Ch 1 In the Beginning Years bce 3 million bce 1.

5 Million bce 100,000 bce 35,000 bce 28,000 bce 15,000 8,000 bce 7,000 bce 4,500 bce 3,000 bce Prehistoric Peoples Homo Habilis Homo Erectus Neanderthal Man (Homo Sapiens) Homo Sapiens Sapiens (modern humans) beginnings of cave paintings. retreat of glaciers modern era agricultural villages Mesopotamian civilization Egyptian Period

Human Pre-History 40,000 bce 1,800 bce 40,000 bce. Early Homo Sapiens appear in Africa, Asia and Europe 20,000 bce. Asians mass migrate to the Americas across the Bering strait 10,000 bce. Jericho, one of the first organized settlements founded. (located in the Jordan Valley) 9,000 bce. Agricultural Revolution

7,000 bce. Humans begin to fire pottery. Neolithic revolution, hunter gathers begin settling permanently to become food producers. 4,000 bce. 1. the wheel is invented 2. domestication of animals 3. construction of first megalithic monu smelting and fashioning copper Sumerians perfect writing for commercial use.

3,800 bce. 3,300 bce.

3,000 bce. 2,000 bce. 1,900 bce.

smelting and fashioning of bronze Celts migrate into Europe Smelting and fashioning of Iron.

What Is History? the story of Mankindthe recorded story of mankind the surviving story of mankind. The role of Archaeology, science, literature. History a record of what people have done in the past, based on available evidence and human interpretation. Archaeology the study of past cultures and civilizations through examination of their artifacts. Anthropology the science that studies Humans as a species. In the Beginning: Pleistocene Epoch Ice age, the most recent million years. The most recent melting time began about 25,000

years ago, and is probably still going on. Biological Balance of the Earth: Human beings began making specially selected and domesticated plants and animals, displacing wild species. The Origin of the Species by Charles Darwin 1859. in which. Darwin proposed the theory of organic evolution. In 1871 he wrote The Decent of Man in which he suggested that humans had evolved from other forms of life. Some of Darwins theories were later disproved, some were not. Prehuman to Human: much is unknown how man evolved from pre human to human, and how language evolved. The origins of Race: The differences between modern man today are a result of adaption to different climates. The Olduvai Gorge in Africa: Located in Tanzania, a little south east of Lake Victoria, has told us much about human origins. Dr. Louis Leakey and his wife Mary examined the Gorge beginning in the 1950and found vast numbers of chipped bones and the shattered fragments of a skull that had once belonged to a human like creature or Hominid, dating back around 1 million years.

Lucy: In 1974 a team of American anthropologists working in Ethiopia discovered the skeletal remains of a Hominid they nicknamed Lucy, which is the first generally accepted example o a bipedal (upright walking)creature who roamed eastern Africas savanna more than three million years ago. The immediate ancestor of Homo. Lucy is considered a hybrid between modern humans and apes. 3.5 million years ago It is currently thought that the decisive differentiation between humans and apes, genetically speaking, occurred some 6 to 8 million years ago. This is based on DNA analysis. The Stone Age: Paleolithic era ( 2.5 million years ago) to the Neolithic era (10,000 years ago).

The Age of Hunters: The first humans were gathers and big game hunters. Homo is the Genus that includes modern humans and their close relatives. Homo subdivided into many branches. Only one has survived to the present, the modern human being. The development of human creatures from their earliest origins has become one of the most controversial of the modern sciences. 100,000 years ago human migration began from East Africa throughout the world. Climate change may have stimulated considerable human movement. With more sophisticated tools and skills man moved north into colder climates and was able to survive. New physical types of man appeared during this period..

Neanderthal Man flourished in many parts of Europe until roughly 30,000 years ago and then disappeared about the same time that Homo Sapiens Sapiens appeared in Europe. Cro Magnon Man: First modern humans in Europe, had elongated lower leg bones, similar to African populations. They were adapted to warmer climates but migrated north. Replaced Neanderthals in Europe. 35,000 bce

Late Paleolithic period 100,000 -10,000 years ago man was living in caves or other shelters. Human speech began to develop. Period defined by cave drawings and writings. Tools were made of stone and other natural materials and were still quite crude. By the end of this period humans inhabited all of the continents except Antarctica. In general all over the world hunting bands developed more and better kinds of tools as time passed. Man later learned to grind stones into smooth shapes. Tool making ability is considered a primary indicator of the development of Humans.

Neolithic Period: A basic change in human civilization appeared in the part of the world we now call the Middle East.

Small simple villages of farmers began to appear. Gradually gathering and hunting gave way to livestock breading and herding, sowing and harvesting. Seed bearing grasses, ancestors of wheat and barley were cultivated. This is the beginning of slash and burn cultivation. New tools appeared such as special sickles for harvesting, stone axes, arrow heads, knives and spears. Basalt was used to make axes. As forest grain fields became more abundant, larger numbers of human beings could survive. Early civilizations developed in regions that had excellent soil and a regular supply of water. Three Major problems of the early Farmers: 1. Relationship with Herders: Herders soon discovered that they could attack and defeat farmers, forcing them to part with their grain. 2. Accurate Measurement of Time: When to plant, the rain cycle was a factor. People began to study the moon and count the different phases. Ritual experts/Priests emerged to decide under which moon the people should plant. 3. Shortage of Suitable Land: Slash and Burn agriculture was limited but not long before 3,000 bce the invention of the

plow combined with the use of animals opened up more suitable land to cultivate.

The Significance of the Plow in Early Civilization: plowing kept the weeds down a single family could cultivate a far greater area it allowed the farmer to keep the same fields under cultivation indefinitely fundamental to all subsequent Middle eastern, Indian and European civilizations gave us the modern field grain farmers could settle down permanently farmers who could not afford to move away could be taxed Farming: Some root-farming regions of South East Asia maybe older than grain farming of the Middle East. Examples of early roots are manioc (flour), taro (potato like), cassava (protein), and yams (starchy food). - Cultivation of roots for food seems to have its origins in the tropical regions of south East Asia

Rice Paddy Farming: Asian root growers discovered that rice , a kind of water loving plant that invaded their fields when rivers flooded, had a seed that was good to eat and worth raising. The Spread of Farming Techniques: - grain farming spread in every direction from its middle eastern origin - farmers arrived in south Russia and the Balkans soon after 4500 bce - slash and burn cultivation reached the Atlantic coast of Europe around 3500 bce - root farming also was practiced in early China and by 2400 bce wheat and barley also appeared there - when Columbus discovered America the Indians were planting Indian corn (maize) squash and beans