GLUCID

5. Vai tr ca cc glucid Vai tr cung cp nng lng : cung cp ti 60% nng lng cho cc qu trnh sng. Vai tr cu trc v to hnh. (cellulose) Vai tr bo v. Gp phn cho t bo c c tng tc c bit. VD: polysaccharide trn mng t bo hng cu hay trn thnh t bo mt s VSV. 6/ c im c bn ca cu trc ng n : cc monosaccarit trong t nhin c 2 dng: mch thng v mch vng *Mch thng nhng monoza no cha nhm aldehyd (-CHO) u gi l Aldoza.

nhng monoza no cha nhm xeton (>C=O) gi l Xetoza.

Cc ng monoza mch thng c tnh cht kh do c nhm aldehyd (-CHO) hoc xeton (>C=O) quyt nh. Khi nhm aldehyd hoc xeton khng dng t do m lin kt vi 1 nhm no th ng monoza mt tnh cht kh Mch vng: c to ra khi nhm aldehyd (-CHO) hay nhm ceton (>C=O) lin kt vi nhm (-OH) C4 , C5 hoc C6 to nn cu ni oxi v khp kn vng. Vng 5 cnh: vng furanoza Vng 6 cnh: vng piranoza

Cc ng n ph bin:
2 nhm quang trng l pentose v hexose Cc pentose thuc nhm aldose: D-Ribose v D-Deoxyribose L- Arabinose v D-Arabinose; D-Xylose Cc pentose thuc nhm ketose: D-Ribulose v D-Xylulose Cc hexose thuc nhm aldose:Glucose Galactose , Mannose

Hexose thuc nhm ketose: Fructose

Tnh cht ca ng n:
-Tan tt trong nc,khng tan trong dung mi hu c. -Cc monosaccarit u c v ngt, c gi tr dinh dng cao -Do s c mt cc nhm -CHO, >C=O ,-OH,nn monoza cng c cc tnh cht c trng ca cc nhm chc trn,in hnh l tnh kh *ng n l tc nhn kh Trong mi trng kim, kh cc ion kim loi nng c ho tr cao thnh ion c ha tr thp hay cc ion kim loi thnh kim loi. Tnh kh ny do nhm aldehyde hay nhm ketone to ra v cc monose bin thnh acid. V d: Cu2+ b bin i thnh Cu+ trong phn ng vi thuc th Fehling, Ag+ b bin i thnh Ag trong phn ng trng gng. Tu thuc vo cht oxy ho: - Cht oxy ho nh nh nc Cl 2,Br2,I2 trong mi trng kim ng aldose s thnh aldonic acid, vi ketose phn ng khng xy ra. - Cht oxy ho mnh nh HNO3 m c c s oxy ho xy ra 2 u cho ta di acid. Oxy ha chn lc: Khi so snh 2 nhm chc CHO v CH2OH th CHO c kh nng b oxy ha mnh hn. Tuy nhin ngi ta mun gi li gc CHO v ch gc OH ca nhm CH2OH thnh COOH tin hnh theo bin php che ch hoc bao vy nhm CHO bng 1 gc R no (thng l gc CH3,gi l cch metyl ha)

* Phn ng vi cht kh Di tc dng ca cht kh,monoza to thnh polyol(ru a chc) tng ng

*Phn ng ester ho Cc gc ru ca monose c kh nng kt hp vi acid to thnh ester. Cc ester phosphate thng gp l:

Beta-D-fruto-1,6-phosphate

Gluco-6-phosphat

lipit
Cu 6: Lipit khac vi gluxit v cu truc va chc nng nh th nao ? Khac nhau LIPIT Cu truc Trong co th la este,thng la este cua glixerol va axit beo. Cu truc ai phn t, co cu tao a phn (xelluloz, tinh bt, licogen, kitin) hoc la ca c phn t co ki ch thc nho hn nh (glucoz,saccaz, mantoz, fuctoz, ribozo...) Nguyn t t 6-12 C Co th tan hoc khng tan trong nc Thanh phn cu tao co cha O it GLUXIT

Nguyn t t 12-24 C khng tan trong nc Thanh phn cu tao co cha O nhiu

.Phn loai: lipit n gia n va lipit phc tap

Phn loai:ng n, ng i, ng a

Chc nng : tham gia nhiu chc nng sinh Chc nng: cu tao t ba o, cung cp nng lng hoc cho c th, la tha nh phn cua hu ht cac cho c th loai ma ng t ba o

Cu 7: S khc bit v cu trc ha hc ca phospholipid so vi triglyceride im no? Ti sao phospholipid c th m nhim vai tr quan trng ca h thng mng trong t bo. S khc bit v cu trc ha hc ca phospholipid so vi triglyceride: Phospholipid L mng lipid hai lp lng tnh c u u nc gm choline, phosphate, glycerol v phn k nc nm gia hai lp a nc. Phn t phospholipid: Triglyceride Triglyceride l ester ca glycerol v acid bo, c cu to bi 3 nguyn t C, H, O. Cng thc tng qut ca triglyceride l:

Hoc

Phospholipid c th m nhim vai tr quan trng ca h thng mng trong t bo v: Lipid c trong mng ch yu l phospholipid v colesterol. Chng to nn ci khung n nh ca mng, ng thi chng tham gia to nn tnh mm do ca mng. Cc phn t phospholipid c th t quay dch chuyn ngang, dch chuyn trn di (dch chuyn flip flop). Khi cc phn t phospholipid c ui hydrocarbon (k nc) trng thi no (c ni n trong ui hydrocarbon CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-) mng c tnh bn vng, cn khi ui hydrocarbon c ni i CH2-CH=CH-CH2 mng s c tnh lng lo. Nh tnh cht linh hot ca khung lipid cho nn mng c th thay i tnh thm khi nhit mi trng thay i p ng vi cc hot ng thch nghi ca t bo.

Enzim
Cu 8:gii thch s sau v cho bit: quan nim khp cm ng c g mi so vi quan nim cha kha v kha.

hnh (a): TTH ca enzym c cu trc khng gian tng ng vi cu trc ca phn t c cht, ging nh s ph hp gia kha v cha kha. Sau khi enzym tip xc vi c cht to thnh phc hp ES. c tnh ca phc ES l rt khng bn, n b chuyn ha nhanh chng thnh sn phm P (P1,P2) v enzym t do.y l quan nim ca Emil Fisher(1890), quan nim ny c tha nhn trong mt thi gian di. E + S ES P+E Hnh (b): TTH ca enzym c cu trc khng gian khng cng m mm do, linh ng. khi enzym tip xc vi c cht, cc nhm chc trong TTH ca phn t enzym thay i v tr trong khng gian, to thnh hnh th khp vi c cht to thnh phc h ES.Phc h ny cng khng bn, n b chuyn ha nhanh chng thnh sn phm P v enzym t do. y l quan nim khp cm ng do Dainel E.Koshland a ra nm 1958. Quan nim khp cm ng c im mi so vi quan nim cha kha v kha l Theo quan nim khp cm ng : TTH ca enzym c cu trc khng gian khng cng m mm do, linh ng . V vy cc cu trc ca phn t c cht c th tip xc c vi enzym to phc h ES. Theo quan nim cha kha v kha l TTH ca enzym ch c cu trc khng gian tng ng vi cu trc phn t c cht. to thnh

phc h ES i hi cu trc khng gian ca TTH ca enzym v phn t c cht phi tht khp vi nhau. Cu 11: C th thng qua vic iu khin cc enzym iu ha qu trnh chuyn ha vt cht trong t bo hay khng? Nh enzim m cc qu trnh sinh ha trong c th sng xy ra rt nhy vi tc ln trong iu kin sinh l bnh thng. Khi c enzim xc tc, tc ca mt phn ng c th tng hng triu ln. Nu t bo khng c cc enzim th cc hot ng sng khng th duy tr c v tc ca cc phn ng sinh ho xy ra qu chm. T bo c th t iu chnh qu trnh chuyn ho vt cht thch ng vi mi trng bng cch iu chnh hot tnh ca cc loi enzim. Mt trong cc cch iu chnh hot tnh ca cc enzim kh hiu qu v nhanh chng l s dng cc cht c ch hoc hot ho enzim. Cc cht c ch c hiu khi lin kt vi enzim s lm bin i cu hnh ca enzim lm cho enzim khng th lin kt c vi c cht. Ngc li, cc cht hot ho khi lin kt vi enzim s lm tng hot tnh ca enzim. c ch ngc l kiu iu ho trong sn phm ca con ng chuyn ho quay li tc ng nh mt cht c ch, lm bt hot enzim xc tc cho phn ng u ca con ng chuyn ho. Khi mt enzim no trong t bo khng c tng hp hoc b bt hot th khng nhng sn phm khng c to thanh m c cht ca enzim cng s b tch lu li gy c cho t bo hoc c th c chuyn ho theo con ng ph thnh cc cht c gy nn cc triu chng bnh l. Cc bnh nh vy ngi c gi l bnh ri lon chuyn ho. Enzim l cht xc tc sinh hc c thnh phn c bn l prtin. Vai tr ca enzim l lm gim nng lng hot ho ca cc cht tham gia phn ng, do lm tng tc ca phn ng. Mi enzim thng ch xc tc cho mt hay vi phn ng. Hot tnh ca enzim c th b nh hng bi nhiu yu t nh nhit , pH, nng c cht T bo c th thng qua vic iu khin s tng hp cc enzim hay c ch hoc hot ho cc enzim iu ho qu trnh chuyn ho vt cht trong t bo.

Trao i cht v nng lng

. Cu 2 : H hp t bo l g ? C th chia lm my giai on chnh , c im ca tng giai on ? Mi giai on ca qu trnh h hp ni bo din ra u ?

H hp t bo : l mt chui cc phn ng oxi ho kh sinh hc . Phn t cht hu c ( ch yu l glucozo ) c phn gii dn dn , nng lng ca n c ly ra tng phn cc giai on m khng gii phng t ngay mt lc . H hp t bo c th chia thnh 3 giai on : ng phn , chu trnh Krebs , chui h hp t bo ( Chui chuyn electron h hp ) . Giai on ng phn : y l mt qu trnh phc tp , c xc tc bi nhiu enzim v khng c oxi tham gia . Phn t ng ln lt tri qua cc giai on : hot ho ; ct i phn t hexozo (6C) to thnh hai phn t trizo (3C) ; oxi ho trizo photphat thnh photphoglixerat ; chuyn sn phm trn thnh piruvat . Kh piruvat thnh lactat Giai on din ra trong m c . Giai on chu trnh Krebs :C hai bc : -S ecacboxyl oxi ho piruvat to thnh axetyl coenzim A . Kt qu ca phn ng l t piruvat cha ba cacbon v km hot ng bin thnh axit hai cacbon dng hot ho -Cc phn ng ca chu trnh Krebs : +Phn ng trng ngng kt hp axetyl CoA vi oxaloatetat , to thnh xitrat v coenzim A +Xitrat bin i thnh dng ng phn ca n l isoxitrat +Oxi ho isoxitrat cha 6 cacbon thnh -xetoglutarat cha 5 cacbon v gii phng CO2 +Oxi ho -xetoglutarat thnh xucxinyl coenzim A , gii phng CO2 +Chuyn xucxinyl CoA thnh xucxinat nh enzim xucrinyl CoA xintetaza . +Oxi ho xucxinat thnh fumarat +Hidrat ho fumarat thnh L-malat +Oxi ho L-malat thnh oxaloaxetat -Giai on ny din ra trong mng li ti th . * Giai on chui chuyn electron : Bo m sp xp cc enzim theo mt trt t xc nh c th chuyn in t t enzim ny sang enzim khc v sau cng l oxi . Tham gia to thnh ATP . Giai on ny din ra mng trong ca ti th Cu 5 : Phn tch s sau v gii thch phng trnh tng qut ca h hp Glucozo b oxi ha hon ton hon ton to thnh cc sn phm cui cng l CO2 v nc ng thi gii phng nng lng. 1 Giai on ng phn _ Hot ha t ng glucozo: glucozo kt hp vi 2 ATP thnh fuctozo 1,6 diphotphat _ Ct mch cacbon: fuctozo 1,6 diphotphat b ct thnh hai phn t 3 cacbon. _ Sn phm to ra 2NADH+ 4ATP + 2 C3H4O3 ( axit piruvic) 2. Chu trnh Crep Axit piruvic b bin i thnh axetyl _CoA, gii phng ra 1 phn t NADH v 1 phn t CoA, 5 giai on ca chu trnh Crep _ T Axetyl_CoA kt hp vi oxaloaxetic to thnh axit xitric ( 6C) _ T axit xitric qua 3 phn ng, loi c 1 CO2 v to ra 1 NADH cng vi axit 4 C _ T axit 4 C qua phn ng to mt phn t ATP, qua phn ng to mt phn t FADH2.

_ Cui cng qua 2 phn ng to c 1 phn t NADH v gii phng oxaloaxetic ( 4C). 1 phn t axetyl _CoA i vo chu trnh Crep th cho 3 phn t NADH+1ATP+ 1 FADH2+ 2 CO2. 3. Chui h hp Qu trnh vn chuyn in t t cht cho ( NADH hoc FADH2) n cht nhn in t cui cng l oxi phn t. + Phn gii protein Trc khi protein i vo h hp chng b thy phn thnh cc axit amin. S phn gii cc axit amin bao gm s loi amin. Loi cacboxyl v chuyn ha mch bn ri i vo chu trnh Crep. Nh vy sn phm cui cng ca s phn gii axit amin l CO2, H2O, NH3. ng vt NH3 b thi ra ngoi, cn TV v VSV NH3 c ti s dng to cc axit amin hay cc axit gii c cho cy. + Phn gii lipit Giai on u tin ca s phn gii lipit l qu trnh thy phn to ra glixerol v axit bo di tc dng ca enzim lipaza. Glixerol c bin i ri i vo chu trnh Crep gii phng CO2, H2O, nng lng. Cc axit bo b oxi ha to ra axetyl_CoA ri i vo chu trnh Creb gii phng CO2, H2O, nng lng.

Glucose ATP

ADP Glucose 6-phosphate

Fructose 6-phosphate ATP

ADP Fructose 1,6-diphosphate

Dyhydroxyaceton-P

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate 2 NAD+ 2 NADH + 2H+ 1,3-diphosphoglyceric acid 2 phn t 2 ADP 2 ATP 3-phosphoglyceric acid 2 phn t 2-phosphoglyceric acid 2 phn t 2 H2O Phosphoenolpyruvic acid 2 phn t 2 ADP

2 ATP

2 phn t t 1 phn Pyruvic acid t glucose

Chu trnh krebs

CHU TRNH KREBS Chu trnh gm 8 phn ng: Giai on 1: nhm axetil ca axetil coenzim A s chuyn cho oxaloaxetat to thnh xitrat, ng thi gii phng coenzim A. ( Cht c 6 C ) Giai on 2: xitrat bin i thnh dng ng phn ca n l izoxitrat l do u tin phn ng loi i 1 phn t nc ca xitrat, sau n li kt hp vi 1 phn t nc khc to thnh izoxitrat. ( Cht c 6 C) Giai on 3: xy ra s oxi ha ca izoxitrat, gii phng ra 2 nguyn t H v chuyn sang cho coenzim ca n l NAD+ to thnh NADH + H+, ng thi kh CO2 bin thnh -xetoglutarat. ( Cht c 5 C) Giai on 4: - xetoglutarat li b kh cacboxil oxi ho . Phn ng c s tham gia ca coenzim A v NAD+ tham gia . Sn phm l xucxinil coenzim a v mt phn t CO2 b tch ra .( Cht c 4 C) Giai on 5 : Nng lng trong lin kt cao nng ca xucxinil coenzim A c chuyn vo lin kt cao nng ca GTP v cui cng th tng hp thnh ATP . ( Cht c 4 C ) Giai on 6 : Xucxinil b oxi ho thnh fumarat , tch ra 2 H+ to dng vi FAD to thnh FADH2 chuyn vo h thng vn chuyn in t to thnh nc v 2 phn t ATP . ( Cht c 4 C) Giai on 7 : Fumarat c hidrat ho to thnh malat . ( Cht c 4 C) Giai on 8 : Malat b oxi ho to thnh oxaloaxetat tch ra 2 H+ tc dng vi NAD+ to thnh NADH + H+ . phn t oxaloaxelat tip tc lm cho chu trnh khp kn . ( Cht c 4 C)