
a
0
a
1
a
2
... a
m

trong , s N
(b)
c n+1 k s biu din cho phn nguyn v m k s l biu
din cho phn b_phn, v c gi tr l:

Trong ngnh ton - tin hc hin nay ph bin 4 h m l h thp phn, h nh
phn, h bt phn v h thp lc phn
2. H m thp phn (Decimal system, b=10)
H m thp phn hay h m c s 10 l mt trong cc pht minh ca
ngi rp c, bao gm 10 k s theo k hiu sau:

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

Qui tc tnh gi tr ca h m ny l mi n v mt hng bt k c gi
tr bng
10 n v ca hng k cn bn phi. y b=10. Bt k s nguyn dng trong h
thp phn c th biu din nh l mt tng cc s hng, mi s hng l tch ca mt
s vi 10 ly tha, trong s m ly tha c tng thm 1 n v k t s m
ly tha pha bn phi n. S m ly tha ca hng n v trong h thp phn l 0.

V d: S 5246 c th c biu din nh sau:


5246 = 5 x 10
3
+ 2 x 10
2
+ 4 x 10
1
+ 6 x 10
0

= 5 x 1000 + 2 x 100 + 4 x 10 + 6 x 1
Th hin nh trn gi l k hiu m rng ca s
nguyn. V 5246 = 5000 + 200 + 40 + 6
Nh vy, trong s 5246 : k s 6 trong s nguyn i din cho gi tr 6 n v
(1s), k s 4 i din cho gi tr 4 chc (10s), k s 2 i din cho gi tr 2 trm
(100s) v k s
5 i din cho gi tr 5 ngn (1000s). Ngha l, s ly tha ca 10 tng dn 1 n v
t tri sang phi tng ng vi v tr k hiu s,
10
0
= 1 10
1
= 10 10
2
= 100 10
3
= 1000 10
4
= 10000 ...

Mi k s th t khc nhau trong s s c gi tr khc nhau, ta gi l gi tr v
tr
(place value).

Phn thp phn trong h thp phn sau du chm phn cch thp phn
(theo qui c ca M) th hin trong k hiu m rng bi 10 ly tha m tnh t phi
sang tri k t du chm phn cch:

3. H m nh phn (Binary system, b=2)

Vi b=2, chng ta c h m nh phn. y l h m n gin nht vi 2 ch s
l 0 v 1. Mi ch s nh phn gi l BIT (vit tt t ch BInary digiT). V h nh
phn ch c 2 tr s l 0 v 1, nn khi mun din t mt s ln hn, hoc cc k t
phc tp hn th cn kt hp nhiu bit vi nhau.

Ta c th chuyn i h nh phn theo h thp phn quen thuc.
V d: S 11101.11
(2)
s tng ng vi gi tr thp phn
l :


v tr du chm cch

S nh phn : 1 1 1 0 1 . 1 1

S v tr : 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2
Tr v tr : 2
4
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
0
2
-1
2
-2

H 10 l : 16 8 4 2 1 0.5 0.25
nh vy:
11101.11
(2)
= 1x16 + 1x8 + 1x4 + 0x2 + 1x1 + 1x0.5 + 1x0.25 = 29.75
(10)

s 10101 (h 2) sang h thp phn s l:
10101
(2)
= 1x2
4
+ 0x2
3
+ 1x2
2
+ 0x2
1
+ 1x2
0
= 16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1 = 21
(10)

4. H m bt phn (Octal system, b=8)

Nu dng 1 tp hp 3 bit th c th biu din 8 tr khc nhau : 000, 001, 010, 011,
100, 101, 110, 111. Cc tr ny tng ng vi 8 tr trong h thp phn l 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7. Tp hp cc ch s ny gi l h bt phn, l h m vi b = 8 = 2
3
. Trong h bt
phn, tr v tr l ly tha ca 8.
V d: 235 . 64
(8)
= 2x8
2
+ 3x8
1
+ 5x8
0
+ 6x8
-1
+ 4x8
-2
= 157. 8125
(10)

5. H m thp lc phn (Hexa-decimal system, b=16)
H m thp lc phn l h c s b=16 = 2
4
, tng ng vi tp hp 4 ch s nh
phn (4 bit). Khi th hin dng hexa-decimal, ta c 16 k t gm 10 ch s t 0 n 9, v
6 ch in A, B, C, D, E, F biu din cc gi tr s tng ng l 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15. Vi
h thp lc phn, tr v tr l ly tha ca 16.
V d: 34F5C
(16)
= 3x16
4
+ 4x16
3
+ 15x16
2
+ 5x16
1
+ 12x16
0
= 216294
(10)

Ghi ch: Mt s ngn ng lp trnh qui nh vit s hexa
phi c ch H cui ch s.

V d: S 15 vit l FH.

Bng qui i tng ng 16 ch s u tin ca 4 h m



H 10 H 2 H 8 H 16
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
A
B
C
D
E
F

6. i mt s nguyn t h thp phn sang h b

Tng qut: Ly s nguyn thp phn N
(10)
ln lt chia cho b cho n khi thng
s bng 0. Kt qu s chuyn i N
(b)
l cc d s trong php chia vit ra theo th t
ngc li.


7. i phn thp phn t h thp phn sang h c s b

Tng qut: Ly phn thp phn N
(10)
ln lt nhn vi b cho n khi phn thp phn ca
tch s bng 0. Kt qu s chuyn i N
(b)
l cc s phn nguyn trong php nhn vit ra theo
th t tnh ton
V d 3.11: 0. 6875
(10)
= ?
(2)
phn nguyn ca tc
0. 6875 x 2 = 1 . 375 phn thp phn ca tch

0. 3750 x 2 = 0 . 75

0. 75 x 2 = 1 . 5

0. 5 x 2 = 1 . 0

Kt qu: 0.6875
(10)
= 0.1011
(2)

8. Biu din thng tin trong my tnh in t
D liu s trong my tnh gm c s nguyn v s thc.
a. Biu din s nguyn
S nguyn gm s nguyn khng du v s nguyn c du:
- S nguyn khng du l s khng c bit du nh 1 byte = 8 bit, c th
biu din 2
8
= 256 s nguyn dng, cho gi tr t 0 (0000 0000) n
255 (1111 1111)
- S nguyn c du th hin trong my tnh dng nh phn l s dng 1
bit lm bt du, ngi ta qui c dng bit hng u tin bn tri lm
bit du (S): 0 l s dng v 1 cho s m. n v chiu di cha
thay i t 2 n 4 bytes.
b. Biu din k t
c th biu din cc k t nh ch ci in v thng, cc ch s,


cc k hiu... trn my tnh v cc phng tin trao i thng tin khc, ngi
ta phi lp ra cc b m (code system) qui c khc nhau da vo vic chn
tp hp bao nhiu bit din t 1 k t tng ng, v d cc h m ph bin:
H thp phn m nh phn BCD (Binary Coded Decima) dng 6 bit.
H thp phn m nh phn m rng EBCDIC (Extended Binary
Coded Decimal Interchange Code) dng 8 bit tng ng 1 byte
biu din 1 k t.
H chuyn i thng tin theo m chun ca M ASCII (American
Standard Code for Information Interchange) l h m thng dng nht
hin nay trong k thut tin hc. H m ASCII dng nhm 7 bit hoc 8
bit biu din ti a 128 hoc 256 k t khc nhau v m ha theo
k t lin tc theo c s 16.
H m ASCII 7 bit, m ho 128 k t lin tc nh sau:

0 : NUL (k t rng)

1 - 31 : 31 k t iu khin

32 - 47 : cc du trng SP (space) ! # $ % & ( ) * + , - . /

48 - 57 : k s t 0 n 9

58 - 64 : cc du : ; < = > ? @

65 - 90 : cc ch in hoa t A n Z

91 - 96 : cc du [ \ ] _ `

97 - 122 : cc ch thng t a n z

123 - 127 : cc du { | } ~ DEL (xa)

H m ASCII 8 bit (ASCII m rng) c thm 128 k t
khc ngoi cc k t nu trn gm cc ch ci c du,
cc hnh v, cc ng k khung n v khung i v
mt s k hiu c bit(xem ph lc 1.1,1.2)

BNG M ASCII vi 128 k t u tin

Hex 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 NUL
0
DLE
16
SP
32
0
48
@
64
P
80
`
96
p
112
1 SOH
1
DC1
17
!
33
1
49
A
65
Q
81
a
97
q
113
2 STX
2
DC2
18

34
2
50
B
66
R
82
b
98
r
114
3
3
DC3
19
#
35
3
51
C
67
S
83
c
99
s
115


4
4
DC4
20
$
36
4
52
D
68
T
84
d
100
t
116
5
5
NAK
21
%
37
5
53
E
69
U
85
e
101
u
117
6
6
SYN
22
&
38
6
54
F
70
V
86
f
102
v
118
7 BEL
7
ETB
23

39
7
55
G
71
W
87
g
103
w
119
8 BS
8
CAN
24
(
40
8
56
H
72
X
88
h
104
x
120
9 HT
9
EM
25
)
41
9
57
I
73
Y
89
I
105
y
121
A LF
10
SUB
26
*
42
:
58
J
74
Z
90
j
106
z
122
B VT
11
ESC
27
+
43
;
59
K
75
[
91
k
107
{
123
C FF
12
FS
28
,
44
<
60
L
76
\
92
l
108
|
124
D CR
13
GS
29
-
45
=
61
M
77
]
93
m
109
}
125
E SO
14
RS
30
.
46
>
62
N
78
^
94
n
110
~
126
F SI
15
US
31
/
47
?
63
O
79
_
95
o
111
DEL
127

Ph lc 1.2
BNG M ASCII vi 128 k t k tip

Hex 8 9 A B C D E F
0
128

144

160

176

192

208

224

240
1
129

145

161

177

193

209

225

241
2
130

146

162

178

194

210

226

242
3
131

147

163

179

195

211

227

243
4
132

148

164

180

196

212

228

244
5
133

149

165

181

197

213

229

245
6
134

150

166

182

198

214

230

246


7
135

151

167

183

199

215

231

247
8
136

152

168

184

200

216

232

248
9
137

153

169

185

201

217

233

249
A
138

154

170

186

202

218

234

250
B
139

155

171

187

203

219

235

251
C
140

156

172

188

204

220

236

252
D
141

157

173

189

205

221

237

253
E
142

158

174

190

206

222

238

254
F
143

159

175

191

207

223

239

255



Bi Tp n Tp

1. Ngoi 3 dng thng tin c bn nu trong bi hc, em hy
th tm xem cn c dng thng tin no khc khng?
2. Nu mt vi v d minh ho vic c th biu din thng tin
bng nhiu cch a dng khc nhau.
3. Theo em, ti sao thng tin trong my tnh c biu din
thnh dy bit?



Bi 3: Gii Thiu V My
Tnh

I. H thng my vi tnh
Gm cc b phn chnh sau:
+ B vi x l.
+ B nh trong: RAM, ROM.
+ B nh ngoi: a mm, a cng, a CD-ROM, bng t ...
+ Cc thit b nhp: bn phm, chut, my qut ...
+ Cc thit b xut: mn hnh, my in, my v ...

S khi mt h my tnh

1. B vi x l (hay n v x l trung tm: CPU)
B vi x l (Procesor) l b phn rt quan trng ca my tnh. Mi lnh c a ra bi cc
ng dng hoc h iu hnh u c thc hin bi b vi x l. i khi chng ta cng gi b vi
x l l n v x l trung tm (central processing unit - CPU). y l mch c tch hp cao,
cu trc phc tp, thc hin n hng t php tnh trong mt giy. CPU c ba b phn chnh:
Khi iu khin (CU: Control Unit), khi tnh ton s hc - logic (ALU: Arithmetic-Logic Unit) v
cc thanh ghi (Register).
Cc thit b nhp
(INPUT DEVICE)
l Bn phm,
Con chut ...

B vi x l

Cc thit b xut
(OUTPUT
DEVICE)
Mn hnh,
My in ...
B nh ngoi
(AUXILIARY
STORAGE)
a cng,

B nh trong
(ROM + RAM)


Mt s loi CPU
Mi b vi x l c th s quyt nh cc tham s quan trng ca my nh
lng ti a ca b nh trong ...
gigahertz (GHz). B vi x l pht trin qua
hng Intel sn xut l 8086, 8088, 80186, 80286, 80386, 80486, Pentium, Pentium II, Pentium
III, v Pentium IV. Ni chung, cc th
cc lnh x l multimedia.
Ngoi ra cc hng nh AMD, Cyrix, Motorola c
Nhng nh sn xut vi x l lun pht trin cc k thut nhm tng tc x l cho CPU.
nc ta, h my IBM-PC l h my thng dng nht,
Intel Celeron, Intel Pentinum, AMD.
2. B nh trong (Internal
B nh trong (hay b nh chnh
ng, n gn lin vi CPU CPU c th l
c xy dng vi hai loi vi mch nh c
CPU trn bo m
CHNG 1
n Nh Hnh

t s loi CPU
th s quyt nh cc tham s quan trng ca my nh tc x l, dung
... Tc ca b vi x l c o bi megahertz (MHz) hoc
vi x l pht trin qua nhiu th h khc nhau, v d cc b
l 8086, 8088, 80186, 80286, 80386, 80486, Pentium, Pentium II, Pentium
. Ni chung, cc th h sau c cc c im chuyn bit hn, ch
AMD, Cyrix, Motorola cng a ra cc sn phm t
n xut vi x l lun pht trin cc k thut nhm tng tc x l cho CPU.
my thng dng nht, v b vi x l (Procesor)
Intel Celeron, Intel Pentinum, AMD.

nal Memory)
nh chnh) dng cha chng trnh v d liu khi my ang hot
ng, n gn lin vi CPU CPU c th lm vic c ngay. B nh trong hin
c xy dng vi hai loi vi mch nh c bn nh sau :
CPU trn bo mch ch (motherboard) ca my vi
Page 24
c x l, dung
c o bi megahertz (MHz) hoc
cc b vi x l do
l 8086, 8088, 80186, 80286, 80386, 80486, Pentium, Pentium II, Pentium
n, chng hn nh
n phm tng ng.
n xut vi x l lun pht trin cc k thut nhm tng tc x l cho CPU.
l (Procesor) thung dng l:

liu khi my ang hot
c ngay. B nh trong hin nay thng
a my vi


a) ROM (Read Only Memory : b nh ch c) :
- Cha d liu v chng trnh c nh, iu khin my tnh khi mi bt my, trong ROM
ngi s dng ch c th c thng tin ra,
- Thng tin trong ROM khng b mt khi tt my,
- Ngi s dng khng th thay i ni dung ca ROM, cn vic ghi thng tin vo ROM
l cng vic ca cc chuyn gia k thut, ca hng sn xut,
- Cc chng trnh trn ROM thng c gi l BIOS (Basic Input Output System): h
thng nhp xut c s.
b) RAM (Random Access Memory : b nh truy cp ngu nhin) :
- Lu cc chng trnh, d liu ca ngi s dng khi my ang hot ng,
- D liu, chng trnh c th ghi vo v c ra d dng,
- Khi mt ngun in hoc tt my th thng tin trong RAM cng
mt lun.
Dung lng (kh nng lu tr) ca RAM nh hng rt ln n tc
hot ng ca my tnh, my cng c nhiu b nh hn, kh nng x l nhiu chng trnh cng
mt lc cng tt hn. Dung lng b nh thng c dng vi cc n v megabytes (MB) v
gigabytes (GB); mt megabyte khong mt triu byte v mt gigabyte khong mt t byte. Dung
lng ca RAM thng dng hin nay l t 128 MB n 1 GB.
Trn th trng hin ti c nhiu loi b nh: DIMM, SIMM, RIMM, RDRAM, SDRAM
Nu cn nng cp b nh, hy xem xt k tnh tng thch ca b nh vi my tnh mnh ang
dng.
3. B nh ngoi (External Memory)
B nh ngoi hay cn gi l b nh ph l thit b dng lu tr
chng trnh hay d liu ca ngi s dng.
c im ca b nh ngoi :
O Dung lng c th ln hn rt nhiu so vi b nh trong,
O Tc truy xut chm khng bng RAM, ROM,
O Thng tin sau khi c lu b nh ngoi khng b mt khi tt my.
C hai phng php lu d kin to nn hai h khc nhau, l da trn t tnh (a mm v a
cng) v da trn kh nng ng dng quang hc (a CD-ROM, CD-R).
a) a t tnh : C hai loi ch yu l a mm v a cng.
Cch ghi thng tin trn a t: a t c chia thnh nhiu ng trn ng tm
ghi/c, mi ng trn nh vy c gi l mt rnh (track). Cc rnh li c chia u thnh
nhiu cung (sector). Mi cung d di hay ngn c quy nh ch ghi 512 byte (mc d cung ca
rnh bn ngoi di hn cung ca rnh bn trong).
i vi a t ghi 2 mt, cc rnh cng ng knh nm hai mt a c gi l nm trn
cng mt tr (cylinder). Ngi ta nh s c cc rnh ln tr. Rnh ngoi cng nm mt trn
a c nh s l 0, rnh ngoi cng ca mt di a l rnh 1,... Rnh 0 v rnh 1 u nm
trn tr 0.



Mt cung ca cc r
512 byte/cung

- a mm (Floppy disk
ngoi. C hai loi kch thc th
a mm 3.5 inch
Dung lng a mm
a 5.25 inch
360 KB
1.2 MB
Ngy nay, ngi ta ch cn dng lo
a mm c tnh c ng cao, nh
mm rt chm. Hin nay, phn ln cc ch
a mm ch yu dng sao lu d
- a cng (Hard disk): Bao g
trong mt v bc kim loi. a cng th
my, song hin nay xut hin loi a cng c th tho ra em i
li c (removable disk).
Dung lng ca a cng ln h
a cng thng dng trong my vi tnh hi
thng tin t a cng nhanh hn nhi
a:
Tc quay: a quay c
Tc truy cp: Thi gian cn thit c d liu t a
a. Thi gian ny cng ng
Ly
chng ghi
Mnh che
khe ghi/c
CHNG 1
n Nh Hnh

rnh 0
t cung ca cc rnh,
Floppy disk): L mt a plastic c ph vt liu t v c v
ng dng: 5.25 inch v 3.5 inch.

m 3.5 inch a mm 5.25 inch
ng a mm :
a 5.25 inch a 3.5 inch
360 KB 720 KB
1.2 MB 1.44 MB
n dng loi a mm kch thc 3.5 inch, dung lng 1.44 MB.
ng cao, nhng b hn ch v dung lng nh v tc c/ghi c
m rt chm. Hin nay, phn ln cc chng trnh hu nh khng th chy trn
u d liu.
Bao gm nhiu a, c xp thnh tng
t v bc kim loi. a cng thng c lp c nh trong
t hin loi a cng c th tho ra em i
ng ca a cng ln hn rt nhiu so vi a mm. Dung lng
ng trong my vi tnh hin nay khong 20 GB n 120 GB. My
n nhiu so vi truy xut t a mm. C mt vi ch
a quay cng nhanh, u c-vit ly d liu ra cng sm.
i gian cn thit c d liu t a c gi l tc truy cp ca
y cng ngn, cng tt.
U
Page 26

c v bo v bn
ng 1.44 MB.
c c/ghi ca a
n a mm, cho nn
GB. My truy xut
i ch s o tc
m.
c truy cp ca


Cache: Nhiu a c b nh tc cao b
y, dung trong trng hp b vi x l cn d
(KB) hoc megabytes (M
Vi a cng, thut ng giao din (interface) ch mt mch d
ca a v ni n vi cc phn cn l
- a (Drive): L thit b lp a t (
vit tt l FDD (Floppy Disk Drive
mm l A, B. Tn cc a cng l
b) a quang hc: K thut c ghi d liu i vi a n
thc hin trn nguyn tc quang hc, d
Hin nay a quang tr n
Multimedia l cc phn mm cho php hin th lun c h
thanh v mt s on phim ngn minh ho.
So vi a t, a quang c dung l
hn v a quang c th tho lp d d
khc nhau:
CD-ROM (Compact Disc Read Only Memory
a CD-ROM loi 4.72 inch c dung l
c cc a ny ngi ta dng
CD-R (Recordable CD): khi s
liu ln loi a ny (nhng ch
CD-RW (Rewritable CD): lo
DVD (Digital Video Disc):
thng thng; a DVD lu tr
Lu : Cc a quang c gi l
Ni nm na, a no c dng trc quan h
Cc loi b nh ngoi khc n
USB Flash Drive c dung lng ph

Floppy disk Compact disk
Hnh

4. Thit b nhp
Dng cung cp d liu cho ch
CHNG 1
n Nh Hnh
u a c b nh tc cao bn trong lu cc d liu
ng hp b vi x l cn dng li n. Cache c o bng kilobytes
c megabytes (MB).
i a cng, thut ng giao din (interface) ch mt mch dng iu khin cc hot ng
n li ca h thng. Hai giao din thng dng l: IDE v SCSI.
t b lp a t (a mm, a cng,...), a mm th
Floppy Disk Drive), a cng vit tt l HDD (Hard Disk Drive
a cng l C, D, E ...
thut c ghi d liu i vi a ny c
c quang hc, dng tia sng laser.
nn kh ph bin vi cc phn mm
n mm cho php hin th lun c hnh nh, m
t s on phim ngn minh ho.
i a t, a quang c dung lng cao hn, bn d liu tt
a quang c th tho lp d dng nh a mm. C 4 loi a quang
Read Only Memory): thng tin c ghi ln a khi sn xut a.
i 4.72 inch c dung lng khong 540MB, 600MB, 650MB,
ng a CD-ROM.
): khi sn xut ra cc a ny cn trng (cha ghi thng tin);
y (nhng ch ghi mt ln) ngi ta dng a CD-R.
): loi a quang c th ghi nhiu ln bng a c bit.
): a quang c dung lng ln v tc nhanh hn cc
u tr thng tin ln c hai mt a.
c gi l disc; trong khi cc loi a cng, a mm
ng trc quan hnh trn th gi l disk.
i khc nh th nh (Memory Stick, Compact Flash Card),
ng ph bin l 32 MB, 64 MB, 128 MB, ...
pact disk Compact Flash Card USB Flash Drive

Hnh 1. Mt s loi b nh ngoi
cung cp d liu cho chng trnh my tnh. Ngy nay thit b nhp ph bin nht l
Page 27

c truy cp gn
c o bng kilobytes
iu khin cc hot ng
: IDE v SCSI.
a mm thng c
Hard Disk Drive). Tn cc a
a khi sn xut a.
MB, 650MB, 700 MB.
a ghi thng tin); ghi d
ghi nhiu ln bng a c bit.
n cc a quang
ng, a mm c gi l disk.
pact Flash Card),
USB Flash Drive
t b nhp ph bin nht l


bn phm l (keyboard). Cc thit b nhp khc : con chut (mouse), my qut nh
(scanner),

a) Bn phm (Keyboard): l thit b nhp c bn ca
my vi tnh.

Lm quen mt s phm thng dng:

: xung dng hoc thc hin mt lnh ca DOS.

: Hy b lnh va a vo trc khi nhn phm Enter.

: cc phm chc nng (function key) c chc nng c th ph thuc phn
mm.

+ phm k t ch : k t hoa

+ phm 2 k t : k t trn

Th d: Nhn gi Shift v phm !

: phm iu khin, khng c tc dng khi nhn mt mnh.

: di chuyn con tr.

hoc : xa k t ti v tr con tr.

: li v xa mt k t bn tri con tr.

Es
c
Enter
F F1
Shif
Shift
!
1
Ctrl Alt
Del Delete



: khong trng.

(n sng) : ch ch hoa.

: thit lp ch vit chn (Insert) hay vit (Overwrite).

: nu n Num Lock sng s dng cc phm s bn bn phm s.

T hp phm Ctrl Alt Del : khi ng li my tnh (trong H iu hnh DOS).

b) Con chut (Mouse):
Con chut thng c hai hoc ba nt nhn trn v mt hn bi
di, n c cu to nh gn ni my tnh bi mt si dy. Con
chut dng tng nhanh mt s thao tc so vi vic dng bn
phm, c bit khi dng cc phn mm trong mi trng Windows.
Con chut thng c th hin thng qua con tr trn mn hnh. Khi ngi s dng di
chuyn con chut trn mt bn th con tr cng di chuyn trn mn hnh.
Trc y, mi con chut my tnh (Mouse) ch c hai nt n thun l nt Tri
v Phi. Mt s chut hin nay cn c trang b thm mt bnh xe iu khin ngay trn
lng ca n (thng gi l nt cun). Chc nng ca nt cun nh sau:
Xem ni dung b khut: Khi thao tc vi Word, Excel, Access ... hay trong lc duyt Web
bn thng gp nhng vn bn qu di. Lc bn ch cn dng ngn gia ln nt cun
cun trang xung di m khng cn phi dng bn phm.
T ng cun: Nu khng thch cun trang mt cch th cng, bn dng tay n nh vo nt
cun v dch chut xung pha di, ln trn mt t.
Phng to hoc thu nh ti liu: Trong Word, Excel , nu nhn ng thi phm CTRL trong
khi cun th ti liu c phng to hay thu nh ty theo chiu cun.
c) My qut hnh (Scanner): L thit b a nh hoc d liu my tnh.
Cch hot ng ca n tng t nh my photocopy, hnh nh hoc d liu
c qut thay v c sao chp t t giy khc s c chuyn vo bn trong
my tnh. My qut nh hin nay c nhiu chng loi v kch c khc nhau,
thng dng nht l my qut phng (flatbed scanner) trng ging nh mt
my photocopy. Cn loi my qut cm tay (handheld scanner), ging nh
mt con chut, nhng thay v vin bi nh v l bng n chn khng.
Space Bar
Caps
Insert
Num


5. Thit b xut
Dng a ra kt qu x l, kt qu tnh ton,
l mn hnh (monitor) v my in (pr
a) Mn hnh (Monitor): L thi
Mn hnh c kt ni vi my tnh thng qua b iu hp hin th
(video adapter hay display adapter
(display card hay video card
hin th
trong my tnh
nng ca b iu hp hin th s quyt nh
tc l
phn gii, mc m
Kch
c ca ng cho mn hin th. Mt my tnh b
inch. Hnh nh hin trn mn hin th l
picture element). phn gii ca m
chiu ngang v dc. n v tnh phn gii vit tt l
phn gii cng cao, cc im nh c
Yu t khc ni v kh nng car
hn, mn hnh n sc (monochromme
th 2 mu (mu nn v mu k t
mu, y l kh nng thng thng m
Loi cao cp hn c th chp nhn
(th hin 2
32
= 4.294.967.296 mu
nh cng p.
C hai loi mn hnh chnh: CRT v LCD. CRT vi
nng, c kch thc ln ging nh
thc gn, nh, v thng c d
b) My in (Printer): L thit b thng dng in thng tin trong my tnh ra giy.
l cc loi my in thng dng :
- My in kim (dot-matrix printer
theo ma trn im. My in ny dng m
ngang giy v n cc kim xung giy (
hiu iu khin to nn bn in. S u kim c
lng in cng p. C hai loi my in kim thng dng l
kim. c im ca my in kim l
lc in v cht lng in trung bnh.

CHNG 1
n Nh Hnh
t qu x l, kt qu tnh ton, a ra cc thng tin Thit b xut th
printer).
L thit b xut c bn ca my tnh.
c kt ni vi my tnh thng qua b iu hp hin th
video adapter hay display adapter), n cn c tn gi l cc mn hnh
display card hay video card). B iu hp
n th l mt bng mch in t c cm
trong my tnh khe cm m rng. Kh
a b iu hp hin th s quyt nh
c lm ti hnh nh, tc hin hnh,
phn gii, mc mu c th hin th.
Kch thc ca mn hnh cng ging nh ca tivi, l
n th. Mt my tnh bn thng thng c mn hnh t
n th l s kt hp ca nhiu chm nh, gi l i
phn gii ca mn hin th thng thng l 72 im trong mt inch cho mi
tnh phn gii vit tt l dpi (dots per inch: im trong mt inch
m nh cng st li vi nhau, hnh nh cng mn v
u t khc ni v kh nng card mn hnh l su mu c th hin th (color depth
monochromme) ban u ch th hin 2 bit cho mi im, mi bit c th hin
). Nu mi im c 8 bit mu th c kh nng th hin 2
ng m hu ht tt c mn hnh my vi tnh hin nay th hin
chp nhn c 24 bit mu (th hin 2
24
= 16777216 mu),
= 4.294.967.296 mu). S mu c th hin th cng nhiu th hin nhin ch
n hnh chnh: CRT v LCD. CRT vit tt ca cathode-ray tube v l m
c ln ging nh mn hnh tivi. LCD vit tt ca liquid-crystal display, c kch
c dng vi cc my tnh xch tay, kch thc nh.
t b thng dng in thng tin trong my tnh ra giy.
matrix printer): L my in theo dng hay
m. My in ny dng mt u kim chy sut chiu
n cc kim xung giy (qua lp bng mc) theo tn
n in. S u kim cng nhiu th cht
p. C hai loi my in kim thng dng l 9 kim v 24
m ca my in kim l tc in chm, gy ting n trong
nh.
Page 30
t b xut thng dng
a tivi, l di o
n hnh t 14 n 17
im nh (pixel :
m trong mt inch cho mi
m trong mt inch).
p hn.
color depth). Chng
u ch th hin 2 bit cho mi im, mi bit c th hin
nng th hin 2
8
= 256
n nay th hin c.
= 16777216 mu), hoc 32 bit mu
n cht lng hnh
ray tube v l mt hp
crystal display, c kch
c nh.
t b thng dng in thng tin trong my tnh ra giy. Sau y


- My in phun mc (ink-jet printer): My in ny khng dng tc
ng c to nn ch nh my in kim, u in ca n khng tip xc
vi giy in m thc hin thao tc in bng cch phun cc ht mc li ti
to nn bn in. Loi my in phun ny c th dng vi mi loi giy,
nt v mn ca bn in c cht lng kh tt v t gy ting n
khi in.

- My in laser (laser printer): Dng cng ngh in tnh in
(electrostatic) l phng php in to hnh k t bng cch to ra in tch
tnh in v lm chy mc ln giy nh qu trnh nung nng. Khc hon
ton vi cc loi my in trc dng u kim in, loi my in ny to sn
phm thng qua mt qu trnh phc tp. phn gii ca my in laser rt
ln nn bn in t cht lng cao, tc in nhanh v khng gy ting n
khi in.

II. Phn mm(SOFTWARE)
1. Khi nim phn cng v phn mm
Ton b cc thit b in t v c kh ca my tnh c gi chung l phn cng
(Hardware). Cc chng trnh chy trn my tnh c gi l phn mm (Software).
Nh vy phn cng ca my tnh l vt v tri, v gic. My tnh hot ng c l nh c
phn mm, v phn mm c th phn thnh 4 loi chnh nh sau:
O H iu hnh (Operating System).
O Phn mm ng dng (Application Software)
O Chng trnh tin ch (Utility Program)
O Cc ngn ng lp trnh (Programming Language).
2. H iu hnh
L tp hp cc chng trnh nhm mc ch to ra mi trng giao tip gia my tnh v
ngi s dng d dng v c hiu qu. Cc chc nng c bn ca h iu hnh:
Khi ng my tnh.
Qun l, phn phi v thu hi b nh trong v b nh ngoi.
iu khin vic thc thi cc chng trnh.
iu khin cc thit b trong, thit b ngoi vi ...
Qun l thng tin v vic nhp/xut ca thng tin.
Do c th ni thiu h iu hnh th my tnh khng th chy c. Hin nay c nhiu h
iu hnh khc nhau nh MS-DOS, WINDOWS, UNIX, OS/2, LINUX ... Nhng trong thng


dng v ph bin nht nc ta hin nay l MS-DOS, WINDOWS, LINUX.
T nm 2001, h iu hnh Linux c cc cng ty trong nc Vit ho, pht trin nh
Red Hat Linux do CMC Vit ho, Vietkey Linux ca Vietkey Group (n v pht hnh b g
ting Vit Vietkey c dng kh ph bin ti Vit Nam )...; cc sn phm ny th hin c mun
xy dng cho t nc mt h iu hnh ring, c bn quyn, thng nht, v thn thin hn vi
ngi dng Vit Nam.
3. Phn mm ng dng
L cc chng trnh phc v cho cc ng dng c th.
Phn mm son tho vn bn (Wordprocessing): Microsoft Word, EditPlus
Phn mm qun l d liu (Database Management System): Visual Foxpro, Access, SQl
Server
Phn mm ha: Corel Draw, PhotoShop, FreeHand , Illustrator
Phn mm thit k: AutoCad cho ngnh xy dng, c kh, v Orcad cho ngnh in t
vin thng
Phn mm ch bn in t: PageMaker, QuarkPress
Phn mm thit k trang Web: FrontPage, DreamWeaver
4. Chng trnh tin ch
L cc chng trnh h tr thm cho h iu hnh bng cch cung cp mt s dch v m h
iu hnh cha c hoc cha tt lm. V d: ti u ha a cng, khi phc cc thng tin b xa
hay b li ...
Mt trong cc b chng trnh tin ch ph bin hin nay l b chng trnh ca Norton c
gi l Norton SystemWorks.
5. Ngn ng lp trnh
L cc chng trnh gip cho ngi s dng c th vit cc phn mm ca ring mnh
gii quyt mt vn no . Ngn ng lp trnh gm ngn ng my, hp ng, ngn
ng bc cao nh C, Pascal,C++, Visual Basic, Visual C++, Delphi, Java ...



CPU

Kt
qu

Chng
trnh

D liu

Main memory
Hnh: Minh ha mt chu k hot ng ca my tnh

O Mt chng trnh c c t a v cha trong b nh trong.
O Di s iu khin ca chng trnh ny, d liu c nhp t bn phm hoc c
ly t a v cha trong b nh trong.
O CPU x l d liu.
O Kt qu sau khi c CPU x l xong c cha tr li trong b nh trong.
O Kt qu cui cng c xut ra mn hnh.



Cu hi cng c
1. D liu a vo b nh RAM my vi tnh:
A. Phi thng qua bn phm.
B. Phi c lu tr trn a mm.
C. S b mt khi tt mn hnh.
D. S b mt khi tt ngun my tnh.
2. B nh c th c v ghi c trong my vi tnh gi l:
A. RAM B. ROM
C. CD-ROM D. ROM-BIOS
3. B nh trong ca my vi tnh gm thnh phn no?
A. a t B. ROM
C. RAM v a t D. RAM v ROM
4. Mt byte bng bao nhiu bits?
A. 8 bits B. 16 bits
C. 2
10
bits = 1024 bits D. 512 bits
5. Mt Kil Byte bng bao nhiu Bytes ?
A. 1024 bytes B. 210 Kb
C. 1000 bytes D. 212 bytes
6. Thit b nhp chun ca my vi tnh l thit b no?
A. Mn hnh v bn phm
B. Mn hnh v a t
C. Bn phm
D. Con chut & my qut
7. Mt trong nhng thit b xut ca my vi tnh l:
A. RAM B. Mn hnh
C. ROM D. My qut
8. Dung lng ca a cng (thng c tnh bng Mega byte), dng ch:
A. Kh nng cha d liu
B. Tc lm vic ca a
C. Tc c/ghi a
D. Tc c d liu
9. Mt a mm 3.5 HD c dung lng bao nhiu?
A. 720 KB B. 360 KB
C. 1.2 MB D. 1.44 MB
10. Pht biu no sau y ng:
A. D liu khi a vo b nh RAM phi thng qua bn phm
B. Ngi s dng c th ghi v c d liu trong b nh RAM


C. D liu khi a vo b nh RAM s hin ln mn hnh
D. C A, B, C u sai
11. Hai b phn chinh ca b vi x l (Micro Proccessor Unit) l:
A. CU & ALU B. RAM & HardDisk
C. ROM & CU D. RAM & ROM
12. Pht biu no sau y ng:
A. D liu khi a vo b nh RAM my vi tnh s c xut ln mn hnh.
B. Mt lp trnh vin c th c v ghi d liu trn b nh chnh.
C. Cc thnh phn vt l ca mt my vi tnh gi chung l phn cng .
D. My tnh dng gii quyt cc bi ton m con ngi khng lm c.



Bi 4: Bi Ton V Thut
Ton

I. Khi nim bi ton

- Trong tin hc, bi ton l mt vic m ta mun my tnh thc hin.
- Khi dng my tnh gii cc bi ton, ta cn quan tm n 2 yu t sau:
+ Input (thng tin a vo my): d liu vo
+ Output (thng tin mun ly ra t my): d liu ra
VD1: Tm UCLN ca 2 s M, N.

VD2: Tm nghim ca pt: ax
2
+ bx + c = 0 ( a 0)

VD3: Kim tra s nguyn dng n c phi l mt s nguyn t khng?

VD4: Xp loi hc tp ca mt lp.

II. Khi nim thut ton

Thut ton gii mt bi ton l mt dy hu hn cc thao tc c sp xp theo
mt trnh t xc nh sao cho sau khi thc hin dy thao tc y, t Input ca bi ton, ta
nhn c Output cn tm.

V d: Tm gi tr ln nht ca mt dy s nguyn cho trc.

- Xc nh bi ton:
+ Input:
s nguyn dng N.
N s a
1
, a
2
, , a
N
.
+ Output: gi tr Max.

- tng:
Khi to gi tr Max = a
1
.
Ln lt vi i t 2 n N, so snh gi tr s hng a
i
vi gi tr Max, nu a
i
> Max th Max nhn
gi tr mi l a
i
.

-Thut ton: (Lit k)
B1: Nhp N v dy a
1
, , a
N

B2: Max a
1
; i 2


B3: Nu i > N th a ra gi tr Max v kt thc.
B4: Nu a
i
> max th Max a
i

B5: i i+1, quay li B3.

- Ghi ch:
- Trong thut ton trn, i l bin ch s v c gi tr nguyn thay i t 2
n N + 1.
- Mi tn trong thut ton trn c hiu l gn gi tr ca biu thc bn
phi cho bin bn tri mi tn. V d i i + 1 c hiu l t cho bin
i gi tr mi bng gi tr trc tng thm 1 n v.

Hng dn din t thut ton bng s khi:

th hin thao tc so snh.

th hin cc php tnh ton.

th hin thao tc nhp, xut d liu.

qui nh trnh t thc hin cc thao tc.

M phng vic thc hin thut ton:

- M phng cc bc thc hin thut ton trn vi


N = 11 v dy A: 5, 1, 4, 7, 6, 3, 15, 8, 4, 9, 12.

Dy
s
5 1 4 7 6 3 15 8 4 9 12
i
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Max
5 5 5 7 7 7 15 15 15 15 15

Tnh cht thut ton:
- Tnh dng: thut ton phi kt thc sau 1 s hu hn ln thc hin cc thao tc.
- Tnh xc nh: sau khi thc hin 1 thao tc th hoc l kt thc hoc thc hin 1 thao tc
k tip.
- Tnh ng n: sau khi kt thc phi nhn c Output.
*V d vi thut ton tm Max xt:
Tnh dng: V gi tr ca i mi ln tng thm 1 nn sau N ln th i > N, khi
kt qu php so snh bc 3 xc nh vic a ra gi tr Max ri kt
thc.
Tnh xc nh: Th t thc hin cc bc ca thut ton c mc nh l
tun t nn sau bc 1 l bc 2, sau bc 2 l bc 3. Kt qu cc php so
snh trong bc 3 v bc 4 u xc nh duy nht bc tip theo cn thc
hin.
Tnh ng n: V thut ton so snh Max vi tng s hng ca dy s v
thc hin Max a
i
nu a
i
> Max nn sau khi so snh ht N s hng ca dy
th Max l gi tr ln nht.

III. Mt s v d v thut ton

o V d 1: Kim tra tnh nguyn t ca mt s nguyn dng

tng:
- Nu N=1 th N khng l s nguyn t;
- Nu 1 < N < 4 th N l s nguyn t.
- Nu N 4 v khng c c s trong phm vi t 2 n phn nguyn cn bc hai ca N
th N l s nguyn t.
Thut ton:

a. Cch lit k:
B1: Nhp s ng.dng N;
B2: Nu N = 1 th thng bo N khng nguyn t ri kt thc;
B3: Nu N< 4 th thng bo N l nguyn t ri kt thc;
B4: i 2 ;
B5: Nu i> th thng bo N l nguyn t ri kt thc.
B6: Nu N chia ht cho i th thng bo N khng nguyn t ri kt thc;
N
(



B7: i i + 1 ri quay li B5

b. S khi:

M phng cc bc thc hin thut ton:

- Xt vi N = 29 c phi l s nguyn t khng? [ ] = 5

i 2 3 4 5 6
N/i 29/2 29/3 29/4 29/5
Chia ht? Khng Khng Khng Khng
29 l s nguyn t.

- Tng t nh trn xt vi N = 45:

i 2 3
N/i 45/2 45/3
Chia ht khng? Khng Chia ht

45 khng l s nguyn t.

o V d 2: Bi ton sp xp

- Cho dy A gm N s nguyn a
1,
a
2
, , a
N
. Cn sp xp cc s hng dy A tr thnh
dy khng gim.
Thut ton sp xp bng tro i (Exchange Sort)
Xc nh bi ton:
29
ng
Nhp N
N = 1
Thng bo N l s
nguyn t ri kt thc
i 2
i>
(

N

i i + 1

N chia ht cho i
N < 4
Thng bo N khng l s nguyn
t ri kt thc
ng
Sai
Sai
ng
Sai
ng
Sai


- Input: Dy A gm N s nguyn a
1
, a
2
, , a
n
.
- Output: Dy A c sp xp li thnh dy khng gim.
tng: Vi mi cp s hng ng lin k trong dy, nu s trc ln hn s sau th ta
i ch chng cho nhau. Vic c lp li, cho n khi khng c s i ch no xy
ra na.
Thut ton:
a) Cch lit k:
- B1: Nhp N, cc s hng a
1
, a
2
, , a
N
;
- B2: M N ;
- B3: Nu M< 2 th a ra dy A c sp xp ri kt thc;
- B4: M M1; i 0;
- B5: i i+1;
- B6: Nu i > M th quay li bc 3;
- B7: Nu a
i
> a
i+1
th tro i a
i
v a
i+1
cho nhau;
- B8: Quay li bc 5.

b) S khi:

Nhn xt: Sau mi ln i ch, gi tr ln nht ca dy A s c chuyn dn v cui dy
v sau lt th nht th gi tr ln nht xp ng v tr l cui dy. V sau mi lt ch
thc hin vi dy b bt s hng cui dy (M M1). Trong thut ton trn, i l bin
ch s c gi tr nguyn t 0 M+1.

M phng vic thc hin thut ton vi: N = 10 v dy A: 6, 1, 5, 3, 7, 8, 10, 7, 12, 4

Dy A 6 1 5 3 7 8 10 7 12 4
Lt 1 1 5 3 6 7 8 7 10 4 12


Lt 2 1 3 5 6 7 7 8 4 10
Lt 3 1 3 5 6 7 7 4 8
Lt 4 1 3 5 6 7 4 7
Lt 5
1 3 5 6 4 7
Lt 6
1 3 5 4 6
Lt 7
1 3 4 5
Lt 8
1 3 4
Lt 9
1 3
Lt 10
1

o V d 3: Bi ton tm kim:

- Cho dy A gm N s nguyn khc nhau: a
1
, a
2
, , a
N
v mt s nguyn k. Cn bit c
hay khng ch s i ( 1 i N) m a
i
= k. Nu c hy cho bit ch s .
a) Thut ton tm kim tun t (sequential search)
Xc nh bi ton
- Input: Dy A gm N s nguyn khc nhau a
1
, a
2
, , a
N
v s nguyn k;
- Output: Ch s i m a
i
= k hoc thng bo khng c s hng no ca dy
A c gi tr bng k.
tng:
- Tm kim tun t l ln lt t s hng th nht, ta so snh gi tr s hng ang xt vi
kho cho n khi hoc gp mt s hng bng kho hoc dy c xt ht v khng c
gi tr no bng kho. Trong trng hp th hai dy A khng c s hng no bng kho.
Thut ton:
* Cch lit k:
1
, a
2
, , a
N
v kho k;
- B2: i 1;
- B3: Nu a
i
= k th thng bo ch s i, kt thc;
- B4: i i + 1;
- B5: Nu i >N th thng bo dy A khng c s hng no c gi tr bng k, ri
kt thc.
- B6: Quay li bc 3.



*S khi:

M phng vic thc hin thut ton vi:N = 10, k = 2

k = 2 v N = 10
A 5 7 1 4 2 9 8 11 25 51
i 1 2 3 4 5 - - - - -
Vi i = 5 th a
5
= 2.

b) Thut ton tm kim nh phn (Binary Search)
Xc nh bi ton
- Input: Dy A l dy tng gm N s nguyn khc nhau a
1
, a
2
, , a
N
v mt s nguyn k
- Output: Ch s i m a
i
= k hoc thng bo khng c s hng no ca dy A c gi tr
bng k.
tng:
- S dng tnh cht dy A l dy tng, ta tm cch thu hp nhanh phm v tm kim sau
mi ln so snh kho vi s hng c chn, ta chn s hng a
Gia
" gia dy" so
snh vi k, trong Gia = . Khi :
- Nu a
Gia
= k th Gia l ch s cn tm.
1
2
N + (
(



- Nu a
Gia
> k th do dy A l dy sp xp nn vic tm kim tip theo ch xt trn dy
a
1
, a
2
, , a
Gia-1
.
- Nu a
Gia
< k th thc hin tm kim trn dy a
Gia+1
, a
Gia+2
, , a
n
. Qu trnh trn s
c lp li mt s ln cho n khi hoc tm thy kho k trong dy A hoc phm vi
tm kim bng rng.
Thut ton:
* Cch lit k:
1
, a
2
, , a
N
v kho k
- B2: Dau 1,Cuoi N;
- B3: Gia = ;
- B4: Nu a
Gia
= k th thng bo ch s Gia, ri kt thc;
- B5: Nu a
Gia
> k th t Cuoi = Gia - 1, ri chuyn n bc 7;
- B6: Dau Gia +1;
- B7: Nu Dau > cuoi th thng bo dy A khng c s hng no c gi tr bng k,
kt thc;
- B8: Quay li bc 3.

*S khi:

2
Dau Cuoi + (
(



M phng vic thc hin thut ton vi N = 10,k= 21

i 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A 2 4 5 6 9 21 22 30 31 33
Dau 1 6 6
Cuoi 10 10 7
Giua 5 8 6
a
Giua
9 30 21
Lt 1 2 3

ln duyt th ba th a
Giua
= k. Vy ch s cn tm l i = Giua = 6.



CU HI V BI TP CNG C

Cu 1: xc nh bi ton ta cn xc nh nhng yu t no?

Cu 2: C my cch din t thut ton?

Cu 3: Xy dng s khi cho trng hp c th ca thut ton: m cc s
m trong dy s A={A
1
,A
2
,.,A
N
} cho trc, da vo s sau y:
+ Input: ?
+Output: ?

Lit k:
Bc 1: Nhp s nguyn dng N v N s A
1
,A
2
,..A
N

Bc 2: i1; count 0; {bin count dng m}
Bc 3: Nu i > N th a gi tr count, ri kt thc;
Bc 4: Nu Ai < 0 th countcount + 1;
Bc 5: ii + 1, ri quay li bc 3.

Cu 4: Trnh by thut ton gii cc bi ton sau (Bng 2 cch lit k v s khi)
a. Hon i v tr hai bin s thc A v C dng bin trung gian B.
b. Tnh tng cc s chn dy s T = ={A
1
,A
2
,.,A
N
} cho trc.



Bi 5: Ngn Ng Lp Trnh

C nhiu ngn ng lp trnh.S khc nhau gia cc loi
lin quan n ph thuc ca chng vo cu trc v
hot ng ca my tnh.

1. Ngn ng my

- Khi nim ngn ng lp trnh l ngn ng dng vit chng trnh cho my tnh gi l
ngn ng lp trnh.
- Mi loi my tnh u c ngn ng my ca n. l ngn ng duy nht vit
chng trnh m my tnh trc tip hiu v thc hin c. Vit cc chng trnh
bng ngn ng my, ta c th khai thc trit cc c im phn cng ca my
tnh. Mi chng trnh vit bng ngn ng khc mun thc hin trn my tnh
u phi c dch ra ngn ng my bng mt chng trnh dch.
- Cc lnh vit bng ngn ng my dng m nh phn hoc dng m hexa.

2. Hp ng

- Hp ng bao gm tn cc cu lnh v cc qui tc vit cc cu lnh my tnh hiu
c. Hp ng cho php ngi lp trnh s dng mt s t (thng l vit tt cc t
ting Anh) th hin cc lnh cn thc hin.
V d: ADD AX, BX
Trong : ADD: php cng
AX, BX: cc thanh ghi
- Hp ng l mt ngn ng bc thp c dng trong vic vit cc chng trnh
my tnh.
- Hp ng s dng cc t c tnh gi nh, cc t vit tt gip ta d ghi nh cc
ch th phc tp v lm cho vic lp trnh bng hp ng d dng hn. Mc ch


ca vic dng cc t gi nh l nhm thay th vic lp trnh trc tip bng ngn
ng my c s dng trong cc my tnh u tin thng gp nhiu li v tn
thi gian.

3. Ngn ng bc cao

- Hp ng l mt ngn ng thun li cho cc nh lp trnh chuyn nghip
nhng vn cha tht thch hp vi ng o ngi lp trnh.
- Ngn ng bc cao l ngn ng gn vi ngn ng t nhin, c tnh c lp cao, t ph
thuc vo cc loi my c th.
- Ngn ng bc cao u tin l ngn ng FORTRAN ( FORmula TRANslator) ca
hng my tnh IBM, ra i nm 1954. Tip theo l COBOL (Common Business-
Oriented Language) ra i nm 1959, sau mt nm l Algol 60 v nm nm
sau l BASIC ( Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code). Hin nay c
rt nhiu ngn ng lp trnh bc cao c s dng nh PASCAL, C, C++,
Java,vi nhiu phin bn khc nhau.



Bi 6: Gii Bi Ton Trn My Tnh

Hc sinh s dng my tnh thc cht l hc cch giao cho my tnh vic m ta mun n
lm.Kh nng khai thc my tnh ph thuc rt nhiu vo s hiu bit ca ngi dng.
Vic gii bi ton trn my tnh thng c tin hnh qua cc bc sau:
Bc 1: Xc nh bi ton
Bc 2: La chn hocthit k thut ton.
Bc 3: Vit chng trnh
Bc 4: Hiu chnh CT
Bc 5: Vit ti liu.

1. Xc nh bi ton

- Mi bi ton c t t bi hai thnh phn: input v Output. Vic xc nh bi
ton chnh l xc nh r hai thnh phn ny v mi quan h gia chng. Cc
thng tin cn c nghin cu cn thn c th la chn thut ton, cc thc
hin cc i lng cho, cc i lng pht sinh trong qu trnh gii bi ton v
ngn ng lp trnh thch hp.
V d: trong mt bi ton tin hc khi cp n mt s nguyn dng N, l tui
ca mt ngi, c th ch r phm vi gi tr ca N v t 1 n 150, la chn
cch th hin N bng kiu d liu thch hp.

2. La chn hoc thit k thut ton
a. La chn thut ton
- Mi thut ton ch gii 1 bi ton, song mt bi ton c th c nhiu thut ton gii.
Vy ta phi chn thut ton ph hp nht trong nhng thut ton a ra.
- Thut ton ti u: L thut ton c cc tiu ch sau : d hiu, trnh by d nhn, thi gian
chy nhanh, tn t b nh.
b. Din t thut ton
- Ta c th din t thut ton bng cch lit k hoc bng s khi.

- V d: Tm UCLN (M, N)
* Xc nh bi ton.
Input: M, N nguyn dng
Output: UCLN(M,N).
* tng: S dng t/c bit;
* Thut ton:
B1: Nhp M, N;
B2: Nu M = N th UCLN = M; chuyn n B5;
B3: Nu M > N th M = M N, quay li B2


B4: Nu M<N th N = N M, quay li B2;
B5: a ra kt qu UCLN ri kt thc.

3. Vit chng trnh
- Vit chng trnh l tng hp vic la chn cch t chc d liu v s dng ngn
ng lp trnh din t ng thut ton.
- Khi vit chng trnh cn chn ngn ng thch hp vi thut ton. Vit chng
trnh trong ngn ng no th phi tun theo qui nh ng php ca ngn ng .
- Chng trnh dch ch c th pht hin v thng bo cc li v mt ng php.

4. Hiu chnh

- Sau khi c vit xong, chng trnh vn cn c th c nhiu li khc cha pht hin
c nn c th khng c kt qu ng. V vy, cn phi th chng trnh bng cch
thc hin n vi mt s b Input tiu biu ph thuc vo c th ca bi ton v bng
cch no ta bit trc Output. Cc b Input v Output tng ng ny gi l cc Test.
Nu c sai st, ta phi sa chng trnh ri th li. Qu trnh ny c gi l hiu chnh.
Nu c kt qu hiu chnh cho thy ngn ng lp trnh hoc thut ton khng ph hp,
thm ch ta phi quay li la chn hay thit k thut ton.

5. Vit ti liu

- Ti liu phi m t bi ton, thut ton, thit k chng trnh, kt qu th nghim
v hng dn s dng. Ti liu ny rt c ch cho ngi s dng chng trnh v
cho vic xut nhng kh nng hon thin hn.

- Cc bc trn c th lp i lp li nhiu ln cho n khi ta cho rng chng trnh lm
vic ng n v hiu qu.



Bi 7: Phn Mm My Tnh

Phn mm my tnh l sn phm thu c sau khi thc hin
gii bi ton. N bao gm chng trnh, cch t chc d liu v
ti liu.

1. Phn mm h thng

Phn mm h thng thng c s dng trong cc my tnh hoc cc h
thng my tnh nhm to mi trng nn cho cc phn mm ng dng. Phn mm
h thng c ngha v cng quan trng trong h thng my tnh, n gip h
thng my tnh hot ng. Nhim v chnh ca phn mm h thng l tch hp,
iu khin, qun l cc phn cng ring bit ca h thng my tnh. Phn mm h
thng khng trc tip gip ngi dng nhng nh c phn mm h thng, cc
phn mm ng dng khc mi c th c ci t v s dng.
Mt phn mm h thng m hu nh ai cng s dng l h iu hnh
my tnh. T h iu hnh Win 98 Win2000 Window XP Vista...... ngoi ra
cn nhiu nhng h iu hnh khc tuy nhin i vi cc doanh nghip th ch s
dng cc phn mm ny nh l phn mm nn trin khai cc cng vic nghip
v ca mnh. Tuy nhin nn nh rng chnh h iu hnh hay nhng phn mm h
thng ny mi l ct li ca h thng my tnh v cng lao to ra chng l rt
ln.

Mt s phn mm h thng tiu biu:
H iu hnh: Window 98, Window 2000, Linux, Ubuntu,
Vista..........
Chng trnh iu khin thit b (trnh vn hnh: driver)
Cng c lp trnh: Turbo C, Visual Studio, Note Pad..........
Chng trnh dch
Chng trnh tin ch

2. Phn mm ng dng


- Phn mm ng dng: l ph
nhng hot ng mang tnh nghip v ca tng lnh vc
- Phn mm ng gi: l ph
hng ngy ca rt nhiu ng
- Phn mm cng c: L ph
- Phn mm tin ch: Tr gip ta khi l
cng vic.
- Ch : Vic phn loi phn mm ch mang tnh t
th xp vo nhiu loi.

CHNG 1
n Nh Hnh
: l phn mm vit phc v cho cng vic h
ng hot ng mang tnh nghip v ca tng lnh vc
: l phn mm c thit k da trn nhng y
a rt nhiu ngi.
: L phn mm h tr lm ra cc sn phm phn mm khc.
gip ta khi lm vic vi my tnh, nhm nng cao hiu qu
c phn loi phn mm ch mang tnh tng i, c nhng ph

Page 51
n mm vit phc v cho cng vic hng ngy hay
ng yu cu chung
n phm phn mm khc.
c vi my tnh, nhm nng cao hiu qu
i, c nhng phn mm c


Bi 8: Nhng ng Dng Ca
Tin Hc

1. Gii bi ton khoa hc k thut

- Nhng bi ton khoa hc k thut nh: x l cc s liu thc nghim, qui hoch, ti u
ho l nhng bi ton c tnh ton ln m nu khng dng my tnh th kh c th lm
c. Nh my tnh, nh thit k khng nhng tnh c nhiu phng n m cn th
hin cc phng n mt cch trc quan trn mn hnh hoc in ra giy. Do vy, qu
trnh thit k tr nn nhanh hn, hon thin hn v chi ph thp hn.

Thit k t trn my tnh Thit k nh ca

Thit k ha 3D

2. H tr vic qun l



- C th ni rng bt k hot ng c t chc no ca con ngi cng cn c qun
l. Cc hot ng qun l c mt c im chung l phi x l mt lng ln thng
tin v thng tin thng rt a dng. Cc phn mm chuyn dng nh cc bng
tnh in t (Microsoft Excel, Quattro,), cc h qun tr d liu (Foxpro,
Microsoft Access, Oracle, SQL Server,) tr gip c lc cho con ngi trong
lnh vc ny. Con ngi s ra quyt nh da trn c thng tin nhn c sau khi
cc phn mm ny c x l.

Qui trnh ng dng tin hc qun l:
+ T chc lu tr h s, chng t trn my tnh.
+ Xy dng cc chng trnh tin dng lm cc vic cp nht h s ( thm, sa, xo
cc thng tin).
+ Khai thc cc thng tin theo yu cu: tm kim, thng k, in n

3. T ng ha v iu khin

- Vi s tr gip ca my tnh ta c c nhng quy trnh cng ngh t ng ha
linh hot, chun xc, chi ph thp, hiu qu v a dng.
- Mt v d in hnh: con ngi khng th phng c v tinh nhn to hay bay
ln v tr nu khng c s tr gip ca cc h thng my tnh.

4. Truyn thng


- Tin hc gp phn khng nh i mi cc dch v ca k thut truyn thng.
Ngy nay, mt xu hng tt yu ang din ra l s lin kt gia mng truyn
thng v mng my tnh. My tnh gp phn khng nh trong lnh vc truyn thng
nht l t khi Internet xut hin gip con ngi c th lin lc, chia s thng tin t bt c
ni u ca th gii.

5. Son tho, in n, lu tr, vn phng

- Vi s tr gip ca cc chng trnh son tho v x l vn bn, x l nh, cc phng
tin in gn vi my tnh, tin hc gip vic son tho mt vn bn tr nn nhanh chng,
tin li v d dng.

6. Tr tu nhn to

- y l mt lnh vc y trin vng ca tin hc. Mc tiu ca hng nghin cu
ny l thit k cc my c th m ng mt s hot ng thuc lnh vc tr tu
ca con ngi hoc nhng hot ng c th ca con ngi. Cc thnh tu t
c d cn rt kim tn nhng cng gy nhng n tng rt mnh. My tnh
c th gip con ngi tnh n cc yu t, tnh hung lin quan n mt cng vic
no , bng cch xem xt cc kh nng v a ra mt s phng php c th la
chn tng i tt vi nhng l gii km theo.
- Tuy nhin cn lu , my tnh khng th quyt nh thay cho con ngi. My ch
a ra nhng phng n c th c v con ngi s quyt nh s la chn phng
n thch hp.


Ngi my Kim t in

- Mt s my phin dch, my chn on bnh, nhn din ging ni, hnh nh, ch
vit,cng thu c nhiu kt qu kh quan.

7. Gio dc

- Vic hc tp s c hiu qu hn nu n c gn lin vi thc tin sinh ng. Tuy
nhin, iu khng phi l lc no cng thc hin c. Bng cch p dng cc
thnh tu ca tin hc, ta c th thit k c nhiu thit b h tr cho vic hc tp,
lm cho vic hc v dy sinh ng hn, gy hng th cho ngi hc. Nhng phn
mm dy hc c thit k lm cho ngi hc c th t hc hoc cho php gio
vin c th s dng cc phng php ging dy thch hp vi tng i tng hc
tp. Vic hc c th thc hin thng qua Internet.



Hc thng qua Internet
8. Gii tr

- Ngi dng c th s dng phn mm my tnh chi tr chi, xem phim nh,
nghe nhc, hc nhc, hc v, Cc phn mm ny, cng vi phn mm x l hnh
nh, m thanh to cho con ngi nhiu phng tin gii tr mi, phong ph.





Bi 9: Tin Hc V X Hi

1. nh hng ca tin hc i vi x hi

- Cc thnh tu ca tin hc c p ng hu ht cc lnh vc hot ng ca x hi
v mang li nhiu hiu qu to ln. Mi quan h tng tc gia cc nhu cu ca x
hi ngy cng a dng v nhng tin b ca khoa hc k thut dn n s pht
trin nh v bo ca tin hc. Ai khng theo di thng xuyn cc thng tin lin
quan n lc vc ny s cm thy b lc hu. S pht trin ca tin hc lm cho x
hi c nhiu nhn thc mi v cch t chc cc hot ng.
- pht trin tin hc cn c 2 iu kin quan trng: mt x hi c t chc trn c
s php l cht ch v mt i ng lao ng c tr tu. Ngi Vit Nam c nhiu t
cht thch hp vi ngnh tin hc ny, v th chng ta hi vng c th sm ha nhp
vi khu vc v th gii.
- Nu vic s dng cc thnh tu ca tin hc ch dng mc dng cc phn mm nh
hng ha th ch l mc tiu dng. Nn tin hc ca mt quc gia c xem l pht
trin nu n ng gp c phn ng k vo nn kinh t quc dn v vo kho tng tri
thc chung ca th gii.

Thp EIFFEL: H thng phun nc c iu khin bng my tnh.



Nh ga TOKYO c iu khin bi h thng tin hc hin i.

2. X hi tin hc ha

- Cc hot ng chnh ca x hi trong thi i tin hc s iu hnh vi s h tr
ca cc mng my tnh kt ni thng tin ln, lin kt cc vng ca mt lnh th v
gia cc quc gia. Cng vi vic pht trin cc phng tin k thut hin i c
hm lng tin hc ngy cng cao, nng sut lao ng c nng cao r rt.
- To ra mt phng thc giao dch mi hiu qu, tit kim thi gian, lm thay i
cch suy ngh v tc phong lm vic ca con ngi, nng sut lao ng tng ln r
rt, con ngi s tp trung vo lao ng tr c. Rt nhiu thit b dng cho mc
ch sinh hot nhm nng cao cht lng cuc sng ca con ngi.

Xem Tivi trn Internet

3. Vn ha v php lut trong x hi tin hc ha

- Trong x hi tin hc ha, thng tin l ti sn chung ca mi ngi nn con ngi
phi c thc bo v thng tin. X hi phi c nhng quy nh, iu lut bo


v thng tin v x l nghim ti phm lin quan n vic ph hoi thng tin. Gio
dc, o to th h mi c phong cch sng, lm vic khoa hc, c t chc v
trnh kin thc ph hp vi mt x hi tin hc ha.

GIAOTRINH

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