CC BI TON LIN QUAN N KHO ST HM S

Dng 1: CC BI TON V TIP XC

Cho hm s y = f ( x ) , th l (C). C ba loi phng trnh tip tuyn nh sau:
Loi 1: Tip tuyn ca hm s ti im M ( x0 ; y0 ) ( C ) .
Tnh o hm v gi tr f ' ( x0 ) .
Phng trnh tip tuyn c dng: y = f ' ( x0 ) ( x x0 ) + y0 .
Ch : Tip tuyn ti im M ( x0 ; y0 ) ( C ) c h s gc k = f ' ( x0 )
Loi 2: Bit h s gc ca tip tuyn l k .
Gii phng trnh: f ' ( x ) = k , tm nghim x0 y0 .
Phng trnh tip tuyn dng: y = k ( x x0 ) + y0 .
Ch : Cho ng thng : Ax + By + C = 0 , khi :
Nu d // ( d ) : y = ax + b h s gc k = a.
1
a

Nu d ( d ) : y = ax + b h s gc k = .
Loi 3: Tip tuyn ca (C) i qua im A ( x A ; y A ) ( C ) .

Gi d l ng thng qua A v c h s gc l k, khi ( d ) : y = k ( x x A ) + y A

iu kin tip xc ca ( d ) v ( C ) l h phng trnh sau phi c nghim:
f ( x ) = k ( x x A ) + y A

f ' ( x ) = k

Tng qut: Cho hai ng cong ( C ) : y = f ( x ) v ( C ') : y = g ( x ) . iu kin hai ng cong tip
f ( x ) = g ( x )
.
f ' ( x ) = g ' ( x )

xc vi nhau l h sau c nghim.

Dng 2: CC BI TON V CC TR
Cho hm s y = f ( x ) , th l (C). Cc vn v cc tr cn nh:
Nghim ca phng trnh f ' ( x ) = 0 l honh ca im cc tr.
f ' ( x0 ) = 0
th hm s t cc i ti x = x0 .
f '' ( x0 ) < 0

Nu

f ' ( x0 ) = 0
th hm s t cc tiu ti x = x0 .
f '' ( x0 ) > 0

Nu

Mt s dng bi tp v cc tr thng gp
a 0

.
y ' > 0
yC . yCT < 0 .
hm s y = f ( x ) c hai cc tr nm v 2 pha i vi trc honh

hm s y = f ( x ) c 2 cc tr

hm s y = f ( x ) c hai cc tr nm v 2 pha i vi trc tung

xC .xCT < 0 .

hm s y = f ( x ) c hai cc tr nm pha trn trc honh

yC + yCT > 0

.
yC . yCT > 0

 hm s y = f ( x ) c hai cc tr nm pha di trc honh

hm s y = f ( x ) c cc tr tip xc vi trc honh

yC + yCT < 0

.
yC . yCT < 0
yC . yCT = 0 .

Cch vit phng trnh ng thng i qua hai im cc tr.

Dng 1: hm s y = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d
Ly y chia cho y, c thng l q(x) v d l r(x). Khi y = r(x) l ng thng i qua 2 im cc tr.
ax 2 + bx + c
Dng 2: Hm s y =
dx + e
ax 2 + bx + c ' 2a
b
ng thng qua hai im cc tr c dng y =
=
x+
d
d
( dx + e ) '

Dng 3: CC BI TON V NG BIN NGHCH BIN

Cho hm s y = f ( x ) c tp xc nh l min D.
f(x) ng bin trn D f ' ( x ) 0 , x D .
f(x) nghch bin trn D f ' ( x ) 0 , x D .
(ch xt trng hp f(x) = 0 ti mt s hu hn im trn min D)

Thng dng cc kin thc v xt du tam thc bc hai: f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c .

1. Nu < 0 th f(x) lun cng du vi a.
2. Nu = 0 th f(x) c nghim x =

b
b
v f(x) lun cng du vi a khi x .
2a
2a

3. Nu > 0 th f(x) c hai nghim, trong khong 2 nghim f(x) tri du vi a, ngoi khong 2
nghim f(x) cng du vi a.
So snh nghim ca tam thc vi s 0
> 0

* x1 < x2 < 0 P > 0

S < 0

> 0

* 0 < x1 < x2 P > 0

S > 0

* x1 < 0 < x2 P < 0

Dng 4: CC BI TON V GIAO IM CA 2 NG CONG

Quan h gia s nghim v s giao im
Cho hai hm s y=f(x) c th (C1) v y=g(x) c th (C2). Kho st s tng giao gia
hai th (C1) v (C2) tng ng vi kho st s nghim ca phng trnh: f(x) = g(x) (1). S
giao im ca (C1) v (C2) ng bng s nghim ca phng trnh honh giao im (1).
(1) v nghim
(1) c n nghim

(C1) v (C2) khng c im chung.

(C1) v (C2) c n im chung.

(1) c nghim n x1 (C1) v (C2) ct nhau ti N(x1;y1).

(1) c nghim kp x0 (C1) tip xc (C2) ti M(x0;y0).
Dng 5: CC BI TON V KHONG CCH

Cc cng thc v khong cch:

Khong cch gia hai im ( di on thng): AB =

( xB x A ) 2 + ( y B y A ) 2 .

Khong cch t mt im n mt ng thng: Cho ng thng : Ax + By + C = 0 v

im M(x0;y0) khi d ( M ,. ) =

Ax0 + By0 + C
A2 + B 2

Dng 6: CC IM C NH
Phng php:
T hm s y = f ( x, m ) ta a v dng F ( x, y ) = mG ( x, y ) . Khi ta im c nh nu
F ( x, y ) = 0
.
G ( x, y ) = 0

c l nghim ca h phng trnh

Dng 7: TH CHA DU GI TR TUYT I

y = f ( x ) c th (C )

y = f ( x ) c th (C)

y = f(x) c th (C)

y = f ( x ) 0, x D . Do ta phi

gi nguyn phn pha trn trc Ox

v ly i xng phn pha di trc
Ox ln trn.
y

f(x)=x^3-2x^2-0.5

f(x)=abs(x^3-2x^2-0.5)
f(x)=x^3-2x^2-0.5

chn do c th i xng
qua trc tung Oy.
y

f(x)=abs(x)^3-2x^2-0.5
f(x)=x^3-2x^2-0.5

(C')

(C)

y = f ( x ) c f ( x ) = f ( x ) ,
x D nn y l hm s

(C'')

Ch : i vi hm hu t
Dng 8: CC CP IM I XNG
im I ( x0 ; y0 ) l tm i xng ca th ( C ) : y = f ( x ) Tn ti hai im M(x;y) v
x + x ' = 2 x0
x ' = 2 x0 x

f ( x ) + f ( x ') = 2 y0
f ( x ) + f ( 2 x 0 x ) = 2 y0
l tm i xng ca (C) f ( x ) = 2 y0 f ( 2 x0 x ) .

M(x;y) thuc (C) tha:

Vy I ( x0 ; y0 )

Dng 9: MT S BI TON LIN QUAN N TIM CN

f( x) = 1.7 x

1. nh ngha:

g ( x) = 0

lim MH = 0

h( y) = 0

(d) l tim cn ca (C)

(d)

( M ( C ) )

( C)

2. Cch xc nh tim cn
a. Tim cn ng: lim f ( x ) = ( d ) : x = x 0 .
x x0

M
H

-10

-5

b. Tim cn ngang: limx f( x ) = y 0 ( d ) : y = y 0 .

c. Tim cn xin: TCX c phng trnh: y=x+ trong :
f ( x)
= lim
; = lim [ f ( x ) x ] .
x
x
x
Cc trng hp c bit:
*Hm s bc nht trn bc nht (hm nht bin) * Hm s bc hai trn bc nht (hm hu t)
y=

ax + b
mx + n

ax 2 + bx + c
A
= ( x + ) +
mx + n
mx + n
n
+TX: D= R\
m
n
+TC: lim ny = ( d ) : x = m
x
y=

+TX: D= R\

+TC: lim ny = ( d ) : x = m
x

a
a
+TCN: lim y = ( d ) : y =
m
m
x

A
= 0 TCX: y=x+
x mx + n

+TCX: lim
y

f(x)=x/(x-1)
f(x)=1
T ?p h?p 1

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y=

f(x)=x/2+1/2

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n
x =
m

-1

x
1

-1

x =

-2

-3

y = x +

x
1

-1

T ?p h?p 1

1
-1

x(t )=1 , y(t )=t

a
m

f(x)=x^2/(2(x-1))

x(t)=1 , y(t )=t

n
m

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Dng 10: DIN TCH TH TCH

ng dng tch phn (Dng ny thng xut hin trong cc thi tt nghp)
a. Din tch
Cho hai hm s y=f(x) v y=g(x) c th (C1), (C2). Din tch hnh phng gii hn bi (C1), (C2)
v hai ng thng x=a, x=b c tnh bi cng thc:
y
f(x)
b
S = f ( x ) g ( x ) dx
a

Ch :

g(x)

Nu din tch thiu cc ng thng x=a, x=b

ta phi gii phng trnh f(x)=g(x) tm a, b.

b. Th tch
Th tch do hnh phng gii hn bi
{(C):y=f(x),y=0,x=a,x=b} quay quanh Ox
c tnh bi cng thc:

V =

f(x)

2
[ f ( x )] dx

(x)

Th tch do hnh phng gii hn bi

{(C): x=(y), x=0, y=c, y=d} quay quanh Oy
c tnh bi cng thc:

V =

[( y )]
c

dy

x
O

Th tch trn xoay do hinh phng gii n bi hai ng y=f(x), y=g(x) quay quanh Ox
(f(x)g(x), x[a;b]) c tnh bi cng thc:

V =

{[ f ( x )]
b

*
*

[ g ( x ) ]

}dx