Working Drawing. Orthographic Projections. DRAW10W

WORKING DRAWING
MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCES Lettering Instrumental Drawing Geometrical Construction Working Drawing Isometric Drawing
Theory of Orthographic Projections
Working Drawing
The concepts of points, lines and surfaces apply in orthographic

projection.
The following holds true in orthographic drawings: A point appears as a point in any plane of projections. Lines perpendicular to the P.P. appears as a points. Lines parallel to the P.P. appear as lines in their true size.
Working Drawing
Lines inclined to the P.P. appear shorter. Surfaces parallel to the P.P. appear in their true size and shape. Surfaces perpendicular to the P.P. appear as a line. Surfaces inclined to the P.P. appear not in true size and shape.
Working Drawing
3
MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCES
Working Drawing
Working Drawing
Ct
Dt Ct Dt
At
Bt
At Cf
Bt Df
Cs Ds
Af Cf
Bf Df
As Bs
Cs Ds Af Bf As Bs
HEIGHT
HEIGHT
HEIGHT
TOP VIEW
DEPTH WIDTH
WIDTH
DEPTH
HEIGHT
HEIGHT
FRONT VIEW
SIDE VIEW
AUXILIARY VIEW
TOP VIEW
REFERENCE LINE PARALLEL TO THE ENCLINED SURFACE
DIRECTION OF SIGHT PERPENDICULAR TO THE INCLINE SURFACE
FRONT VIEW
SIDE VIEW
Working Drawing
Multiview Projection
TOP VIEW
FRONT VIEW
SIDE VIEW
THREE PRINCIPAL VIEWS

Working Drawing
TOP VIEW
DEPTH WIDTH DEPTH HEIGHT WIDTH HEIGHT
SIX REGULAR VIEWS
WIDTH
DEPTH
HEIGHT
REAR VIEW
L-SIDE VIEW
FRONT VIEW
WIDTH DEPTH
R-SIDE VIEW
BOTTOM VIEW
HORIZONTAL PLANE
LINE OF SIGHT PERPENDICULAR TO PLANE
TOP VIEW
FRONTAL PLANE
LINE OF SIGHT PERPENDICULAR TO PLANE MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCES
FRONT VIEW
PROFILE PLANE
SIDE VIEW
LINE OF SIGHT PERPENDICULAR TO MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCES PLANE
THE GLASS BOX
UNFOLDING THE GLASS BOX
height
Working Drawing
Alphabets of Lines
Visible line used to show the outlines and corners that can be seen
when the object is viewed.
Hidden line used to show edges and corners that are not normally seen
when the object is viewed.
Section line used to show cut surfaces of the object in sections. Center line used to indicate the center of a circle or arc, or to indicate the
axis of objects with circular features. In some cases the center line is also used as an extension line.
Working Drawing
Alphabets of Lines
Dimension and Extension lines used to indicate the direction and
the extent or size of a part in a drawing and to show the relative position or location of the features. Dimension lines are terminated by arrowheads at the extremities. Its three parts are the fine line, arrowheads and numerical value.
Cutting plane line this is used to indicate which part of the object
is imaginarily cut in sections.
Short break line this is used to show the edge of the object from
which a part has been cut. This line is drawn freehand and applicable if the object is not large.
Working Drawing
Alphabets of Lines
Long break line this has similar use as short break line. It is used
to show that the object has been cut in a certain part usually in halfsectional views. It is used to reduce the size of the view.
Leader line sometimes called the porter, is a thin solid inclined line,
leading from a note or dimension terminated by an arrowhead towards the part indicated. They are drawn at an angle to connect with the principal line. In arcs and circles, leaders are along radial lines.
Application of the Alphabets of Lines

Phamtom line
Used to show the position of moving parts
Working Drawing
Visible line (thick)
Hidden line (thin)
Working Drawing
Section line (thin)
Center line (thin) +
Working Drawing
60 Dimension & extension lines (thin) 75 Extension line Dimension line
Cutting plane line (thick)
Working Drawing
Short Break line (thick)
Long Break line (thin)

15 DIA. In 2 Holes
Working Drawing
Leader line (thin)
10 R. In 4 Corners
Phamtom line (thin)
Working Drawing
Rules In Dimensioning
Dimensions, extension and leader lines are drawn in light solid lines.
Leader line Extension line 50
Dimension line
Working Drawing
Extension lines must begin about 1 mm. from the object and
should extend about 2 mm. beyond the dimension line.
2 mm.
50
1 mm.
Working Drawing
Dimension lines must be kept at least 10 mm. away from the object
lines and 10 mm. away from each other.
10 mm.
25
25
50
10 mm.
Working Drawing
The smaller or detail dimensions should be nearest to the view and the
overall dimensions should be farthest away.
Detail dimensions should be kept in one line.

110 30 20 Overall dimensions
40
20
detail dimensions
Working Drawing
Dimensions are not to be repeated.
Unnecessary repetition of dimensions
22.5 45
22.5
20
20
20
20
40
Working Drawing
Keep dimensions between views if possible. Dimensions should not be placed upon a view unless necessary.
Top view
20
Front view
Side view
45 15 15 15 15
20
35
Working Drawing
Center lines are used as extension lines in dimensioning
distances of circles.
15
30
30
15
15
15
Working Drawing
For dimensioning limited space, arrowheads should be reversed.
50
Working Drawing
Hidden lines should not be dimensioned unless necessary.
20
Working Drawing
Circles are dimensioned by giving the diameter.

Dia. 20
Working Drawing
Arcs are dimensioned by giving the radius.
R15
Working Drawing
Angles are dimensioned by means of arcs and arrowheads.
Working Drawing
Sectional Views
INTRODUCTION
Orthographic projections can show both the internal and external
features of an object.
The customary use of dashed lines to show the internal features of an

object can sometimes be confusing.
The excessive use of hidden lines make drawing difficult to read and
understand.
To clearly describe the object several views are drawn

showing the object as if a portion had been cut to reveal the interior.
This convention is called sectioning. Sectional views can be

represented in both orthographic and isometric drawing.
Working Drawing
Sectional Views
Isometric view Orthographic section
Isometric section
Working Drawing
Sectional Views
Sectional views are used to clarify interior or hidden details on a
multiview drawing of an object.
A sectional view usually replaces of the principal views (top, front

and side) but may also be an additional view or a series of supplemental views depending on the type.
Section views are located by creating a Cutting Plane Line in one

view.
The Cutting Plane Line is a thick, dark line composed of a long dash,
two short dashes and a long dash.
Working Drawing
Sectional Views
Section Lining or Cross Hatching is added to the Section view to
distinguish the solid portions from the hollow areas of an object and can also be used to indicate the type of material that was used to make the object.
Cutting plane line
Working Drawing
Sectional Views
Some of the material symbols used for section lining.
Gen. purpose or cast iron
Steel
Bronze, brass or copper
Magnesium or aluminum
White metal, zinc, lead
Sectional Views
Types of Sections
Full Sections Is constructed by passing an imaginary cuttingplane completely
through the object.
The arrows indicate the direction of sight, and all the hidden features
intersected by the cuttingplane are represented by visible line in the section view.
Top view
Section view
MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCES Front view Lettering Instrumental Drawing Geometrical Construction Working Drawing Isometric Drawing
Side view
Sectional Views
Types of Sections
Half Sections Are created by passing a cuttingplane only halfway
through the object.
The figure shows a half section view with a quarter of the

object removed.
Note that, hidden line are omitted from the section view, but
maybe added to the unsectioned half for clarity.
The external features of the object are drawn on the

unsectioned half of the view, and a center line is used to separate the two halves.
This is drawn in objects which are symmetrical.
Lettering Instrumental Drawing Geometrical Construction Working Drawing Isometric Drawing
Sectional Views
Types of Sections
Half Sections
Sectional Views
Types of Sections
Offset Sections An offset section is constructed with a nonlinear cutting
plane line.
The cutting plane line is bent at 90 degrees in order to pass

through the important features of the object.
Once the section is established, the corners of the cutting

plane line are not shown on the section view.
Multiple cuttingplane lines can be used on one object if

needed.
Sectional Views
Types of Sections
Offset Sections
Sectional Views
Types of Sections
Removed Sections Removed sections are made in a manner similar to revolved
sections, except the cross section is being drawn adjacent to the orthographic view, and not on it.
Removed sections are used when there is enough space on

the orthographic view for a revolved section.
Removed sections are used to show the contours of

complicated shaped and other parts that have continuously varying shaped.
Normally, the crosssection view is drawn adjacent to the

orthographic view and close to the position of the cutting plane, which is identified either with a center line or a cutting planeline.
Sectional Views
Types of Sections
Removed Sections
Sectional Views
Types of Sections
Brokenout Sections A brokenout section is used only a small portion of the object is
removed and sectioned.
A brokenout section is used instead of a Full or Half Section to

provide only the needed detail, and also to save time.
A free hand break line separates the sectioned portion from the
unsectioned view.
A cuttingplane is not used since the removed section is chosen

at random.
Sectional Views
Types of Sections
Revolved sections A Revolved Section is constructed by revolving a crow

sectioned view 90 degrees about an axis of revolution.
The section view is then superimposed between

conventional break lines on the orthographic view. The new crosssection is drawn true size and shapes to fit the view.
Sectional Views
Types of Sections
Revolved sections

Working Drawing. Orthographic Projections. DRAW10W

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Working Drawing. Orthographic Projections. DRAW10W

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

WORKING DRAWING

Theory of Orthographic Projections

The concepts of points, lines and surfaces apply in orthographic

Theory of Orthographic Projections

Theory of Orthographic Projections

Theory of Orthographic Projections

MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCES

Theory of Orthographic Projections

MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCES

Theory of Orthographic Projections

MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCES

Theory of Orthographic Projections

MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCES

Theory of Orthographic Projections

MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCES

REFERENCE LINE PARALLEL TO THE ENCLINED SURFACE

Theory of Orthographic Projections

DIRECTION OF SIGHT PERPENDICULAR TO THE INCLINE SURFACE

MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCES

THREE PRINCIPAL VIEWS

SIX REGULAR VIEWS

LINE OF SIGHT PERPENDICULAR TO PLANE

MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCES

THE GLASS BOX

MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCES

UNFOLDING THE GLASS BOX

MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCES

MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCES

Application of the Alphabets of Lines

Visible line (thick)

Hidden line (thin)

Application of the Alphabets of Lines

Section line (thin)

Center line (thin) +

MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCES

Application of the Alphabets of Lines

60 Dimension & extension lines (thin) 75 Extension line Dimension line

Cutting plane line (thick)

MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCES

Application of the Alphabets of Lines

Short Break line (thick)

Long Break line (thin)

MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCES

Application of the Alphabets of Lines

Leader line (thin)

Phamtom line (thin)

MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCES

Leader line Extension line 50

MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCES

MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCES

Detail dimensions should be kept in one line.

MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCES

MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCES

MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCES

MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCES

Circles are dimensioned by giving the diameter.

MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCES

MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCES

MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCES

The customary use of dashed lines to show the internal features of an

To clearly describe the object several views are drawn

This convention is called sectioning. Sectional views can be

A sectional view usually replaces of the principal views (top, front

Section views are located by creating a Cutting Plane Line in one