PSC 1351 Review: Chapters 3 & 4 Chapter 3 1. Work: Ifa force F acts on a body and displaces it a distance d in its own direction, then the work done by F is: AW=Fd_ Workis a scalar quantity. (Units: Joules (J) metric: (ft.1b) English) 2, Energy: Energy is the ability to do work. It is a scalar. It has the same units as work. a) Gravitational Potential Energy: Ifa body of mass m is located at a height h above the ground, then its gravitational potential energy is: U(Pg) =mgh (Units: 5 (metric); ft.1b (English)) b) Kinetic Energy: This is also called energy of motion. If'a body of mass m is in motion with speed v, then its kinetic energy is U(k) = (1/2) mv? (Units: J (metric); ft.lb (English)) ©) Mechanical Energy: The sum of a body's potential and kinetic energies is called mechanical energy: U(m) = U(p) + UK) 3. Work-Energy Theorem: The work done by the net force acting on a body always increases the kinetic energy of the body by that same amount AW(net) = U(KA) - U(Ki) where U(Ki) is the initial kinetic energy and U(Kf) is the final kinetic energy, and AW(net) is the work done by the net force. 4. Conservation of Mechanical Energy: If there are no friction forces acting on a system, then the mechanical energy of the system remains constant U(Mi) =U(Mf) —_ where U(Mi) is the initial mechanical energy and U(ME) is the final mechanical energy.5. Conservation of Total Energy: If friction forces are present in a system, then some mechanical energy will be lost to heat due to friction: U(Mi) + AW(Q) = UCM) where AW(f) is the work done by friction, which is always negative. 6. Power: The rate at which work is done. P= (AW/At) Units: (Metric): Watts (W) or Kilowatts (kW), where 1 kW = 1000 W (English): (ft.lb/sec) or horsepower (hp) where 1 hp = 550 (ft.lb/sec) or 746 W or 0.746 kW Chapter 4 1. Phases of Matter: Physical matter exists in 3 states: solid, liquid and gas (vapor). 2, Temperature: The relative hotness or coolness of a substance. It is a measure of the average kinetic energy per molecule in the substance. 3, Thermometer: A device used to measure temperature. It depends on a thermometric property such as: ) height of a liquid in a capillary tube. (Mercury in glass thermometer) b) change of electrical resistance with temperature. (Digital thermometer based on temperature variation of resistance ofa thermistor), ©) pressure of a gas in an enclosed container at constant volume. (Constant volume gas thermometer). 4, Temperature Scales System of Units Practical Temp. Scale Absolute Temp. Scale Metric Celsius (°C) Kelvin (°K) English Fahrenheit (°F) Rankine (°R). Temperature Conversions Fahrenheit to Celsius: T(C) = (5/9) (T(F) - 32) Celsius to Fahrenheit: T(F) = (9/5) T(C) + 32 Celsius toKelvin: — T(K)= T(C) +273 Fahrenheit to Rankine: T(R)= T(F) +460 Heat Energy: Energy associated with the vibrational kinetic energy of the molecules in a substance. When a hot substance is placed in contact with a cooler substance, heat energy flows spontaneously from the hotter to the cooler substance until both are at the same temperature. Units: (Metric): Joules (J) or calories, where 1 calorie = 4.184 J English): (ft.1b) or Btu (British Thermal Units), where 1 Buu = 778 ft.lb = 252 calories. . Specific Heat: Amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gm of a substance by 1 °C. Symbol: c. . Heat Exchange Processes a) Process where no phase change occurs: AQ= me AT where: AQ is heat energy exchanged in calories mis the mass of the substance AT is the change in temperature in °C b) Process where a phase change does occur: i) Solid - Liquid transition: AQ=mL(f) where: AQ is the heat exchanged in calories mis the mass of the substance L(f) is the latent heat of fusion (Example: L(f) = 80 cal/gm for water)