Useful Equations and Conversions

HendersonHasselbalch pH = pKa + log equation fraction neutralized fraction unneutralized fraction unneutralized fraction neutralized

pH = pKw pKb + log

Beers law

A = bc = log

1 = 2 log %T %T/100

Faradays law

w=

i t equiv wt F moles of solute (mole) millimoles of solute (mmole) = liter (L) milliliter (mL) equivalents (eq) milliequivalents (meq) = liter (L) milliliter (mL) mLB FB reaction ratio formula wt of A (mg/mmole) 100 sample wt (mg)

Molarity

M=

Normality

N=

Assay

%A=

Parts per Million 10,000.00 ppm 1,000.00 ppm 100.00 ppm 10.00 ppm 1.00 ppm 0.10 ppm 0.01 ppm

Parts per Billion 1,000,000-ppb 100,000-ppb 10,000-ppb 1,000-ppb 100-ppb 10-ppb

Percent 1.0% 0.1% 0.01% 0.001% 0.0001% 0.00001% 0.000001%

grams/milliliter (g/mL) micrograms/milliliter (g/mL) parts per million (ppm)

= milligrams/microliter (mg/L) = nanograms/microliter (ng/L) = micrograms/gram (g/g) = micrograms/milliliter (g/mL) = nanograms/milligram (ng/mg) = picograms/microgram (pg/g) = 106 = nanograms/gram (ng/g) = nanograms/milliliter (ng/mL) = picograms/milligram (pg/mg) = 109

parts per billion (ppb)

Composition of Concentrated Reagent-Grade Acids and Ammonium, Potassium, and Sodium Hydroxide Solutions

Concentrated Reagent 60.05 46.03 36.46 20.01 63.01 100.46 61.3 98.00 98.08 35.05 56.11 40.00 50.5
97.0

Formula 99.8 90.0 37.2 49.0 70.0 70.5 60.062.0

85.0 99.7

Formula Weight 17.4 23.6 12.1 28.9 15.9 11.7 9.5 14.8 18.0 14.5 11.7 19.4 85.5 105.5 67.5 55.5 69.0 85.5 51.5 63.0 34.5 82.5 42.5 23.6 12.1 28.9 15.9 11.7 9.5 44.4 36.0 14.5 11.7 19.4 57.5 17.4 88.096.0 36.538.0 48.051.0 68.070.0 69.072.0

Approximate Strength a (% w/w) Molarity (M) Normality (N)

Assay Limits (% w/w)

Quantity To Prepare 1 L of 1 M Solution b (mL)

Quantity To Prepare 1 L of 1 N Solution b (mL) 57.5 42.5 82.5 34.5 63.0 85.5 105.5 22.5 28.0 69.0 85.5 51.5

Acetic acid

CH3COOH

Formic acid

HCOOH

Hydrochloric acid

HCl

Hydrofluoric acid

HF

Nitric acid

HNO3

Perchloric acid 85.5 96.0 29.0 45.0

85.0

HClO4

Phosphoric acid 95.098.0 28.030.0

H3PO4

Sulfuric acid

H2SO4

Ammonium hydroxide

as NH3

Potassium hydroxide

KOH

Sodium hydroxide

NaOH

a Representative value.

b Rounded to nearest 0.5 mL. Source: Reproduced courtesy of Mallinckrodt Baker, Inc.