1

KT CU THP 1


C
C
H
H

N
N
G
G
3
3
:
:
T
T
H
H
I
I

T
T
K
K

D
D

M
M
T
T
H
H

P
P




G GV V: : N NG GU UY Y N N V V N N H HI I U U

T Tp p. . H HC CM M, , T Th h n ng g 0 02 2/ /2 20 01 13 3

2

1. I CNG V DM V H DM
1. Cc loi dm
1.1. Theo cu to

Dm nh hnh
Cnh dm
Cnh dm
Bn ph cnh dm
Cnh dm
Bn bng dm Bn bng dm
inh tn hoc bu lng
Thp gc
cnh dm
x x
y
y
Bn bng dm
x x x x
y
y
y
y

Dm t hp
1.2. Theo s kt cu

Hnh 3.3. Phn loi dm theo s kt cu


3
2. H dm:
2.1. Khi nim: H dm l kt cu khng gian gm dm chnh, dm ph
b tr thng gc nhau.
2.2. Phn loi: Ty theo cch sp xp dm ta c 3 loi h dm:
a. H dm n gin:Dm lm vic nh bn k hai cnh, kh nng chu lc
km, ch ph hp vi ti trng nh, chiu di cnh ngn sn khng ln.


4
b. H dm ph thng :Khi ti trng v kch thc ca sn khng ln (q
3000daN/m2; sn12x36m) s dng h dm ph thng c hiu qu kinh
t hn cc loi h dm khc nh gim lng thp v d cu kin hn.



5
c. H dm phc tp: H dm ny phc tp v tn cng ch to ch
thch hp khi ti trng sn cng tc ln ( q 3000daN/cm
2
).



6
2.2. Cc cch lin kt dm
a. Lin kt chng
b. Lin kt cng bn mt
c. Lin kt thp

Hnh 3.5. Cc cch lin kt dm

7
3. Cu to v tnh ton bn sn:
3.1. Xc nh nhp l v chiu dy bn sn t:
Yu cu : trng lng sn khng ln, cu to khng qu phc tp m vn m
bo kh nng chu c ti trng. Biu gn ng gi tr gia nhp ln nht l v
t.
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
tc 4
o
1 0
q . n
E 72
1 .
15
n . 4
t
l
(3.1)

(

=
A
l
n
0
- vng gii hn, theo quy phm: sn 150 n
0
= ;
2
1
1
E
E
v
=

(3.2)
Vi v - h s Potxng ca thp bn sn
3 , 0
thp
= v ;
3 , 0 1
10 . 1 , 2
E
6
3 CT

=
2 6
1
cm / daN 10 . 26 , 2 E =
B dy sn t c chn theo ti trng tiu chun nhp sn l.

8
3.2. Kim tra:
Ct mt di bn rng 1 cm,
s tnh ton l mt dm hai
gi ta c nh chu ti phn b
u q.
A . H
8
l
. q M
2
max
=
o +
=
1
1
. M M
0 max


Hnh 3.6. S tnh ca bn sn
Trong : o t s gia H v lc ti hn le, c xc nh theo phng trnh:
2
0 2
t
. 3 ) 1 (
|
.
|

\
|
= +
A
o o

9
Kim tra iu kin bin dng, vng ca bn sn do ti trng tiu chun q
v lc ko H gy ra: | | A
o
A A s
+
=
1
1
.
0
(3.6)
Vi
0
A - vng dm do ti trng tiu chun q trn dm;
J . E
l . q
.
384
5
1
4
0
= A (3.7)
Kim tra iu kin bn:
c
max
. f
W
M
A
H
o s + =

(3.8)
Trong : o
t
2
2
l
EI
H = (3.9)
Tnh c chiu cao ng hn lin kt bn sn v dm chu lc ko H gi
ta:

c min
f
. ) f . (
H
h
|
= (3.10)

10
2. CC KCH THC CHNH CA DM
Khi thit k c th cn xc nh c hai kch thc c bn l chiu di v chiu
cao ca tit din dm.
1. Nhp v bc ca dm
l
h
h
A A
L
1
o
L
l
L

c)

Gi ta: - tng gch l=L
1

- ct b tng, ging b tng: l=L
o
+(L
1
-L
o
)/2
- an ton ly l=L

11
2. Chiu cao dm: Da vo:

s s
~
max min
kt
h h h
h h

a.
kt
h : trng lng thp l min

Th tch mt n v di ca dm:
V
d
= V
f
+ V
w
= 2.A
f
.l.
f
+A
w
.l.
w

Gn ng xem cnh dm chu ton b M v:
f w d
h h h ~ ~
h / M N = ;
h . f
M
f
N
A
f
= = ; h . t A
w w
=
Nn:
w w f d
. h . t c . .
f . h
M
. 2 V + =
Vi: c < 1: h s k n mt phn M do bng dm
chu.
d
V cc tiu khi: 0
h
V
d
=
o
o
0
h . f
M . 2
. f
f
2
w w
=

Hnh 3.8. Kch thc dm

Hnh 3.9. Xem cnh chu
ton b M

12

w w
f
kt
t . f .
M . . c . 2
h

= hoc
w
yc
kt
t
W
k h =
vi:
w
f
kt
. c . 2
h

= : ph thuc hnh thc cu to

dm; dm t hp hn 15 , 1 2 , 1 k = ; dm t hp
inh tn 2 , 1 25 , 1 k = .

Hnh 3.10. Mi quan h
gia V v h dm
- Khi tnh ton
kt
h ca dm, xt s thay i
w w w
t / h = :
3
yc w
kt
2
W . . 3
h

=
- Ta thy: h
w
ln hn v t
w
mng
w
s ln Dm nh. Tuy nhin, t
w
khng
c qu mng tha mn iu kin n nh cc b bn bng.
- T (3.17):
f w f
d
w w
V 2 V .
f . h
M . c . 2
. t = = - th tch dm nh nht.

13
- T hnh (3.10): khi h
d
ln cn gi tr
kt
h , V
d
thay i khng ln ly h
d
h
kt

khng qu 10-20 vn m bo yu cu kinh t.
b. h
min
: Xc nh da vo iu kin vng.
Dm n gin:
I . E
l
). p g (
384
5
4
tc tc
+ = A (3.18)
( )
8
l
. p g M
2
tc tc
+ = (3.19)
Li c quan h 2 / h . W I ; W . f M = =

tb
min
l l
E
f
24
5
h
A
(

= (3.20)
tb
: h s vt ti trung bnh
p
tc
g
tc
tc tc
tb
. p . g
p g 1
+
+
=
c. h
max
: Xc nh da vo iu kin xy dng, trnh lm nh hng khng gian
s dng.


14
3. THIT K DM HNH
1. Chn tit din:
T s dm, ti trng, hnh thc lin kt gi ta tnh c: M
max
, V
max
.

c
max yc
x
. f
M
W

= ; nu k n s lm vic trong giai on do ca thp:

c 1
max yc
x
. f . c
M
W

=
1
c : h s k n s pht trin ca bin dng do, dm thp thng thng, tit din
khng i, ti trng tnh phn b u, ly
1
c =1,12.
Cn c vo yu cu v hnh dng tit din v cc gi tr tnh c, tra bng quy
cch thp cn chn ra hnh dng v s hiu thp hnh, tha mn iu kin:

yc
x x
W W > (3.23)

15
2. Kim tra tit din:
a. bn chu M: Theo ng sut php:
c
x
. f
W
M
o s = hoc
c
x 1
. f
W . c
M
o s =
b. bn chu V:
c v
w x
max
. f
t . I
S . V
t s =
c. ng sut do ti trng cc b:
c
w
cb
. f
Z . t
P
o s = vi Z = b + 2.t
f


Hnh 3.11. ng sut cc
b do ti trng tp trung
d. Dm chu ng thi
cb
, , o t o :
c
2
cb
2
cb
2
td
. f . 15 , 1 . 3 . t o o o o o s + + =
e. vng :
(

s
l l
A A


f. n nh tng th: hc trong phn dm t hp.

16
4. THIT K DM T HP
1. Chn tit din
a. Xc nh chiu dy bn bng dm
Xc nh chiu cao
max min
h h h s s v
kt
h h ~ cng tt.
t
w
chn da vo h v V
max
:
c v
w x
max
. f
t . I
S . V
t s = (3.30)
8
h
. t S
2
w
w
= ;
12
h . t
I
13
w w
x
=

Hnh 3.12. Dm t hp
hn
Coi bng dm chu ton b lc ct, ta c
c v w
max
w
. f . h
V
.
2
3
t

=
- Thc t thit k, vi dm c chiu cao 1-2m, chu ti thng thng:
1000
h 3
7 t
w
+ = , mm

17
- Theo iu kin n nh bn bng, khng dng sn gia cng:
E
f
5 , 5
h
t
w
w
>

b. Xc nh chiu dy bn cnh dm:
Xc nh mmen qun tnh cn thit ca tit din:

12
h . t
2
h
.
. f
M
12
h . t
2
h
. W I I I
3
w w
c
max
3
w w
x b x c
= = =

Theo SBVL c th xc nh
2
h
. t . b
4
h
. t . b 2
4
h
. A 2 I
2
f
f f
2
f
f f
2
f
f c
= = ~
Ta c:
12
h . t
2
h
.
. f
M
3
w w
c
max

=
2
h
. t . b
2
f
f f

f f
t . b =
2
f
3
w w
c
max
h
2
12
h . t
2
h
.
. f
M
|
|
.
|

\
|

T chn:
f f
t . b = A
f
tha mn: - mm 24 12 t
f
=
-
f
t nn mm 30 s trnh pht sinh ng sut ph v kh hn.
- f / E t / b
f f
s hay
f f
t 30 b < : tha mn iu kin n nh cc b, ng
sut php phn b u trn bn cnh nn.

18
- h ) 5 / 1 2 / 1 ( b
f
= ; mm 180 b
f
> ; 10 / h b
f
> : m bo iu kin tng th
ca dm, d lin kt vi cu kin khc.
2. Kim tra tit din:
a. Kim tra bn:
c
x
max
. f
W
M
o s = ;
c v
w x
max
. f
t . I
S . V
t s =

4
h
.
2
A
2
h
. A S
w w
f
f
+ = ;
h
I . 2
W
x
x
=
Ti v tr c M v Q:
c
2
1
2
1
. f . 15 , 1 3 t o s +

Hnh 3.14. Kim tra ti v tr c M, Q
Vi
h
h
.
W
M
w
x
1
= o ;
w x
c
1
t . I
S . V
= t
b. ng sut do ti trng cc b sinh ra trong bn bng dm:
c
w
cb
. f
Z . t
P
o s =

19
c. vng: nu
min
h h > th khng cn kim tra, cn li th kim tra:
(

s
l l
A A

d. n nh tng th: (phn sau)
3. Thay i tit din dm.
Theo chiu di dm, M thay i,
tit kim thp cn thay i tit din
dm theo s thay i ca M. Khi thay
i tit din th cng ch to tng, nn
ch cn thay i tit din khi L10m.
- Thay i chiu cao tit din h (a):
- Thay i b dy bn cnh (b) :
- Thay i t ngt b rng cnh (c):

Hnh 3.15. Biu mmen un ca
dm
a)
b)

20
tit kim 1012 % thp, n gin.
- Thay i t t b rng cnh (d):
tit kim 20% thp.
c)
d)
5. N NH TNG TH CA DM THP
1. Hin tng:
Di tc dng ti trng P, dm b un trong mt
phng ti trng: dm n nh.
Tng P n lc dm va b un va chu, xon v
vnh ra khi mt phng chu lc: gy ra M
y
v momen
xon ngoi mt phng un. Dm mt n nh tng th.
Lc lm cho dm t trng thi n nh sang trng



21
thi mt n nh gi l lc ti hn:
cr
P
iu kin n nh ca dm:
Hnh 3.17. Mt n
nh tng th
cr
P P s
cr
M M s
cr
o o s
2. Cng thc kim tra n nh tng th:
o t
q
/ 1 I . E . I . G
l
c
M
2
y t
0
cr
+ = (3.44)
q: h s xt n dng biu momen, ph thuc vo cch t ti theo chiu di
dm;
c- h s xt n lin kt ca dm trn gi ta v cch t ti ln cnh trn hay
cnh di dm;
E, G - m un n hi v un v ct ca vt liu
) 1 ( 2
E
G
+
=
t
I : momen qun tnh xon, vi I t hp:
3
) t . h t . b 2 ( 25 , 1
I
3
w w
3
f f
t
+
=

22
: h s potxng, vi thp =0,3;
ng sut ti hn:
2
0 x
y
cr
cr
l
h
I
I
B
W
M
|
|
.
|

\
|
= = o (3.45)
Vi o t
q
/ 1 .
h
l
. EG .
I
I
2
c
B
2 0
y
t
+ =

Hnh 3.18. l
o

Hnh 3.19
Kim tra n nh tng th ca dm t hp:
cr
W
M
o o s = vit li f .
b cr
o = (3.46) hay
c
b
. f
W .
M

s
Trong :
b
- h s n nh tng th, xc nh
b
cn tnh gi tr ca h s
1
:
f
E
l
h
I
I
2
o x
y
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
= (3.47)

23
Trong gi tr ca ly theo bng 3.2 v 3.3 ph thuc vo c im ti
trng v thng s o.
o - h s:
2
0
y
t
h
l
I . E
I . G
4
|
.
|

\
|
= o (3.48)
dm t hp I:
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
3
f f
3
w
2
f f
f 0
t . b
t . a
1
b . h
t . l
8 o (3.49) vi
f
h 5 , 0 a = ;
dm nh hnh
2
0
y
x
h
l
J
J
. 54 , 1
|
.
|

\
|
= o (3.50)
Gi tr
th
M ph thuc vo hnh dng, c trng hnh hc ca tit din dm, v
tr ti trng tc dng, lin kt dm vi gi ta, cch b tr lin kt ngn cn

24
chuyn v ngang ca cnh nn. V vy dm c mt trong cc iu kin sau th
khng cn kim tra n nh tng th:
- c bn sn BTCT hoc bn sn thp cng lin kt chc chn vi cnh
nn ca dm;
- khi t s nhp tnh ton vi chiu rng bn cnh nn
f 0
b / l tha mn biu
thc:
f
E
h
b
t
b
016 , 0 73 , 0
t
b
0032 , 0 41 , 0
b
l
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
0
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + s (3.51)
nu 15
b
l
f
0
< , dng 15
b
l
f
0
= tnh.
3. Bin php tng cng n nh tng th:
- Tng
y
W , bng cch tng tit din cnh nn.

25
- Gim
0
l bng cch b tr h ging hay thanh chng trong mt phng cnh
nn.
6. N NH CC B
1. Khi nim:
Cnh v bng dm t hp l nhng bn thp mng khi chu
ng sut php, ng sut tip, cnh hoc bng dm c th b
vnh tng vng trc khi dm mt n nh tng th: Dm mt
n nh cc b.
Phn dm b cong vnh khng tham gia chu lc c na
nn dm mt tnh i xng, tm un thay i. Khi , phn
dm tham gia chu lc b thu hp phn b li ng sut, phn
tit din cn li chu lc ln hn dm d b mt n nh tng

Hnh 3.20. Mt
n nh cc b

26
th.
Mt n nh cc b l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gy mt n nh tng
th.
Bin php tng cng n nh cc b: - | t : Tn thp
- Gia c sn: phc tp
Hp l i vi dm t hp: - Chn
f
t n nh cc b;
- Chn
w
t mng ri gia cng sn.


2. Tnh ton n nh cc b:

27
Theo l thuyt n nh, ng sut ti hn ca bn:
2 2
2
2
cr
a
t
. k
a
t
) 1 ( 12
E . . c
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|

=
v
t
o (3.52)
Trong : t, a - Chiu dy v rng ca bn;
c, k h s ph thuc vo loi, kch thc ca bn v dng ng
sut.

2.1. n nh cc b cnh nn
Lin kt gia cnh v bng coi l
khp, ng sut ti hn cho cnh chu
nn ca dm:
2
f 0
f
cr
b
t
. E 25 , 0
|
|
.
|

\
|
= o ;
2 / ) t b ( b
w f f 0
= .
Quan nim, s mt n nh xy ra
ng thi vi mt cng bn,

28
f
cr
= o .

Hnh 3.21. Mt n nh cc b ca
cnh dm
iu kin kim tra:
f
E
. 5 , 0
t
b
f
f 0
s theo quy phm: thp CT3, cnh khng mt
n nh cc b khi: 15
t
b
t
b
0
0
0
0
=
(

s .
2.2. n nh cc b bn bng:
Bn bng c th mt n nh do tc dng ng sut php, ng sut tip hoc do
c hai loi ng sut trn.

29
a. Chu ng sut tip:
Khi khng c sn gia cng, khng k
n s ngm n hi gia bng v cnh,
ng sut ti hn:
2
w
w
2
2
cr
h
t
) 1 ( 12
E k
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
v
t
t
u

u
k - h s ph thuc t s cnh ngn
trn cnh di ca bn, ph thuc vo
ti trng tc dng ln dm.

Hnh 3.22. Mt n nh cc b
ca cnh dm do ng sut
tip
Xt n ngm n hi ca hai cnh di i din:
2
b
th
f
3 , 10

t =

30
Vi:
E
f
.
t
h
w
w
w
=
T iu kin chu lc hp l, cho
v cr
f = t . Gii hn mnh quy c:
| | 2 , 3 3 , 10
b
= = ; dm chu ti trng ng : | | 2 , 2
w
=
iu kin kim tra: | |
w w
s
Nu khng tha mn, phi gia cng bn
bng bng cc sn ng hai bn bng
dm.
Cu to sn ng:
- Chiu cao:
w s
h h = ;

Hnh 3.23. Gia cng sn
ng cho bng dm


31
- Chiu dy:
E
f
. b . 2
s s
> o
- Chiu rng mm 40
30
h
b
w
s
+ > sn i xng
mm 50
24
h
b
w
s
+ > b tr sn mt bn bn bng
- Khong cch gia 2 sn: a 2h
w
khi:
w
> 3,2; a 2,5h
w
khi:
w

3,2
ng hn lin kt sn vo bng dm h
f
= 5mm.
Sau khi c gia cng, n nh ca bn bng tng ln, gi tr ng sut ti
hn tng ln:
2
w 0
v
2
cr
f 76 , 0
1 3 , 10

t |
.
|

\
|
+ =

32
Trong : - t s cnh di/ cnh ngn bn
w 0
- mnh quy c bn,
E
f
t
d
w
w 0
=
d cnh ngn hn trong hai cnh ca
Nu b tr sn ng vi khong cch ti a theo quy nh a=2h
w
=2, khi

w 0
=
w
th
2
w
v
cr
f
26 , 12

t =
Quan nim nh trn, cho
v cr
f = t , ta c | | 5 , 3
w 0
= khi dm khng chu ti
trng tp trung.
Khi c lc tp trung t trn cnh nn dm th: | | 5 , 2
w 0
=
b. Mt n nh cc b ca bn bng dm di tc dng ca ng sut php.

33

Hnh 3.24. Mt n nh cc b ca bn bng dm di tc dng ca ng sut
php
Ti nhng vng chu M ln, vng nn ca bn bng dm phnh ra khi mt
phng un thnh sng vung gc mt phng un. Gi tr ti hn ca ng sut
php ph thuc vo s phn b ng sut php trn tit din bn bng v mc
ngm n hi ca bng v cnh dm
2
w
cr cr
f
c

o =

34
cr
c tra bng v ph thuc vo h s
3
w
f
w
f
t
t
h
b
|
|
.
|

\
|
= | o ; h s | tra bng.
Coi mc ngm n hi ca bng vo cnh dm nh nht
cr
c = 30, mt n
nh cc b ng thi vi mt kh nng chu lc v bn, f
cr
= o , c:
| |
| | 5 . 5
f
30 f
w
2
w
= =

; | |
f
E
5 . 5
t
h
5 . 5
E
f
t
h
w
w
w
w
w
=
(

=
(

=
Khi t s
w w
t / h vt qu gi tr trn, bn bng dm b mt n nh di tc
dng ca ring ng sut php. Cn t thm sn dc cch bin bng vng nn
ca bn bng on
w
h ) 25 , 0 2 , 0 ( =

Hnh 3.25: Sn ng v ngang trong dm t hp hn

35
c. Chu ng sut php v ng sut tip
Ti v tr va c M ln va c V ln, tc dng ng thi c th lm cho bn
bng b mt n nh cc b sm hn so vi khi ch c mt loi ng sut tc dng
- Khi khng c lc tp trung tc dng cc b trn cnh nn ca dm v
6 5 , 3
w
< <
Cng thc kim tra:
c
2
cr
2
cr

t
t
o
o
s
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

Vi:
cr cr
,t o tnh theo
2
w
cr cr
f
c

o = ;
2
w 0
v
2
cr
f 76 , 0
1 3 , 10

t |
.
|

\
|
+ =


36
cr
w w
cr
w
t h
V
;
h
h
W
M
t t o o s = s = ;
khi
w
h a s : M, V ly gi tr ti tit din gia ;
Hnh 3.26: Tit din kim
tra n nh cc b
khi
w
h a > ly gi tr M, V ti gia hnh vung cnh
w
h k v pha c ni
lc ln.

- Khi c lc tp trung tc dng cc b trn cnh nn v 6 5 . 2
w
s <
Cng thc kim tra:
c
2
cr
2
cr
, c
c
cr

t
t
o
o
o
o
s
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
cr , c cr
,o o : Xc nh ty thuc t s
w
h / a .

37
a) khi 8 , 0 h / a
w
s ,
2
w
cr
cr
f . c

o = ;
2
a
1
cr , c
f c

o =
E
f
t
a
w
a
= ,
1
c - tra bng ph thuc t s
w
h / a v h s o .
b) khi 8 , 0 h / a
b
> , t s o o /
c
ln hn gi tr trong bng th
2
w
2
cr
f c

o =
2
c - tra bng ;
2
a
1
cr , c
f c

o = , nu
w
h / a >2 th ly
w
h 2 a = tnh.
c) khi 8 , 0 h / a
w
> , t s o o /
c
khng ln hn gi tr trong bng th
2
b
th
th
R . c

o = ;
2
a
1
cr , c
f c

o = nhng t a/2 thay cho a.

38
7. CU TO V TNH TON CC CHI TIT CA DM
1. Lin kt gia cnh v bng dm:


Hnh 3.27. Hin tng trt gia cnh v bng dm
Lin kt chng trt gia cnh v bng dm do lc ct gy ra. Gi t l ng
sut trt bin bng dm. Th lc trt trn 1 n v di:
w
t . 1 . T t = =
x
c
I
S . V



39

Dm t hp hn
Kh nng cc ng hn gc (theo 1 n v di) cn phi ln hn lc trt T:
( ) T f h 2
c
min
w f
> | ta c
( )
c x
min
w
f
f
I f 2
VS
h
|
>
Khi c lc tp trung P tc dng ln cnh dm m ti
khng c sn ng th ng hn lin kt chu
thm ng sut cc b:
( )
c
min
w
2
z
2
x
f
f
f 2
l
P
I
VS
h
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
> ; l
Z

chiu di phn b lc tp trung.
f Z
t 2 b l + =

Hnh 3.28.
ng hn lin
kt cnh v bng
dm


40

2. Cu to v tnh mi ni dm:
- Dm nh hnh khng di, phi ni dm ti nh my (mi ni cng
xng).
- Dm c chiu di, trng lng vt qu gii hn cho php ca phng tin
vn chuyn nn phi dng mi ni lp ghp (mi ni cng trng).
2.1. Ni dm nh hnh:
Dng lin kt hn theo 1 trong 3 cch sau:
a. Ni i u: ch dng ni dm nhng v tr
tit din c
max
M 85 , 0 M s
gim ng sut hn v bin hnh hn theo th t
ni bng trc, cnh sau.
Nu
max
M 85 , 0 M > dng thm cch ni:

Hnh 3.31. Ni i u

41
dm nh hnh
- Hn i u v ghp cnh (thm bn ni cho mi cnh dm)
ng hn i u ni cnh, ni bng cng bn ni cnh chu ton b mmen
ti tit din ni. Kh nng chu lc ca mi ni:
bn w
M M M + = hay
bn bn c wt f
h . N . f . W M + = ;
c wt f bn
. f . W M M =
bn
M phn thnh ngu lc tc dng vo bn ni,
c bn
bn
c
bn
bn
. f h
M
. f
N
A

= = ; mm ) 20 12 ( h h
bn
+ = ;
mm ) 20 16 ( b b
f bn
=

bn bn bn
b / A t = chn 4mm

Hnh 3.32. Ni i u
v ghp cnh dm nh
hnh
Chiu di ng hn lin kt 1/ 2 bn ghp vi cnh dm chu lc
bn bn bn
h / M N = .

=
c f min w
bn
h
. h . ) f . (
N
l
|


42
Nn chn trc chiu cao ng hn gc ni bn ni vi cnh dm:
bn f
t h s
- Dng ng hn gc, ghp cnh v p bng:
C ng sut tp trung ln mi ni, nn dng cho
dm chu ti trng tnh, nhit bnh thng.
Bn ni cnh chu:
bn
N do M gy ra:
bn
bn
h
M
N =
c
bn
bn
. f
N
A

=
ng hn gc lin kt bn ni bng v bng dm
chu lc ct Q:
ng sut trn ng hn:
c wf
f f f
wf
f
l h 2
V

|
t s =
ng sut trn bin thp nng chy:
c ws
f f s
ws
f
l h 2
V

|
t s =

Hnh 3.33. Ghp
cnh v p bng
dm

43
Thng chn mm 180 100 b
bn
= ;
w bn
t t ~
2.2. Cu to v tnh ton mi ni dm t hp hn:
Thng dng nht l dng lin kt i u ni bng
v ni cnh dm, v tr mi ni cnh v ni bng c
b tr so le trnh ng sut hn.
bn chu nn ng hn i u khng nh hn
thp c bn nn ng hn ni c th dng ng hn
thng gc v ni trn mt tit din.

Hnh 3.34. Ni cng
xng dm t hp hn

bn chu ko ng hn i u bng khong 85% bn chu ko thp
lm dm nn ch c th dng ng hn i u thng gc ni cnh chu ko
nhng tit din c
max
M 85 , 0 M s . Trong cc trng hp cn li cn dng
ng hn i u xin gc (
0 0
60 45 ) ni cnh chu ko ca dm.

44

Mi ni lp ghp:
Mi ni lp ghp ca dm t hp
hn c thc hin trn cng mt tit
din dm. Gii php ny trnh c
cc cong vnh do bn thp nh qu
di hoc nhm c c cc u on
dm ti ch ni phng, gn, n gin
cho ng gi, cu lp.

Hnh 3.35. Ni lp ghp dm t hp
hn
Khi thc hin ng hn lp ghp cn hn theo th t: hn ni bn bng trc
tip theo l ni cc bn cnh dm v cc ng hn ny c tit din v co ngt

45
ngang ln, cui cng l cc ng hn b sung (cc ng hn 3 c co ngt dc
khng ln nn khng gy ng sut v bin dng ph cho mi ni).
2.3. Cu to v tnh ton mi ni dm t hp hn, dng bulng
Vic tin hnh cc mi ni lp
ghp khuych i dm bng lin kt
hn gp nhiu kh khn v kh m
bo cht lng. Hin nay gii php
dng bulng cng cao cho cc
mi ni lp ghp dm ang c s
dng kh ph bin.
Mi cnh dm dng 3 bn ni,
mi ni bng dng 2 bn p 2 bn c
b dy
w
t t = .

Hnh 3.36. Ni dm t hp hn bng
bulng

46
M men un tc dng ln mi ni phn cho mi ni cnh v bng l thun vi
cng ca cnh v bng.
M men do mi ni cnh chu:
x
f
f
I
I
. M M = ; M men do ni bng chu:
x
w
w
I
I
. M M =
Lc ct V do mi ni bng chu v xem nh phn b u cho cc bulng.
Vi quan nim trn, tnh ton c th nh sau:
* Mi ni cnh dm:
S lng bulng mi pha mi ni:
| |
c blc
f
f
N
N
n

= (3.94) vi
bn
f
f
h
M
N = ;
* Mi ni bng dm:

47
Chn ng knh bulng d v s lng bulng
w
n 1 pha mi ni bng dm,
vi bc bulng theo phng b rng bn ni bng ly theo
min
a gim kch
thc v trng lng bn ni.
Ti tit din ch c M. Kim tra: | |
c blc max
. N N s (3.95)
max
2
i
w
max
l .
l m
M
N

= ; m- s bulng mt na lin kt.

Ti tit din c M v V: Coi mi ni bng chu V, V chia u cho cc bulng,
mi bulng chu
w 1
n / V V = .
w
M phn b thnh lc ngang, ln nht l cho
nhng bulng hng ngoi
max
N . Bulng hng ngoi cn tha mn iu kin sau:
| |
c blc
2 2
max
. N V N s +

48
Vi:
max
N : Ni lc theo phng ngang trong mi bulng hng ngoi cng do
w
M gy ra.


2.4. Cu to v tnh ton mi ni dm t hp hn, dng mt bch vi bulng
cng cao
Mi ni dm t hp hn dng bulng v cc bn
ni tuy n gin hn mi ni dng hn, nhng vn
cn cng knh, phc tp, kh khn cho thi cng v
cn dng qu nhiu bn ghp. Mi ni dng mt
bch vi bulng cng cao nhm khc phc hn
ch ny.
Khi lin kt chu tc dng ca M th lc tc dng
ln nht l lc ko dc trc ln bulng xa cnh nn


49
nht
max
N . Cc bulng kim tra iu kin chu lc:
| |
c
k
blc
m
1 i
2
i i
max
max
. N
l . n
l . M
N s

=
=
; m s ct inh trong
lin kt;
i
n - s bulng hng th i;

Hnh 3.37. Ni dm t
hp hn bng bulng

8. GI DM

1. Cu to v tnh ton phn u dm, gi dm
Gii php cu to phn u dm ph thuc vo vt liu lm gi ta, vo kiu
ta dm ln gi v ln phn lc gi. Thng dm thng c gi ln dm
chnh hay ct, tng.
a. Dm thp ta ln ct thp
Mt s gii php lin kt khp dm vi ct: Gi ta dm chu phn lc ln
nn bng dm chu c v truyn li cho gi ta nn cn gia cng bng cc

50
sn gi t u dm hoc gn u dm sao cho phn lc truyn ng trng
tm gi ta. Cnh di t st cnh di dm hoc nh ra khi cnh di dm
mt on
s
t 5 , 1 a s , mm 20 10 a ~ . B dy sn gi
w s
t t > .
Chiu rng
s
b chn theo iu kin m bo n nh cc b, chiu rng nh ra
khi bn bng
os
b tha mn
f
E
5 , 0
t
b
s
os
s (3.100)

Hnh 3.38. u dm ta vo ct thp
Tit din sn gi kim tra theo iu kin p mt:
c c
s
em
. f
A
F
o s = (3.101)
Sn gi cn kim tra iu kin v n nh ra ngoi mt phng nh thanh chu
nn ng tm. Coi phn dm gi ta nh thanh quy c c tit din l phn

51
gch cho gm tit din sn gi A
s
v mt phn bng dm
1
c
( f / E t 65 , 0 c
w 1
= ). Thanh hai u khp chu lc nn ng tm l phn lc gi
ta F, chiu di thanh bng chiu cao bn bng dm
w 0
h l = .
Cng thc kim tra:
c
qu
od
. f
A .
F

o s = (3.102)
Trong : h s un dc ph thuc vo mnh
y w
i / h = , vi
qu
y
qu
y
A
I
i =

bqu s qu
A A A + =
vi
f
E
t 65 , 0 A
2
w bqu
= - sn b tr ngay u dm;
f
E
t 65 , 0 . 2 A
2
w bqu
= - khi
sn gn u dm

52
Nu khong cch t sn gi n u dm nh hn f / E t 65 , 0
w
th chiu
rng phn bn bng pha u dm tnh ton tit din quy c ly theo kch
thc thc t.
ng hn lin kt sn v bng dm tnh chu phn lc gi ta F.
b. Dm thp ta ln tng, ct btng hoc gch
bn chu p mt ca gch , BTCT nh hn thp nn p lc trn u
ct phn b u v khng vt qu cng chu nn ca vt liu ct t mt
bn gi bng thp dy c din tch ln hn phn tip xc ca dm vi ct m
rng phm vi truyn lc t dm ln gi ta.

53

Hnh 3.39. Dm ta ln ct, tng bng b tng hoc gch a) dm t hp;
b) dm thp hnh
Din tch bn gi xc nh t iu kin vt liu ct chu c lc cc b do
phn lc gi F gy nn:
c ecb
bg bg bg
. R
F
b . a A

> = (3.104)
Vi:
ecb
R - cng tnh ton chu p mt cc b ca vt liu gi ta (b tng,
gch xem TCVN 356:2005);

54
bg bg
b , a - chiu di, rng bn gi.
Chiu dy bn gi xc nh t iu kin tit din nguy him nht chu c
mmen do phn lc gi F gy nn, bn gi cng chu lc phn phi u:
bg bg
b . a
F
p = (3.105)
Tit din nguy him nht l tit din bn gi tip xc vi mp dc cnh dm
(a-a). M ti tit din nguy him:
2
f bg
bg a
2
b b
pa
2
1
M
|
|
.
|

\
|

= (3.106)
Mmen khng un tit din a-a:
c
a
2
bg bg
a
. f
M
6
t . a
W

> = (3.107)
Xc nh c b dy bn gi:
c bg
a
bg
. f . a
M 6
t

> (3.108)

55
Khi dm thp ta ln tng, ct bng gch hoc btct th ngoi tnh ton v bn
th cn phi kim tra n nh ca sn u dm.