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4
ASME-B31.4 ( -),
" , , " 3 1994
(. Department of Defense, DoD). : , , 156, 1000 23rd Avenue,
Port Hueneme, CA 93043-4301.
, 700
Robbins Avenue, Building 4D, Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094. - , 345 East 47th Street, -, NY 10017.
:
Army - ME
Navy - YD-1
Air Force - 99
Navy - YD-1
FSC 4710
A. ;
.
ASME ,
B31
ASME B31.4a-2001
ASME B31.4-1998
-,
-, NY 10016 : 30 2001.
: 31 2002.
ASME B31.4a-2001 6
2001.
ASME
-.
, ,
. ,
, , . , , , .
ASME "", " " "" , .
ASME - -
, - ,
-, ,
. , .
, .
ASME , ASME, -
.
.
2001
-
1998
. , . .
. , , ( ) A01
. 1998.
98. : . ,
A01, . .
xiii-xvi
Roster
2
12, 13
400.1.2(d)
402.3.l(a)
15
33
402.4.3
421.1(d)
35
36
5LU
40
5LU
53
60, 61
API
1104
64
93-95
107
423.2.6
423.1
API
426.1
API
435.3.3
451.6.1 (a)
API RP 1107
451.6.2(a)(2)(c)
451.9(a)
A
B31
:
(1) ASME B31.4 1 1998.
31 2000.,
, , No. 6.
(2) , , No. 4.
(c)
-
ASME , B31
. E. .,
. . , -
. . ,
. A. , ,,
.. , Exxon Mobile Upstream Res. Co., ,
A. E. , Bechtel Corp., ,
K. . , Williams Energy Services, ,
. . , Mobile E & P Technology, ,
.. , ANR Pipeline Co., ,
. M. , Texas Utilities-Pipeline Services, ,
. . , Reliant Energy Co., ,
.. , Solutia, Inc., ,
. . , , ,
.. , , ,
. A. , Edward Vogt Valve Co., ,
. M. , Willbros Engineers, Inc., ,
.. , UOP LLC, -,
. K. , Frick York International, ,
. E. , Middough Association, Inc., ,
E. , General Engineering and Commercial Co., ,
T. . O' II, Veco Alaska, Inc., ,
.. , ABB-Combustion Engineering, ,
. III, Black Mesa Pipeline, Inc., ,
. T. , Parsons Energy & Chemicals, ,
E. . , Virginia Power Co., ,
M. . , Kiefner & Associates, Inc., ,
. . , Process Engineers and Constructors, Inc., , -
.. , Sperko Engineering Services, Inc., ,
. . III, Coleman Spohn Corp., ,
. . , , ,
A. . , The Perry Nuclear Power Plant, ,
. . , , Div. of Labor Services, -,
. A. , Ex-Officio Member, , , -
. . , Ex-Officio Member, Consumers Energy Co, ,
. . , Ex-Officio Member, Pressure Piping Engineering Associates, Inc., ,
. . , Ex-Officio Member, ,, ,
A. . , Ex-Officio Member, A. D. Nance Associates, Inc., ,
. . , Ex-Officio Member, , ,
B31.4/11
K. C. , , Williams Energy Services, ,
Xlll
AOI
B31
. E. , ., , Victaulic Co. of America, ,
. . , -, . . , Inc., ,
. . , , , -, New York
K. C. , Williams Energy Services, ,
. . , Mobil E & P Tech, ,
. . , Consumers Energy Co., ,
. . , Texas Utilities-Pipeline Services, ,
.. , Solutia, Inc., ,
. . , , ,
. . , , ,
. A. , Edward Vogt Valve Co., ,
E. , General Engineering and Commercial Co., ,
A. . , A. D. Nance Associates, Inc., ,
.. , ABB-Combustion Engineering, ,
. . III, Coleman Spohn Corp., ,
. . , , Div. of Labor Services, -,
. A. , Ex-Officio Member, , , -
. . , Ex-Officio Member, Pressure Piping Engineering Associates, Inc., ,
. . , Ex-Officio Member, ,, ,
. . , Ex-Officio Member, , ,
B31
. . , Consumers Energy Co., ,
. . , , , -, New York
. . , WFI International, Inc., ,
. . , Arco Alaska, Inc., ,
E. , General Engineering and Commercial Co., ,
XIV
B31
M. . , , Bechtel Power Corp., ,
.., , ASME International, -
., Sebesta Blomberg & Associates, ,
.. , Shaw Group/Fronek Co., ,
.. , Black & Veatch, ,
.. , CCM 2000, ,
. A., Trinity-Ladish, ,
B31
.. , , Pressure Piping Engineering Associates, Inc., ,
.. , , ASME International, -, -
. A. , Westinghouse Savannah River Site, ,
. IV, Becht Engineering Co., ,
. . , Pressure Sciences, Inc., ,
. . , WFI International, Inc., , Texa
.. , Arco Alaska, Inc., ,
. A. , Tennessee Valley Authority, ,
. . , SSD, Inc., ,
. . , D. B. Riley, Inc., ,
. . , UOP LLC, ,
. , Naval Sea Systems Comm., ,
T. . , Consultant, ,
. , General Engineering and Commercial Co., ,
. C. , J. C. Minichiello Consulting, Inc., ,
A. . , A. D. Nance Associates, Inc., ,
T. . O' II, Veco Alaska, Inc., ,
A. . , Paulin Research Group, ,
. . , Hart Design Group, ,
. A. , Kellogg Brown & Root, ,
M. . , Kiefner & Associates, Inc., ,
. , Berkeley Engineering & Research, Inc., ,
. . , Kellogg Brown & Root, Inc., ,
E. A. , Wais and Associates, Inc., ,
. E. , Brown & Root, ,
E. C. , , , ,
B31
T. A. , Pipeline Safety Engineer, ,
. , Texas Department of Labor and Standards, ,
. A. , , Department of Housing/Boiler Section, ,
. . , , Oklahoma Department of Labor, ,
. . , North Carolina Department of Labor, ,
.. , Alabama Public Service Commission, ,
.T. , Ohio Department of Commerce, ,
M. , Regie du Batiment du Quebec, , ,
K. T. , Alberta Boilers Safety Association, Edmonton, ,
. . , New Hampshire Public Utilities Commission,,
. . , Manitoba Department of Labour, , ,
A. . , Fire and Building Boiler and Pressure Vessel Division, ,
. . , Boiler and Pressure Vessel Safety Branch, , ,
XV
B31
American Pipe Fitting Association .
American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers . .
Chemical Manufacturers Association . .
Copper Development Association A.
Ductile Iron Pipe Research Association T. .
Edison Electric Institute . .
International District Heating Association . M.
Manufacturers Standardization Society of the Valve and Fittings Industry . A.
National Association of Plumbing-Heating-Cooling Contractors . E.
National Certified Pipe Welding Bureau J.
National Fire Protection Association T. C.
National Fluid Power Association . .
Valve Manufacturers Association . A.
XVI
I
.
400. .
(a)
ASME , B31.
.
,
, .
.
(b) ,
.
, .
.
(c) ,
, , ,
,
.
(d) ,
,
, , , . , .
() , .
.
. , ,
,
.
.
(f)
, , , , , , , .
, ,
6 ,
;
,
.
, ASME ANSI,
, , ,
. 6
, ,
6- .
(g) ,
,
, , , ,
,
. ,
, ,
, 195-
, 49-, .
400.1
400.1.1 , , , ,
,
1
-
, , ,
, , , ,
, , , , , , , , (, ),
. ( . 400.1.1.)
, ,
, , , , ,
. ,
. ,
, . 400.1.2(b).
IX.
:
() (,
), ,
, ,
;
(b) ,
;
(c)
, , , , , ;
(d)
, ,
, , [ 400(c) (d)].
400.1.2. :
(a) , , , , , ;
(b) , , ,
, , 423.2.4(b);
(c) , :
(1) 15 (1 ) , ;
(2) 15 (1 ) , 20F (-30C)
250F (120C);
A01 (d) , ,
, ,
,
;
(e) ,
, , , ,
, , 400.1.1(c);
(f) ;
(g) ,
, . 423.2.4(b);
(h) ASME B31.5, ;
(i) .
400.2
.
:
.
: , , .
: ,
.
: , ,
, .
: ,
.
: , ,
.
: ,
,
.
:
.
, AWS
A3.0 (*). , , AWS A3.0.
2
-
.
402.3.1
(a) S,
. 404.1.2
:
S = 0.72 x x
, . ()
:
0.72 = , .
, , .
E = (
. 402.4.3 402.4.3)
402.3.1(a)
.
(b) S
. 404.1.2
(a), . 405.2.1(b).
(c) S,
. 404.1.2 ASTM A 120
. 405.2.1(c).
S = 0.72 ,
() [24,000 (165 )] , . 437.6.6 437.6.7
:
0.72 = , .
, , .
E = (
Table 402.4.3)
(d) S,
. 404.1.2 ,
,
, 600F
(300C) ( ), 75%
402.3.2
(98)
- . , S, . 402.3.1 (a), (b), (c), (d), , . 402.3.
(a) - .
,
, . 403 404.
(b) - .
. 419.6.4(b)
90% .
S A . 419.6.4(c)
72%
.
(c) .
- ,
[ . 419.6.4(c)]
75% S A
(c).
402.3.3
-
(a) . , , ,
, 80% .
11
A01 402.3.1(a)
()
A25
A
B
25,000 (172)
30,000 (207)
35,000 (241)
1.00
1.00
1.00
18,000 (124)
21,600 (149)
25,200 (174)
X42
X46
42,000 (289)
46,000 (317)
1.00
1.00
30,250 (208)
33,100 (228)
X52
X56
X60
52,000 (358)
56,000 (386)
60,000 (413)
1.00
1.00
1.00
37,450 (258)
40,300 (278)
43,200 (298)
X65
X70
X80
65,000 (448)
70,000 (482)
80,000 (551)
1.00
1.00
1.00
46,800 (323)
50,400 (347)
57,600 (397)
C
6
I
H
40,000 (278)
35,000 (241)
35,000 (241)
30,000 (207)
1.00
1.00
.00
1.00
28,800 (199)
25,000 (174)
25,200 (174)
21,600 (149)
0.60
0.60
10,800 (74)
10,800 (74)
API 5L
API 5L, ASTM A 53, ASTM
A 106
API 5L, ASTM A 53, ASTM
A 106
API 5L
API 5L
API 5L
API 5L
API 5L
API 5L
API 5L
API 5L
ASTM A 106
ASTM A 333
ASTM A 524
ASTM A 524
,
ASTM A 53
API 5L I II
A25
25,000 (172)
25,000 (172)
API 5L
API 5L, ASTM A 53, ASTM
A 135
API 5L, ASTM A 53, ASTM
A 135
API 5L
API 5L
API 5L
API 5L
API 5L
API 5L
API 5L
API 5L
A25
A
B
25,000 (172)
30,000 (207)
35,000 (241)
1.00
1.00
1.00
18,000 (124)
21,600 (149)
25,200 (174)
X42
X46
42,000 (289)
46,000 (317)
1.00
1.00
30,250 (208)
33,100 (228)
X52
X56
X60
52,000 (358)
56,000 (386)
60,000 (413)
1.00
1.00
1.00
37,450 (258)
40,300 (279)
43,200 (297)
X65
X70
X80
65,000 (448)
70,000 (482)
80,000 (551)
1.00
1.00
1.00
46,800 (323)
50,400 (347)
57,600 (397)
35,000 (241)
1.00
25,000 (174)
ASTM A 333
12
402.3.1(a) ()
()
ASTM A 134
ASTM A 139
ASTM A 139
A
B
30,000 (207)
35,000 (241)
0.80
0.80
0.80
17,300 (119)
20,150 (139)
ASTM A 671
ASTM A 671
ASTM A 672
ASTM A 672
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
1.00 [(2),(3)]
0.70 [ (4)]
1.00 [(2),(3)]
0.80 [ (4)]
API 5L
API 5L
A
B
30,000 (207)
35,000 (241)
1.00
1.00
21,600 (149)
25,200 (174)
API 5L
API 5L
X42
X46
42,000 (289)
46,000 (317)
1.00
1.00
30,250 (208)
33,100 (228)
API 5L
API 5L
API 5L
X52
X56
X60
52,000 (358)
56,000 (386)
60,000 (413)
1.00
1.00
1.00
37,450 (258)
40,300 (278)
43,200 (298)
46,800 (323)
1.00
65,000 (448)
X65
API 5L
50,400 (347)
1.00
70,000 (482)
X70
API 5L
57,600 (397)
1.00
80,000 (551)
X80
API 5L
25,200 (174)
1.00
35,000 (241)
Y35
ASTM A 381
30,250 (209)
1.00
42,000 (290)
Y42
ASTM A 381
33,100 (228)
1.00
46,000 (317)
Y46
ASTM A 381
34,550 (238)
1.00
48,000 (331)
Y48
ASTM A 381
36,000 (248)
1.00
50,000 (345)
Y50
ASTM A 381
37,450 (258)
1.00
52,000 (358)
Y52
ASTM A 381
43,200 (298)
1.00
60,000 (413)
Y60
ASTM A 381
46,800 (323)
1.00
65,000 (448)
Y65
ASTM A 381
:
(a) S, 0.72 E ( ) x .
(b) . , ASTM A 120, () . 402.3.1.
(c) , [. .
404.3.1(d)(3)] , , , , ( II,
5), .
(d) ,
.
(e) for
600F (300C) ( ) 75% .
(f) . 400.2.
(g) (1 = 1 ).
:
(1) . 402.3.1 S.
(2) 12, 22, 32, 42 52.
(3) .
(4) 13, 23, 33, 43 53.
13
.
, .
(b) . ,
, . 402.3.
, , , , .
402.4 .
402.4.1 .
,
, VIII.
402.4.2 .
() A
. 404.1.1,
(. . 414).
402.4.3 . E
402.4.3.
402.4.5 .
,
,
, A.
402.5
.
402.5.1 . .
, , .
402.5.1 .
, . API 5L
,
.
405.2.3 . ,
/ .
, , , ,
,
2
.
403
.
. 404.
,
, . 401
. 402.
404 .
404.1 .
404.1.1 .
(a) tn,, .
tn = t + A
(b) ,
.
tn = , ;
t = , () . 404.1.2
. . 402.3.1 .
A402.3.5, ,
, .
A = ,
. 402.4.2, ,
. 402.4.1, , , .
402.1.
P; = (.
. 401.2.2), ()
D = ()
S ,
(), . 402.3.1 (a), (b), (c),
(d)
14
402.4.3
ASTM A 53
ASTM A 106
ASTM A 134
ASTM A 135
ASTM A 139
ASTM A 333
[ (1)]
1.00
1.00
0.60
1.00
( )
(
0.80
1.00
0.80
ASTM A 381
ASTM A 671
ASTM A 672
API 5L
1.00
(
NPS 4
MRS 4
1.00
1.00
:
(1) ( ) . 400.2.
(2) 12, 22, 32, 42, 52.
(3) .
(4) 13, 23, 33, 43, 53.
(5) () ,
.
(6)
ASTM A120, .
(7)
ASTM A 120 NPS 4, .
(8)
ASTM A 120 NPS 4 , .
15
404.1.2
.
, , .
PiD
t=----------2S
Pid
(t=------------)
20S
404.1.3
.
, (
).
, ,
, ( ),
(. . 401.2.2).
404.2 .
. 406.2.1
. 406.2.3.
404.2.1 .
, . 404.1.
. 434.7.1.
404.2.2 .
(a)
MSS.
(b) , ASME B16.9, ASME B 16.28, MSS SP-75
, ,
,
.
404.3
(98) 404.3.1 . , ,
, .
(a)
(I)
, MSS.
(2) , , ASME B16.9 MSS SP-75 ,
, ,
.
, ,
,
, (2).
(b)
(1)
, ,
(2) (8), .
(2) , , .
, . , , , , , ,
.
, .
(3) :
(a) ,
,
, .e., h,, > r,,. . . 404.3. l(b)(3).
(b) ,
, , .
(c) ,
.
(4) . , . 404.3.1(b)(3).
().
d =
dc =
16
, . :
(a) r0\ 0.05 d 38 (1.5 .);
(b) ra :
(1) DN200 (NPS 8) 0.10d + 13 (0.50 );
(2) DN200 (NPS 8), 32 (1.25 );
(c) , 45 (a) (b) ;
(d) .
(11)
. 419.6.4(c) A ()
420
6
420.1
, .
, , , , , , 422 .
.
422.3
421
.
421.1 , .
(a)
,
.
(b)
.
(c)
. , ,
,
.
(d) ,
, ,
, , ,
.
MSS SP-58
, , 15 (1 ) .
422.6 .
.
422.6.1
,
.
422.6.2 ,
, ,
.
33
34
-
III
423
423.2.4 , .
.
(a) , ,
423.1
.
407.1 (a), 407.l(b),
423.2.4(b).
(a) (b) , ,
423.1, - , . 400.1.2(b)
,
[. 400.1.2(g)], , ,
- A,
,
250 (17 ).
423.2.5
423.1 a. A - . ,
, - , . A,
,
,
,
, 423.1, .
, .
(b) , ,
.
,
,
. , .
, ,
,
.
.
,
,
423.2
.
A, , 423.2.1 .
(a) - , .
(b) .
423.2.6
. ,
.
, .
.
, 425 , .
.
423.2.3 .
425.3 .
423.1 ( , 423.2.5).
408.4.
425.4 .
408.5.
35
-
423.1
A01
, , , ............. ASTM A 53
................................ ASTM A 106
, , ( ) ( NPS 16 )................... ASTM A 134
, ........................................................................................... ASTM A 135
, , ( ) ( NPS 4 ) ..................... ASTM A 139
. ASTM A 333
........................................................................................................................... ASTM A 381
..............................
....................................
, ........................
,
..............................................................................................................................................
ASTM A 524
ASTM A 530
ASTM A 671
ASTM A 672
API 5L
,
................................................................................................. ASME B16.5
, ....................................................... ASTM A 105
, ............................................................. ASTM A 126
, ............................... ASTMl A 181
,
......................................................................................................... ASTM A 182
, ,
............................................................................................................................................. ASTM A 216
, ,
............................................................................ ASTM A 217
........................................................................................................................................................... ASTWl A 234
, ,
............................................................................................................................... ASTM A 350
..................................................................................................................................................................... ASTM A 395
[ (1)] ................................................................................................................................................ ASTM A 420
, ................................................................. ASTM A 487
, , , ,
.............................................................................. ASTM A 694
.......................................................................................................
, , ..............................................................
, .................................................
..............................................................................
, 150....................................................
API ^
API 6D
API 600
API 602
API 603
, .............................................................................................................................................................
MSS SP-55
......................................
MSS SP-75
.............................................................................................................................................................. ASTM A 193
................................................................................................................................................. ASTM A 194
............................................... ASTM A 307
ASTM A 320
....................................................... ASTM A 325
, ASTM A 354
........................................................................... ASTM A 449
36
IV
426 .
426.2 .
,
, 404. 426.1 . , - ,
426.1. - .
,
423.1, - 426.3 .
, - ,
426.
-
, - 426.2.
426.1
(. 414.1).
39
426.1
ASME B36.10M
ASME B36.19M
, ,
,
, 150
, ,
,
,
,
ASME B16.5
ASME B16.9
ASME B16.10
ASME B16.20
ASME B16.21
ASME 616.25
ASME 616.28
API 6A
API 6D
API 600
API 602
API 603
MSS SP-6
MSS SP-25
MSS SP-44
MSS SP-61
MSS SP-67
MSS SP-70
MSS SP-71
MSS SP-75
MSS SP-78
ASME Bl.l
ASME Bl.20.1
ASME Bl.20.3
( UN UNR) l
, ()
()
, ,
API 56
MSS SP-69
: ,
A,
426.1 . A .
40
434.24.3
, .
434.24.4 435.
435
.
435.1 .
,
,
, ,
.
435.2 .
435.2.1
, ,
.
435.2.2 , ,
.
435.2.3
, .
435.3 .
435.2.
435.4
.
435.4.1 , , , ,
, .
435.4.2 , ,
, .
435.4.3
404.3.1(b) 404.3. l(e)
404.3. l(b)(3) 404.3.1(d)(2), . .
.
435.4.4
,
. .
435.4.5
434.8.
435.4.6 .
.
435.3.1 5.5 ,
,
,
435.5.1
.
435.3.2
.
.
435.5.2
435.3.3 , , .
.
434.8 .
53
VII
450 ,
.
450.1 .
(a) ,
, .
,
,
,
, .
(b) , ,
,
, .
(c) , ( ,
)
.
(d)
, . :
(1) ;
(2) ;
(3)
;
(4) ;
(5) ;
(6) /
;
(7) /,
, 50 (190 )
.
,
. , .
450.2
.
,
,
:
(a) ,
,
, ;
451 452.
(b) ,
, 453 VIII;
(c) ,
454
,
;
,
,
;
(d)
, ,
,
, , ,
, , 402.1;
(e) , , - ;
(f)
,
;
(g) , , 455
59
-
(h) ,
457;
(i)
,
, - ;
(j)
, ;
(k)
, , .
451 .
451.1 .
(a)
, ,
, 402.2.3,
-
10% 402.2.4.
(b)
,
20% , 456.
(c) ,
451.7.
(d) ,
, .
451.2 .
.
451.3 .
()
, ,
.
.
(b)
() , . ,
, .
,
. API RP 1109/
451.4
.
(a) .
(b)
,
.
451.5
(a)
,
, ,
, , .
, , , . , 2 , ,
,
, 1 , ,
.
(b) ,
, , ,
, , ,
.
451.6
451.6.1 .
(98)
(a)
A01 [ . 450.2(a)]
60
-
, . API Publ. 2200, API Pub. 2201, API Standard
1104, API RP 1111. , ,
, ,
,
, API Publ.
2200. , , ,
, , , ,
, API Publ. 2200
. , ,
API Publ. 2201
,
,
.
.
(b)
,
, .
,
, ,
:
(1) ;
(2) ;
(3) ;
(4) ;
(5) .
. 451.6.1 (a).
(4) .
(5)
. 434.8.5(b) .
(6) . ,
, , (. . 451.7), , .
404.1.2 .
(7) . ,
(. . 451.7),
, . 404.1.2
. , , . 80%
.
(ERW), , , -
. ,
,
. . ,
.
_____
L=1.12BDtn
451.6.2 /
(a)
(1) 12'/2% .
(2)
:
c / tn
1
B=
1.1c / t n 0.15
(a) ,
;
(b) ,
(c) !/4 (6 )
NPS 4 6%
NPS 4.
(3)
.
.
L = . 451.6.2(a)(7), (),
4.0, . 451.6.2(a)(7)
D = , ()
, () , ()
61
-
. 451.6.2(a)(7)
(8) ,
. 404.1.2
,
[. . 451.6.2(a)(7)] ,
62
, .
451.6.2(c)(13).
(7)
. 451.6.2(c)(14). (c)
(1) . 434.8.3 API RP 1107.
,
. .434.8.1(c).
(2)
. ,
. 434.8.3.
(3)
423.1,
.
(4)
.
.
(5)
6 (150 )
.
.
NPS 12 API
5L, Grade X42 . . .
.
(6)
, .
4 (100 ).
, ( 45 )
.
.
.
(7) 401.2 418.
(8) , NPS 3 .
(9) .
. 451.6.2(c)(2).
(10) ,
. 461.1.2.
,
.
(11) ,
, ,
.
(12) ,
.
(13)
, ,
. NPS
12 ,
1942 40,000
(276 ).
87.5%
125% .
10 (3 )
.
2 .
.
-, .
63
.
(14) ,
. ,
. 455.
451.6.3 ,
20%
(a) .
, .
. 437.4.1.
, , (
)
.
(b) .
.
451.7
.
(a)
. ,
. 451.7(b), . 404.1.2 .
(b)
,
.
451.6.2(a)(7), ,
.
:
G = 0.893 LIDtn
= 4.0
Pd =
, ()
Pi = , (. . 404.1),
(bar)
L =
. 451.6.2(a)(7), ()
tn , c, D, . . 451.6.2(a)(7).
G 4.0,
Pd = 1.1Pi(1 -c/tn) pd pi
451.8
,
,
, , .
451.9
(a)
A01 ,
.
( ) 0.90 ( ),
,
. API RP 1102
- . API RP 1102 .
(b) .
API RP 1102.
64
A 1
, ,
, . ; . A
, . (*) ,
, (ANSI)
ASTM
ASTM ()
A 6/A 6M-99b
A 20/A 20M-99a
A 29/A 29M-99
A 36/A 36M-00
A 505-00
A 506-93 (1998)
A 507-93 (1998)
A 514/A 514M-00
A 515/A 515M-92 (1997)
A 516/A 516M-90el (1996)
A 517/A 517M-93 (1999)
A 524-96 [Note (2)]
A 530/A 530M-99
A 53-99b
A 105/A 105M-98
A 106-99el [Note (2)]
A 12b-95el
A 134-96
A 135-97C [Note (2)]
A 139-96el
A 181/A 181M-956
A 182/A 182M-99
A 193/A 193M-99a
A 194/A 194M-99
A 572/A 572M-00
A 573/A 573M-93a (1998)
A 575-96
A 576-90bel (1995)
A 633/A 633M-00
MSS
SP-6-1996
SP-25-1998
SP-44-1996
SP-55-1996
*SP-58-1993
SP-61-1992
SP-67-1995
SP-69-1996
SP-70-1998
SP-71-1997
SP-75-1998
SP-78-1998
API
NACE
MR-01-75 (2000 Rev.)
RP-01-69 (1996 Rev.)
RP-01-75
RP-01-77 (1995 Rev.)
RP-06-75
, 6- ., 1985
93
()
API ()
ASME
ASME ()
RP 1110, 4- , 1997
RP 1111, 3- , 1999
RP 1117, 2- , 1996
., 2015, 5- , 1994
., 2200, 3- , 1994
., 2201, 4- , 1995
*B1.1-1998
*B1.20.1-1983 (R1992)
*B1.20.3-1976 (R1998)
API
*616.5-1996 [ (4)7
*Bl6.9-1993
* B16.10-1992
:
(1) , (, 53-96, 81.1-1998, SP-6-1996
() )
(2) , .
(3) . , .
(4) . 402.2.1.
(5) 420/A 420M WPL9 .
, , ,
423.1 - 426.1 - :
API
API
2A-WSD
API
API
API
API
API
API
API
API
API
API
API
API
API
API
5L1
5LW
128
12 D
12F
17B
500
620
650
1102
1104
1109
1110
1111
API
API
API
2015
2200
2201
ASME
ASME
ASME
B31G
831.5
AWS
AWS
NACE
NACE
A3.0
D3.6
MR-01-75
NACE
RP-01-69
NACE
NACE
NACE
RP-01-75
R P-01-77
RP-06-75
, -
, ,
,
, ,
, ,
: 831,
-
-
-
:
:
94
()
NFPA
NFPA
30
70
A:
ANSI
API
ASME
ASTM
AWS
MSS
NACE
NFPA
95
ASME . B31
B31.1
B3 1.2'
B31.3
B31.4
B31.5
B31.8
B31.9
B31.11
B31G
:
ASME B31
1998
1968
1999
1998
1992
1999
1996
1989 (R1998)
1991
:
1) USAS B31.2-1968 18 . 1988. ASME
, - .
ASME B31.4
6
1 1998 31 2000
B31 B31.4 .
.
, , . .
, ,
, . , . , ,
R. , , ,
.
ASME ,
, . , ASME
. , ASME , ,
, , .
B31, B.
1 ANSVASME B3 1.4 ~-1986. 2 ASME B31.4a-1987.
3 ASME B31.4a-1991. 4 ASME B3 1.4a- 1994. 5 ASME B3 1.4- 1998.
57
B31.4
B3 1-00-059
4-69
4-68
4-70
4-71
B3 1-00-058
83 1-00-060
B3 1-00-06 I
4-72
B3 1-00-062
58
831.4 No. 6
: 4-68
; ASME B31.4-1998, . 406.2, ,
: 15 2000 .
: B31-00-058
4-68, 4-69, 4-70
(1): 12.5 10% 20% ?
(1): .
(2): , , , , 12.5 ?
(2): .
(3): ASME B31.4, . 406.2.2 ,
ASME B31.4, . 419.6.4(c)?
(3): .
: 4-69
: ASMP, 31.4 - 1998, . 400.1.1 (c), ; . 400. 1. 1, ASME
B3 1.4
: 15 2000
: B3 1-00-059
: B31.4 .
400.1. l?
: .
: 4-70
: ASME B3 1.4-1998, . 423.1, ; 423.1,
: 22 2000
: B3 1-00-060
: API 5L X80 ASME B31.4 ?
: .
59
No. 6
: 4-71
: ASME B31.4- 1998, . 437.4.3;
: 23 2000
: B3 1-00-061
: .
437.4.1(c) () . 437.4.3?
: .
: 4-72
: ASME ?331.4- 1998, . 434.8.6(a)-(2),
: 13 2000
: B3 1-00-062
(i): (a) . 434.8.6(a)-(2), ,
. 434.8.6(a)-(2)
/ ,
.
(I): .
(2): (b) . 434.8.6(a)-(2), ,
?
(2): .
(3): 12.75 O.D. x 0.500 w.t. API 5L X46 12.75 .
O.D. w.t. API 5L X60 (b) . 434.8.6(a)-(2)?
(3): .
60
B31.4 No. 4
, , .
ASME , B31, B31.4
B31.4.
. , .
, . , , .
1998 C-1
.
:
c1
Case 167
Annulled
ASME
ASME .
ASME'S, , . :
ASME
ASME
ImechE
? -!
* . , ,
, .
ASME
22 Law Drive, Box 2900
Fairfield, New Jersey
07007-2900
US & Canada: 800-THE-ASME
(800-843-2763)
Mexico: 95-800-THE-ASME
(95-800-843-2763)
Universal: 973-882- 1 167
24
973-882- 17 17
973-882-5155
E-Mail- 24
Infocentral @asme.org
*
. , , . .
.
ASME , 31
ASME , 31
: 30 , 1999
: 31,1999
1998 , , ,
. 2001 .
,
; ,
6 .
ASME . .
ASME B31 .
, , ,
. .
.
. , . , .
ASME .
,
. , , , ,
. , , , ,
ASME , - ,
.
ASME - - , - , -, , . ,
.
,
.
ASME , ASME, - .
.
1999
-
..
..
I
400
400.1
400.2
400.1.1
400.1.2
xi
xiii
xvii
xix
1
1
2
3
4
II
I
401
401.1
401.2
401.3
401.4
401.5
401.6
401.7
401.8
402
402.1
402.2
402.3
402.4
402.5
2
403
404
404.1
404.2
404.3
404.5
404.6
404.7
14
14
14
14
16
16
24
24
24
25
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
10
11
14
III
II
()
405
405.2
406
406.1
406.2
406.3
406.4
406.5
406.6
407
407.1
407.8
408
408.1
408.3
408.4
408.5
409
, ,
, ,
, ,
25
25
25
25
25
26
26
26
26
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
28
28
4
411
411.2
412
412.1
414
414.1
418
418.1
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
29
29
5
419
419.1
419.5
419.6
419.7
420
420.1
421
421.1
6
422
422.3
, , ,
, ,
29
29
29
29
29
29
30
33
33
33
33
17
19
20
422.6
404.3.1 (b)(3)
404.3.1(c)( 1)
404.3.1(c)( 2)
33
33
IV
II
()
404.3.1 (c)( 3)
404.3.1(d)(2)
419.6.4(c)
,
k i.
21
23
31
402.4.3
404.3.1(c)
12
15
21
III
423
423.1
423.2
425
425.3
425.4
35
35
35
35
35
35
423.1
36
426.1
426.2
426.3
39
39
39
39
426.1
40
V
434
434.1
434.2
434.3
434.4
434.5
434.6
434.7
434.8
434.9
434.10
434.11
434.12
434.13
434.14
434.15
434.16
434.17
434.18
434.19
, , ,
, ,
41
41
41
41
41
41
42
42
43
47
47
47
48
48
49
49
50
50
50
50
402.3.1 (a)
IV
426
, ()
434.20
434.21
434.22
434.23
434.24
435
435.1
435.2
435.3
435.4
435.5
, ,
, , ,
50
51
52
52
52
53
53
53
53
53
53
434.8.6(a)-(l)
434.8.6(a)-(2)
434.8.6(b)
.
.
.
45
46
48
434.6(a)
43
VI
436
436.1
436.2
436.5
436.6
437
437.1
437.4
437.6
437.7
55
55
55
55
56
56
56
56
57
58
VII
450
, ,
450.1
450.2
45 1
451.1
451.2
451.3
45 1.4
45 1.5
45 1.6
45 1.7
451.8
451.9
45 1.10
452
452.1
452.2
59
59
59
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
64
64
64
65
65
65
65
VI
VII
452.3
452.4
452.5
452.6
452.7
453
454
455
456
457
()
65
65
65
65
65
66
66
67
67
67
451.6.2(a)(7)
62
VIII
460
461
461.1
461.2
461.3
462
462.1
462.2
462.3
463
463.1
463.2
463.3
464
465
69
69
69
71
71
72
72
72
72
73
73
73
73
73
73
IX
A400
A400.1
A400.2
A401
A401.1
A40 1.9
A401.10
A401.11
A401.12
A402
A402.3
A402.4
A404
A404.1
A404.3
A405
A405.2
A405.3
A406
, , ,
75
75
75
76
76
76
77
78
78
79
79
83
83
83
83
83
83
84
84
VII
XI
A406.2
A406.4
A406.6
A407
A407.1
A408
A408.1
A408.3
A409
A410
A410.1
A410.2
A414
A414.1
A419
A421
A423
A423.1
A423.2
A434
A434.2
A434.3
A434.4
A434.6
A434.7
A434.8
A434.11
A434.13
A434.14
A434.15
A434.18
A436
A436.2
A436.5
A437
A437.1
A437.4
A437.6
A437.7
A450
A450.2
A451
A451.3
A451.4
A451.5
A451.6
A451.7
A451.8
A451.9
()
,
, , ,
, , ,
, ,
84
84
84
84
84
84
84
84
84
84
84
84
85
85
85
85
85
85
85
85
85
85
85
86
86
86
86
86
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
88
88
88
88
88
88
88
88
89
89
89
89
89
VIII
IX
()
89
89
A463.1
, , , ,
A402.3.5 (a)
80
B31
93
97
A45 1.10
A451.11
A452
A452.5
A452.7
A454
A460
A46 1
A461.1
A461.3
A463
89
89
89
89
90
90
91
91
91
99
IX
1915 1925. (
) 1926 B31,
,
.
B31 , 1935
.
1937.
, , , .
,
.
1942
.
1 2 1942 , 1944 1947 , ,
, ,
.
, 1942 ,
,
,
.
,
,
1948 , . , ,
.
, B31
1942 ,
1951 ASA
B31.1-1951, :
() ,
;
() , ;
(c)
.
1 B31.1
1953 ASA B31.1a-1953. B31.1, 1955 ASA
B31.1-1955.
B31
1955
B31
.
ASA B3 1.4- 1959
3 B31.11955,
. 1966 B31.4 ,
, , , , , ,
. USAS
B31.4-1966, ,
1966.
,
6 , 1969 , USAS
B31.4-1966 ANSI B31.4-1966. B31 B31 , - ,
40 , , ,
..
B31, , .
XI
,
B31, ,
.
ANSI B31.4-1966
1971 ANSI B31.4-1971.
ANSI B31.4-1971
1974 ANSI B31.4-1974.
1978, B31 ASME
, ANSI. 1979 ASME ANSI 1 1979 , ANSI/ ASME B31.4-1979.
1979 ,
B31.4 , . , , .
, .
B31.4. "" B31.4 1981
ANSVASME B31.4b-1981. "c" B31.4
1986 ANSVASME B31.4 ~-1986.
B31.4 1986
1979 .
1986 , ,
. ,
.
31.4 B3,
1987 ASM/ANSI B31.4a1987.
1989 B31.4
1986 .
1986 , ,
. ,
.
31.4 B3,
1991 ASME B31.4a-1991.
B31.4 1992
1989
. 1992 15 , 1992,
ASME B31.4-1992.
B31.4 1998 -
1992 . - (
(98)) IX, . 1998
11 1998, ASME
B31.4-1998 .
XII
ASME
.. ,
.. , -
. ,
.. , , -
.. , , ,
.. , , ,
.. , , ,
.. , . . ,
.. , ,
.. , , ,
.. , , ,
.. , , ,
.. , .. . ,
.. , , ,
., , ,
.. , ,
. , , ,
.. , .. , ,
.. , . . ,
.. , ., ,
.. , , ,
.. , , ,
. ,, ASME , -, -
B31.411
. . , , Phillips Pipe Line Co., ,
K C. , -, Mid-America Pipeline Co., ,
. , UI, -. Black Mesa Pipeline Inc., ,
. . , , ASME International,
. , Barfield Engineers Inc. ,
. . , Conoco Inc., ,
. C. Milepost Consulting Services. Inc., ,
A. E. , Bechtel Corp., ,
.. , T,
E. E. , Mustang, Engineering, Inc., ,
. A. , Colonial Pipeline Co.. ,
. . , Deatech Consulting Co., ,
. E. , Shell Oil Products Co., ,
E. . , , ,
E. . , Bechtel, ,
. . , TD Williamson Inc., T,
XIII
-
B31
American Boiler Manufacturers Association - .
American Institute of Chemical Engineers - . C.
American Pipe Fitting Association .
American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers - . .
Chemical Manufacturers Association - . .
Compressed Gas Association - M. .
Copper Development Association - A.
Ductile Iron Pipe Research Association - T. .
Edison Electric Institute - . .
XV
-
XVI
ASME B31 ,
. ,
B31.4, ", .
,
. ,
. -
- ;
.
,
.
,
. , .
:
() ,
;
()
, ;
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, ;
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, , ;
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;
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, B31.4
.
,
,
, , , 6
, , , , , , .
, ,
,
, .
, . . ,
, , .
ASME
B31, ,
- , . ,
,
, .
.
3 5 .
ASME
, , , . , ,
.
, , - ,
.
, .
XVII
,
(. ).
. ,
, .
- ,
, .
. , , .
, , , , , .
,
, ,
, , .
, .
.
,
, , .
ASME
, II
VIII, 1, B. (
, .
423.1.)
, ASME
B31 , , -, -
10016
XVIII
, (98), .
iii, v-ix
, 98
xi
(1)
(2)
xviii
2, 5, 6
400.1.1
400.1.2
(h)
400.2
(1) , , , , , , , ,
(2) (NPS)
(3)
401.5.6
10
402.1
11
402.3.2
()
14
404.1.1
(b) r
16
404.2.2
(b)
404.3.1
(a)(2)
404.5.1
(b) (d)
404.6
()
25
406.1.1
() (b)
26
406.4. I
406.6.2
408.1.1
(b) (d)
408.3.1
408.4.2
(), (d) ()
408.5.1
(b)
408.5.2
24
27,28
XIX
-
27, 28
414.1
31-33
419.6.4(c)
(1) .31,
(2)
(3) (4) (11)
36, 37
423.1
(1) , , , B16.5
(2) , ASTM 537
40
426.1
42
434.6
()
43
434.6(a)
44
434.8.5
(a)(4)(d)
49,50
434.13.4
()
434.14
434.15.1
(1) ()
(2) (d) ()
434.18
51
434.20.7
52
434.21.2
(b)
434.21.3
() (b)
434.21.5
434.22.1
55
436.5.1
(b)(9) (b)(11)
60-64
451.6.1
(1) (1)
(2) 9(b)
451.6.2
451.9
()
451.10
452.4
67
455
() ()
69
461.1.1
(1) ()
65
(2) (d) ()
70,71
46 1.1.3
(e)
XX
70.71
461.1.5
()
461.3
()
73
465
(b)
75-91
IX
93-95
98
-6
()
102,103
(1)
(2) IX
:
(1) ASME B31.4 1 , 1994, 31 , 1997, , 5.
(2) , , 4.
XXI
-
I
400
(e)
ASME ,
B31. . ,
,
. .
(f)
.
, .
.
(g)
,
, , ,
,
.
(h) ,
,
, , , . , .
() , .
.
. , ,
,
.
.
(h)
, , , , , , .
, ,
6 ,
;
,
.
, ASME ANSI,
,
. 6
, ,
6- .
(i) ,
,
, , , ,
,
. ,
, ,
, 195-
, 49-, .
400.1
400.1.1 , , , ,
,
, , ,
, , , ,
, , ,
, , , , , (, ),
. ( . 400.1.1.)
, , , , , , .
. ,
. 400.1.2(b).
IX.
:
() (,
), , ,
, ;
(b) ,
;
(c)
, , , , ,
;
(d)
, ,
, , [ 400(c) (d)].
,
;
(e) ,
, , , ,
, , 400.1.1(c);
(f) ;
(g) ,
, . 423.2.4(b);
(h) ASME B31.5, ;
(i) .
400.2
.
:
.
: , ,
.
: ,
.
: ,
, .
: ,
.
:
,
.
: ,
,
.
:
.
400.1.2 :
(a) , , , , ;
(b) , , ,
, , 423.2.4(b);
(c), :
(1) 15 (1 ) ;
(2) 15 (1 ) ,
20F (-30C)
250F (120C);
(d) , ,
, ,
, AWS
A3.0 (*). , , AWS A3.0.
2
-
: ,
, - .
,
.
: , , ,
.
: .
:
.
: , .
: ,
(. .
401.2.2).
(): , ,
: ( ), ( ), , , .
: , , ,
, .
: , , , .
:
( , ,
, )
,
.
: , , .
() : ,
,
,
,
(f) : ,
,
,
. ,
. , . , .
(g) : ,
,
.
(h) : ,
,
, ,
.
: ,
,
.
.
: , :
() : , .
, , , , , , ,
, , ,
, , .
() : , , , , , , , , , .
: , , , .
: " " " ,
, .
6
-
*:
,
. .
*:
, ,
.
. , .
*: ,
,
.
, . ,
, .
*: , , .
*: ,
, ,
. .
*: ,
.
*: ,
.
*: ,
, .
II
I
401 .
401.1 .
401 , , , . ,
.
401.2 .
401.2.2 .
, , .
, ,
,
.
,
, (. . 404.1.3).
- . 402.2.4.
401.2.3 .
,
,
.
401.3 .
401.3.1 . - , .
-20F (-30C) 250F (120C)..
, ,
,
, , .
, , , ,
.
401.4 .
401.4.2 .
, , .
401.5 .
401.5.1 . , .
401.5.2 .
.
401.5.3 .
, , .
401.5.4 . ,
.
401.5.5 . , , .
401.5.6 .
(98) .
401.6
,
,
, .
401.6.1 .
, .
, , .
401.6.2 .
, , , ,
.
401.7 .
.
401.8 .
.
402 .
(98) 402.1 .
402 , ,
, ,
,
.
, , ,
. ,
, ,
, , , , , , , , .
, , ,
,
, ,
.
402.2 - .
, , , ,
, .
,
,
.
402.2.2 - ,
. ,
, . 404.7 423.1 (b).
402.2.3 .
.
402.2.4 -
. ,
,
, .
.
,
,
, , -
10 %.
402.2.5 -
. , , ,
. , , , , .
, .
402.2.1 , .
-20F (-30C) 250F
(120C),
100F (40C)
, 423.1.
10
-
402.3 .
4023.1 .
() S,
. 404.1.2, :
S = 0.72 x E x
, ()
,
0.72 = , .
, , , .
E = (. .
402.4.3 402.4.3)
402.3.1(a) -
.
() S,
. 404.1.2
()
(a)
. 405.2.1(b)
() S,
. 404.1.2
() ASTM 120
. 405.2.1 (c).
S = 0.72 x E x ,
() [24,000 (165 )]
,
. 437.6.6 437.6.7171
,
0.72 = , .
, , , .
E = (. .
402.4.3 402.4.3)
(d) S,
. 404.1.2 , ,
600F (300C) ,
75 %
. 402.3.1 (a), (b), (c).
()
45 % ,
90 % .
(f) , 66 % . 45 %
90 % , .
,
24,000 . (165 ) .
(g) , ,
.
402.3.2 (98)
() .
, S, . 402.3.1 (a), (b), (c), (d)
. 402.3.
() .
, . 403 404.
() . . 419.6.4 (b) 90
% .
S .
419.6.4 (c)
72 % .
(d) . - , ,
[. . 419.6.4 (c)]
75 % , S (c) .
402.3.3 .
() . ,
, ,
, , 80 % . .
11
-
A01 402.3.1(a)
()
A25
A
B
25,000 (172)
30,000 (207)
35,000 (241)
1.00
1.00
1.00
18,000 (124)
21,600 (149)
25,200 (174)
X42
X46
42,000 (289)
46,000 (317)
1.00
1.00
30,250 (208)
33,100 (228)
X52
X56
X60
52,000 (358)
56,000 (386)
60,000 (413)
1.00
1.00
1.00
37,450 (258)
40,300 (278)
43,200 (298)
X65
X70
X80
65,000 (448)
70,000 (482)
80,000 (551)
1.00
1.00
1.00
46,800 (323)
50,400 (347)
57,600 (397)
C
6
I
H
40,000 (278)
35,000 (241)
35,000 (241)
30,000 (207)
1.00
1.00
.00
1.00
28,800 (199)
25,000 (174)
25,200 (174)
21,600 (149)
0.60
0.60
10,800 (74)
10,800 (74)
API 5L
API 5L, ASTM A 53, ASTM
A 106
API 5L, ASTM A 53, ASTM
A 106
API 5L
API 5L
API 5L
API 5L
API 5L
API 5L
API 5L
API 5L
ASTM A 106
ASTM A 333
ASTM A 524
ASTM A 524
,
ASTM A 53
API 5L I II
A25
25,000 (172)
25,000 (172)
API 5L
API 5L, ASTM A 53, ASTM
A 135
API 5L, ASTM A 53, ASTM
A 135
API 5L
API 5L
API 5L
API 5L
API 5L
API 5L
API 5L
API 5L
A25
A
B
25,000 (172)
30,000 (207)
35,000 (241)
1.00
1.00
1.00
18,000 (124)
21,600 (149)
25,200 (174)
X42
X46
42,000 (289)
46,000 (317)
1.00
1.00
30,250 (208)
33,100 (228)
X52
X56
X60
52,000 (358)
56,000 (386)
60,000 (413)
1.00
1.00
1.00
37,450 (258)
40,300 (279)
43,200 (297)
X65
X70
X80
65,000 (448)
70,000 (482)
80,000 (551)
1.00
1.00
1.00
46,800 (323)
50,400 (347)
57,600 (397)
35,000 (241)
1.00
25,000 (174)
ASTM A 333
12
402.3.1(a) ()
()
ASTM A 134
ASTM A 139
ASTM A 139
ASTM A 671
ASTM A 671
ASTM A 672
ASTM A 672
A
B
30,000 (207)
35,000 (241)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
0.80
0.80
0.80
1.00 [(2),(3)]
0.70 [ (4)]
1.00 [(2),(3)]
0.80 [ (4)]
17,300 (119)
20,150 (139)
API 5L
API 5L
A
B
30,000 (207)
35,000 (241)
1.00
1.00
21,600 (149)
25,200 (174)
API 5L
API 5L
X42
X46
42,000 (289)
46,000 (317)
1.00
1.00
30,250 (208)
33,100 (228)
API 5L
API 5L
API 5L
X52
X56
X60
52,000 (358)
56,000 (386)
60,000 (413)
1.00
1.00
1.00
37,450 (258)
40,300 (278)
43,200 (298)
46,800 (323)
1.00
65,000 (448)
X65
API 5L
50,400 (347)
1.00
70,000 (482)
X70
API 5L
57,600 (397)
1.00
80,000 (551)
X80
API 5L
25,200 (174)
1.00
35,000 (241)
Y35
ASTM A 381
30,250 (209)
1.00
42,000 (290)
Y42
ASTM A 381
33,100 (228)
1.00
46,000 (317)
Y46
ASTM A 381
34,550 (238)
1.00
48,000 (331)
Y48
ASTM A 381
36,000 (248)
1.00
50,000 (345)
Y50
ASTM A 381
37,450 (258)
1.00
52,000 (358)
Y52
ASTM A 381
43,200 (298)
1.00
60,000 (413)
Y60
ASTM A 381
46,800 (323)
1.00
65,000 (448)
Y65
ASTM A 381
:
(a) S, 0.72 E ( ) x .
(b) . , ASTM A 120, () . 402.3.1.
(c) , [. .
404.3.1(d)(3)] , , , , ( II, 5),
.
(d) ,
.
(e) for
600F (300C) ( ) 75% .
(f) . 400.2.
(g) (1 = 1 ).
:
(1) . 402.3.1 S.
(2) 12, 22, 32, 42 52.
(3) .
(4) 13, 23, 33, 43 53.
13
(b) . ,
, . 402.3.
, , , , .
402.4
402.4.4 .
,
, VIII.
2
.
403
.
402.4.5 .
() A
. 404.1.1,
(. . 414).
. 404.
,
, . 401
. 402.
402.4.6 . E
402.4.3.
404 .
402.4.5 .
,
, A.
402.5
.
402.5.2 . ,
. ,
,
, .
402.5.2 .
, . API 5L
.
405.2.3 .
/ .
, , , ,
,
404.1 .
404.1.1
(a) tn,, .
tn = t + A
(b) ,
.
tn = ,
t = () . 404.1.2 . . 402.3.1 . A402.3.5,
,
, .
A =
. 402.4.2, . 402.4.1, , . 402.1.
P; = (.
. 401.2.2), ()
D = ()
S ,
(), . 402.3.1 (a), (b), (c),
(d)
14
-
402.4.3
[ (1)]
1.00
1.00
0.60
1.00
()
()
0.80
1.00
0.80
ASTM A 333
1.00
1.00
ASTM A 381
ASTM A 671
ASTM A 672
API 5L
.
,
ASTM A 53
ASTM A 106
ASTM A 134
ASTM A 135
ASTM A 139
NPS 4
MRS 4
1.00
1.00 [ (2), (3)] 0.80 [ (4)]
2.0 [ (2), (3)] 0.80 [ (4)]
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.60
(5)
1.00 [ (6)]
1.00 [ (6)]
0.80 [ (6)]
0.80 [ (7)]
0.60 [ (8)3
:
(9) ( ) . 400.2.
(10) 12, 22, 32, 42, 52.
(11) .
(12) 13, 23, 33, 43, 53.
(13) () ,
.
(14)
ASTM A120, .
(15)
ASTM A 120 NPS 4, .
(16)
ASTM A 120 NPS 4 , .
15
-
404.1.2
.
.
PiD
t=----------2S
Pid
(t=------------)
20S
404.1.3
.
, (
). ,
,
,
( ),
(. . 401.2.2).
404.2 .
. 406.2.1
. 406.2.3.
404.2.1 .
. 404.1.
. 434.7.1.
(98) 404.2.2 .
(c)
MSS.
(d)
ASME B16.9, ASME B 16.28, MSS SP75
, ,
, 404.3 .
.
(98) 404.3.1 . ,
, , .
(a)
(I)
, MSS.
(3) , ASME B16.9 MSS SP-75 , , ,
.
,
,
, (2) .
(b)
(4)
, ,
(2) (8), .
(5) , , .
, . , , , , , ,
.
, .
(6)
(d) ,
,
, .e., h,, > r,,. . . 404.3.
l(b)(3).
(e) ,
, , .
(f) ,
.
(4) . , . 404.3.1(b)(3).
().
d =
dc =
16
(6) .
A1 + A2 + A3 .
() A1. ,
, , ,
A1 = Do (Th - th )
() A2. ,
, , , ..,
A2 = 2L (Tb - tb)
() A3. ,
, , , ,
A3 = 2r (To - Tb)
(7) . , . 404.3.1 (e) ,
, (5) (6) .
(8)
, , ,
ASME B31.4 ,
.
() .
. 404.3.1()(1), 404.3.1()(2), 404.3.1()(3).
,
404.3.1 (c) (1) ,
(2), (3), (4). ,
(5) (6).
(1) , . , , , [. .
404.3.1 (c) (1) ].
, (3 ) .
,
,
( 45 )
, . , , .
(2)
[. . 404.3.1(c)(1)], , [. .
404.3.1()(2)], .
404.3.1
D =
D =
Do = ,
ho = .
ro, (4) (b) .
L =
= 0.7 dTo
tb =
. 404.1.2
tb =
th =
. 404.1.2
Th =
= ,
ro
ri = ( Do)
ro = ,
,
.
.
() .
0.05d, ,
NPS 30 1.50 (38 ).
() . 8 NPS , 0.1Od + 0.50 (13 ).
8 NPS, , 1.25 (32 ).
(), , , 45 , (a) () .
(d) , .
(5) . = K (thDo), K
:
() d/D 0.60, K = 1.00;
() d/D 0.15 0.60, K =
0.6 + d/D;
() d/D 0.15, K = 0.70.
, , (6) -
.
18
:
, . . . 404.3.1
(c) (2).
Th =
b =
W1 (.) = Th Tb 3/8 (10)
N = 1/16 (1.5 ) (.), 1/8 (3 ) ().
. 404.3.1 (C) (3)
404.3.1()
,
. 25%
25% 50%
50%
25%
(4)
(4)
(4)(5)
25% 50%
(2)(3)
(2)
(1)
50%
(2)(3)
(2)
(1)
,
.
(4) ; , ,
100 (7 ), , .
(5) (5) , - ,
, ( 45 ),
.
,
1/4 (6 ).
(3) NPS 2,
[. . 404.3.1 () (3)
]; , ,
21
, S
, .
S th
(4), :
() ,
, ( , )
. 404.1.2) . 404.3.1
(d) (5) ;
() ,
,
,
. 404.3.1 (d) (5) ;
()
, ,
,
. 404.3.1 (d) (5) .
(5) . 404.3.1 (d) (2)
, d [. . 404.3.1 (d) (3)]
2,5
, , ,
2,5
.
(6) , ,
,
.
(7) ,
, ,
, .
.
(8), ,
,
,
.
, , ,
, .
(6) . 404.3.1 (d).
( d)
(1), ,
,
.
, , , -
, , , ..,
, 404.3.1 (c).
, . , , .
. , ,
, ,
, .
402.3.1 (d).
(2), ,
,
,
(3)
. 404.3.1 (d) (2).
(3) AR d th:
AR=dth
,
d =
th = , . 404.1.2.
,
,
th .
22
-
,
,
. ,
, ,
,
.
()
(1) , , .
(,
),
.
404.3.1(d).
, ,
,
. ,
,
, ,
.
(2) , ,
1/2 ,
50 % ,
.
(3),
404.3.1(e)(2) 11/3 ,
.
(4) ,
,
, , . 402.3.1(d).
(5)
, ,
404.5 .
404.5.1 .
() , . 408.1 , 426.1,
. 402.2.1.
() , ,
, ASME B16.5,
. ,
1:3. MSS SP-44, NPS 26,
.
() . 408.1,
II
VIII, 1, ASME .
(d)
, , ,
ASME B16.5,
ASME ,
VIII, 1.
404.6 .
(98)
() ,
ASME B 16.5, ASME B 16.9, MSS SP-75,
,
.
() ,
,
, .
( ).
() ,
,
, .
404.3.4 . , , ,
. . . 421.1
.
404.7 .
, , 423.1 426.1,
, , .
24
( .)
,
, ,
:
() ( UG-101
VIII, 1, ASME
);
() (
6 VIII, 2, ASME );
()
3
, .
405 .
405.2 .
405.2.1 .
()
423.1
. 404.1.2
. 437.1.4, 437.4.1, 437.4.3.
() ,
423.1 .
404.1.2 .
437.4.1, 437.6.1, 431.6.3, 437.6.4.
()
ASTM 120
404.1.2
402.3.1 (c)
437.4.1,437.4.3,437.6.1,437.6.3, 437.6.4, 437.6.5,
24,000 . (165
) ; 437.4.1, 437.6.1
437.6.7 ,
24,000 . (165 ).
(d) , ,
600F (300C)
( ) ,
. 402.3.1 (d).
() .
,
, , .
, .
406 , , .
406.1 .
406.1.1 .
() .
[. . 404.2.2 (b), 404.3.1 (a) (2),
404.3.1 (a) (3)], ASME
B16.9, ASME B16.28, MSS SP-75.
() .
[. . 404.3.1
(a) (1) 404.5.11], ASME
B16.5.
() , . ,
, . 406.1.1 (a) 406.1.1 (b) , . 403 404.
406.2 , .
406.2.1 .
() , , . 404.2.1 .
434.7.1.
() . 406.2.1 (c),
:
18D
NPS 12
21
14
24
16
27
18
30
NPS 20
, , .
() , NPS 14 18D;
, 18D,
. 434.7.1 (b)
, , , , .
25
,
,
. 434.7.1 (b) - , .
406.2.2 .
20 % , . , 121/2 ,
20 %
, ,
.
10 % , 121/2,
. , 3 ,
.
406.2.3 .
() , , . 404.2.1 404.2.2
. 434.7.3.
,
.
()
, ,
.
406.2.4 . .
406.3 .
, .
406.4 .
(98) 406.4.1 . ,
ASME B16.5, ASME B16.9, MSS
SP-75, . 404.6.
406.4.2 " " ( ) . " " ( ) , 20 %
.
406.5 .
, . 406.1 (. . 404.3 ).
406.6 .
406.6.1 . -
(. . 404.7) .
.
,
, ,
, . . . 401.2.2 402.2.
,
VIII, 1, UG-35 (b) ASME
.
,
. 434.8.6.
406.6.2 . , , ASME B 16.9
MSS SP-75.
406.6.3 . : , ( . 406.6.2 ), ,
.
VIII, 1, ASME
.
,
. 402.3.
,
100 %
VIII, 1.
, .
401.2.2. , VIII, 1,
, .
406.6.4 . " " ( ) , 20 % .
NPS 3 ,
100 . (7 ).
26
NPS 3
.
406.6.5 . . 408.
407 .
407.1 .
() , ,
423.1 426.1.
API 6D.
() , ,
423.1 426.1 ,
250 . (17 ). , (. . 408.5.4).
()
20 F (-30 C) 250 F (120 C) (.
. 401.3.1). ,
, , , , , .
407.8 .
,
423.1 426.1 , ,
,
,
, .
408 , , , .
408.1 .
(98) 408.1.1 .
() 408.1, 408.3, 408.4 408.5.
() .
, , , , ,
, , , ASME B 16.5 MSS SP-44, ,
, . 402.2.1.
,
. . .
() .
404.5.1.
, , , , , [. . 407.l (b) 423.2.4 (b)].
(d) , .
, , ASME
B16.5 MSS SP-44 ,
. 404.5.1.
() . ,
. 404.5.1
(d).
408.3 .
408.3.1 .
(98)
() . ASME B16.5
MSS SP-6.
() . , ASME B16.5. . .
408.5.4 .
408.4 .
408.4.1 .
,
,
,
.
408.4.2 .
(98)
() ,
ASME B16.20 ASME B16.21.
()
,
ANSI Class150 .
() ( ) [
. 408.4.2 (b)] , ,
.
,
.
27
-
: ,
, .
(d) ASME B16.5.
, .
()
ASME B16.20.
,
.
408.4.3 . , , , , , , , .
409
.
,
, , , , , , , , , ,
. [ 405.2.1 (b).] ,
; , , ; .
,
,
.
,
,
24,000 . (165 )
.
408.5 .
(98) 408.5.1 .
()
.
() ASTM 194
325, , 307 B ASME Class 150
ASME Class 300.
(98) 408.5.2
. SME B16.5.
408.5.3 .
, 1/8
(3 )
, ASTM 193 354.
408.5.4 .
150 Class 125 Class,
(ASTM 193) ,
- , -
; ,
ASTM 307 B.
300 Class 250 Class,
ASTM 307 B. , .
408.5.5 .
. 404.5.1 [. . 408.1.1 (d) 408.1.1 (e)],
VIII, 1, ASME
.
4 .
411 .
411.2
V.
412 .
412.2 .
408.
414 .
414.1 .
(98)
.
API 5B, NPT ASME B1.20.1. , NPS 2 150 .
(10 ),
.
(. ASME B36.10M).
28
-
418 , , .
418.1 .
, API 6D. , , 423.2-4 (b):
() ,
. , ,
, ,
.
() ,
, , .
5
, ,
, .
419 .
419.1 .
() . ,
.
() ,
-
,
,
. .
() , , ,
.
, , , .
, .
(d) , ,
, , -
. ,
, .
419.5 .
419.5.1 . ,
,
;
, , . ,
, .
419.6 .
419.6.1 .
6.5 x 10 6 / / F 250F
(11.7 x 106 / / C 120C).
419.6.2 .
.
419.6.3 . 0.3 .
419.6.4 .
() . , . , .
() . -
:
SL=E(T2-T1)-vSh
,
SL = ,
()
Sh = - ,
()
29
T1 = , F (C)
T2 = , F (C)
E = , . ()
= ,
//F ( / /C)
v = = 0.30
,
T2
, , .
. 402.3.2 (c), 90 %
,
.
, .
() . -
:
SE =
S b 2 + 4S
,
SE = -
Sb =
(i i M i ) + (i )
Z
= , .
()
S1 = M1/2Z = , .
()
Mi = (
, , ;
), , (N.m)
= , , , - (N.m)
Mi = , - (N.m)
ii =
[ . 419.6.4 (c)]
io =
, [ . 419.6.4 (c)]
Z = , . ()
- SE
, 100 % ,
- SA,
SA = 0.72 . 402.3.2 (c).
- , ,
0.75SA
. 402.3.2 (d).
, ,
,
, 80 %
,
. 402.3.3 (a). .
. 402.3.3 (b),
, .
402.3. , , ,
.
419.7 .
419.7.3 .
() , , ,
, .., .
()
,
.
, , . 419.6.4 (c) .
() .
(d) , ,
,
, ,
.
, .
()
,
.
30
-
. 419.6.4()
, ,
( ),
( ANSI 816.9
)
,
,
k
1
ii(1)
ii(2)
1,0
1,2
1,3
1,6
2,3
2,5
:
(1) .
(2) .
(3) , k h ; .
( ) , .
(4) k i , h , :
R = , ()
T = , ()
d =
r = , ()
ro = . (11)
s =
t = : , ; , ; , ( , , ..
O.D.).
tc =
= , .
(5) , k i, C1
, , h: , h 1.
(6) , , . .
(7) ,
. , :
k
i
,
=
P =
(8) .
(9) >1t, h= 4.05t/r
(10) ; 0.9.
(98) . 419.6.4() k i ()
32
(11) , , .
:
() r: 0.05d 38 (1.5 );
( B) ro :
(1) DN200 (NPS 8) , 0.10d + 13 (0.50 );
(2) DN200 (NPS 8), 32 (1.25 );
(), , 45
(a) (b) ;
(d) , .
. 419.6.4(c)
A
/()
420.1 .
, , , , , , , .
6
.
422 .
421 .
422.3
421.1 , .
, , 15 (1 ) .
(e)
,
.
(f)
.
(g)
. , ,
,
.
(h)
, ,
, , ,
.
MSS SP-58
422.6 .
.
422.6.1
,
.
422.6.2
, , , .
.
33
-
34
III
423.2.4 , , .
(c) , ,
423.1
.
407.1 (a), 407.l(b),
(a) 423.2.4(b).
(d) , , 423.1
. ,
400.1.2(b)
[. 400.1.2(g)], - A.
,
423.1 250 (17 ).
a. A 423.2.5
. , . - ,
A , 423.1, - ,
- . ,
.
(b)
,
.
.
.
,
- .
,
.
A,
, 423.2
.
423.2.1 .
(c) .
.
423.2.6
(d) .
.
.
.
,
.
425
.
423.2.3 .
423.1 ( , 425.3
423.2.5).
408.4.
423
.
408.5.
35
-
423.1
A01
, , , ............. ASTWl A 53
................................ ASTM A 106
, , ( ) ( NPS 16 )................... ASTM A 134
............................................................................................ ASTM A 135
, , ( ) ( NPS 4 ) ..................... ASTM A 139
. ASTM A 333
........................................................................................................................... ASTM A 381
..............................
....................................
.........................
..............................................................................................................................................
ASTM A 524
ASTM A 530
ASTM A 671
ASTM A 672
API 5L
,
................................................................................................. ASME B16.5
, ......................................................................... ASTM A 105
, ............................................................. ASTM A 126
, ................................................. ASTWl A 181
,
......................................................................................................... ASTM A 182
, ,
............................................................................................................................................. ASTM A 216
, ,
............................................................................ ASTM A 217
........................................................................................................................................................... ASTWl A 234
, , ................................................................................................................................................ ASTM A 350
..................................................................................................................................................................... ASTM A 395
[ (1)] ................................................................................................................................................ ASTM A 420
.................................................................. ASTM A 487
, , , ,
..................................................................................................... ASTM A 694
.......................................................................................................
API ^
, , ...............................................................
API 6D
, .................................................
API 600
..............................................................................
API 602
150, ....................................................
API 603
,
.............................................................................................................................................
MSS SP-55
......................................
MSS SP-75
.............................................................................................................................................................. ASTM A 193
................................................................................................................................................. ASTM A 194
............................................... ASTM A 307
ASTM A 320
....................................................... ASTM A 325
, ...... ASTM A 354
......................................................................... ASTM A 449
36
423.1 ()
()
. 150 . (1035 )
, ,
, ,
, , -
,
-
, ,
,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, , - -
, , - -
,
, , --
-
, ,
,
, , ,
, , -, , ,
ASTM A 490
ASTM A 6
ASTM A 20
ASTM A 29
ASTM A 36
ASTM A 225
ASTM A 242
ASTM A 283
ASTM A 285
ASTM A 441
ASTM A 442
ASTM A 505
ASTM A 506
ASTM A 507
ASTM A 514
ASTM A 515
ASTM A 516
ASTM A 517
ASTM A 537
ASTM A 572
ASTM A 573
ASTM A 575
ASTM A 576
ASTM A 633
ASTM A 663
ASTM A 675
MSS SP-58
:
, A, 423.1
. A ,
.
:
(1) 420 WPL9 .
37
IV
426 .
426.2 .
,
404. 426.1 . ,
- .
426.1. 426.3 .
423.1 ,
, -
426. -
426.2.
426.1 (.
414.1).
39
426.1
ASME B36.10M
ASME B36.19M
, ,
,
150,
, ,
,
,
,
( UN UNR) l
, ()
()
, ,
ASME B16.5
ASME B16.9
ASME B16.10
ASME B16.20
ASME B16.21
ASME 616.25
ASME 616.28
API 6A
API 6D
API 600
API 602
API 603
MSS SP-6
MSS SP-25
MSS SP-44
MSS SP-61
MSS SP-67
MSS SP-70
MSS SP-71
MSS SP-75
MSS SP-78
ASME Bl.l
ASME Bl.20.1
ASME Bl.20.3
API 56
MSS SP-69
: ,
A,
426.1 . A .
40