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BI TP LCH S KIN TRC V QUY HOCH TH

Sinh vin thc hin: Lp: Nguyn Minh c 10K1

I) S hnh thnh bn sc trong kin trc truyn thng Vit Nam


Cng vi qu trnh pht trin ca lch s dn tc, mm mng ca s to ra cc khng gian ca con ngi c th ni cng bt u t 4000 nm nay v lch s kin trc Vit Nam c tnh t thi k khi dng t nc, thi k Vua Hng (trc 207 trc cng nguyn) vi nn vn ha Vn Lang u Lc, hay cn gi l nn vn minh la nc, vi trnh k thut c ng ni ting thi k vn ha ng Sn. Thi k ny, qua cc di tch kho c, c bit l trn mt trng ng Ngc L cn ghi li nt sinh hot thi xa v nhng kiu loi nh sn. l nhng kin trc truyn thng lu i, ph hp vi mi trng thin nhin ca t nc, ph hp vi kh hu vng nhit i nng m.

Thnh C Loa Tip theo l thi Bc thuc (t 207 n 906 trc cng nguyn). Hng nghn nm di ch thng tr ca phong kin Trung Hoa, vi m mu ng ha v p t; song nn vn ha dn tc Vit Nam vn trng tn chc chn c s i mi pht trin. Nhng di sn kin trc trn mt t t th k x tr v trc n nay khng cn; ch cn li mt s di tch di long t. l nhng ngi m thi Hn, cc di tch kho c ny ni ln k thut xy dng c truyn Hn Vit trn t vit nam th hin qua nhng vin gch nung c hoa vn xy trong m c, cng nh k thut xy m.

Du n r nt nht ca nn kin trc c Vit Nam cn li cho n ngy nay phi k t i L (XI XVI), Trn (XIII XIV), H (XV), L (XV XVI), Ty Sn (XVIII), Nguyn (XIX). Trong , cc di sn kin trc t gio tnh ngng khi dng t i L, Trn n nay tri qua nhiu giai on trng tu tn to v hu nh khng cn ng vi trng thi ban u. Ngay cc di tch thi Nguyn gn y nht, tri qua trn 100 nm vi nhng bin ng lch s, do chin tranh, kh hu nng m, do s xung cp, nhiu cng trnh v tng th cng trnh cng trong trnh trng khng cn nguyn vn, Song th loi cn li cng a dng phong ph hn l cc triu i khc. Trong gn 1000 nm c lp pht trin, di cc triu i phong kin Vit Nam, kin trc truyn thng Vit Nam c nhng c im sau: Trong sut lch s, kin trc c truyn Vit Nam thc s khng c nhiu thay i hoc c xut hin nhng trng phi nh chu u. V l mt quc gia phi lin tc chu ng chin tranh tri di theo lch s, thi gian ha bnh xy dng rt ngn, nn kin trc ln hay bn vng tn ti khng c nhiu. Chc nng s dng: kin trc cung in, tn gio (nh, cha, miu th), vn ha (bia, n), nh dn gian, Vt liu xy dng th cng t c tnh cch lu di, ch tr cc cng trnh cng cng: gch, , g qu (thit mc) m a s dng cc vt liu a phng sn c nh l, tranh, tre, g o, k nn ct, t st nung hoc khng nung, bn trn rm, Kt cu: khung sn g, mng v l mng (khng dng inh), v ko g n tay, rui m, n vong, ct k tn (khng mng, c) ty theo iu kin a l m c th nh kt cu nng sn, na nh sn na nn t, hay trn nn t, nhng khng c lu hay nhiu tng nh cc nc khc. Mi nh thng c dc cao do hay dng l, tranh, ngi (dc ln hn 45 ). Trang tr: cng trnh cng cng th thng lp ngi (hong cung, nh, miu), mi cong gc mi c trang tr u ao, rng, c, chm tr hoa vn trang tr cc u x g g, cc hnh tng trang tr thng t th h t linh (Long, Ly, Qui, Phng) hay cp, c, Thit k bnh : cng trnh cng cng nh cha, nh thng c bnh dng theo chit t Hn nh ni cng ngoi quc, cn nh th thng l 3 gian, 2 chi, hnh ch inh, nh chnh (nh trn) v nh ph (nh di) c sn nc (sn thin tnh) v thng khng ngn chia ra cc phng nh nh ty phng, 1 ca chnh v 1 ca i ph v rt t ca s. Nh min Nam nhiu sng rch nn phng tin i li chnh l xung nn cng trnh ph nh nh ghe xung thng m sng (xo) hay tu, v pha ngoi nh c chung tru b, cn kho la th thng t trong nh. Vt l kin trc: thng gi t nhin, tng v mi nh thng trm kn nh do ma rt nhiu, hn na ca i v ca s m rt t do an ninh nga trm cp nn chiu sng t nhin rt ti v km sng sa, nh thng hng nam (n gi nm thi mt vo ma h) v 2 chi ph 2 u nh s l hng ng ty chng hi nng mt tri sng v chiu. Trng cy: trc nh trng cau (cau n gi nam mt) sau nh trng chui (l chui ngn bt gi bc lnh ma ng). th: hnh thnh c mt s cc th c. Trong th c c thnh c (ni vua quan v binh lnh ), khu th dn, ch v h thng cc cng trnh tn gio tnh ngng. th c hnh thnh theo thut phong thy; c th da vo a hnh thin nhin v mi quan h thin a nhn. Cc ph phng trong th c

hnh thnh v s qun l ph phng khng khc g cc lng x. Ngn gia cc ph phng l cc cng ng kin trc nh bun bn l cc nh hnh ng. ch yu l 1 tng v mt tng c km gc lng, h tng k thut th rt s lc. cc khu ph c trong th Vit Nam cn n nay l du n ca cc khu th dn th c. S khc nhau v kin trc truyn thng qua cc triu i l cu trc ca cc th loi v ko, k hin, cong ca mi v k thut, ngh thut th hin cc hoa vn trang tr trn cc thnh phn kin trc truyn thng. T tng th n cng trnh kin trc u khng c bn v thit k trc khi xy dng, phn ln lm theo kinh nghim truyn khu da trn thc tm. T nhng tng th cng trnh kin trc truyn thng Vit Nam; nhiu nh nghin cu kin trc Vit Nam u thy thng nht nhng nhn nh v bn sc dn tc sau: Vit Nam l mt quc gia nhiu dn tc gm 54 dn tc, dn tc Kinh l ch o, chim 87,1%; kin trc truyn thng ca dn tc Kinh l tiu biu cho c nc v cho cc th Vit Nam, c bit l cc th vng ng bng min bin. Bn cnh kin trc truyn thng ca dn tc kinh, kin trc dn gian ca cc dn tc khc Vit Nam cng l bn sc ring ca tng a phng. Tnh bo lu ca c trng kin trc truyn thng c tnh bn vng hn. Trong cc kin trc truyn thng ca cc dn tc c: Kin trc Chm vi cc thp Chm di tch ca nn vn ha Chm pa chu nh hng ca nn vn ha c trung i n . Ngh thut kin trc thp Chml ngh thut ca kin trc xy bng gch vi k thut v ngh thut c sc tiu biu ca min Trung t nc. Kin trc Kh me tiu biu ca min ng Nam B, kin trc ng bo cc dn tc Ty nguyn tiu biu cho khu vc min Nam Trung B. Kin trc Mng tiu biu cho vng Ha Bnh, kin trc Thi vng ni Ty Bc Bc B v kin trc ng bo Ty Nng tiu biu cjo vng ng Bc Kin trc dn tc Kinh tiu biu cho c nc vi cc bn sc sau: Kin trc c b cc, c tnh biu tng, n d, hm sc, c hnh tng ngh thut, t ni dng n hnh thi cha ng tnh trit l ( trit hc phung ng) ngh thut thm trm, t nh, kn o nhng su lng v thm thy tr tu. Kin trc xinh xn, dn tri, gn b, hi ha vi thin nhin, khng gian v hnh khi kin trc nh l mt yu t hu c ca cnh quan thin nhin. (Thp cha Pht tuy nhiu tng nhng cng b nh, im xuyt cho khng gian). Khng gian s dng linh hot, a nng, d dng bin i thch ng cho cc iu kin sinh hot, hot ng trong khng gian kin trc. C s kt hp kho lo 3 loi khng gian: khng gian kn, khng gian bn kn, bn h, v khng gian h. T l khng gian rt gn gi, gn b vi hot ng ca con ngi. T l gia cc b phn cng trnh hi ha, thng nht. Kin trc s dng iu khc, chm khc mu sc nh mt yu t ph tr tch cc tng tnh ngh thut cho ng trnh, mt khc l phng tin din t ngha biu trng, ci thn ca cng trnh, nh s dng cc hoa vn ( ng vt qu, cy ci hoa l) y ngha tng trng. Tnh hp l ca kt cu, tnh n gin, thng nht tnh in hnh v tnh tiu chun thy r trong b khung gchu lc ca cng trnh.

V ngoi hnh ca kin trc truyn thng Vit nam u l loi c mi dc thng u dc mi c loi un cong vi cc trang tr trn dc mi, trn gc mi phong ph c loi hai u hi thng mi che cho than nh than nh l h ct khung vi hang hin.

Mi u ao truyn thng

Nh ba gian nng thn

Nh sn ngi Thi

Nh rng Ty Nguyn

Nh di

Nh m

Thp Chm

Cha mt ct

II) c im kin trc Vit Nam thi cn i (1858 1945) bc u i mi bn sc v hnh thnh nhng truyn thng mi:
thi k ny, song song vi s bnh trng ca CNTB chu u sang vng ng Nam , km theo l s xm nhp ca kin trc phng Ty. Vit Nam cng trong bi cnh nh vy, cui th k XIX v u th k XX, kin trc Vit Nam c bc ngot ln. Cc th c c hnh thnh t thi nh Nguyn v trc c ci to theo cc kiu th phng Ty. Cc ng ph c nn thng, to mng li ng theo kiu c, h tng k thut ng ph c hon thin, ng ph rng hn trc, c h dnh cho ngi i b, ng ph c cy xanh, c n ng, cng rnh thot nc v cp nc Trn cc ng ph l cc th loi cng trnh kin trc: nh , nh hang, cng s v cc cng trnh phc v cng cng i sng, nh my kin trc phong ph v th loi v hnh thc m trc y cha h c. Bn cnh cc kin trc c, tn c in, kin trc a phng Php c thc hin mang tnh p t ch yu ch yu do cc vin ton quyn v ch u t T bn Php ch o, cc kin trc truyn thng Vit Nam vn tn ti v i mi trn c s tip thu nhng tinh hoa ca kin trc Ty Phng vi kin trc truyn thng Vit Nam. S i mi din ra mt cch t t. i vi cng trnh 1 tng: s i mi ca kin trc truyn thng c bt u t hnh thc bn ngoi cng trnh. Cu trc bn trong nh vn theo h thng gian vi v ko g c truyn; tng vy bn ngoi xy bng gch vi cc hnh thc s dng cc h ct phng Ty; bn trn kt thc bng tng hoa chn mi. Trn s dng cc trang tr kiu Chu u. Ca theo kiu ca pan; sau l ca 2 lp; knh, chp. S xy dng nh 2,3 tng i hi phi p dng cc kt cu ct, dm, sn bng vt liu bn vng hn. Ct gch, dm thp, sn gch rng, hoc va gch trn h thng dm g lim hay thp (thay cho ct, dm sn g ca kin trc truyn thng) Hnh thc bn ngoi hon ton theo ngn ng kin trc Phng Ty song s dng cc hoa vn trang tr dn tc (ch trin) S dng mi ngi Ty (gn 10 loi khc nhau cho mi). Vic s dng st, thp, xi mng, b tng ct thp vi k thut tnh ton kh nng chu lc kt cu nh t phng Ty mang n to iu kin cho kin trc Vit Nam pht trin mnh v c c s khoa hc. Xu hng kin trc vi kt cu, cu to cc b phn to iu kin cho vic hnh thnh khng gian khc phc c nhng bt li ca kh hu nhit i nng m c pht trin, to ra nhng bn sc mi trong kin trc Vit Nam vo nhng thp k 30-40, l khuynh hng kin trc ng Dng. Nt c bit ca cc cng trnh ny l vic s dng cc h mi vi con sn mi che nc nh, nh c tng hm thong thong chng m, s dng ca 2 lp: knh, chp phng p mi c trn nh, khng gian di mi ch l chng nng c ca thot kh Tt c nhng kha cnh nu trn bt ngun t cc nh dn gian truyn thng cng kt hp vi cc kinh nghim chng nng nng trong kin trc ca cc nc. T l khng gian kin trc cng trnh p ng nhu cu s dng tt cao phng va m bov khi tch khng kh, m bo thong mt, m bo thm m. X l kin trc mt ng trn nguyn tc ca phong cch kin trc Tn c in Chu u. Song s xut hin cc yu t thng hi thong gi trn, di ca s, ci mi hin che, cng

cc ban cng, l gia, s dng cc hoa vn trang tr dn tc chnh l to ra nhng truyn thng mi, bn sc mi.

Nh Khch Chnh Ph

Nh ht ln H Ni

III) c im ca kin trc Vit Nam thi hin i t 1945 n nay.


Trong giai on ny kin trc Vit Nam vn tip tc pht trin ca nhng truyn thng kin trc giai on trc, nhng s th hin 2 min c khc nhau. pha Bc, do chnh sch tit kim; tiu chun trong kin trc xy dng c hn hp phn no nh hng n khai thc c trng v tm ti sng to trong mi lnh vc to ra nhng tin nghi thun li nht cho mi trng sng, lm vic. Kin trc thc hin theo phng chm thch dng, bn vng, kinh t, m quan trong iu kin c th. Song thch dng y cng ch t ti mc ti thiu v m quan thc s cha c ch trng bnh s lc ngho nn trong hnh thc v n iu tng th l iu khng th trnh khi. Ch ngha tp th c cao trong kin trc, khng c khi nim nh chut trong nhng th pha Bc trc 1975. pha Nam kin trc k tha pht huy c cc gi tr sn c t trc hnh thc kin trc nhanh nh, ch trng trang tr ni ngoi tht, cc bin php chn nng, thng thong kin trc theo phong cch hin i chung chung l c trng; ch ngha c nhn, tnh mun hnh mun v c th hin trong kin trc s tng phn v kin trc trong th thy r rt: l nhng khu nh chut ca dn ngho, dn di c, dc cc knh, mng, vi cc nh lu, dinh th ca cc tng lp giu c trong th (trc 1975). y l thi k ca nn kinh t th trng, thi k m ca ku gi u t nc ngoi. TRong thi k ny kinh t mt s th ln c pht trin, nh do dn t xy dng rt a dng, cng trnh do nc ngoi u t vi vi m to ln v a phong cch. Kin trc c nhiu khuynh hng khc nhau: Khuynh hng phc c, nhi c s dng cc thc ct c in Chu u, hoa vn trang tr, ban cng bng cha(trong kin trc nh dn t xy). Khuynh hng hin i: Tm ci p trong to khi hnh v s dng s tng phn hnh, khi; c rng; s dng cc mng tng knh (knh phn quang, knh mu) vi ca nhm. S dng h thng iu ha nhn to. Cc ca chp, ca g pa n, h thng tm chn nng thnh hnh cc giai on trc nay thy vng mt trong cc cng trnh hin i. Khuynh hng Hu hin i tip tc ca khuynh hng hin i; song nng v gii quyt hnh khi, tng th; s dng mt s m tp in hnh ca kin trc truyn thng c, to mi lin h vi truyn thng, vi lch s. To mi lin h khng gian trong, ngoi. Quy m ni tri ca cc cng trnh kin trc do u t nc ngoi vo cc th loi khch sn, vn phng, ngn hang, siu th trong tng th kin trc th hin c, to ra nhng sc thi mi trong kin trc th. Kin trc th Vit Nam trong hn thp k qua th hin rt r tnh tnh ha ng hi nhp quc t - th hin s a dng ha v vai tr c nhn trong sng to ngh thut kin trc c khch l. Tip thu kinh nghim ca cha ng trong vic x l lin h gia trong v ngoi nh, gia khng gian sng v thin nhin, s dng cc vt liu truyn thng nh tre na. Trong s cc cng trnh ln c xy dng; c bit cc cng trnh u t nc ngoi c s phi hp gia KTS Vit Nam vi KTS cc nc C s ch o chuyn

mn ca ca Hi ng kin trc thnh ph v ca vn phng KTS Trng thnh ph (i vi H Ni v PT. H Ch Minh). Cc cng trnh ch ha nhp vi cnh quan khu vc, mi cng trnh u c sc thi ring, gp phn lm phong ph cho ngn ng kin trc trong th Vit Nam. L nhng yu t mi, do vy khng khi gy nhiu kin tranh lun v quy m, cao, hnh thc, v s ha nhp cnh quan, v bn sc kin trc.

Trung tm hi ngh quc gia Vit Nam M nh

Bo tng H Ni

Trung tm Hi ngh Quc t H Ni

Cng hng khng Nguyn Khng Rt r rng nhng bn sc truyn thng kin trc Vit Nam ang i mi s i mi cn c c v. Song cng cn c bnh lun tip thu pht trin nhng mt tch cc, hn ch nhng vn cha ph hp, to ra nhng truyn thng mi cho giai on hin nay ca kin trc hin i Vit Nam trong thi i cng nghip ha hin i ha t nc, ha nhp quc t m vn pht huy c bn sc dn tc.

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