Practice 3

Monday, October 14

Announcements
Paintball this Saturday T-Shirts
Voting tomorrow Ordering 5th of November

Phonetics

We often try to qualitatively describe language Gaelic is guttural Italian is fluid Native American languages are monotone

However...
Linguistics is a science, and we can't use subjective, imprecise descriptions

So, what can we use?

IPA
The International Phonetic Alphabet Used to transcribe sounds Each symbol corresponds to a phoneme 107 letters, 52 diacritics, 4 prosody markers
More common sounds use normal Latin letters

Consonants
Some consonants are very similar Three ways to describe consonants 1. Manner of articulation 2. Place of articulation 3. Voicing

Praat
We need a volunteer!

Say the following words: bab dad gag

Whats different?
Formants? F2 and F3 point down on bab F2 and F3 point up on dad F2 and F3 pinch together on gag

More importantly, whats the same?

Airflows stops before final consonant

Stops
[b], [d], and [g] are all stops or plosives [p], [t], [k], and [] are also plosives

How are [b], [d], and [g] different?

Place of articulation

Place of articulation

[g] Velar /k/

[] Glottal [b] Bilabial /p/ [d] Alveolar /t/

Wait, [b] and [p] are both bilabial stops, but bat and pat are different words
[b] is voiced, /p/ is voiceless [d] is voiced, /t/ is voiceless [g] is voiced, /k/ is voiceless [] is voiceless

Ways to describe consonants

1. Manner of articulation [p], [t], [k], [b], [d], [g], and [] are stops 2. Place of articulation [p] and [b] are bilabial [t] and [d] are alveolar [k] and [g] are velar [] is glottal 3. Voicing [p], [t], [k], and [] are voiceless [b], [d], and [g] are voiced

Fricatives
Don't stop the airflow [f], [v], [], [], [s], [z], [], [], and [h] are fricatives

Place of Articulation
[], [] Postalveolar [], [] Dental [h] Glottal [f], [v] Labiodental [s], [z] Alveolar

Voicing
Voiced: [v], [], [z], and [] Voiceless: [f], [], [s], [], and [h]

Other types of articulation

Trills Bilabial [] Alveolar [r] Uvular [] Affricates Co-articulated sounds [t] and [d] in English

Other types of articulation

Tap Usually alveolar, which is denoted [] Not the same as [r]! Approximants Palatal [j] Alveolar []
Different ways to articulate

Lateral [l]
Lopsided

Other types of articulation

Continuant As close to a vowel as consonants get Includes [w]
This pretty much u+vowels

Other types of articulation

Clicks Lots of different kinds
[] (Which is used in only 2 languages!), [!], [|]

Mainly in Khoisan languages Ejectives Denoted with the [] diacritic Sounds like beatboxing