Complex Variables PDF

Chapter 6
Mathematics
CHAPTER 6 Complex Variables

Complex Variable
, where x & y are real numbers and they are called real and imaginary part of Z. | | ( ) . /
Function of a Complex Variable I c then , w = f (z) Where, z = x + iy, w = f (z) = u(x, y) + i v(x, y) Limits and Continuity Let w = f(z) be any function of z defined in a bounded or closed domain D, then, ( ) = , if for every real we can find real wh ch D, p c p w
Such that | ( ) | |< for | Basically it means: Single value for all values of z in the neighbourhood of z = possible exception of z = itself
with the
f(z) )
z - Plane
w - Plane
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Chapter 6
Mathematics
Note: In real calculus x approaches only along a line, whereas in complex calculus, z approaches from any direction in the z- plane [i.e. limit is independent of the manner in which ] Continuity of f (z) ( ) A function = f (z) is said to be continuous at if ( ) Further f (z) is said to be continuous in any region R of the z-plane, if it is continuous at every point of that region. Also is w = f (z) = u(x, y) + i v(x, y) is continuous at , then u(x, y) and v(x, y) are also continuous at x = xo & y = yo.
Q (x +
,y+
P(x, y)
Derivative of f(z)
= 2 = ( )
( ( ) ) ( ) ( )
,
( ) ( )
, ( ) +i = i
Provided the limit exists and has the same value for all the different ways in which approaches zero. Differential rule are same as real calculus . / =
( )
Theorem The necessary and sufficient conditions for the derivative of the function f( ) to exist for all values of in a region R. i) ii) , , , , , are continuous functions of x and y in R. , Cauchy-Riemann equations (CR Equations)
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Chapter 6
Mathematics
Example Evaluate Solution If limit exists, it is independent of the manner in which Now let along x-axis, then y = 0
, if it exists.
z = x + iy =x = x iy = x
= =1
___________ (i)
Now let z = iy = iy
along y-axis, then x = 0
= -1
___________ (ii)
Hence limit do not exists.
Example f(z) = Is it differentiable? y z Solution z = x + iy ( )= = = If If ( ) = 1 (path 1) ( ) = 1 (path 2) Not differentiable

Path 2 z+
Path 1 = .
( ) ( )
/=.
/
)
Chapter 6
Mathematics
Analytic Functions (or Regular Functions) or Holomorphic Functions

A single valued function which is defined and differentiable at each point of a domain D is said to be analytic in that domain. A point at which an analytic function causes to posses a derivative is called Singular point. Thus if u and v are real Single valued functions of x and y such that continuous throughout a region R , then CR equations = h c c = c h c ( ) c R , , , are
Real and imaginary part i.e. u, v of the function is called conjugate function. Analytic function posses derivatives of all order and these are themselves analytic.
Harmonic functions
If f(z) = u + iv be an analytic function in some region of the z plane then the C R equations are satisfied. = ,
Differentiating with respect to x and y respectively, = , =0 (Laplace Equation)
Methods of constructing Analytic functions 1. If real part of a function is given then, f ( ) -i
Integrate with points at (z, 0) f (z) = . /

( , )
dz
i . /
dz + c
( , )
Similarly in case v(x, y) is known, then (z) = +i

( , )
f (z) = . /
dz + i . /
( , )
dz + c
Chapter 6
Mathematics
2.
If u (x, y) is known, then to find v(x, y) we have dv = dv = dx + dx + dy dy
Integrate this equation to find v. 3. f (z) = u(x, y) + i v(x, y) If a real part of the analytic function f(z) is a given harmonic function u (x, y), then f(z) = 2u . , / u(0, 0)
Example Find analytic function of u = Solution Approach 1 = = - 6xy ( ) . = = f(z) = = Approach 2: f(z) = u + iv where, u = u . , / = . / 3 . / . / + 3. / + 1 = = u (0, 0) = 1 f(z) = 2u . , / f(z) = Approach 3: dv = = dx + dy ) dy ) dy u (0, 0) +ci + + + +1 +1 i z+ci /
( , )
( 6xy) dx + (
= (6xy) dx + (
Chapter 6
Mathematics
V= V = 6y. =3 =( = ( = y
+ ( + (-3 + 3y) + c
+ 3y + c f(z) = u + iv = 3x + 3x + 1 + i (3 y+3y) + c i ) + 3x + 1 + 3yi + c i ) + 3(x + iy) +1 + c i
+ 3z + 1 +c i
Complex integration
Line integral = ( ) , C need not be closed path Here, f(z) = integrand curve C = path of integration Contour integral = ( ) , if C is closed path
If f(z) = u(x, y) + i v(x, y) and dz = dx + i dy ( ) =( ) ( )
Theorem f(z) is analytic in a simple connected domain then Integration is independent of the path Dependence on path I C p p h p (However analytic function in simple connected domain is independent of path.) h p h ( ) = f( ) ( )
ch
theorem
If f(z) is analytic in a simple connected domain D, then for every simple closed path C in D,
( )
=0 -------(A) D
Chapter 6
Mathematics
Note I h w , C ch h (z) is analytic on a simple closed path C and everywhere inside C (with no exception, not even a single point) then ( ) C ch I
If f(z) is analytic within and on a closed curve and if a is any point within C, then f(a) = f ( ) f ( ) . f n(a) = Note complex analytic function has derivative of all order. in real calculus if a real function is differentiated once, nothing follows, about the existence of second or higher derivative Example Find the complex integral of Solution 2 , because is analytic over entire region (C : circle of radius 3 )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
Example = ? ( C : circle of radius 3 )
Solution =0
Example If g(z) = ( ) =? 0 1 2
where, C is circle shown as, Here C : |z 1| = 1
Chapter 6
Mathematics
Solution g(z) = =
( )( )
g(z) is not analytic at z = +1 & z = 1 (Hence watch these points ) Hence circle C, |z 1| = 1 encloses Hence we write g(z) = ( ( ) ) = =
( )
= 1,
Where g(z) is not analytic
( )
2 ( )
Example In the above problem, if the circle shown is Solution 2 =? 1
Example
( )( )
=? If circle C is as shown as
Solution
( )( ( ) )
= 2 , 2 , ] = - 2
Example
( )( )
, if the circle is as shown
Solution -1
( )( )
Chapter 6
Mathematics
Example
( )( )
=?
where C is circle |z| = 3
Solution 0 c
( )( )
1 , [ note: 3>2, 3>1] inside circle (2) ] ( ) c
Hence 2 , 2 ( Example
( )
)(
(2)
2 ,
( ) ]
) - 2 ( 1) = 4
where C is circle |z| = 3 Solution f(z) =

( ( ) )
at a = 1, (a) =
( ( ) )
Comparing n = 3 2 = = {Since f(z) = f ( ) f ( ) f ( ) f (-1) = } 2 (

( )
= )
(-1) 1 3
Chapter 6
Mathematics
Example =? , 2 -2
around a rectangle with vertices 2 Solution = ( = = ,2 c ( ))c
1 -i
,2 c ( (
)-
= [ 2 -
[ 2 -
h
If f(z) is continuous in a region and ( ) analytic in that region. T S = 0 around every simple closed C then f(z) is
If f(z) is analytic inside a circle C with centre at a then for z inside C f(z) = f(a) + f ( ) ( f(z) = Where = (
(
a) + )
() )
( )
(z-a) + - - - - - - -
Other form, put z = a + h f(a+h) = f(a) + h f ( ) f ( ) -------
If f(z) in analytic in the ring shaped region R bounded by two concentric circles c and c of radii and ( ) and with centre at a then for all z in R f(z) = where, = (
(
)
() )
Chapter 6
Mathematics
If f(z) is analytic inside the curve then of Analytic Function The value of z for which f(z) = 0 I ( ) f(z) = = Where, if = = ( = ( )
( )
h ) (
h )
p (
h )
=------
= 0, then f(z) is said to have a zero of order n at z =a.
Singularities Of An Analytic Function 1. p c h p wh ch h c c c
Isolated Singularity If z =a is a singularity of f(z) such that f(z) is analytic at each point in its neighborhood (i.e. there exists a circle with centre a which has no other singularity 1, then z =a is called an isolated singularity). Removable Singularity If all the negative powers of (z-a) in Laurent series are zero then f(z) = ( ) Singularity can be removed by defining f(z) at z = a is such a way that it becomes analytic at z =a ( ) exists finitely, then z = a is a removable singularity. Example: f(z) = , then z = 0 is a removable singularity. Essential singularity If the numbers of negative power of ( an essential singularity. ( ) does not exist in this case
2.
3.
, h
4.
Poles If all the negative power of (z ) L singularity at z = a is called a pole of order n. p c p p
are missing then, the
Example F T p ( )
( )
about the point z = i
Chapter 6
Mathematics
Solution To expand about z = i, i.e. power of z +i, put t =z + i, ( ) ( )
) 0
=( =( = .
) )
. . (
(
/
) ( ) ) ) ( )
( (
Residue Theorem
If f(z) is analytic in and on a closed curve C except at a finite number of singular point within C then ( ) 2 ( h h p w h C)
Calculation of Residues 1. If f(x) has a simple pole at z=a , then Res f(a) = 2. If ( ) Res ( ) ,(
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
) ( )( ) ( ), ( )
where ( )
C
2 ,( ) ( )-3
3. If ( ) has a pole of order n at z=a , then ( )

( )
Here n =order of singularity Example Solve using Residue Theorem Solution

( )( ) ( )( )
, if the circle is as shown
2 *R 2 R 2 (-1) ,(
w h
C+ -1
) ( )-
,(
)(
- = 2
Chapter 6
Mathematics
Note C p h R h C ch
Basic concepts of complex number if z = x + iy r =
z r x y
In trigonometric from C S c (c I ) c
Modulus of complex number |z| = r . Argument of complex Number = tan

1
=. /
In exponential form , =1 [ | =1 |z| = r = | ] c c +
If the any pole is outside the closed contour |z| = a Its residue at this pole is always zero.
|z| = a
Chapter 6
Mathematics
We always find the residue at the poles, where poles are inside the closed contour, and for any outside point residue is zero. Cube root of unity (
(1, 0)
2 = (
Point to remember 1. 2. 3. 2 = 0 , , 2

Complex Variables PDF

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Chapter 6

CHAPTER 6 Complex Variables

pPlanePl ane PVT.LTD. THE GATE ACADEMY

along y-axis, then x = 0

Hence limit do not exists.

Example f(z) = Is it differentiable? y z Solution z = x + iy ( )= = = If If ( ) = 1 (path 1) ( ) = 1 (path 2) Not differentiable

Analytic Functions (or Regular Functions) or Holomorphic Functions

Differentiating with respect to x and y respectively, = , =0 (Laplace Equation)

Methods of constructing Analytic functions 1. If real part of a function is given then, f ( ) -i

Integrate with points at (z, 0) f (z) = . /

Similarly in case v(x, y) is known, then (z) = +i

If u (x, y) is known, then to find v(x, y) we have dv = dv = dx + dx + dy dy

+ 3y + c f(z) = u + iv = 3x + 3x + 1 + i (3 y+3y) + c i ) + 3x + 1 + 3yi + c i ) + 3(x + iy) +1 + c i

If f(z) = u(x, y) + i v(x, y) and dz = dx + i dy ( ) =( ) ( )

Example = ? ( C : circle of radius 3 )

where, C is circle shown as, Here C : |z 1| = 1

Where g(z) is not analytic

Example In the above problem, if the circle shown is Solution 2 =? 1

, if the circle is as shown

where C is circle |z| = 3

1 , [ note: 3>2, 3>1] inside circle (2) ] ( ) c

where C is circle |z| = 3 Solution f(z) =

Comparing n = 3 2 = = {Since f(z) = f ( ) f ( ) f ( ) f (-1) = } 2 (

around a rectangle with vertices 2 Solution = ( = = ,2 c ( ))c

Other form, put z = a + h f(a+h) = f(a) + h f ( ) f ( ) -------

= 0, then f(z) is said to have a zero of order n at z =a.

Singularities Of An Analytic Function 1. p c h p wh ch h c c c

Poles If all the negative power of (z ) L singularity at z = a is called a pole of order n. p c p p

are missing then, the

about the point z = i

Solution To expand about z = i, i.e. power of z +i, put t =z + i, ( ) ( )

3. If ( ) has a pole of order n at z=a , then ( )

Here n =order of singularity Example Solve using Residue Theorem Solution

, if the circle is as shown

Basic concepts of complex number if z = x + iy r =

Modulus of complex number |z| = r . Argument of complex Number = tan

In exponential form , =1 [ | =1 |z| = r = | ] c c +

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