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ANALOG DEVICES
LOGARITHMIC AMPLIFIERS
ANALOG DEVICES
Unique Nonlinear Function Integrated Multistage Systems Calibrated Slope and Intercept Provide Complete Solutions -- easy to use Up to 100 dB Dynamic Range Now covering DC - 30 GHz Limiter Versions for PSK, FSK Low Cost, Small Packages Numerous types available
AD606 AD607 AD608 AD640 AD641 AD8302 AD8306 AD8307 AD8309 AD8310 AD8311
AD8313 AD8314 AD8315 AD8316 AD8317 AD8318 AD8319 AD8362 AD8363 AD8364 more..
A Personal Goal: Make Log Amps as Cheap, and Easy to Use, as Op Amps
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2.7-7.5V
4.7 10nF
N.C.
SIGNAL INPUT -73dBm to +17dBm (-86dBV to +4dBV) to +/-1dB error pts. (100dB to +/-3dB)
AD8307
INM COM OFS OUT
N.C.
20mV/dB
BEGIN WITH A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE VARIOUS TYPES, TO SET THE STAGE MOVE ON AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE TO PROGRESSIVE COMPRESSING TYPES as likely to be of most value in beam instr. DEVELOP THEIR FUNDAMENTAL THEORY starting from the most basic of foundations SHOW SOME PRACTICAL EMBODIMENTS
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ANALOG DEVICES
Convert signals of high dynamic range (HDR) to a substantially smaller dynamic range The output is readily scaled to represent the decibel value of the input, in simple units This is a fundamental nonlinear conversion of the signal representation - with important consequences Some types may be used to simply compress a HDR signal, thereby achieving high observational or measurement-sensitivity near a nominal null
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ANALOG DEVICES
FUNDAMENTAL FUNCTION
W = Y log
where
X ____ Z
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ANALOG DEVICES
FUNDAMENTAL FUNCTION
VW = VY log
where
VX ____ VZ
VW VX VY VZ
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ANALOG DEVICES
FUNDAMENTAL FUNCTION
IW = IY log
where
IX ___ IZ
IW IX IY IZ
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ANALOG DEVICES
FUNDAMENTAL FUNCTION
VW = VY log
where
IX ___ IZ
VW IX VY IZ
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ANALOG DEVICES
log VX
VX = 10-2VZ - 40dBc VX = VZ 0dBc VX = 102 VZ + 40dBc VX = 104 VZ + 80dBc
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VY _____
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sinh- 1(u) =
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- sinh- 1(-u)
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-5
-4
-3
-2
-1 1
log(2u)
u
COMPLEX
REAL
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ANALOG DEVICES
TRANSLINEAR (inc. DC/LF log-ratio) EXPONENTIAL-AGC PROGRESSIVE COMPRESSION Baseband Demodulating True-log (sinh-1) Synchronous Dual (RF log-ratio)
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ANALOG DEVICES
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DIRECT TRANSLINEAR
BASED ON THE LOG-EXPONENTIAL PROPERTIES OF THE BJT CURRENT-MODE DYNAMIC RANGE CAN BE VERY HIGH (e.g., 200dB, 1pA to 1mA) INVALUABLE IN MANY TYPES OF LF INSTRUMENTATION (DC to about 10MHz) THE MOST ADVANCED FORMS ACTUALLY PROVIDE FULL LOG-RATIO OPERATION
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ANALOG DEVICES
THE TOUCHSTONE:
VBE
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VBE (T,IC ) =
kT IC log q IS(T)
.. which is very nearly exact in most respects, over a temperature range of -250C to 250C and an IC range from (typically) 1pA to 1mA; at high currents the junction resistances and other effects cause VBE to exceed this value. But what is this peculiar quantity IS(T)
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ni2(T)
18
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Measurement of VBE(T,IC)
IC VCB
V=0 I=0
A E
DUT
B
High-Accuracy DC Voltmeter 1.00000 V FS
-VBE
In BJT modeling, the default collector bias is VCB = 0, that is, VCE = VBE. Collector current IC is forced by an electrometer-grade op amp
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1e-11
The form
1e-12
A m p s
10pA
1e-13
1e-14
1e-15
1e-16
1e-17
IS(T)
2.5610-17A at T = 27C
1e-18
1e-19
1e-20
1e-21
1e-22
1e-23
-40
40
80
120
160
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Temperature C
ANALOG DEVICES
1e-11
Amps
1e-12
10pA
1e-13
1e-14
1e-15
1e-16
1e-17
IS(T)
1e-18
1e-19
1e-20
1e-21
1e-22
1e-23
-40
40
80
120
160
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Temperature C
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VBE
1.14
1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0
10pA 100pA
1nA 10nA
-55C
-240 -200 -160 -120 -80 -40 0
30C
40 80
125C
-0.1
C
120 160 200 240
Actual PNP transistor having LE=100um, WE=2um, EG=1.13, XTI=4.03, IS = 2.644e-16 IC = 10pA, 100pA, 1nA and 10nA. To optimally illustrate the effect, VBC was adjusted to 52mV (10pA), 83mV (100pA), 110mV (1nA) and 150mV (10nA) - all values ZTAT
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ANALOG DEVICES
V BE 1.0
.9 .8 .7 .6 .5 .4 .3 .2 .1
VBE vs. IC
COLD
HOT
0.0
-.1
-.2 1e-12 1e-11 1e-10 1e-9 1e-8 1e-7 1e-6 1e-5 1e-4 .001
IC
10mA
.01
1pA
IC
V=0 I=0
VBE
1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 -0.1 -0.2
VBE
961.63mV 821.62mV
T = 200K
671.76mV 550.5mV
T = 300K
1.1V
212.33mV
T = 400K
133.75mV
NEGATIVE VBE
IC
1pA 10pA 100pA 1nA 10nA 100nA 1A 10A 100A 1mA 10mA
NUMERATOR
DENOMINATOR
IC1
SAME SIZE
IC2
VBE1
VBE2
VBE1 VBE2 VBE1 VBE2 = VK log IC1 / IS (T) VK log IC2 / IS (T) = VK log IC1 / IC2
NUMERATOR
DENOMINATOR
INUM
IDEN
VBE1
Scaling @ 27oC is 2.998mV/dB
VBE2
D I S T I L L E R Y
DEC1 FLT1
2P8V
2.8V LDO
VPOS
HFCP
DEC2
1A SRC
OUTPUT AMP
PDBS INUM
PDBS LOG QS
VOUT SCL1
HYPERTANH
SCL2
REFERENCES
JFET OP AMP
SCL3 VNUM
SUMP PUMP V-MIRROR
SCL4
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A 200-dB sweep of DC input current, from 1pA to 10mA, showing the scaling of 20mV/dB and very low log-conformance error (+/-0.05dB) 5 4 3 2 1 0 200 100 x1e-3 0 v(out)
DIRECT TRANSLINEAR
4.5V
0.5V
v(out)/vy-20*log10(inum/iz)
-100
1pA
-200 1e-12
1 A
1e-4
1mA
.001 .01
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1e-9 1e-8 1e-7 1e-6 1e-5 inum, from 1e-12 to 0.01 dec 30
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A 200-dB step of input current, from 1pA to 10mA, with a sine-squared rise-time of 100ns, is accomodated within a slewing time of 200ns
DIRECT TRANSLINEAR
1010 step of current
.01 .001 1e-4 1e-5 1e-6 1e-7 1e-8 1e-9 1e-10 1e-11 1e-12 5 4 3 2 1 0 0
<>i(input,p)
out
Time-domain response
50
100
150
200
450
500
550
600
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AC response for DC inputs of 1pA, 10pA, 100pA, 1nA, 10n and 100nA Note the LF gain at 1pA is 225dB, corresponding to RT = 178 G-ohm 240 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 .1 vdb(out) -1:vdb(out) -2:vdb(out) -3:vdb(out) -4:vdb(out) -5:vdb(out)
10
100
1e5
1e6
1e7
1e8
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EXPONENTIAL AGC
A VARIABLE-GAIN AMPLIFIER HAVING INVERSE EXPONENTIAL CONTROL OF GAIN (e-x, that is, Linear-in-dB) .. . DRIVES A DETECTOR CELL TO A FIXED SET-POINT AT ITS OUTPUT THIS SCHEME CAN OPERATE OVER A LARGE DYNAMIC RANGE (noise-limited) AND IS CAPABLE OF PROVIDING AN EXACT RMS (TRUE POWER) RESPONSE
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VR
VW
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Vz = V R / A0
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VX
VDC
VR
1 __ sT
VW
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VX
A A0 =
VDC
VR
1 __ sT
AN
VW
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VX
F(s)
VDC
VR
1 __ sT
VW
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The X-AMP
A PROPRIETARY VGA PRINCIPLE FUNDAMENTALLY LINEAR-in-dB USES FEEDBACK IN ORDER TO:
ACCURATELY DETERMINE GAIN & MINIMIZE HF NONLINEARITIES
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ANALOG DEVICES
A BASIC X-AMP
VARIABLE SLIDER LOW-NOISE
AMPLIFIER
+
VIN RO
R:nR ATTENUATOR R1 R2
VOUT
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ANALOG DEVICES
gm1
gm2
gm7
gm8
VIN
100
R 2R
R 2R
R 2R R
VOUT - 41dB
R1 200 10
0dB -6.02dB 43
-36.12dB -42.14dB
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ANALOG DEVICES
R2 11*200
VOUT
INCREASING GAIN
(MOVES ACTION TOWARDS FRONT)
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is an example of a log-amp that is also RMS-repsonding. It can operate from a few Hz up to a specified 6 GHz, providing a 50-dB range and laser-trimmed calibration to absolute standards.
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ANALOG DEVICES
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SQUARE-LAW DETECTOR
I1 +V/2 e I2 2e e ID
IOUT
I3 0
-V/2
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ANALOG DEVICES
SQUARE-LAW DETECTOR
I1 = ID e u / ( e u + e- u + 2 ) I2 = ID e- u / ( e u + e- u + 2 ) I3 = 2ID / ( eu + e- u + 2 )
where
u = V/2VT
IOUT = I1 + I2 -
e u + e- u - 2 I I3 = u D u e +e +2
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ANALOG DEVICES
f(u)
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ANALOG DEVICES
END OF OVERVIEW
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PROGRESSIVE COMPRESSION
A MAJOR CLASS, with many sub-types THE METHOD USED FOR PRACTICALLY ALL WIDEBAND LOG-AMPS, UP TO SHF THE BACKBONE IS A CHAIN OF SIMPLE AMPLIFIER CELLS FUNCTION IS A TYPE OF PIECEWISE LINEAR APPROXIMATION, but the law
conformance error may be as low as 0.1dB
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ANALOG DEVICES
PROGRESSIVE COMPRESSION
THE LITERATURE ON LOG AMP DESIGN IS SCANT, EMPIRICAL, AND SURPRISINGLY QUIET ON THE CRUCIAL MATTER OF SCALING. THE ANALYSES NOW PRESENTED FLOW
!
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A/1
SYMBOL
AEK
Slope = 1
Slope = A
0
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EK
VIN
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ANALOG DEVICES
VX
A/1
A/1
A/1
A/1
VW
WELL IMPLEMENT A BASEBAND LOG-AMP USING PIECEWISE-LINEAR APPROXIMATION CASCADE HAS VERY HIGH OVERALL GAIN (AN)
ANALOG DEVICES
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VW = VY log
but.....
VX ____ VZ
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ANALOG DEVICES
VY = y EK VZ = z EK
where y and z must be linear functions of A and N
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ANALOG DEVICES
FOUR-STAGE EXAMPLE
VX A/1 AVX A/1 A2VX A/1 A3VX A/1 A4VX
INPUT VOLTAGE VERY SMALL ALL STAGES REMAIN LINEAR INTERNAL VOLTAGE EK IS HIDING
ANALOG DEVICES
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FOUR-STAGE EXAMPLE
EK/A3 A/1 EK/A2 A/1 EK /A A/1 EK A/1 AEK
FIRST TRANSITION POINT REACHED BOTH OUTPUT AND INPUT DEFINED VOLTAGE EK NOW IN EVIDENCE
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FOUR-STAGE EXAMPLE
(A times larger)
EK/A2
EK/A A/1
EK A/1
AEK A/1
(2A-1)EK
(It was AEK)
A/1
SECOND TRANSITION POINT OUTPUT HAS INCREASED BY (A-1)EK INPUT INCREASED BY THE RATIO A
ANALOG DEVICES
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FOUR-STAGE EXAMPLE
(A times larger)
EK/A
EK A/1
AEK
(3A-2)EK
(was (2A-1)EK)
A/1
THIRD TRANSITION POINT OUTPUT HAS INCREASED BY (A-1)EK INPUT INCREASED BY THE RATIO A
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FOUR-STAGE EXAMPLE
EK
(A times larger)
AEK A/1
(3A-2)EK A/1
(4A-3)EK
(was (3A-2)EK)
FOURTH & FINAL TRANSITION POINT OUTPUT HAS INCREASED BY (A-1)EK INPUT HAS INCREASED BY RATIO A
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ANVX
log VX
0 EK/A3
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AEK
log VX
0 EK/A3
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(2A-1)EK AEK
EK/A2
SLOPE AND INTERCEPT ARE ALREADY DEFINED BY JUST THESE TWO POINTS log VX
0 EK/A2
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0
EK/A3 EK/A2
EK/A
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VX = EK
0
EK/A3 EK/A2 EK/A
EK
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VX > EK
(A - 1)EK
(2A-1)EK AEK
RATIO of A
log VX
0
EK/A3 EK/A2 EK/A EK
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SLOPE CALCULATION
THE OUTPUT CHANGES BY (2A-1)EK WHEN THE INPUT CHANGES BY THE RATIO A VY = (2A-1)EK lgt (A)
(volts/decade)
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ANALOG DEVICES
INTERCEPT CALCULATION
VW = VY lgt VX ____ VZ
Vz =
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EK ___________ AN + 1/(A-1)
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APPROXIMATION ERROR
Error
log VX
EK/A3 EK/A2 EK/A EK
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LAW CONFORMANCE
dB Error = Actual Output (in dB) minus Ideal Output (in dB) Since there are 20 decibels per decade the ideal output in dB is IDEALdB = 20 lgt (VX/VZ)
ANALOG DEVICES
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LAW CONFORMANCE
The Actual Output in dB is
ACTUALdB = 20 ERRORdB = 20 ACTUAL OUTPUT VW VOLTS/DECADE (VY)
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LAW CONFORMANCE
For a log-amp based on the A/1 gain stages, the peak deviation from an ideal logarithmic response is
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DYNAMIC RANGE
THE FUNCTION FIT CONTINUES TO BE USEFULLY ACCURATE EVEN AT INPUTS BELOW THE FIRST TRANSITION AND ABOVE LAST ONE. IN PRACTICE, THE DYNAMIC RANGE IS SLIGHTLY MORE THAN AN. THUS, USING A=4, N=10 WE COULD EXPECT A 120dB RANGE ......
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ANALOG DEVICES
DYNAMIC RANGE
... EXCEPT FOR THE LITTLE MATTER OF NOISE. FOR EXAMPLE, A FIRSTSTAGE NOISE-SPECTRAL-DENSITY OF 1nV /Hz IN A 500-MHZ BANDWIDTH IS EQUIVALENT TO AN INPUT-REFERRED NOISE OF 22.4V RMS, OR -80dBm/50
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DYNAMIC RANGE
THE INPUT NEEDS TO BE AT LEAST 6dB ABOVE THE NOISE FLOOR TO MAKE AN ACCURATE MEASUREMENT, THUS AT -74dBm IN THIS EXAMPLE. 120dB ABOVE THIS NOISE FLOOR IS AT +46dBm (63V SINE AMPLITUDE!)
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A/0
SYMBOL
AEK
Slope = A
0
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EK
VIN
ANALOG DEVICES
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VOUT = AEK
for VIN > EK
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ANALOG DEVICES
VX
A/0
A/0
A/0
A/0
WE CAN NO LONGER TAKE THE OUTPUT FROM THE LAST STAGE: IT LIMITS TO AEK AS SOON AS ITS INPUT IS EK AND THEREAFTER IT DOES NOT INCREASE
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ANALOG DEVICES
VY = y EK VZ = z EK
we should expect y and z to now be different functions A and N than for the cascade of A/1 stages
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ANALOG DEVICES
VX
A/0
A/0
A/0
A/0
VLIM VW
THIS IS THE BASIC BACKBONE OF PRACTICALLY ALL MONOLITHIC PROGRESSIVE-COMPRESSION LOG-AMPS; NOTE THAT LAST STAGE OUTPUT IS NOW CALLED VLIM
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ANALOG DEVICES
FOUR-STAGE EXAMPLE
VX VX A/0 AVX A/0 A2 VX A/0 A3 VX A/0 A4 VX
VLIM VW
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INPUT VOLTAGE VERY SMALL ALL STAGES REMAIN LINEAR INTERNAL VOLTAGE EK HIDDEN
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ANALOG DEVICES
FOUR-STAGE EXAMPLE
VX VX A/0 AVX A/0 A2 VX A/0 A3 VX A/0 A4 VX
VLIM VW
VW = (1+ A + A2 + A3 + A4 )VX
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ANALOG DEVICES
FOUR-STAGE EXAMPLE
EK/A3 VX A/0 EK/A2 A/0 EK/A A/0 EK A/0 AEK
OUTPUT LIMITED
VLIM VW
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ANALOG DEVICES
FOUR-STAGE EXAMPLE
EK/A2 VX A/0 EK/A A/0 EK A/0 AEK A/0 AEK
VLIM VW
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ANALOG DEVICES
FOUR-STAGE EXAMPLE
EK/A VX A/0 EK A/0 AEK A/0 AEK A/0 AEK
VLIM VW
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ANALOG DEVICES
FOUR-STAGE EXAMPLE
EK VX A/0 AEK A/0 AEK A/0 AEK A/0 AEK
VLIM VW
VW = (4A+1) EK
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ANALOG DEVICES
FOUR-STAGE EXAMPLE
VIN>EK VX A/0 AEK A/0 AEK A/0 AEK A/0 AEK
VLIM VW
VW = 4AEK + VIN
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ANALOG DEVICES
SLOPE CALCULATION
THE OUTPUT CHANGES BY essentially* AEK as the INPUT CHANGES BY THE RATIO A VY = AEK lgt (A)
* its actually A (1 - A- N)EK
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(volts/decade)
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ANALOG DEVICES
SLOPE CALCULATION
IT IS INTERESTING TO NOTE THAT THE FUNCTION A/lgt(A) VARIES BY ONLY 6% OVER 2 < A < 4 (6.64 6.26 6.64) WITH ITS MINIMUM AT A = e
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ANALOG DEVICES
SLOPE CALCULATION
SO, BY CHOOSING TO USE A GAIN OF A = e (2.72, or 8.7dB) THE LOG SLOPE WILL EXHIBIT ZERO SENSITIVITY TO SMALL VARIATIONS IN ACTUAL GAIN: IT WOULD BE SIMPLY 6.26EK
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ANALOG DEVICES
Vz =
EK A N + 1/(A-1)
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PRACTICAL REALIZATION
Progressive-compression log amps have been implemented in many different technologies. In the past this included discrete and monolithic BJT and GaAs embodiments. Today, one can use deep sub-micron CMOS to build log amps for operation up to several GHz. In this presentation, well illustrate some design techniques using monolithic bipolar processes.
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tanh as LIMITER
tanh (VIN / 2VT)
+1 IDEAL A/0 FUNCTION
VIN 2VT
-1
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ANALOG DEVICES
RG
RG VOUT
A0 = RL/re = IGRG/2VT
INCREMENTAL GAIN
A0 sech 2 (VIN/2VT)
where VT = kT/q
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tanh as LIMITER
tanh (VIN / 2VT)
+1 PEAK SLOPE IS sech2 (VIN / 2VT ) IDEAL A/0 FUNCTION
VIN 2VT
-1
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EK
ANALOG DEVICES
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AVX VX
A2VX etc.
VLIM = AN VX
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0.4VP
BIAS
0.2VP
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AUXILIARY gm CELLS
SUM IN CURRENT-MODE
STAGE 1 STAGE 2 STAGE 3 . . . . . STAGE N
VX
A/0
gm
A/0
gm
A/0
gm
A/0
gm
gm
IW
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ANALOG DEVICES
VIN 2VT
- IR
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gm
ANALOG DEVICES
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AUXILIARY gm CELLS
IOUT = IR tanh (VOUT/2VT)
RG
RG VOUT
VIN IR
IG SETS GAIN AND IS PTAT
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IG
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RG
RG VOUT
VIN
IR
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IG
ANALOG DEVICES
A TRANSLINEAR AMPLIFIER
dB
2.5 0
-3dB
NOMINAL: 42.7GHz
dB
6 4 2
FAST: 47.1GHz
SLOW: 36.5GHz
1 23
-3dB
Frequency, Hertz
0 1e9 1e10 freq, Hertz 1e11
A FOUR-STAGE EXAMPLE
VX A/0
gm gm
AVX A/0
A2VX A/0
gm
A3VX A/0
gm
A4VX VLIM
gm
IW
CURRENT-MODE SUMMATION
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ANALOG DEVICES
A FOUR-STAGE EXAMPLE
EK/A4 A/0
gm gm
EK/A3 A/0
EK/A2 A/0
gm
EK/A A/0
gm
EK VLIM
gm
IW
THE FIRST TRANSITION NOW OCCURS WHEN THE INPUT TO THE FINAL gm CELL REACHES EK AT THIS POINT THE INPUT IS EK/A4 AND THE OUTPUT CURRENT IW = IR( 1 + A-1 + A-2 + A-3 + A-4 )
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ANALOG DEVICES
A FOUR-STAGE EXAMPLE
EK/A3 A/0
gm gm
EK/A2 A/0
gm
EK/A A/0
gm
EK A/0 VLIM
gm
IW
WHEN THE INPUT IS A TIMES HIGHER, AT EK/A3, THE OUTPUT IS IW = IR( 2 + A-1 + A-2 + A-3 )
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ANALOG DEVICES
A FOUR-STAGE EXAMPLE
EK/A2 A/0
gm gm
EK/A A/0
gm
EK A/0
gm
EK VLIM
A/0
gm
IW
WHEN THE INPUT IS A TIMES HIGHER, AT EK/A2, THE OUTPUT IS IW = IR( 3 + A-1 + A-2 + A-3 ) etc. etc.
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ANALOG DEVICES
DETERMINATION OF SLOPE
THE OUTPUT CHANGES from to IW = IR (1 + A-1 + A-2 + ....... A-N ) IW = IR (2 + A-1 + A-2 + ....... A-(N-1) ) for an input of VX = EK/A-N, for an input of VX = EK/A-(N-1). The output changes by IR(1 A-N) IR as the INPUT changes by the RATIO A
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ANALOG DEVICES
DETERMINATION OF SLOPE
WE NEED NOT PROCEED FURTHER: THE LOG FUNCTION DEVELOPS IN A SIMILAR FASHION TO THAT DETERMINED EARLIER FOR THE MORE IDEALIZED CASE.
THE LOG SLOPE NOW IN CURRENT FORM IS SIMPLY
IW
IR lgt (A)
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ANALOG DEVICES
ELIMINATION OF PTAT EK
SPECIALIZED PTAT CELL DETERMINES THE GAIN A GAIN BIAS
A/0 gm
A/0 gm
0 to EK 0 to IR
IR
VOLTAGE REFERENCE SETS ACCURATE BIAS IR
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SLOPE BIAS
ANALOG DEVICES
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ELIMINATION OF PTAT EK
OUTPUT CURRENT OF THE gm CELL CHANGES BY IR FOR A CHANGE IN RATIO OF A AT THE AMPLIFIERS INPUT CONVERTED TO A VOLTAGE USING A TRANSRESISTANCE OUTPUT STAGE, OF VALUE RY THUS, THE CHANGE IN VW IS IRRY FOR EVERY FRACTION lgt(A) AT THE MAIN INPUT
GAIN BIAS
A/0 gm
0 to EK
IR
SLOPE BIAS
RY
VW
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ANALOG DEVICES
ELIMINATION OF PTAT EK
GAIN BIAS
VY =
0 to EK
IR
SLOPE BIAS
RY
VW
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ANALOG DEVICES
ELIMINATION OF PTAT EK
GAIN BIAS
VY =
RY
VW
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ANALOG DEVICES
VX
A/0 gm gm A/0 gm A/0 gm A/0 gm
VLIM
RY
SLOPE BIAS
VW
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ANALOG DEVICES
Vz =
EK A N + 1/(A-1)
and EK in the natural system comprising the log amp backbone is inherently PTAT. The next few steps demonstrate how this can readily be compensated, to provide a stable intercept versus temperature.
ANALOG DEVICES
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INTERCEPT MANIPULATION
VW
VW = 5VY VW = 4VY VW = 3VY VW = 2VY VW = VY VW = 0
INTERCEPT LOWERED
VO
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VZ
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INTERCEPT MANIPULATION
VW = = = VY log (VX/VZ) VY log (VXVO / VZVO)
VY log (VX/VO) + VA
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ANALOG DEVICES
log VX
VW = 0 VX = 10-2VZ - 40dBc VX = VZ 0dBc VX = 102 VZ + 40dBc VX = 104 VZ + 80dBc
ANALOG DEVICES
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AUXILIARY gm CELLS
SUM IN CURRENT-MODE
STAGE 1 STAGE 2 STAGE 3 . . . . . STAGE N
VX
A/0
gm
A/0
gm
A/0
x
gm
2 A/0
gm
gm
FOR DEMODULATION WE MUST CONVERT THE gm CELLS INTO RECTIFIERS (DETECTORS) PREFERABLY FULL-WAVE 123
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IW
ANALOG DEVICES
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SQUARE-LAW DETECTOR
IOUT
2RG
e 2e
RG VOUT RG
ID SETS SLOPE & IS T-STABLE
ANALOG DEVICES
VIN
IG
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ID
DEMODULATING LOG-AMP
GAIN BIAS
VX
x2
A/0 x2
A/0 x2
A/0 x2
A/0 x2
VLIM
RYh(s)
SLOPE BIAS
VW
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ANALOG DEVICES
APPROXIMATION RIPPLE
THE LOG CONFORMANCE ERROR WHEN USING tanh GAIN CELLS NOW TAKES ON AN ESSENTIALLY SINUSOIDAL FORM. FOR A = 4 THE RIPPLE IS CLOSE TO 0.2dB. SMALL ADJUSTMENTS ARE MADE TO THE WEIGHTING OF THE gm CELLS TO IMPROVE ACCURACY OF THE LOGARITHMIC FIT
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ANALOG DEVICES
60VDC
dB 0
-.5 -1 -1.5 -2 1e-5 10V 1e-4 100 V .001 .01 10mV 1mV vin, from 2e-05 to 0.6 dec 80 VIN (DC) .1 100mV
0.1dB
1 1V
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ANALOG DEVICES
FOR A MODEST OVERALL BANDWIDTH OF 3.2 GHz, AND THIS GAIN OF 65,000, THE GAIN-BANDWIDTH PRODUCT IS IS AN ASTRONOMICAL 208,000 GHz
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ANALOG DEVICES
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ANALOG DEVICES
SOLUTIONS
ONE SOLUTION IS TO LOWER THE BANDWIDTH, BUT THIS MAY NOT BE PERMISSIBLE. ANOTHER IS TO LOWER THE NOISE; THATS HARD. A BETTER SOLUTION IS TO RAISE TOP END OF THE DYNAMIC RANGE BY USING AN AUXILIARY LOG-AMP
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ANALOG DEVICES
VLIM
RY
ATTEN
A/0
gm
A/0
gm
A/0
gm
SLOPE BIAS
VW
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ANALOG DEVICES
VW AUXILIARY
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A=4 N=6
0
12dB
-1dB
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ANALOG DEVICES
VX
A/0 x2
A/0 x2
A/0 x2
VLIM
A/0 x2
RYh(s)
x2
ATTEN
x2 A/0 A/0
x2
VW
A/0
SLOPE BIAS
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ANALOG DEVICES
REMOVING DC OFFSET
VIN
A A A A
VOUT
To avoid breaking the chain, while at the same time cope with DC offsets a global feedback path can be used to stabilize the operating point (null the offset)
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ANALOG DEVICES
REMOVING DC OFFSET
VIN
A A A A
VOUT
VIN - vOS C
This current is zero when input offset is fully nulled
fHP
A3g = 2C
This method is often useful in coping with DC offset since it forms an integrator that fully nulls the error.
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ANALOG DEVICES
REMOVING DC OFFSET
40dB A = 3.16 20dB
R-feedback HF roll-off
0dB g-feedback
10kHz 100kHz 1MHz 10MHz 100MHz 1GHz
ANALOG DEVICES
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REMOVING DC OFFSET
Peaking at the transition due to time delay in forward-path
0dB g-feedback
10kHz 100kHz 1MHz 10MHz 100MHz 1GHz
ANALOG DEVICES
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10nF
AD8310
INLO COMM INBF VOUT
N.C.
20mV/dB
ANALOG DEVICES
OUTPUT
500 MHz
-73dBm = -86dBV
= 49V
RMS
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
10
VP , 5V
4.7 0.1F
N.C.
L1 750nH
GNEG VINP
AD603
COMM
AD8307
INM COM OFS OUT
C1 150pF
0.3-2.3V
N.C.
VN , -5V
R5 100k
1nF
R7 80.6k
Exponential feedback
R6 20k
OUTPUT
10mV/dB
ANALOG DEVICES
EFFECT OF WAVEFORM
THESE ANALYSES HAVE BEEN FOR DC INPUTS ONLY AN AMPLITUDE-SYMMETRIC PULSE OR SQUAREWAVE INPUT WOULD PRODUCE THE SAME RESULT FOR STANDARD WAVEFORMS, IT IS EASY TO CALCULATE THE EFFECT ON THE CALIBRATION
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ANALOG DEVICES
EFFECT OF WAVEFORM
WAVEFORM HAS NO EFFECT ON THE SLOPE CALIBRATION, VY IT AFFECTS ONLY THE INTERCEPT
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ANALOG DEVICES
EFFECT OF WAVEFORM
FOR A SINUSOIDAL INPUT ESsint THE OUTPUT WILL BE THE SAME AS THAT FOR A DC INPUT OF ES/2 THAT IS, INTERCEPT VALUE FOR SINE IS EFFECTIVELY DOUBLED
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ANALOG DEVICES
RF Power Detectors
~ ~ ~
VOUT
AD8313
VSET
ADC
Direct RF Detection to >2.5 GHz 70 dB total dynamic range + 1dB accuracy over central 62dB 8 pin Micro-SOIC Provides RSSI at antenna frequency Released August 1998
ANALOG DEVICES
V_UP
+
CURRENTS from LOG DETECTORS
I-V V-I
+
VSET
+2
V_DN
1.2V
0.5V 0.0V
ANALOG DEVICES
f <= 2.5GHz
COUPLER
RFIN
VPOS
3V N.C.
0.1 to 1.2V
AD8314
ADC
f <= 2.5GHz
COUPLER
RFIN
VPOS
3V
0.2 to 2.5V
AD8314
RF VGA
VG = 30mV/dB VP = 10mV/deg
CLP
FLGN
10dB
10dB 6 stages
10dB
VOGN
0 -1.8V 30mV/dB
FBGN
2
VPOS
ENBL
BS_B IN_B
RIN ~ 1k
FBPH
CLP
10dB
10dB
CLP
VOPH
0 -1.8V 10mV/deg
COMM
FLPH
L L
V1 = VY log ( VA / VX ) A
+
VB
VY log ( VA / VB )
B V2 = VY log ( VB / VX )
By subtracting the output of the B-channel log-amp from that of the A-channel log-amp, the intercept VX is eliminated and the resulting difference is a measure of the RATIO of VA / VB
ANALOG DEVICES
VA
A= VAg(f) B= VBg(f)
L L
VB
Both channels have the same HF resonances and other HF transmission effects g(f), but these are canceled in taking the difference which remains a measure of the RATIO of VA / VB
ANALOG DEVICES
VA
EN
A= VA + EN B= VB + EN
EN
L L
A VOUT = VY log B
VA + EN = V log Y VB + EN VA (VB - VB ) = VY log 1 + EN VAVB VB
VB
Both channels have the same additive noise at input but its effect is reduced in the output. For example, if VA = 3 EN and VB = 2 EN the measurement error of ratio is only 1.3dB
ANALOG DEVICES
VA
L L
V1 = VY log ( VA / VX ) A
PHASE
OUTPUT
VY log ( VA / VB )
VB
V2 = VY log ( VB / VX )
Logarithmic amplifiers also provide very high gain and limiting action: using a special type of analog multiplier between the limiter outputs, phase measurements can be made up to 3GHz
ANALOG DEVICES
APPLICATIONS
ANALOG DEVICES
RF signal to be measured
L L
Low-frequency reference carrier
log(A/B)
In this case, a low-frequency carrier provides a very high calibration reference for the intercept
ANALOG DEVICES
APPLICATIONS
ANALOG DEVICES
Modulated RF signal
L L
Baseband modulation
log(A/B)
Here, the reference is provided by the baseband modulation & system measures conversion gain
ANALOG DEVICES
APPLICATIONS
ANALOG DEVICES
OUT
SYSTEM BLOCK
L L
B
IN
log(A/B)
True gain of system block is measured independent of the actual power levels
ANALOG DEVICES
APPLICATIONS
ANALOG DEVICES
LOAD
COUPLERS
L L
SOURCE
log(A/B)
AN SLA IS DUAL LOG-AMPS ACTING IN PARALLEL INSTEAD OF SQUARE-LAW DETECTORS IT USES ANALOG MULTIPLIERS BETWEEN CORRESPONDING NODES AS SIGNALS PROGRESS DOWN THE CASCADE CURRENT-MODE OUTPUTS OF ALL MULTIPLIERS IS SUMMED, AND THIS VARIABLE IS CONVERTED BACK TO THE VOLTAGE DOMAIN NUMEROUS APPLICATIONS: LOWER EFFECTIVE INPUT NOISE; TUNABLE TO SINGLE FREQUENCY; sinh-1; etc
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ANALOG DEVICES
t STAGE 2A
A/0
STAGE 3A
STAGE NA
VA
A/0
A/0
A/0
A/0
STAGE 1B
A/0
STAGE 2B
A/0
STAGE 3B
VW A/0
STAGE NB
VB
2 N STAGES, N IS TYPICALLY 12
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ANALOG DEVICES
FIRST APPLICATION
t
en1
VIN
en2
VOUT
NOISE SOURCES eN1 and eN2 ARE UNCORRELATED SO THEIR CROSS-PRODUCT AVERAGES TO ZERO
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ANALOG DEVICES
SECOND APPLICATION
VIN VDC VOUT
THE FIXED VOLTAGE VDC TURNS THIS LOG AMP INTO A NON-DEMODULATI NG sinh-1 MACHINE
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ANALOG DEVICES
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7
asinh(x)
It therefore provides a very accurate and useful compression function ahead of A/D
0 80 160 -480 -400 -320 -240 -160 -80 x, from -500 to 500
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240
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+
x
320 400 480
ANALOG DEVICES
sinh-1 very closely approximates the bipolarity logarithm and is continuous through the origin
PRE-A/D COMPRESSION
SIGNAL / SENSOR SOURCE LOGARITHMICALLY COMPRESSED AND SCALED SIGNAL
ADC
SCALING VOLTAGE Adapt as needed to application DATA NOW, EACH LSB REPRESENTS A FIXED NUMBER OF DECIBELS (e.g., 0.1dB/LSB)
ANALOG DEVICES
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THIRD APPLICATION
t
VIN VOUT VCLOCK
THE CLOCK VOLTAGE TURNS THIS LOG AMP INTO A SYNCHRONOUS DEMODULATOR
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ANALOG DEVICES
FOURTH APPLICATION
t
VIN VOUT
PHASER
THE CLOCK VOLTAGE IS RECOVERED FROM THE LAST LIMITER OUTPUT: SYSTEM BECOMES A SELF-CLOCKED HOMODYNE 172
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ANALOG DEVICES
DLVA
The great appeal of this Schottky-diode detector is its inherently wide bandwidth, passing effortlessly through the SHF band (3-30GHz) and still working very well into the EHF band (30-300GHz). However, it suffers from extremely poor sensitivity, severe nonlinearity, and temperature dependence. Thus, the challenge is to find ways to persuade some form diode detector to be free of these limitations, with the aim of providing dynamic range of at least 50dB.
ANALOG DEVICES
.1
VOUT
.01
.001
1e-4
1e-5
1e-6
10
15
20 25 30 35 40 45 jj, from 1 to 65 by 1
50
55
60
65
ANALOG DEVICES
dB
fsin = 1GHz
RMSO
VENV
LOGO
ANALOG DEVICES
THE FRONT-END
2IB IB
There are 8 diodes in a X-quad layout
CL
GROUND PLANE
VPOS
RFIN
LOW-CAP RESISTOR
ZIN
VMID both inputs
VENV
VENV ranges
from +4.7mV to +1.5V *
VRF
IIN 0
Nonlinear amplifier corrects for square-law detection response at low VRF
COMM
CL
2IB IB
* When using a
3-V supply; the input and output range can be 4dB higher using a 5-V supply
ANALOG DEVICES
FRONT-END PROCESSING
COMM NEGATIVE-FOLLOWING ENVELOPE DETECTOR POSITIVE-FOLLOWING ENVELOPE DETECTOR
R +
RFIN
x2
R R
VENV
COMM
Because the input detectors provide voltage-doubling, the gain of the output section is 0.5. The square-rooting cell is a particular sort of translinear circuit, having the double-amplitiude differential voltage applied to its ultra-low-offset transconductance stage and the resulting current is used to generate the needed correction current to the output amplifier. To maintain fast response time, this current is kept fairly high and then attenuated in the resistor string.
ANALOG DEVICES
10
out_2(jj)
LINEAR REGION
.1
50dB
fsin = 3GHz
1.500V
.001
ANALOG DEVICES
An overnight run of March 20-21, 2010, checking temperature error at fsin = 500MHz, after small adjustment to SQRT scaling. Using inputs from 4.74mV to 1.500V (=50.006dB). 10 1 .1 .01 .001 .8 .6 .4 .2 0 -.2 -.4 -.6 -.8 -1 out_m30c(jj) out_90c(jj) out_30c(jj) 4.74m*10**((jj-1)/10)
VSIN = 4.74mV
VSIN = 1.50V
tanh
sech
cosh
Barrie Gilbert
sinh
ANALOG DEVICES
log