Internal

ODA040009 VRRP Principle

ISSUE 1.5
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This course introduces the Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP). VRRP specifies an election protocol that dynamically assigns responsibility for a Virtual Router to one of the VRRP Routers on a LAN.

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References
RFC2338: Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol VRP Operation Manual

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Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

Master the principle of VRRP

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Chapter 1 VRRP Overview

Chapter 2 Protocol Packets and State Machine

Chapter 3 Special Topics

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Why need VRRP ?

Only one gateway, no redundancy Internet RTA

10.1.1.254/24

Ethernet PCB PCC PCD

PCA 10.1.1.1/24 10.1.1.254

10.1.1.2/24 10.1.1.254

10.1.1.3/24 10.1.1.254
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10.1.1.4/24 10.1.1.254

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What is VRRP
Internet

RTA 10.1.1.251/24 E0/0

Virtual Router 10.1.1.254

RTB E0/0 10.1.1.252/24

Ethernet PCB PCC PCD

PCA 10.1.1.1/24 10.1.1.254

10.1.1.2/24 10.1.1.254

10.1.1.3/24 10.1.1.254
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10.1.1.4/24 10.1.1.254

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Virtual Router ID and Virtual IP Address

Virtual Router ID configured on RTA is 1 IP Address of Virtual Router 1

Virtual Router ID configured on RTB is also 1 IP Address of Virtual Router 1 should be the same as configured on RTA
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Electing the Master

Internet

The Master RTA 10.1.1.251/24 E0/0 Priority = 200 Virtual Router 10.1.1.254

The Backup RTB 10.1.1.252/24 E0/0 Priority = 150

Ethernet PCB PCC PCD

PCA 10.1.1.1/24 10.1.1.254

10.1.1.2/24 10.1.1.254

10.1.1.3/24 10.1.1.254
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10.1.1.4/24 10.1.1.254

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Electing the Master

The Master

The Master has the highest priority value

The Backup has lower priority value

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Special values of Priority ---- 255

Internet IP Address Owner

RTA 10.1.1.254/24 E0/0

Virtual Router 10.1.1.254

RTB E0/0 10.1.1.252/24

Ethernet PCB PCC PCD

PCA 10.1.1.1/24 10.1.1.254

10.1.1.2/24 10.1.1.254

10.1.1.3/24 10.1.1.254
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10.1.1.4/24 10.1.1.254

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Special values of Priority ---- 255

The Running Priority is 255 since this router is the IP Address Owner

RTB is the Backup although its Configured Priority is higher

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Special values of Priority ---- 0

Deleting VRRP configuration

The Priority value 0 indicates that the current Master has stopped participating in VRRP

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Preempt_Mode and Timers

The Advertisement_Interval is 1 second

The Preempt_Mode is TRUE

Time to delay when a higher priority Backup preempts a lower priority Master
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Summary

What is VRRP? Virtual Router; Virtual Router ID, Virtual IP Address. Electing the Master. Special values of Priority. Preemption mode and Timers.

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Chapter 1 VRRP Overview

Chapter 2 Protocol Packets and State Machine

Chapter 3 Special Topics

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VRRP Packet Format

Only one packet type ---- ADVERTISEMENT Only the Master can send VRRP Advertisements
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IP Fields of VRRP Packets

Field Source Address Value Physical IP interface address of the Master

Destination Address IP multicast address 224.0.0.18 TTL Protocol Must be 255 The IP protocol number is 0x70

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Virtual Router MAC Address

00

00

5E

00

01

VRID

The last one byte of a Virtual Router MAC Address is the VRID of this Virtual Router

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Layer 2 fields of VRRP packets

Field

Value

Destination MAC Address Multicast MAC Address 01-00-5E-00-00-12 Source MAC Address Type The Virtual Router MAC Address 0x0800

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10

Authentication

Auth Type 0 1 2

Authentication Method No Authentication Simple Text Password MD5 Password

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Protocol State Machine

Initialize
p s tu i ar rity St rio P

p s tu i ar ority t S ri P

5 25

t2 no 55

Master

Backup

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Protocol State Machine

Initialize

Sh d ut n ow

Master Master_Down_Timer

Backup

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Protocol State Machine

Initialize
wn

Sh

do ut

More prior Advertisement received Master Backup

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12

Summary

VRRP Packet format IP fields of VRRP Packets Virtual Router MAC Address Layer 2 fields of VRRP Packets Authentication methods Protocol State Machine

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Chapter 1 VRRP Overview

Chapter 2 Protocol Packets and State Machine

Chapter 3 Special Topics

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Handling ARP Requests

Broadcast E0/0 10.1.1.251/24 1 DMAC SMAC 0806 DATA FCS Requesting the MAC address for 10.1.1.254

RTA

10.1.1.254 00-00-5E-00-01-01 E0/0 10.1.1.252/24 Virtual MAC Address

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RTB

2 DMAC SMAC 0806 DATA FCS

PCA 10.1.1.1/24 10.1.1.254

The Master

Unicast

ARP Response

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VRRP and ICMP Redirect Message

Loopback0 1.1.1.1/32

E0/0 10.1.1.251/24 RTA 1 Send ICMP Echo Message Dst IP = 1.1.1.1 Dst MAC = 00-00-5E-00-01-01

10.1.1.254 00-00-5E-00-01-01 Loopback0 2.2.2.2/32 E0/0 10.1.1.252/24 RTB 2 Send ICMP Redirection Message PCA Src IP = 10.1.1.254 Src MAC = RTB's Interface MAC 10.1.1.1/24 10.1.1.254 Address

The Master

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VRRP and ICMP Redirect Message

Using Virtual IP Address as the source IP address

Using physical IP Address as the source IP address

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VRRP and ICMP Redirect Message

There are two ARP entries on PCA

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VRRP and ICMP Redirect Message

PCA adds a new route to destination 1.1.1.1/32, using 10.1.1.251 as the next hop
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Sending IP packets by the Master

Type VRRP Advertisement Source IP Address Physical IP Interface Address Source MAC Address Virtual MAC Address of the Virtual Router

ICMP Redirect Message Virtual IP Addresses

Physical Interface MAC Physical Interface Address Address Do not change Physical Interface MAC Address Physical Interface MAC Address

Forwarding IP Packets

Sending IP Packets Physical IP Interface originated by the Master Address

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16

Summary

Handling ARP Request Sending Redirect Messages Sending IP packets by the Master

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Thank You
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