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by Comple ting
th e Squ are
Model the expression x 2 + 6x.
x2 x x x x x x
Arrange the xtiles to
form part of a square.
x 1 1 1
To complete the square,
x 1 1 1
add nine 1tiles. x 1 1 1
You have completed the square. x2 + 6x + 9 = (x + 3)2
SOLVING BY COMPLETING THE SQUARE
To complete the square of the expression x2 + bx, add the
square of half the coefficient of x.
2 2
x2 + bx + ( ) (
b
2
= x+ b
2 )
Completing the Square
What term should you add to x2 – 8x so that the result is a
perfect square?
SOLUTION
2
–8
The coefficient of x is –8, so you should add
to the expression.
( 2) , or 16,
2
–8
x – 8x +
2
2 ( ) = x2 – 8x + 16 = (x – 4)2
Completing the Square
Factor 2x2 –x–2=0
SOLUTION
2x2 – x – 2 = 0 Write original equation.
2x2 – x = 2 Add 2 to each side.
1
2
x – 2 x=1 Divide each side by 2.
2 2 1 2
x2 –
1
2 ( )
x+ –
1
4
=1+ 1
16 (
– • 1 1
)( )
Add = , or
2 2
–
4
1
16
to each side.
Completing the Square
2 2
)( )
2
x2 –
1
2
x+ –( )
1
4
=1+ 1
16
( 1
– • 1
2 2
–
4
1
Add = , or
1
16
to each side.
2
( x–
1
4 ) =
17
16
Write left side as a fraction.
1 17 Find the square root of each side.
x– = ±
4 4
1 17 1
Add to each side.
x= ±
4 4 4
1 17 1 17
The solutions are + ≈ 1.28 and – ≈ – 0.78.
4 4 4 4
Completing the Square
1 17 1 17
The solutions are + ≈ 1.28 and – ≈ – 0.78.
4 4 4 4
ax2 + bx = – c Subtract c from each side.
bx –c Divide each side by a.
x + a+ = a
2
bx
( )= a +( )
b –c b 2
Add the square of half the coefficient
2
x +
2
+
a 2a 2a of x to each side.
( 2a ) a 4a
x +
b
= –c + b
2 2
2
Write the left side as a perfect square.
(x+
b
2a )
2
= – 4ac + b 2
4a2
Use a common denominator to express
the right side as a single fraction.
CHOOSING A SOLUTION METHOD
Investigating the Quadratic Formula
( b
) – 4ac + b Use a common denominator to express
2 2
x+ =
2a 2
4a the right side as a single fraction.
2
b ± b − 4ac Find the square root of each side.
x+ =
2a 2a Include ± on the right side.
± b2 − 4ac b Solve for x by subtracting the same
x= –
2a 2a term from each side.
–b ± b − 4ac
2
Use a common denominator to express
x= the right side as a single fraction.
2a