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2010
Y,ll;K 330.101.541(075.8)
BBK 65.053H73
M59
PelwMeHiloaaHo MiHicmepcmaoM ocaimu i HayKu YKpa"iHu
( Jtuc m .M 1.4118-130 Biil 18 ci'lH.H 2008 p.)
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3HBHHH, 2010. - 491 C. - (KHlBCbKOMy Han;ioHaJibHOMY
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ISBN 978-966-346-669-9
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KII, CTBOpeHIIH eKOHOMi'IHOrO !}JaKyJibTeTy KIIlBCbKOro
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BIIIIJ;IIX HRB'IRJibHIIX KHIIra KOpiiCHOlO TRKOm
eKOHOMiCTRM-IIpaKTIIKaM, KepiBHIIKRM
ISBN 978-966-346-669-9
Y,li;K 330.101.541(075.8)
BBK 65.053H73
B.,ZJ;. Ba3IIJieBH'I, K.C. BaaHJieBH'I,
A.I. lrHaTroK, C.B. CJiyxa:ii:, 2008
B.,n;. Ba3HJieBH"', K.C. BaanJieBH'I,
A.I. lrHaTroK, C.B. CJiyxaii:, ai 3MiHaMH,
2010
"3HaHHH", 2010
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TeMa 1. ITPE,ll;MET, METO,ll;H TA METO,ll;OJIOriH
MIKPOEKOHOMIKH ....................................... 11
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TeMa 2. OCHOBH MIKPOEKOHOMPIHOi' TEOPii'
ITOITHTY I ITPOIT03H:Qii' ................................ 30
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2.2. HaB"<IBJihHHH TpeHiHr ........................................ 34
2.3. IIpaKTH"<IHi cnTyan;iL ........................................ 42
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3.2. HaB"<IBJihHHH TpeHiHr ........................................ 52
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5
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4.3. IIpaKTMqHi CHTyau;il ......................................... 92
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8
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10
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coBHO 11 BIIJIHBY Ha o6cRr IIOIIHTY ,ll;OCJii.n;myeThCJI 3a YMOBH 3MiHH
U,iHH TOBapy Ha O,ll;HHHD;IO.
,ll;e.n;yKD;iJI - MTO,ll; HayKOBOrO IIi3HaHHJI, 3a JIKOrO Ha OCHOBi
3HaHh rrpo 3araJibHe po6HThCJI yMOBHBi.n; rrpo OKpeMe. HarrpM-
Kna.n;: yci TOBapM - rrpo.n;yKTH rrpau;i, rrpM3Ha'IeHi .n;JIJI rrpo.n;amy;
MHJIO- rrpo.n;yKT rrpau;i, JIKHn rrpo.n;aeThCJI Ha pMHKy. BHCHOBOK:
MHJIO - u;e TOBap.
,ll;oMorocno.n;apcTBO- o6'e.n;HaHHJI iH.n;HBi.n;iB (oci6) Ha rrpHH-
U,Hrrax B3aeMo.n;orroMorH Ha ocHoBi crriJihHOro cpopMyBaHHJI n
BHKOpHCTaHHJI pecypcHoro rroTeHu;iaJiy Ta 6ro.n;meTy. BoHo Mae
BH3Ha'IeHy BHyTpilllHIO cpyHKu;ioHaJihHY CTPYKTYPY Ta eKOHo-
Mi 'IHY IIOBe.n;iHK y, JiaHKOIO cycrriJihHOrO Bi,ll;TBOpeHHJI Ta peaJii-
aau;il eKOHOMi'IHHX Bi,ll;HOCHH, a TaKO)K BIIJIHBy IIpMBaTHOl BJiaC-
HOCTi Ha cpaKTOpH BHp06HHD;TBa 3 MTOIO 3a,ll;OBOJIHHJI IIOTpe6 Ta
iHTepeciB BJiacHe .n;oMorocrro.n;apcTBa, iH,ll;HBi.n;iB Ta cycrriJihCTBa.
Mome 6yTH o.n;Ho- i 6araTooci6HHM. OcHOBHi
!l>YHKD;il ,ll;OMOrOCIIO,ll;apCTBa JIK cy6' KTa MiKpoeKOHOMiKH: IIO-
cra'IaHHJI cpaKTOpiB BHp06HHIJ;TBa; OTpHMaHHJI CYKYIIHOrO ,ll;OXO-
J\Y Ta p03IIO,ll;iJI nora Ha CIIO)KHBaHHJI Ta CIIO)KH-
BaHHJI; iHBCTyBaHHJI y JIIO,ll;ChKHn KarriTaJI; CTBOpeHHJI YMOB ,ll;JIJI
Bi,ll;HOBJieHHJI )KHTTBHX CHJI, 3,ll;aTHOCTi ,ll;O rrpau;i.
EKoHoMi'IHHH BHoip - BH6ip rocrro.n;apchKHM cy6 'eKTOM Han-
3 MO)KJIHBHX 3a IIBHOrO piBHJI3aTpaT aJihTepHaTHBHHX
BapiaHTiB BHKOpMCTaHHJI pecypciB ,ll;JIJI MaKCHMaJibHOrO 3a,ll;OBO-
.IICHHJI I10Tpe6.
EKoHOMi'IHi oJiara - pi3HOBH.n; 6Jiar, ronoBHOIO 03HaKoiO
HKHX KiJihKiCHa 06MemeHiCTh IIOpiBHJIHO 3 IIOTpe6oiO.
EKoHOMi'IHi pecypcu - JIIO,ll;ChKi, rrpHpo.n;Hi Ta KarriTaJihHi
fJJrara, JIKi BHKOpHCTOByiOTh ,ll;JIJI BHp06HHD;TBa HOBHX KOHOMi'I-
IIHX 6Jiar. ,Il;o eKOHOMi'IHHX pecypciB HaJiemaTb Ti, iCHyiOTh
01cpeMo Bi.n; 'ix BJiaCHHKa (rrpHpo.n;Hi pecypcH i KarriTan), a TaKom
11e Bi.n;oco6neHi Bi.n; BJiaCHHKa (3.n;aTHiCTh .n;o rrpau;i Ta rri.n;rrpHeM-
IIHD;hKi 3,ll;i6HOCTi).
13
TeMa 1
EKcnepnMeHT- cnoci6 .n;ocJii,n;meHH.H, 3a .HKoro eKcnepnMeH-
TaTop-.n;ocJii,n;HHK ni,n;,n;ae ll8BHHM 3MiHaM o6'eKT.
EMnipH'IHe Ta TeopeTH'IHe ni3HaHHH- ni3HaHH.H KOHKpeT-
Horo MaTepiaJibHOrO o6'eKTa, .HKe r'pyHTyeTbC.H Ha CllOCTepemeH-
Hi Ta eKcnepHMeHTi. Ha ocHoBi eMnipu-.:moro cpopMyeThC.H Teope-
THqHe ni3HaHH.H, .HKe onepye He caMHMH o6'eKTaMH, a 'ix i.n;eaJii-
3oBaHHMH o6pa3aMH, Mo,n;eJI.HMH. OcHOBHi cpopMH TeopeTHqHoro
,li;OCJii,n;meHH.H: llOH.HTT.H, cy,n;meHH.H, YMOBHBO,li;H, i,n;e'i, np06Jie-
Ml1, rinoTe3H, KoHu;enu;i'i, Teopi'i.
ll];e.H- cpopMa HayKOBOrO ni3HaHH.H, .HKa BTiJIIOe OCMHCJI8HH.H
.HBHIIJ; i npou;eciB o6'eKTHBHOl ,n;iHCHOCTi, nepe,n;6aqeHH.H nepc-
ll8KTHB i TeH,n;eHu;i:H 'ix po3BHTKY, a TaKom MO).KJIHBi 3aco611 BITJIH-
BY Ha u;i .HBHru;a i npou;ec11 3 MeToiO HaJiemHoro 'ix nepeTBopeHH.H.
l,n;e'i .HK CllOCi6 ni3HaHH.H Ha:ifqacTirne BHKOpHCTOByiOThC.H B HOp-
MaTHBHiH MiKp08KOHOMiu;i, .HKa nparHe Bl13HaqHTH YMOBH, 3a
.HKHX iH,li;HBi,n; (,n;OMOrOCITO,n;apCTBO), cpipMa Ta cycniJibCTBO MO-
myTh ,li;OC.HrTH MaKCHMaJibHHX pe3yJihTaTiB 3a ll8BHOrO piBH.H
BHTpaT.
IHll;yKu;iH- MeTo,n; HayKoBoro ni3HaHH.H, 3a .HKoro Ha ocHoBi
Bi,li;OMOCT8H npo OKpeMHH npe,n;MeT po6HThC.H YMOBHBi,n; npo 3a-
raJibH8. HanpHKJia,n;: ocKiJihKH KpHBi iH,n;HBi,n;yaJihHoro nonHTY
MaiOTh Bi.n;'eMHHH HaXHJI, TO :if KpHBa pHHKOBoro nonHTY MaTHMe
Bi,n;'eMHHH HaXHJI.
lcTopH'IHe i Jiori'IHe- e,n;HiCTh icTopK<moro i Jiori'IHoro Me-
To,n;iB HayKOBOrO ,li;OCJii,n;meHH.H, .HKa llOJI.Hrae B TOMY, IIJ;O JIOriKa
KaTeropi:if i 3aKOHiB 8KOHOMiqHOl HayKH Mae Bi,n;,n;3epKaJIIOBaTH
JioriKy po3BHTKY o6'eKTHBHoro icTopHqHoro npou;ecy.
KaniTaJI (KaniTaJILHi pecypcu)- BHpo6JieHi JIIO,li;HHOIO TOBa-
pH,n;JI.H Bl1p06HHqoro (npoMi).KHOrO) CllO).KHBaHH.H. IJ;e 3aC06H BH-
po6HHIJ;TBa, .HKi e 3Hap.H,lJ;,li;.HMH npau;i (MaliiHHH, BepcTaTH, yc-
TaTKyBaHH.H, 06Jia,n;HaHH.H, cnopy,n;H, TpaHCITOpTHi aaco611 iT. iH.)
Ta npe,n;MeTiB npau;i (llaJIHBO, eHepri.H, CHpOBHHa, MaTepiaJIH).
- cpopMa Ta 3aci6 HayKoBoro ni3HaHH.H, ru;o y cy-
qacHHX YMOBaX Bl13HaqaeTbC.H .HK CITOci6 p03yMiHH.H OCHOBHOl
i.n;e'i Teopi'i Ta .HK caMocTill:Ha cpopMa opraHi3au;i'i 3HaHH.H. KoH-
u;erru;i.H e OCHOBOITOJIO).KHOIO, OCKiJibKH Bl13Haqae ecpeKTHBHiCTb
npaKTHqHoro 3aCTOCyBaHH.H ll8BHHX ,n;i:if, 3anpOITOHOBaHHX Ha-
YKOIO.
14
-
npeAM8T, M8TOAII1 Ta M8TOAOnori5l MiKp08KOHOMiKII1
MeTol];oJiori.H HayKoBoro lJ:OCJiil);meHHH - cHcTeMa HayKOBHx
3HaHb npo liiJI.HXH, M8TO,ll;l1, 3aC06H Ta iHCTpyM8HTl1 ni3HaHH.H ic-
'rHHli.
MiKpoeKoHoMiKa- piBeHh eKoHoMiqHo'i cHcTeMH, Ha .HKOMY
,n;iiOTb OKpeMi cy6'eKTli rocno,n;apiOBaHH.H, llOBe,n;iHKY .HKHX i BH-
sqae MiKpOeKOHOMiKa .HK HayKa.
Mol);eJIIOBaHHH - onocepe.n;KoBaHHH MeTo,n; HayKoBoro .n;o-
cJii,n;meHHH, ru;o noJI.Hrae y 3aMiHi opHriHaJibHOro o6'eKTa aHaJii-
ay i,n;eaJibHHM - MO,li;8JIJIIO, .HKa icHye y Bi,n;noBi,n;HiH 3HaKOBiH
cpopMi, cpyHKu;ioHye 3a 3aKoHaMH JioriKH Ta Bi,n;o6pamae peaJihHi
rrpou;ecH MaTepiaJibHoro cBiTy. Mo,n;eJih y MiKpoeKoHoMiu;i- u;e
Cp0pMaJii30BaHHH OllliC 8KOHOMiqHoro .HBHIIJ;a qli npou;ecy, CTpyK-
Typa .HKOrO Bli3HaqaeTbC.H .IlK o6'eKTHBHl1Mli BJiaCTHBOCT.HMli
o6'eKTa ,li;OCJii,n;meHH.H, TaK i cy6'eKTHBHHM IJ;iJihOBHM xapaKTe-
pOM .n;ocJii,n;meHHH .
HopMaTHBHa MiKpoeKOHOMiKa - qacTHHa MiKpoeKOHOMiKH
HK HayKH, .HKa llplillYCKae 3allpOBa,n;meHH.H OD;iHIOBaJihHHX KpH-
Tepi'iB ,li;O npou;eciB i pe3yJibTaTiB 8KOHOMiqHOl ,n;iHJibHOCTi. ,IJ;o
He'i, HanpHKJia,n;, HaJiemHTh Teo pia cycniJihHOro .n;o6po6yTy, aKa
Mae o6r'pyHTyBaTH ecpeKTHBHY Ta cnpaB8,li;JIHBY CHCT8MY p03ITO-
,n;iJiy.
06'eKT ll;OCJiil];meHH.H HayKH MiKpOeKOHOMiKH- piBeHh roc-
rro,n;apCbKOl CHCT8Mli, IIJ;O CKJia,n;aeTbC.H 3 OKpeMHX rocno.n;apCbKHX
Of];HHHIJ;h, OCHOBHHMH cepe,n; HKHX e ,li;OMOrOCITO,n;apCTBa Ta ni,n;-
npHeMCTBa (cpipMH), .HKi MOmyTh 6yTH CaMOCTiHHHMli o6'eKTaMH
TeopeTHqHoro aHaJii3y; pi3Hi THITH pHHKOBHX CTPYKTyp, Ha HKHX
3yCTpiqaiOTbC.H Ta BCTynaiOTb y pHHKOBi 3B'H3Kli llOKynu;i Ta
npo,n;asu;i. 06'eKTOM MiKp08KOHOMiqHoro aHaJii3y MOmyTh 6yTH
YMOBH qacTKOBOl Ta 3araJihHOl piBHOBarH.
MOl];eJii- MeTO,ll; ni3HaHH.H, .HKHH r'pyHTyeTh-
ca Ha npHnyru;eHHi rrpo OIITHMaJihHY IIOBe,n;iHKY eKOHOMiqHHX
cy6'eKTiB. Ha:ifqacTirne OIITHMaJihHOIO BBamaeThC.H IIOBe,n;iHKa, y
pe3yJibTaTi HKOl ,n;ocaraeTbC.H HaHBHIIJ;liH pe3yJihTaT 3a Bli3Haqe-
IIHX 3aTpaT a6o 3a,n;aHHH pe3yJibTaT 3a MiHiMaJibHHX 3aTpaT pe-
cypciB.
llil];npHEMCTBO (flipMa) - 6y,n;h-.HKHH rocrro,n;apCbKHH cy-
6'eKT, .HKHH 3 MeTOIO OTpHMaHH.H npH6yTKY Biip06Jiae eKOHOMiq-
15
TeMa 1
Hi 6Jiara (TOBapH-pel:Ji Ta TOBapH-IIOCJiyrH), BHKOpHCTOBYIO'lH
06MemeHi 8KOHOMi'1Hi pecypCH.
fl03HTHBi3M- Haiip.HM y Hayu;i, .HKHH CIIHpa8TbC.H Ha AaHe,
<f>aKTHl:J:He, CTiifKe, 6eacyMHiBHe, AOCJiiAmye TiJihKH u;e, irHopy-
IOl:JH M8Ta<f>i3H'1Hi IIO.HCH8HH.H .HK TeopeTHl:JHO H83AiHCH8HHi Ta
rrpaKTHl:JHO 6e3IIJiiAHi. IJ03HTHBi3M 8 <f>iJIOCO<f>ieiO II03HTHBH0l
MiKp08KOHOMiJCH, .HKa AOCJiiAmye <f>aKTH, BHB'1a8 Te, Ill;O Ha.HBHe.
fl03HTHBHa MiKpOeKOHOMiKa - 'laCTHHa MiKp08KOHOMiKH
.HK HayKH, .HKa BHB'1a8 o6'8KTHBHi 8KOHOMi'1Hi <f>aKTH.
lloH.HTTH - eTarr rrpou;ecy rriaHaHH.H, .HKHH HaAae iH<PopMa-
u;iiO rrpo cyTTeBi BJiaCTHBOCTi o6'eKTa. MiKpoeKoHOMiKa orrepye
IIOH.HTT.HMH: "u;iHa", "IIOIIHT", "pHHOK", "crrOmHBa'l" Ta iH.
fiOTOKH - TpHBaJii 6earrepepBHi 8KOHOMil:J:Hi IIpOI.1;8CH, .HKi
BHMipiOIOTbC.H B II8BHHX OAHHHI.l;.HX (rpOIIIOBHX a60 HaTypaJib-
HHX) 3a IIeBHHH rrepiOA 'laCy.
floTpe6a - Heo6XiAHiCTb '10rO-He6yAh AJI.H IIiATPHMKH mHT-
T8Ai.HJihHOCTi Ta p03BHTKy OC06H, <f>ipMH, KOJieKTHBY l:JH cycrriJib-
CTBa. CrroHyKae eKoHoMi'lHHX cy6'eKTiB AO aKTHBHHX Aiif.
flpeAMeT MiKpOeKOHOMiKH - IIOBeAiHKa rOCIIOAapCbKHX
cy6'eKTiB, Ha OCHOBi .HKOl BOHH 06HpaiOTb: .HKi TOBapH (Ill;O) BH-
po6JI.HTH, .HK 'ix BHpo6JI.HTH, .HK p03IIOAiJIHTH pecypcH AJI.H BHpo6-
HHI.l;TBa HaJiemHoro o6c.Hry 6Jiar, AJI.H Koro Bupo6JI.HTH 6Jiara B
yMoBax o6MemeHHX eKOHOMil:JHHX pecypciB. MiKpoeKoHoMiKa
BHB'lae TaKom rrpo6JieMH iHAHBiAyaJihHOrO BH6opy Ta IIOBeAiHKY
rpyrr JIIOAeH Ha OKpeMHX pHHKaX i B3a8MOAiiO pHHKiB.
flpo6JieMa - <f>OpMa HayKOBOrO rri3HaHH.H, 3a .HKOl AOCJiiA-
HHK Ha OCHOBi BJiaCHHX i CyCIIiJihHHX 3HaHb <f>opMye IIHTaHH.H,
Ill;06 3p06HTH HayKOBHH BHCHOBOK a6o BiAKPHTT.H.
Pa:u;ioHaJII>Ha IIOBe,ZJ;iHKa - THII IIOBeAiHKH eKOHOMi'lHOrO
cy6'8KTa, 3a .HKOl BiH MaKCHMi3ye 3aAOBOJieHH.H CBOlX IIOTpe6
BiAIIOBiAHO AO BJiaCHHX pecypciB.
Pa:u;ioHaJiiCTH'IHi MOAeJii - MeTOA rri3HaHH.H, .HKHH rpyH-
TY8ThC.H Ha rrpHrryru;eHHi, ru;o Bci eKOHOMi'IHi cy6'eKTH AiiOTh pa-
u;ioHaJibHO. B ocHoBi pau;ioHaJihHHx Aiif eKOHOMil:J:Horo cy6'eKTa
JiemHTb KpHTepiif "3aTpaTH - BHrOAH".
PiBHOBamHi MO,ZJ;eJii - MeTOA IIi3HaHH.H, .HKHH rpyHTY8TbC.H
Ha IIPHIIYII.l;eHHi, Ill;O pHHKOBiH CHCTeMi, .HK ill CKJiaAOBHM, rrpH-
POAHO rrpHTaMaHHa piBHOBara, T06To rriA 11ac 'i'i rropyiiieHH.H BOHa
16
npeAM8T, M8TOAV1 Ta M8TOAOJ10ris:J MiKpoeKOHOMiKVI
Mome caMoBiAHOBJIIOBaTHCh. HarrpHKJiaA, u;iHa 6yAh-.HKoro TOBa-
PY Ha rreBHOMY pHHKY Mome rriAH.HTHC.H BHru;e piBHOBamHoro piB-
H.H. 3a ll;HX yMOB YTBOpHTbC.H HaAJIHIIIOK HepeaJii30BaHHX TO-
BapiB. ,lJ;JI.H IX peaJii3au;i'i 3 MeTOIO BiAHOBJieHH.H piBHOBarH IIOIIH-
TY Ta rrporro3Hll;i'i Ha ll;hOMy ToBapHoMy pHHKY Heo6xiAHO 3HH3H-
TH ll;iHy AO IIOIIepe,ZJ;HhOrO piBH.H.
CuHTea - y.HBHe rroeAHaHH.H B 8AHHe u;iJie po3'1JieHoBaHHX
aHaJii30M l:JaCTHH.
CrrocTepemeHH.H- MeTOA AOCJiiAmeHH.H, aa .HKoro AOCJiiAHHK
IIi3Ha8 pHCH, BJiaCTHBOCTi, <f>yHKI.l;il o6'8KTa, He 3MiHIOI0'1H CaM
o6'eKT. HarrpHKJiaA, 3 MeTOIO BH.HBJieHH.H rroBeAiHKH crromHBa'la
II!OAO po3IIOAiJiy AOXOAY Ha rroT0'1He i BiAcTpo'leHe crromHBaHH.H
AOCJiiAHHK BHB'lae, l:JOMY OAHi cou;iaJihHi l:JH BiKOBi rpyrm JIIOAeif
6iJihiiie CIIOmHBaiOTb Y IIOTOl:JHOMy rrepioAi, iHIIIi- 6YAYTh CIIO-
mHBaTH 6iJihiiie y Maif6yTHhOMy, a TpeTi rrparHyTh 36eperTH IIpH-
6JIH3HO OAHaKOBHH piBeHh crromHBaHH.H BIIPOAOBm ychoro CBoro
mHTT.H.
Cy,ZJ;meHH.H - CTBepAmeHH.H a6o 3arrepe'1eHH.H rreBHoro rroJio-
meHH.H, KOHKpeTHO'i CHTyau;i'i. HarrpHKJiaA, u;iHa - u;e rpoiiioBe
ImpameHH.H BapTOCTi TOBapy.
Teopi.H - HaifBHII.l;a <PopMa opraHi3au;i'i HayKoBoro 3HaHH.H,
JIKa Aae u;iJiicHe y.HBJieHH.H rrpo 3aKOHOMipHocTi Ta 3aKOHH (cyT-
TBi CTpyKTypHi, <f>yHKI.l;iOHaJihHi, IIpH'lHHHO-HaCJiiAKOBi, reHe-
'l'Hl:J:Hi 3B'.H3KH) Tie! '1H iHIIIO'i raJiy3i AOCJiiAmeHH.H. Ha BiAMiHy
IliA riiiOTe3H, Teopi.H 8 AOCTOBipHHM 3HaHH.HM, iCTHHHiCTh .HKOrO
i rrepeBipeHa rrpaKTHKOIO. Teopi.H rropiBH.HHO 3 iHIIIHMH
<j>OpMaMH AOCTOBipHOrO 3HaHH.H Ma JIOri'lHY opraHi3all;iiO 3MiCTy
o6'KTa, .HKHH AOCJiiAmyeTbC.H, Ill;O Aae 3MOry He JIHIIIe 3p03yMi-
Tl1 .HBHII.l;e l:JH rrpou;ec y BHyTpiiiiHiX 3B' .H3KaX i ll;iJiiCHOCTi IIiA 'laC
ix AOCJiiAmeHH.H, a H rrepeA6al:JHTH IX 3MiHH Ta IIOBeAiHKY B Maif-
oyTHbOMy.
YaaraJII>HeHHH - MeTOA rri3HaHH.H, 3a AOIIOMoroiO .HKoro
CXOAmeHH.H BiA OAHHHl:JHHX AO OC06JIHBHX Ta 3a-
l'aJibHHX 03HaK i BJiaCTHBOCTeif IIeBHOl rpyiiH l:JH KJiacy o6'eKTiB.
llarrpHKJiaA, OKpeMHH CIIOmHBal:J 3i 3pOCTaHH.HM AOXOAiB 36iJih-
lll ye o6c.Hr crromHBaHH.H. OcKiJihKH TaK IIOBOAHThC.H 3Ha'IHa KiJih-
ICiCTh CIIOjf{HBal:JiB, IIiACTaBH CTBepAmyBaTH, Ill;O IIiABHII.l;eHH.H
17
TeMa 1
piBH.H ,li;OXO,ll;iB y cycrriJihCTBi 3YMOBHTh 3pOCTaHH.H IIOIIHTY Ha
PHHKy.
YMoBHBi,ll;- pe3yJihTaT ycTaHOBJI9HH.H 3B' .H3KiB Mim cy.n;meH-
H.HMH. HarrpHKJia,ll;, Ha n;iHy BIIJIHBae crriBBi,n;HorueHH.H Mim rro-
IIHTOM i IIpOII03HI.J;iE:IO.
YTHJiiTapH3M - eTHqHHH Harrp.HM, .HKHH r'pyHTYE:ThC.H Ha
IIpHrryrn;eHHi, I.IJ;O MeTOIO JIIO,li;ChKHX BqJ1HKiB e rrparHeHH.H Ma-
TepiaJihHOl BHrO,n;H, KOpHCTi, ,n;o6po6yTy He3aJieJKHO Bi,n; TOrO,
H,ll;eThC.H rrpo iH,li;HBi,n;a qJ1 cycrriJihCTBO. IJ;.H iJIOCOi.H MiKpOeKO-
HOMiKH TeopeTJ1qHo o6r'pyHTOBye CIIOC06H IIpHMHOJKeHH.H Ma-
TepiaJihHOrO 6araTCTBa i ,li;OXO,ll;iB, aJie 06MeJKeHa y p03yMiHHi
ceHcy eKOHOMiqHoro i con;iaJihHOro 6yTT.H.
1.2. HaBllaJILHHH TpeHiHr

1. Y llOMY nOJl.HW10mb OCT-l061-li BiOMiT-lT-lOCmi npeiJMemiB iJo-
CJliOJICelili.H Ma7CpOe1COTiOMi1CU ma Mi1CpOe1COTiOMi1Cu?
2. JI 1Ci e1COT-lOMill1-li U11COJlU cnpa6UJlU Haf16iJlblllUU BnJlU6 1-ta
popMyBalili.H CyllaCHOl MemoiJOJlOZii" Mi1CpOe1C01iOMi1CU?
3. H aBeiJimb npu1CJlaiJu Bu1CopucmaHH.H B npol{eci ni3HaHH.H
Mi1CpOe1COT-lOMill1-lUX .HBU/4 iHiJy1Cl{i'i ma iJeiJy1Cl{i'i, aHaJli3y ma CUT-l-
me3y, a6cmpa1CmHozo, JlOZillHozo ma icmopullHOZO MemoiJiB.
TeeTH
1. ,Il;o KOJia IIp06JieM rrpe,n;MeTa MiKpOeKOHOMiKH He HaJie-
JKHTh aHaJii3:
18
a) KOOp,li;HHan;i'i OKpeMHX pHHKiB;
6) IIOBe,n;iHKH OKpeMHX rocrro,n;apChKHX cy6'E:KTiB;
B) <l>YHKI.J;iOHyBaHH.H OKpeMHX pMHKiB;
r) 30BHiiDHhOeKOHOMiqHOl piBHOBarH.
-r
npeAM9T, M9TC,!J,Io1 Ta M9TOAOnOris:J MiKp09KOHOMiKio1
2. MiKpoeKOHOMiKa BHBqae TaKi acrreKTH <PYHKn;ioHyBaHH.H
OKpeMOl ipMM:
a) CTyrriHh rJIH6HHH Crren;iaJii3ai.J;il BHp06HHI.J;TBa;
6) 06C.Hr BHp06HHI.J;TBa ipMH 3a Ha.HBHOl pHHKOBOl I.J;iHH;
B) T9pl1TOpiaJihH9 p03Mii.IJ;9HH.H BHp06HJ1ql1X rri,n;p03,ll;iJiiB;
r) JIOriCTHKy.
3. MiKpoeKoHoMiKa He aHaJii3ye ,n;oMorocrro,n;apcTBa y TaKHX
acrreKTax:
a) peaKI.J;i.H IIOIIHTY ,D;OMOrOCIIO,D;apCTBa Ha 3MiHy I.J;iH;
6) p03IIO,D;iJI ,ll;OXO,ll;iB MiJK OKpeMHMH ,ll;OMOrOCIIO,ll;apCTBaMH;
B) CXHJihHiCTh ,D;OMOrOCIIO,D;apCTBa rrpo,n;aBaTH IIOCJiyrH aK-
TOpiB BHp06HHI.J;TBa;
r) YMOBH piBHOBarH ,D;OMOrOCIIO,D;apCTBa .HK CIIOJKHBaqa,
4. Po3Mirn;eHH.H rrpMBaTHHX 6Jiar y cyqacHi:ii eKOHOMin;i 3,n;i:ii-
CHIOE:ThC.H rrepeBaJKHO 3a ,D;OIIOMOroiO:
a) rreperoBopiB;
6) pHHKy;
B) aBTOpHTeTy;
r) BH6opiB.
5. ,Il;o qHCTHX cycrriJihHHX 6Jiar Han6iJihlli9 T.HJKiiOTh:
a) IIOCJiyrH 3aJii3HHI.J;i;
6) JKHTJIO;
B) o6opoHa Kpa'iHH;
r) MiChKa 30Ha Bi,n;rroqlfHKy.
6. "llHCTe IIpHBaTHe 6Jiaro xapaKTepM3YE:ThC.H:
a) Ha.HBHiCTIO MeXaHi3MY BHJiyqeHH.H;
6) Bi,D;CYTHiCTIO KOHKypeHI.J;i'i MiJK CIIOJKHBaqaMH;
B) CTaTyCOM ,n;epJKaBHOrO Bl1p06HHI.J;TBa;
r) Ha,D;aHH.HM qepe3 MeXaHi3M aBTOpHTeTy.
7. MiKpoeKoHoMiKa BHBqae:
a) eKOHOMiqHy IIOBe,D;iHKy KpalHH B I.J;iJIOMy;
6) 9KOHOMiqHy IIOBe,D;iHKY OKpeMHX rOCIIO,D;apChKHX O,D;HHH-

19
B) CTPYKTYPY Hau;ioHaJihHoro .n;oxo.n;y;
r) 3araJihHY .n;nHaMiKy u;iH.
8. IIopiBH.HJihHa cTaTnKa:
TeMa 1
a) Bll:Bqae, .HK 3MiHIOIOThC.H 8K30r8HHi 3MiHHi 3i 3MiHOIO eH,n;o-
reHHRX qifHHRKiB;
6) BM:Bqae, .HK 3MiHIOIOThC.H 8H,ll;OreHHi 3MiHHi 3i 3MiHOIO 8K30-
reHHRX qifHHRKiB;
B) rropiBHIOe CTaH ,ll;BOX OKpeMRX raJiy3eH y IIeBHRH rrepio.n;;
r) He .n;ae KOpRCTi, TOMY m;o 8K30reHHi 3MiHHi HiKOJIH y TpHBa-
JIOMy rrepio.n;i He 3aJIHIIIaiOThC.H He3MiHHRMH.
9. ,Il;o II03HTHBHOl MiKpOeKOHOMiKR He HaJiemHTh TaKe TBep-
.n;meHH.H:
a) 3i 3pOCTaHH.HM IJ;iHR o6c.Hr IIOIIRTY 3HHmyeThCH;
6) 3HM:)KeHHH IIO,ll;aTKiB Ha BHp06HHIJ;TBO CIIpHHe 3pOCTaHHIO
o6cHry rrporro3nu;il;
B) ,ll;OCKOHaJia KOHKypeHIJ;i.H 3a6e3rreqye HaHBH:r.u;HH piBeHh
cycniJihHoro .n;o6po6yTy;
r) 3pocTaHHH .n;oxo.n;y cnomnBaqa rrpR3Be.n;e .n;o 3HnmeHHH cno-
mnBaHHH KapTOTIJii.
10 . .ffKe TBep.n;meHH.H CTOCOBHO II03RTHBHOrO aHaJii3y He e
npaBHJihHHM:
a) TI03RTHBHHH aHaJii3 BH3Haqae HaHKpam;e 3 MO)KJIRBHX BH-
piiiieHh eKOHOMiqHQl npo6JieMH;
6) TI03RTHBHHH aHaJii3 IIOKa3ye, .HK p03BHBaTHMeThCH B qaci
8KOHOMiqHa CHCTeMa;
B) HOpMaTHBHHH aHaJii3 MO)Ke ,n;aBaTH HenpaBRJihHi pe3yJihTa-
TH, OCKiJihKH r'pyHTyeTbC.H Ha qHlHCh ,ll;YMIJ;i, a TI03HTHBHHH
aHaJii3 3aBm.n;H .n;ae npaBHJihHHH pe3yJihTaT;
r) OCKiJihKH TI03HTRBHHH aHaJii3 r'pyHTyeThC.H Ha MO,n;eJii, a He
Ha peaJihHHX .HBH:r.u;ax, BiH HaifqacTiiiie He .n;ae HaJiemHoro pe-
3YJihTaTy?
11. ,Il;o TeOpeTHqHHX 3aca.n; MapmHHaJii3MY He HaJiemHTh:
a) cy6'eKTRBHO-IICHXOJIOriqHHH ni.n;xi.n; ,ll;O ,ll;OCJii,n;meHH.H eKO-
HOMiqHHX HBR:r.u; i rrpou;eciB;
20
npe,D,M8T, M8TO,D,Lt1 Ta M8TO,IJ,OJ10fifl MiKp08KOHOMiKLt1
6) o6yMOBJieHiCTh eKOHOMiqHQl TIOBe,n;iHKH iH,ll;HBi,n;a ero}c-
'l'i'lqHifM iHTepeCOM;
B) p03MemyBaHHH CYKYTIHOI Ta rpaHM:qHOl KOpRCHOCTi;
r) i.n;eoJioriqHnii ni.n;xi.n; .n;o aHaJii3y eKOHOMiKH.
12. BHpo6HHqa <}>yHKIJ;iH xapaKTepH3ye:
a) HaHBHHH 06CHr BHp06HRqHX pecypciB;
6) 3anJiaHOBaHHH o6CHr BHp06HRIJ;TBa;
B) MaKCHMaJihHO MO)KJIHBHH o6c.Hr Bllp06HHIJ;TBa 3 neBHOrO
o6cHry pecypciB;
r) piB8Hh TeXHOJIOrii BHp06HRIJ;TBa.
13. IIoBe.n;iHKa eKoHoMiqHHX cy6'eKTiB e pau;ioHaJihHOIO,
HK:r.u;O BOHH:
a) MaKCRMi3yiOTh CBOIO IJ;iJihOBY <}>yHKIJ;iiO;
6) He 6epyTh ,ll;O yBarR peaKIJ;iiO iHIIIRX cy6'eKTiB;
B) BHKOpHCTOBYIOTh yci HaHBHi pecypcH ,ll;JIH 3a,ll;OBOJieHH.H
CBOel MeTH;
r) 3,ll;iHCHIOIOTh rocno.n;apChKY ,n;iHJihHiCTh.
14. KoM6iHau;i.H npo.n;yKTiB 3Haxo.n;HThC.H Ha KpHBiii BRpo6-
IIHqnx MO)KJIRBOCTeH, .HK:r.u;o:
a) Bllp06HHqi pecypCH TIOBHiCTIO BRKOpHCTOByiOThCH;
6) TIOKpam;yeThC.H TeXHOJIOri.H BHp06HHIJ;TBa;
B) ,ll;OC.HraeThC.H TeXHiqHa e<}>eKTHBHiCTh Bllp06HHIJ;TBa;
r) BHp06JI.HeThCH MaKCM:MaJihHO MO)KJIHBHH o6cHr rrpo,n;yKu;ii:
:1 neBHoro o6cHry BHp06HnqHx pecypciB.
15. ,Il;o <}>yHKu;iii .n;oMorocrro.n;apcTBa He HaJiemHTh:
a) BHp06HHqa ,n;i.HJihHiCTh;
6) cnomHBaHHH;
B) 3aom;a.n;myBaHHH;
r) llpOTI03HIJ;i.H <}>aKTOpiB BHp06HHIJ;TBa.
16. EKoHoMiqHnM pecypcoM He e:
a) npau;H;
6) KaniTaJI;
21
B) rporni;
r) '-lac.
17. ,ll;o cpyHKIJ;iH cpipMH He HaJie.iRHTb:
a) BHKOpHCTaHH.H eKOHOMi'-IHHX pecypciB;
6) npH,n;6aHH.H npe,n;MeTiB CnO.iRHBaHH.H;
B) iHBeCTyBaHH.H;
r) npH,n;6aHH.H BHp06HH'-IHX pecypCiB.
18. Mo,n;eJIJIIO He BBa.maeThc.H:
a) ,n;ocKoHaJIHH pnHoK;
6) pau;ioHaJibHHH cnO.iRHBa'-I;
B) KpHBa nOnHTy;
r) TOpriBJI.H Ha <l>paHKcpypTChKiH cpOH,li;OBiH 6ip.mi.
19. llOH.HTT.H MeTO,D;y HayKH BKJIIO'-!ae:
TeMa 1
a) cnoco6H OnTHMaJihHOI'O BHKOpHCTaHH.H BCiel CyKynHOCTi
3aco6iB ni3HaHH.H;
6) CTpyKTypy npe,n;MeTa;
B) Ha6ip cpaKTH'-IHHX ,n;aHHX;
r) IJ;iHHiCHi ycTaHOBKH Bl.J:eHOI'O.
20 . .ffKe TBep,n;.iReHH.H He xapaKTepH3Y MO,D;eJib:
a) MO,D;eJih CKJia,n;aE:TbC.H 3 ,n;eKiJibKOX peaJiiCTH'-IHHX npHny-
ru;eHb;
6) MO,D;eJih 6y,n;yTbC.H Ha OCHOBi a6CTpaKu;i'i;
B) 3a ,n;onoMororo Mo,n;eJii MO.iRHa oTpHMaTH y.HBJieHH.H npo
Maif6yTHiH p03BHTOK;
r) MO,D;eJih KOpHCHa TO,D;i, KOJIH ll3MiHHi MO.iRHa BHMip.HTH?
fpa<fJiliHa BrrpaBa
HaKpecJiiTh KpHBY BHpo6HH'-IHX MO.iRJIHBOCTeH i noKa.iRiTh,
.HK BnJIHHYTb Ha Hel TaKi '-IHHHHKH:
1) 36iJibiiieHH.H 06C.Hl'Y Ha.HBHHX eKOHOMi'-IHHX pecypciB;
22
l
!
I
I
!
-
npe,D,MeT, MeTO,D,L-1 Ta MeTO,D,OnOriS'I MiKpOeKOHOMiKL-1
2) BnpoBa,D;.iReHH.H HOBHX TeXHi'-IHHX ,li;OC.Hl'HeHh B O,D;HiH i3 ra-
Jiy3eif;
3) ni,D;BHIIJ;eHH.H neHCiHHOI'O BiKy ,li;JI.H npau;iBHHKiB.

MaJIHH ni,n;npneMeiJ;h XoMeHKO 3apo6JI.HE: 3a o,n;Hy ro,n;HHY
50 rpH. :tioro MaTH nepe6yBae Ha neHciY. ,ll;JI.H Toro ru;o6 npn,n;6aTH
M' .HCO no 20 rpH 3a 1 Kl', Heo6xi,n;HO BHTpaTHTH 1 1'0)1; HaTe, IIJ;06
,n;icTaTHC.H ,n;o Bi,n;,n;aJieHoro npHMiChKOro pHHKY Ta noBepHyTHC.H 3
Hhoro. M' .HCO no 40 rpH 3a 1 Kr MO.iRHa npn,n;6aTH Ha Haif6JIH.iR'-IO-
MY ,n;o Micu;.H npo.mHBaHH.H pHHKY . .HKHH o6c.Hr noKynoK Mae 3po-
6HTH ni,n;npHeMeiJ;h XoMeHKO, ru;o6 KyniBJI.H ,n;erneBrnoro M' .Hca Ha
Bi,n;,n;aJieHoMy pHHKY CTaJia pau;ioHaJihHoro? A :Horo MaTip?
AHaJiiTHliHi
1. Ha ocHoBi Mo,n;eJii Kpyroo6iry pecypciB, npo,n;yKTiB Ta ,n;o-
xo,n;iB y 3aKpHTiH eKOHOMiiJ;i nO.HCHiTh, .HK BnJIHHe Ha eKOHOMiKy
ui,n;BHIIJ;eHH.H CTaBKH ono,n;aTKyBaHH.H )l;OXO)l;iB rpOMa,n;.HH.
2. Po3KpHifTe 3B'.H30K Mi.m noTpe6aMH, pecypcaMH Ta Bnpo6-
HH'-IHMH MO.iRJIHBOCT.HMH cycniJihCTBa.
3. ",ll;JI.H BiJihHOl KOHKypeHIJ;il xapaKTepHa BeJIHKa KiJihKiCTb
yqacHHKiB pHHKY 3 6oKy nonHTY i npono3Hu;iY, i .mo,n;eH 3 HHX He
MO.iRe BnJIHBaTH CB010 nOBe,n;iHKOIO Ha IJ;iHy, O,li;HOpi,n;HiCTb npo-
,n;yKIJ;il, )l;OCKOHaJiiCTb iHcpOpMau;iY, Bi,n;CyTHiCTb 6ap'epiB BXO-
,n;.iReHH.H i BHxo,n;y". BH3Ha'-ITe, HOpMaTHBHHM '-IH no3HTHBHHM e
u;e BHCJIOBJIIOBaHH.H.
4. Y 3B'.H3Ky 3 THM, ru;o Mo,n;eJib npnnycKae a6cTparyBaHH.H
ui,n; ,n;e.HKHX CTOpiH )l;OCJii,D;.iRyBaHOI'O npe,n;MeTa, BOHa He MO.iRe
IJ.iJIKOM Bi,n;o6pa.maTH peaJihHicTh. HacKiJihKH y TaKoMy BHna,n;Ky
BMOTHBOBaHO BHKOpHCTaHH.H MO,n;eJieH )l;JI.H nO.HCHeHH.H npou;eciB,
IIJ,O Bi,n;6yBaiOTbC.H y peaJihHOCTi?
5. lloMipKyifTe, .HKi CaMe pecypCH o6Me.iRyiOTb BHpo6HH'-Ii
MO.iRJIHBOCTi eKoHoMiKH YKpaYHH. "Lin MO.iRHa BHpirnHTH npo6Jie-
MH 06Me.iReHOCTi pecypciB? .ffKi 3aXO)l;H BH peKOMeH,n;yeTe?
23
TeMa 1
IIpo6JieMn ,IJ;JIH o6roBopeHHH
1. 36' Jl301C meopil 3 meopit:lO f/JiHaHCi6 ( 'lU
iHUJU.MU eiCOHO.Mi'lHU.MU HayJCa.MU).
2. M oaeJl106aHHJl 6 MiiCpOeiCOHO.Mi'lHiU meopii".
1.3. IIpaKTHliHi CHTyan;il
3aB)J;aHHH 1
llpo6Jte.Mu, RICi 6e3nocepeaHbO cmocy10mbC.R
ICU, .MO:HCHa cnocmepizamu ae 3a6zoaHo, Ha6imb y ICOC.MOCi.
3aTOpH y KOCMOCi?
3.n;aThCH, ID;O KOCMOC 6e3MemHifR, a TOMY HaBp.H,lJ; 'Hi MOmHa
rOBOpliTif IIpO .HKiCh 3aTOpli, .HKID;O R,ll;eThC.H rrpo p03MiiD;eHH.H y
HhOMY cyrryTHMKiB 3B'.H3Ky. ITpoTe He Bci .n;iJI.HHKM HaBKOJio-
3eMHoro KOCMiqHoro rrpocTopy e piBHou;iHHMMM. HaH:6iJihiii
IIpMBa6JIMBifMlf ,ll;JI.H KOMepu;iRHOrO OCBOHH.H Hapa3i .D;iJI.HHKlf,
p03MiiD;eHi Ha BlfCOTi 35 880 KM Ha,ll; eKBaTOpOM, - Ha "reo-
CTaiJ;iOHapHiH op6iTi", .n;e pyx cyrryTHHKa ClfHXpOHi30BaHMR 3
06epTaHH.HM 3eMJii, y pe3yJihTaTi qoro BiH Hi6H "3aBHCa" Ha,ll;
IIOBepXHeiO IIJiaHeTH, .n;aiOqlf 3MOry 3,ll;iHCHIOBaTlf KOMyHiKau;iiiHi
IIOCJiyrlf Ta HenepepBHe TeJie- i pa.n;iOMOBJieHH.H 24 rO,ll;lfHif Ha
.n;o6y.
O.n;HaR rrpo6JieMa rroJI.Hrae y TOMy, rn;o Ha TaRiM: op6iTi MOmHa
p03MiCTlfTlf He 6iJihiiie Him 180 cyrryTHHRiB, OCKiJihKlf 3a 6iJih-
IIIOl ID;iJihHOCTi "3aCeJieHH.H" Op6iTM pi3KO 3pOCTa He6e3IIeKa
3iTKHeHH.H IIITyqHifX KOCMiqHifX o6'eRTiB. BiJihiiia qacTMHa HaH:-
3pyqHiiiiHX 3 OrJI.H,ll;y Ha TepHTOpiaJihHe p03MiiD;eHH.H Rpa'iH "CTO-
.HHOR" cyrryTHHKiB yme .n;aBHO 3aRH.HTa. Ha "reocTau;ioHapHiH:
op6iTi" rrepe6yBaiOTh cyrryTHHKH, BHBe.n;eHi Ty.n;H 6araTo poKiB
TO My, a TaKom Bi.D;HOCHO Hern;o.n;aBHO. KyrrHTH Micu;e Ha op6iTi
,ll;JI.H BCTaHOBJieHH.H CYIIYTHHKa HeMO)KJIIfBO, OCRiJihKlf y KOCMOci
24
-
npeAMeT, MeTOAlt1 Ta MeTOAOnorifl MiKpOeKOHOMiKlt1
HeMae rrpaBa rrpHBaTHo'i BJiacHocTi, a 3ri.n;Ho 3 Yro.n;oro OOH "ITpo
ni.n;RpliTifH ROCMOC" BiH "Ha.n;6aHH.HM YChOrO JIIO,ll;CTBa".
,Il;mepeJio: l(o.nan 3./(:HC. PbiHOK: MHKp03KOHOMIP1ecKaJI Mo.n;eJib I
3.,1J;:>K. ,Il;oJiaH, ,IJ;.E. Jhm.n;cen.- CI16.: ABTOKOMIT, 1992.- C. 7-8.
1 . .ffRlfll i3 IIpliHIJ;lfiiiB MiRpOeROHOMiKlf rrpe.n;cTaBJieHMH B
OIIHCi IIp06JieMlf 3 reOCTau;ioHapHiiMlf CYIIYTHlfKaMH?
2. HacKiJihRH ecpeRTHBHO, Ha Baiiiy .n;yMKY, BHKOpHcToByeTh-
c.H JIIO,ll;CTBOM reocTau;ioHapHa op6iTa?
3 . .ffRi 3aXO,ll;lf BapTO 3,ll;iH:CHlfTlf ,ll;JI.H TOrO, ID;06 IIORpaiD;lfTlf
ecpeKTlfBHiCTh BlfROpliCTaHH.H HaBKOJI03eMHOrO KOCMiqHOrO rrpo-
CTOpy?
3aB)J;aHHH2
BWo.uuu eJCoHo.uicm OuzeH fjJoH Bbo.M-Ba6ep1C
rnaiC 31-ta'leHH.Jl meopil ICOpUCHOCmi:
"l.n;e.H rpaHifqHo'i KOpliCHOCTi - u;e "Ce3aMe, Bi,lJ;KpliRC.H",
<)lOpMyJia, ID;O Ha.n;ae KJIIOq ,ll;O BCiX HaRCRJia.D;HiiiilfX .HBlfiD; eKOHO-
MiqHoro mHTT.H i .n;ae 3Mory BHpiiiiHTM HaH:6iJihiii 3arrJiyTaHi rrpo-
6JieMM HayKH".
,Il;mepeJio: }f{u{} m. McTOpHSI 3KOHOMHqecKHX yqeHHM I ill. JKH.n;,
III. PHcT; nep. c <PP- M. : 8KOHOMHKa, 1995. -C. 329.
1. ITi.n; qac BHKOpHcTaHH.H .HKoro 3 MeTo.n;iB MiRpoeRouoMiq-
Horo aHaJii3y IIIIipOKO 3aCTOCOBYThC.H i.n;e.H rpaHifqHifX BeJIM-
'IllH?
2. HaBe.n;i Th rrpHKJia.n;H 3acTocyBaHH.H rpaHifqHoro rri.n;xo.n;y B
M iK poeKOHOMi qHiR Teopi'i.
3. Y qoMy IIOJI.Hrae 3HaqeHH.H Teopi'i rpaHifqHOl KOpliCHOCTi
!\Jl.H IIO.HCHeHH.H IIOBe.n;iHKlf rOCIIO,ll;apChRifX cy6 'KTiB?
4. ,rt;a:H:Te Blf3HaqeHH.H cyKyrrHo'i i rpaHifqHo'i KopMCHOcTi Ta
llaKpecJiiTh rpacpiRlf ,ll;JI.H pi3HlfX Blf,ll;iB QJYHKIJ;il KOpliCHOCTi.
5 . .ffKi aJihTepHaTMBHi IIi,ll;XO,ll;lf 3aCTOCOBYIOThC.H ,ll;O Blf3Ha-
ROpliCHOCTi i .fiR BOHlf peaJii3yiOThC.H y MiRpOeROHOMiqHo-
M y aHaJii3i?
25
TeMa 1

HiMeztblWU elCOitoMicm repMaH razmpix rocceH nuca8:
",lJ;JI.H TOrO ,li;OC.HrHyTM MaKCMMaJihHOI CyMM 3a,D;OBOJieHh,
iH,D;MBi,n;, .HKMH Mae BM6ip MiJR pi3HMMM BM,D;aMM 3a,D;OBOJieHh, aJie
He Mae n,n;ocTaJih qacy, BMrrpo6ynaTM IX yci, 3o6on' .H3aHMii:
BMIIpo6yBaTM IX yci qacTKOBO ,li;O TOrO, .HK BiH IIOBHiCTIO BM-
rrpo6ye Haii6iJihl11 CMJihHe 3 HMX. Crrinni,n;HollleHHH Mim HMMM
Mae 6yTM TaKMM, y MOMeHT rrepepMBaHH.H BeJIMqMHa BCiX 3a-
,li;OBOJieHh 6y Jia O,D;HaKOBa".
.IJ:mepeJio: Hezuwu T. HcTopiui aKOHOMMtiecKoif TeopMM: ytie6HMK
IT. Hermrm; rrep. c aHrJI.- M. : AcrreKT-Ilpecc, 1995.- C. 369.
1. HKi MeTO,li;M HayKOBOro IIi3HaHH.H BMKOpMCTOBye r .r. roc-
ceH y HaBep;eHOMY BMCJIOBJIIOBaHHi, CcpOpMyJIIOBaTM CBiH BM-
CHOBOK?
2 . .ffKa 3 KOHIJ;erru;iii: KOpMCHOCTi JieJRMTh B OCHOBi HaBep;eHOrO
BMCJIOBJIIOBaHH.H?
3. Y qoMy rroJI.Hrae rrpo6JieMa o6MemeHocTi pecypcin y KoH-
TeKcTi BM6opy CIIOJRMBaqa Ha ,D;yMKY r.r. rocceHa?
4. HKi rrpMHIJ;MIIM rrone,n;iHKM rocrro,n;apchKMX cy6'eKTiB Jie-
maTh B OCHOBi BMCHOBKY r.r. rocceHa?

BidOMUU imaJliUCblCUU 1COHOMicm i BiJlbrjJpei)o n a-
pemo y cmammi "H oBi meopfi elCOHOMittHai" meopii"'' (1890) 3a-
3HattuB:
"3araJihHi piBH.HHH.H eKOHOMiqHOI piBHOBarM BMBO,li;.HThC.H 3
riiiOTe3M crrap;HOI rpaHMqHOI KOpMCHOCTi, BHaCJii,D;OK qoro IIOCTae
IIMTaHH.H, q11 u;i piBH.HHH.H p;aiOTh pe3yJihTaTM, BMIIJIMBaiOTh 3
,n;ocni,n;y. I.J;e, Hacrrpan,n;i, i e e,n;MHOIO a,n;eKnaTHOIO ,n;eMOHCTpau;ieiO
IIOJIOJReHh, Ha .HKi IIOJiiTMqHa eKOHOMi.H rrpeTeH,n;ye .HK Ha CBOI
BJiaCHi, i CTaHOBMTh rrpe,n;MeT ,li;MCKycil B ll MeJRaX. l1ep111a qaCTM-
Ha cy,n;JReHH.H BMKOpMCTOByeTbC.H JIMille ,D;JI.H BMBep;eHH.H BMCHOB-
KiB 3 IIeBHOI riiiOTe3M i Hiqoro He rOBOpMTh o6rpyHTOBaHOC-
Ti IX .HK TBep,n;meHH.H rrpo KOHKpeTHi cpaKTM. ,ll;JI.H rrepenipKM IX
o6rpyHTOBaHOCTi 3 IJ;hOro IIOrJI.H,D;Y YMOBMBO,li;M IIOTpi6HO 6yJIO 6
26
npeAM8T, M8TOAL-1 Ta MiKpOeKOHOMiKL-1
nopiBH.HTM 3 ,n;ocni,n;oM: rro-rrep111e, TOMY u;e ,n;acTh 3Mory ,n;e-
ll>iHiTMBHO ,n;onecTM nme BMCYHYTY rirroTe3y, .HKa ,n;o MOMeHTy,
IIOKM u;eif TeeT He rrpone,n;eHo, 3aJIMI11aeThC.H JIMille ifMonipHOIO
( errpMii:MaeThC.H arrpiopi), Ta, rro-,n;pyre, TOMY u;e 3aci6 rrepe-
nipKM TOrO, q11 u;eif CIIOCi6 perrpe3eHTau;il 8KOHOMiqHMX
)(iHCHO BM.HBJI.He CYTTeBi pMCM ,li;OCJii,D;JRYIOThC.H".
.IJ:mepeJio: Pareto V. The New Theories of Economics IV. Pareto I I
.Journal of Political Economy. - 1890. - Vol. 5 (http:/ jsocserv2.
socsci.mcmaster.caj-econ/ugcm/3113/pareto/theories).
1. HKi MeTo,n;M HayKonoro rri3HaHH.H rrpe,n;cTaBJieHi y cppar-
MeHTi TeKCTY BM,D;aTHOrO eKOHOMiCTa?
2. 3'.HcyifTe, .HKMH, Ha ,n;yMKY B. llapeTo, Mae 6yTM B3ae-
M03B'.H30K MiJR OKpeMMMM cpopMaMM Ta eTarraMM HayKOBOrO
lli3HaHH.H B raJiy3i eKOHOMiKM.
3. Y qoMy IIOJI.HraiOTh He,D;OJiiKM aKCiOMaTMqHoro MeTo,n;y,
iforo pe3yJihTaTM He rri,n;JI.HraiOTh rrepenipu;i rrpaKTMKOIO?
4. Y qoMy rroJI.Hrae B3aeM03B'.H30K HayKOBOI Teopii i rocrro-
J\apchKOI rrpaKTMKM?

BidoMuu rjJpaHztY3b1CUU elCOHOMicm, Jlaypeam H o6eJliBCb1Coi"
npeMii" M opic AllJle nucaB:
" ,lJ;JI.H eKOHOMiCTa, .HK i ,li;JI.H cpi3MKa, OCHOBHe 3aBp;aHH.H -
11e BMKOpMCTaHH.H MaTeMaTMKM 3apap;M Hei CaMOI, a ll3aCTOCyBaH-
II.H .HK 3aco6y ,li;OCJii,D;JReHH.H ll aHaJii3y KOHKpeTHOI peaJihHOCTi.
TaKMM qMHOM, 3an,n;aHH.H rroJI.Hrae y Heni,n;pMBHOCTi Teopii ni,n; H
:mcTocynaHH.H".
.IJ:mepeJio: A.n.lle M. CoBpeMeHHa.H 3KOHOMMtiecKa.H HayKa If cpaKThi I
M. AJIJre //THESIS.- 1994.- T. 2.- Bhm. 4.- C. 13-14.
1. "lJOMy MaTeMaTJiqHi MeTO,li;M He MOJRYTh BBaJRaTMC.H BM3Ha-
'IHJihHMMM rri,n; qac ,li;OCJiip;JReHH.H MiKpOeKOHOMiqHMX i
11 pou;ecin?
2. "lJM 3aBJR,li;M MOJRHa 3a6e3rreqMTM rrpaKTMqHC BMKOpMCTaH-
IIJI BMCHOBKiB eKOHOMiqHOI Teopii?
27
TeMa 1
3. RKi qJiHHMKM o6yMOBJIIOIDTh cTyrriHh rrpaKTMqHo'i 3Haqy-
IIJ;OCTi Ta MOmJIMBOCTi BIIpOBap;meHH.H TeopeTMqHMX BMCHOBKiB
Ha MiKpOeKOHOMiqHOMy piBHi?
4. RK crriBBi.D;HOC.HThC.H "3HaHH.H 3 rocrro.n;apchKOI rrpaKTMKM"
Ta MiKpOeKOHOMiqHa Teopi.H?
3aB,z:t;RHH.H6
Bi8o.Mo.My 6pumancb1COMY elCono.Micmy AJtbrjJpeiJy M aputaJl-
JlY HaJleJfCUmb 8UCJl08Jl108aHH.R:
"EKOHOMiCT HiKOJIM He IIOBMHeH BMIIYCKRTM 3 yBai'M MOmJIM-
BOCTi rrpaKTMqHQI'O 3aCTOCyBaHH.H pe3yJihTaTiB eKOHOMiqHMX p;o-
CJiip;meHb"
.[l;mepeJio: M apwa.n.n A. IlpHHIJ;Hllbi 3KOHOMHqecKOH HayKH : B 3 T.
I A. MaprnaJIJI.- M.: Ilporpecc, 1993.- T. 1.- C. 97.
1. Y qOMy IIOJI.HI'ae BamJIMBiCTh rrpaKTMqHQI'O 3aCTOCYBRHH.H
pe3y JlhTaTiB eKOHOMi qHMX )J;OCJiip;meHb?
2. Y .HKMM CIIOCi6 eKOHOMiCTM MOmyTh BIIpOBap;myBaTM y
rrpaKTMKY CBOl peKOMeHp;au;il?
3. "lJM 3aBm)J;M 3aCTOCyBaHH.H Ha rrpaKTMIJ;i pe3yJihTaTiB MiK-
poeKOHOMiqHMX MeTO)J;iB ,ll;OCJiip;meHH.H p;ae II03MTMBHMM pe3yJih-
TaT?
4. HaBe.n;iTh rrpMKJiap;M 3acTocyBaHH.H TeopeTMqHMX rroJio-
meHh MiKpOeKOHOMiqHQl Teopfi Ha rrpaKTMIJ;i.
3aB,z:t;RHH.H 7
BuiJamnuu a.MepulCaHCblCUU elCono.Micm /{JfCoH B. KJtaplC iJaB
malCuu onuc iJfi oiJnoto 3 elCOHO.Mi'lHUX 3alCOHiB:
" .flKIIJ;O Y.HBMTM, IIJ;O JIIO)J;M BMBO,ll;.HThC.H Ha IIOJie O)J;He 3a O)J;-
HMM p;OTM, .n;oKM 'ix qMceJihHiCTh He .n;oc.HrHe .D;Ba.D;IJ;.HTM, MomHa
rro6aqMTM, IIJ;O KomeR 3 HMX .n;o.n;ae .n;o BpomaJO MeHrne, Him :Horo
rrorrepe.n;HMK. ITpo.n;yKT, .HKMM Mome 6yTM rrpMIIMcaHMM KomHi:ti:
OKpeMiM JIIO)J;MHi, CTae IIOCTYIIOBO MeHIIlMM, y Mipy TOI'O, .HK po-
6oqa CMJia )J;OC.HI'ae CBOI'O IIOBHOI'O CKJiap;y. l BeJIMqMHa, CTBOpeHa
p;Ba)J;IJ;.HTMM po6i THMKOM, - HaMMe Hilla 3 ycix".
28

-
flpeAMeT, M8TOA111 Ta MeTOAOJlOfifl MiKpOeKOHOMiKlll
.[l;.mepeJio: K.napx: Pacnpe.n;eJiemre 6oraTCTBa I B . .[l;.m. KJiapK
; uep. c aHrJI.- M. ; JI.: Or:I13: Cou;aKrMa, 1934.- C. 137.
1 . .HKMM eKoHoMiqHMM 3aKoH orrMcye ,IJ;m.B. KJiapK? Y qoMy
IIOJI.HraroTh :Horo rrpHqMHHo-HacJii.D;KOBi 3B' .H3KM?
2. RKi iHrni Bip;oMi eKOHOMiCTM BCTaHOBMJIM aHaJioriqHi rrpw
'IHHHO-HaCJii)J;KOBi 3B' .H3KM?
3. RKMMM iHcTpyMeHTapieM Ta MeTo.n;oJiorieJO KOpMcTyBaBc.H
KJiapK .D;JI.H BMBe.n;eHH.H u;horo 3aKoHy?
4. "lJM MOmHa BBamaTM, IIJ;O 3p06JieHMM yqeHMM BMCHOBOK
Mae xapaKTep a6coJIIDTH01 icTMHM?
5. HaKpecJiiTh rpacpiK BMpo6HMqo1 cpyHKu;il, IIJ;O Bi.n;rroBi.n;ae
l!aBep;eHOMY B TeKCTi TBepp;meHHIO.
3aB,z:t;RHH.H 8
BeJtulCuu iniJiucblCuu ty.Manicm M azam.Ma t aniJi cmBepiJJKy-
(iaB:
"CBiT )J;OCTaTHhO BeJIMKMM, IIJ;06 3a)J;OBOJibHMTM IIOTpe6M 6yp;h-
HIWI JIIO)J;MHM, rrpoTe Hap;To MaJIMM, IIJ;06 3ap;oBOJihHMTM JIID.D;ChKY
)Ka.n;o6y".
.[l;mepeJio: http:/ ;ru.wikikwot.org/wiki/gandi
1. RKy 3araJihHY MiKpoeKOHOMiqHy rrpo6JieMy MOmHa crriB-
ui.n;HeCTM 3 BMCJIOBOM M. faH.n;i?
2. IlO.HCHiTh, qoMy "JilO)J;ChKa map;o6a" (11 MOiKHa TpaKTyBa-
'I'M .HK HaMai'aHH.H JllO)J;MHM .HKOMOI'a IIOBHiiile 3a)J;OBOJihHMTM CBOl
MaTepiaJihHi IIOTpe6M) IIpM3BO)J;MTh )1;0 IIp06JieM i3 BMKOpMCTaH-
liHM Ha.HBHMX pecypciB.
3. "lJM e IIOTpe6M, 3a)J;OBOJieHH.H .HKMX He rrepep;6aqae BMqep-
llaHH.H pecypciB?
29
TeMa 2
OCHOBV1 MIKPOEKOHOMIYHO'i TEOPfi
nonV1TY 1
2.1. 0CHOBHi IIOHHTTH i KaTeropii
A6coJIJOTHO (.n;ocKonaJio) eJiacTH'IHHH rrorrHT - nonMT, .HKM:if
Mae Micu;e, KOJIM HeCKiHtieHHO MaJia Bi,li;COTKOBa 3MiHa I.J;iHM ay-
MOBJIIOe HeCKiHtieHHO MaJiy Bi,IJ;COTKOBY 3MiHy ITOITMTY.
A6coJIJOTHO eJiacTH'IHa nporroanu;i.H - CMTyau;i.H, KOJIM aa
ITeBHOIO I.J;iHOIO ITOCTatiaJihHMKM I'OTOBi npo,n;aBaTM HeCKiH'IeHHO
BeJIMKMH 06C.HI' TOBapy.
A6coJIJOTHO neeJiaCTH'IHa rrponoanu;i.H- CMTyau;i.H, KOJIM o6-
c.Hr npono3MI.J;i1 He pearye Ha 3MiHy u;iHM.
A6COJIJOTHO HeeJiaCTH'IHHH IIOIIHT- ITOITMT, .HKMH Mae Micu;e
TO,ll;i, KOJIM 3MiHa I.J;iHil 30BciM He BITJIMBae Ha 3MiHy 06C.HI'Y ITO-
ITMTy.
EJiaCTH'IHa rrporroanu;i.H - CMTyau;i.H, KOJIM aMiHa u;iHM na
1 % cnpM'IMH.He 3Miny o6c.Hry nponoaMu;i!, ru;o nepeBMru;ye 1 % .
EJiaCTH'IHHH IIOIIHT - ITOITMT, .HKMH Mae Micu;e TO,n;i, KOJIM
3MiHa I.J;iHM Ha 1 % CITpM'IMH.He 3MiHy 06C.HI'Y ITOITMTY, IIJ;O nepe-
BMIIJ;ye 1 % .
EJiaCTH'IHiCTI> IIOITHTY aa .n;oxo,n;oM- noKa3HMK, .HKMH noKa-
aye, Ha CKiJibKM Bi,li;COTKiB 3MiHMTbC.H 06C.HI' ITOITMTY, .HKIIJ;O ,n;oxi,n;
3MiHMTbC.H Ha 1 % .
30
0CHOBII1 MiKpOeKOHOMiYHO.i TOpi"i nOniiiTY i npon03111U,i"i
EJiaCTH'IHiCTI> rronHTY aa u;inoro- noKa3HMK, .HKMH noKaaye,
Ha CKiJII>KM Bi,li;COTKiB 3MiHMThC.H 06C.HI' ITOITMTY, .HKIIJ;O I.J;iHa TOBa-
py 3MiHMThC.H Ha 1 % .
EJiaCTH'IHiCTI> rrporroanu;ii" aa u;inoro - tiYTJIMBiCTh o6c.Hry
rrpOIT0311I.J;il ,li;O 3MiH y I.J;iHi TOBapy, .HKllH ni,n;nplleMei.J;b I'OTOBllH
IIOCTatiaTll Ha pllHOK.
EJiaCTH'IHiCTI> - Mipa BITJIHBY o,n;Hie! 3MiHHo1 BeJill'IllHll Ha
3MiHy iHIIIOl.
El}leKT Be6Jiena ("ecpeKT .n;eMOHCTpaTHBHoro cnomuBaHH.H")
- ITp.HMa (a He o6epHeHa) 3aJieJKHiCTb MiJK ITOITllTOM i I.J;iHOIO.
llpllKJia,li;OM Bll.HBY e HaMaraHH.H npu,n;6aTll Ti TOBapll, .HKi y
3B '.H3Ky 3 ,li;OCllTh BllCOKOIO I.J;iHOIO He,li;OCTYITHi ,li;JI.H 6iJiblliOCTi
CITOJKllBa'IiB, a TOMY BBaJKaiOThC.H npeCTllJKHllMM.
El}leKT ril}ll}lena - CllTyau;i.H, KOJill 3MeHIIIeHH.H u;iHll npua-
BO,ll;llTh ,li;O CKOpO'IeHH.H ITOITllTY Ha TOBap, a 3pOCTaHH.H I.J;iHll - ,li;O
HOI'O 36iJihiiieHH.H. KpuBa ITOITllTY ,li;JI.H TOBapiB ricpcpeHa Mae He
si,n;'eMHllH, a ,n;o,n;aTHMH HaXllJI.
El}leKT .n;oxo.n;y - 3MiHa o6c.Hry nonMTY BHacJii,n;oK 3MiHll Be-
Jill'IllHM peaJibHOI'O ,li;OXO,n;y CITOJKM:Ba'IiB y 3B' .H3Ky 3i 3MiHOIO I.J;iHll
TOBapy.
El}leKT aaMim;enH.H - 3MiHa o6c.Hry nonuTy BHacJii,n;oK nepe-
KJIIO'IeHH.H ITOITllTY CITOJKllBatia Ha TOBapll, I.J;iHa .HKllX 3MeHIIIll-
JiaC.H CTOCOBHO iHIIIllX.
El}leKT nacJii.n;yBaHHH (npue.n;naHH.H .n;o 6iJihiiiOCTi) - apoc-
TaHH.H ITOITHTY BHaCJii,li;OK TOI'O, IIJ;O iH,ll;llBi,ll;ll CXllJihHi BpaXOByBa-
'l'H ITOITMT iHIIIMX OCi6 Ha neBHllH TOBap: '111M 6iJibiiie TOBap Kyny-
IOTb iHIIIi, TMM BlliiJ;llH ITOITllT Ha HbOI'O. "llaCTO ITOB' .H3aHMH 3
BIIJIHBOM Mo,n;u Ha cnomuB'Ii cMaKH if yno.n;o6aHH.H.
El}leKT o'IiKyBaHHX u;iH - iJII03i.H nopyiiieHH.H .n;il aaKoHy no-
llllTy. llO.HCHIOeThC.H TllM, IIJ;O, .HKIIJ;O I.J;iHll 3Hll3llJI11Ch i CITOJKll-
IHl'I O'IiKye 3HllJKeHH.H I.J;iH y Maif6yTHhOMy, BiH 6y,n;e 06MemyBaTll
IIOTO'IHe CITOJKHBaHH.H, i, HaBITaKll, O'IiKyiO'Ill 3pOCTaHH.H I.J;iH y
11epcneKTHBi- a6iJihiiiyBaTMMe. BuHMKae BpameHH.H, ru;o e np.H-
Ma 3aJieJKHiCTh MiJK I.J;iHOIO H BeJill'IllHOIO ITOITllTY i KpllBa ITOITllTY
Mae .n;o,n;aTHllH HaXMJI. HacnpaB,n;i TaKHH BllCHOBOK xu6Huii, oc-
ciJihKll r'pyHTYE:ThC.H Ha 3iCTaBJieHHi He ITOTO'IHllX I.J;iH i ITOTO'IHQ-
1'0 06C.HI'Y ITOITHTy, a ITOTO'IHllX i O'IiKyBaHllX I.J;iH.
31
TeMa2
E$eKT CHooa (rrpoTHJiemHHH e!lJeKTY HacJii,n;yBaHHH)- CHTy-
au;in, KOJIH E: JIIO,ll;H, SIKi He xoqyTb CIIOmHBaTH Te, CIIOmHBa
lOTh yci, HaMaraiOqHCb BHpi3HHTHCSI i3 3araJibHOl MaCH CIIOmH-
BaqiB. 3i 30iJihiiieHHSIM KiJibKOCTi CIIOmHBaqiB OKpeMOrO TOBapy
IX IIOIIHT Ha HbOrO 3MeHIIIyBaTHMeTbCSI.
3aKOH IIOIIHTY - CTiHKHH o6epHeHHH IIpHqHHHOHaCJii,ll;KO
BHH 3B 'SI30K Mim n;iHOIO i BeJI.HqHHOIO IIOIIHTY Ha TOBap.
3aKOH npono3Hu;ii' - cTiiiKHH rrpnMHH 3B 'SI30K Mim u;iHoiO Ta
OOCSirOM TOBapiB, SIKHH TOBapOBHpOOHHK rOTOBHH IIOCTaqaTH Ha
pMHOK 3a IIeBHHH rrepio,n;.
3MiHH BeJIH'IHHH (oocnry) IIOIIHTY - 3MiHH OOCSiry IIOIIHTY
Ha TOBap 3aJiemHO Bi,n; 3MiHH HOrO IJ;iHH 3a iHIIIHX He3MiHHHX
o6cTaBHH. rpa!lJiqHo 306pamaiOTbCSI PYXOM Y3,ll;OBm KpMBOl no-
IIHTy.
3MiHH BeJIH'IHHH ( OOCHry) npOII03HIJ;ii - 3MiHH OOCSiry IIpo
II03HIJ;il TOBapy 3aJiemHO Bi,ll; 3MiHH HOrO IJ;iHH 3a iHIIIMX He3MiH
HHX o6cTaBHH. rpa!lJiqHo 3o6pamaiOTbCSI PYXOM Y3,ll;OBm KpMBOl
IIPOII03HIJ;il.
3MiHH y IIOIIHTi - pe3yJihTaT ,n;ii: qHHHHKiB IIOIIHTy, OKpiM
BJiacHo'i u;iHH ToBapy, To6To Heu;iHOBHX qHHHHKiB, a caMe 3MiHH
BeJIHqHHH 'ix .n;oxo.n;iB, 3MiHH oqiKyBaHh rroKyrru;iB Ta Yx cMaKiB,
3MiHH n;iH Ha CIIOpi,n;HeHi TOBapH. rpa!lJiqHO 300pamaiOTbCSI
IIOJIOmeHHSI KpMBOl IIOIIHTY.
3MiHH y IIPOII03HIJ;ii'- pe3yJihTaT ,n;il qHHHMKiB IIpOII03HIJ;il,
OKpiM BJiaCHOl n;iHH TOBapy, TOOTO Hen;iHOBHX q.HHHHKiB, a CaMe
3MiHH KiJibKOCTi rrpo,n;aBIJ;iB, 3MiHH IJ;iH pecypciB, 3MiHH oqiKy
BaHb rrpo,n;aBIJ;iB, 3MiHH TeXHOJIOrii:, 3MiHH IJ;iH Ha CIIOpi,n;HeHi TO
Bap.H. rpa!lJiqHO 306pamaiOTbCSI IIOJIOmeHHSI KpHBOl
rrporro3HIJ;il.
KpHBa EHI'eJISI- rpa!lJiqHa 3aJiemHiCTh Mim o6cnroM rrorrHTY
Ta piBHeM ,ll;OXO,ll;y CIIOmHBaqa,
KpHBa nonHTY- rpa!lJiK, rroKa3ye, HKY KiJihKicTh TOBapy
IIOKyrren;b rOTOBHH IIpH,lJ;OaTH 3a pi3HHMH II;iHaMH IIpOTSirOM neB
Horo qacy.
KpHBa npono3Hrr;ii'- rpa!lJiK, noKa3ye, HKY KiJihKiCTh TO
Bapy rrpo,n;aBeiJ;h rOTOBHH rrpo,n;aTH 3a pi3HHMH IJ;iHaMH IIpOTSirOM
rreBHoro qacy.
32
0CHOBV1 MiKp08KOHOMi'-IHo"i Teopi'i nOnli1TY i npon03V1L.J,i'i
HeeJiaCTH'IHa npono3Hrr;ix- CHTyau;in, KOJIH 3MiHa u;iHH Ha
'f<J CIIp.HqHHSIE: 3MiHy OOCSiry IIpOII03HIJ;il, M8HIIIY Him 1 % .
HeeJiaCTH'IHHH IIOIIHT - CHTyau;in, KOJIH 3MiHa n;iHH Ha 1 %
3MiHy o6cnry IIOIIHTy, MeHIIIY Him 1 %.
He:ii:TpaJibHi TOBapH - TOBapH, IIOIIHT Ha SIKi H8 3aJiemHTb
lli,ll; 3MiHH ,ll;OXO,ll;y.
HHm'Ii TOBapH - TOBapH, IIOIIHT Ha SIKi 3M8HIIIYE:ThCSI 3i
:!pOCTaHHSIM ,ll;OXO,ll;Y.
HopMaJihHi TOBapH - TOBapH, IIOIII1T Ha SIKi 30iJihiiiYE:ThCSI 3i
:!pOCTaHHSIM ,ll;OXO,ll;Y i, HaBrraKH, 3M8HIIIYE:ThCSI 3i 3M8HIII8HHSIM
)(OXO,n;y.
IIepexpecHa eJiaCTH'IHiCTh - cTyrriHh 3MiHH o6cnry rrorrHTY
( 1Ip0II03HIJ;il) Ha II8BHHH TOBap y Bi,ll;IIOBi,ll;h Ha 3MiHy n;iHH iHIIIOrO
'I'OBapy.
IIonHT - rrJiaTocrrpoMomHa rroTpe6a, T06To KiJihKiCTh 6Jiar,
HKY cy6'eKT q.11 cy6'eKTH rocrro.n;apiOBaHHSI 3,ll;aTHi orrJiaTHTH.
IJOIIHT 3 O,IJ;HHH'IHOIO eJiaCTH'IHiCTIO- CHTyau;in, KOJIH 3MiHa
I (iHH Ha 1 % IIpHBO,ll;HTh ,ll;O 3MiHH IIOIIHTY Ha 1 % .
1Ipono3Hrr;in - o6cnr TOBapiB i rrocJiyr, SIKHH BHpo6HHKH xo-
'IYTh i MOmyTh IIOCTaqaTH Ha pHHOK 3a pi3HOIO IJ;iHOIO IIpOTSirOM
lieBHoro qacy.
1Iporro3Hrr;ix 3 O,IJ;HHH'IHOIO eJiaCTH'IHicTro- CHTyau;in, KOJIH
:!MiHa IJ;iHH Ha 1 % CIIpHqifHSIE: 3MiHy OOCSiry IIpOII03HIJ;il Ha 1 %.
PHHKOBa npono3Hrr;ix - cyMa iH,n;HBi.n;yaJihHHX rrporro3Hu;iii
o1cpeMoro TOBapy 3a rreBHHH rrpoMimoK qacy.
PHHKOBHH IIOIIHT - CyMa iH,ll;HBi,n;yaJibHHX IIOIIHTiB Ha OKpe-
M 11ii TOBap 3a pi3HHX u;iH rrpoTnroM rreBHoro qacy.
Cnopi,u;HeHi TOBapH- TOBapH, 3MiHa B IIOIIHTi Ha 0,[\HH 3 SIKHX
c 'II pHqHHSIE: 3MiHH B IIOIIHTi Ha iHIIIi. Po3pi3HSIIOTh TOBapH-3aMiH-
II HKH i TOBapH-,ll;OIIOBHIOBaqi.
TouapH-,u;onoBHIOBa'Ii (KoMrrJieMeHTH)- ToBapH, HKi 3a3BH-
'I" i1 crromHBaiOThCSI pa3oM. Koe!lJiu;ieHT rrepexpecHo'i eJiaCTHq-
JI c >eTi ,ll;JISI HHX E: ,ll;O,ll;a THHM.
TouapH-3aMiHHHKH (cyocTHTYTH) - TOBapH, md 3a,n;oBOJib-
1UitOTh O,ll;HaKOBy IIOTpe6y, a TOMY MOmyTh 3aMiHIOBaTH O,ll;HH O,L\"
11ot'O. Koe!lJiu;ieHT rrepexpecHoi: eJiaCTHqHOCTi ,n;JIH HHX e Bi,n;'eM-
JJltM.
33
TeMa2
IIOIIHTY - 3aJieJKHiCTh o6cary rro-
IUITY Bip; qMHHMKiB, HKi Ha HhOrO BIIJIMBaiOTh.
- 3aJieJKHiCTh 06C.Hry
IIpOII03M!Iil Bip; qMHHMKiB, .HKi Ha Hel BIIJIMBaiOTh.
2.2. HaBqaJibHHii rpeHiHr

1. J(aume 8U3lta'le1i1iR3a1C01iY nonumy.IJoacliiCmb cnaaliUU
xapa1emep 1CpU80l nonumy. m 0 O,'J1ia'la pyx 1CpU80l nonumy OO-
?OpU ma 001iU3y? m 0 031-la'la 36ype1i1iJl ( 3.Mi/4e1i1iJl) 1CpU80l no-
numy?
2. II oacliimb, 'lo.My efjJe1em O'liKyealiux ztili cmeopmt: iJll03ilO
nopyweliliJl aii' 3a1C01iy nonumy.
3. 3po6imb nopi81iRJlb1iuu a1iaJli3 Jli7iiil7io"i ( mo'lKOeoi) ma
OY2080l eJlaCmU'lliOCmi nonumy 3a ztiliOlO. Jl1ee zte .Mat: npa1CmU'l-
1ie 31ia'le1i1ia?
TeeTH
1. EQ:>eKT .n;oxo.n;y Mae Micu;e, .HKru;o:
a) ,li;OXO,li;M JIIO,n;e:ii 3MeHIIIYIOThCH i IX IIOIIMT Ha IIeBHMM rrpo-
.D;YKT 3HI1JKYThC.H;
6) 3HI1JKeHH.H !IiH TOBapiB IIpi1BO,li;I1Th ,li;O TOrO, ID;O CIIOJKHBaq
MOJI<e KyiiyBaTH 6iJihiiie IIeBHOrO 6Jiara, He 3MeHIIIyiOql1 IIOIIHT
Ha iHIIIi;
B) o6c.Hr IIOKYIIOK p;e.HKHX TOBapiB CKOpoqyThC.H 3i 3pOCTaH-
H.HM ,li;OXO.D;iB HaCeJieHH.H;
r) pa30M 3i 3pOCTaHH.HM ,li;OXO.D;iB CXHJihHiCTh JIIOp;e:ii ,li;O 3a-
OID;ap;JKeHh 3pOCTa.
2. EQ:>eKT 3aMiiD;eHH.H- u;e 3pocTaHH.H rrorrHTy Ha 6Jiaro, 3y-
MOBJieHe:
34
( >cHOBV1 MiKpOeKOHOMiYHO.i Teopii' nonlt1Ty i npon03V1U,i'i
a) 3MiHOIO 3araJihHOrO piBH.H Ha Bci TOBapH;
6) rrpOII0311ll,iIO HOBHX 6Jiar-3aMiHHI1KiB;
B) 3MiHOIO CMaKiB CIIOJKMBaqa;
r) 3MiHOIO y peaJihHOMy ,li;OXO,n;i, CIIpHqHHeHOIO 3HHJKeHH.HM
l(ill Ha 6Jiara, ID;O CIIOJKMBaiOThC.H ,li;OMOrOCIIOp;apCTBOM.
3 . .HKe TBep.n;meHH.H xapaKTepH3Y HMmqe 6Jiaro:
a) IIOIIHT Ha 6Jiaro 3pOCTa, .HKID;O :iioro IJ.iHa 3MeHIIIYThC.H;
6) IIOIIHT Ha 6Jiaro CKOpoqyThC.H, .HKID;O 3MeHIIIyThC.H !IiHa
rurara-3aMiHHHKa;
B) IIOIIHT Ha 6Jiaro CKOpoqyThC.H, .HKID;O ,li;OXO,li;I1 ,li;OMOrOCIIO-
/(:lpCTBa 3pOCTaiOTh;
r) eJiaCTHqHicTh 3a .n;oxo.n;oM 6iJihiiia Bi.n; HYJIH?
4 . .ffKe TBep,n;meHH.H xapaKTepi13Y TOBap riQ:>Q:>eHa:
a) rrepexpecHa eJiaCTHqHiCTh MeHIIIa Bi.n; HYJI.H;
6) 3 rrip;BMID;eHH.HM !IiHM IIeBHOrO TOBapy IIOIIHT Ha HhOrO
:IMCHIIIYThC.H;
B) eJiaCTHqHiCTh 3a ,li;OXO,li;OM MeHIIIa Bi,ll; HyJI.H;
r) 3HHJKeHH.H IJ.iHH TOBapy 3YMOBJIIO CKOpoqeHH.H 06C.Hry IIO-
IHITY Ha Hhoro?
5. RpHBa EHreJIH e rrp.HMOIO JiiHiero 3 .n;o.n;aTHHM HaxHJIOM,
UIO!IO:
a) qacTKa rreBHoro 6Jiara y CTPYKTypi crromHBaHH.H 3i 3poc-
'l':triH.HM ,li;OXO,ll;y 3aJIHIIIaThC.H He3MiHHOIO;
6) eJiaCTHqHiCTh 3a ,li;OXO,li;OM Bip;'MHOIO;
B) 6Jiaro KOMIIJieMeHTOM ,li;O Hap;aHoro;
r) 6Jiaro e HeiiTpaJihHHM.
6. 3aKOH IIOIIHTY rrepe,n;6aqae:
a) 3i 3pOCTaHH.HM ,li;OXO.D;iB CIIOJKHBaqi KYIIYIOTh 6iJihiiie TO-
II:tpiB;
6) KpHBa IIOIIHTy Mae ,n;op;aTHHM HaXHJI;
B) rrepeBMID;eHHH IIpOII0311!Iil Hap; IIOIIHTOM 3yMOBJIIO 3HW
MI'IIII.H u;iHH;
I') 3i 3MeHIIIeHH.HM u;iHH TOBapy o6c.Hr 3aiiJiaHOBaHHX IIOKy-
IIOIC 3pOCTa.
35
TeMa2
7. 3a 3aKOHOM IIpOII03HIJ,ii:3pOCTaHHR IJ,iH (3a iHIIIHX H83MiH-
HHX YMOB) cyrrpOBO.ZJ;myeThCR:
a) 3pOCTaHHRM 06CRry IIpOII03HU,ii;
6) 3MiiiJ,8HHRM KpHBOl IIpOII03HIJ,ii rrpaBopyq Bi.ZJ; rroqaTKy KO-
Op.ZJ;HHaT;
B) 3MiiiJ,eHHRM KPHBo'i rrporro3nu,i'i.n;o rroqaTKY Koop.n;nHaT;
r) 3M8HIU8HHRM 06CRry IIpOII03HIJ,il.
8. 3MiHa RKOrO qifHHHKa He BHKJIHKae 3MiiiJ,eHHR KpHBOl IIO-
IIHTy:
a) cMaKH Ta yrro.n;o6aHHR crromnBaqiB;
6) o6cRr Ta po3rro.n;iJI Hau,ioHaJihHoro .n;oxo.n;y;
B) IJ,iHa TOBapy;
r) KiJihKiCTh qif BiK CIIOmHBaqiB?
9. Y.n;ocKoHaJieHHR TexHoJiori'i3MiiiJ,ye JiiHiro:
a) IIOIIHTy rrpaBopyq;
6) IIOIIHTY JiiBopyq;
B) IIpOII03HIJ,il rrpaBopyq;
r) IIpOII03HIJ,il JiiBOpyq.
10. KpnBa Em'eJIR e rrpRMOIO JiiHiero 3 Bi.n;'eMHHM HaXHJIOM,
RKIIJ,O:
a) qacTKa rreBHoro 6Jiara y CTPYKTypi crromnBaHHR 3i 3poc-
TaHHRM .ZJ;OXO.ZJ;y 3aJIHilla8ThCR H83MiHHOIO;
6) 6Jiaro e 3aMiHHHKOM Ha.n;aHoro;
B) 3pOCTaHHR .ZJ;OXO.ZJ;y 3YMOBJII08 3M8Hlll8HHR CIIOmHBaHHR
6Jiara;
r) 6Jiaro e He:i1:TpaJihHHM CTOCOBHO 3MiHH .ZJ;OXO.ZJ;y.
11. 3MiiiJ,eHHR KpHBOI IIpOII03HIJ,il Ha TOBapA IIORCHI08ThCR:
a) 3MeHilleHHRM IIOIIHTY Ha TOBapA;
6) 3HHmeHHRM u,iHH Ha TOBap A;
B) rri.n;BHIIJ,eHHRM u,iHH Ha TOBap A;
r) 3MiHOIO IJ,iH Ha pecypcH, He06Xi.ZJ;Hi .ZJ;JIR BHp06HHIJ,TBa TO-
BapyA.
36
0CHOBII1 MiKp08KOHOMiYHo"i Teopi"i nonii1TY i npon03111U,i.i
12. KoJIH u,iHa 3HHmyeThCR, a o6cRr rrorrnTy 3pocTae (rrpn-
uycKaroqn, IIJ,O cpyHKIJ,iR IIOIIHTY JiiHiHHa), TO:
a) eJiaCTifqHiCTh IIOIIHTY 3a .ZJ;OXO.ZJ;OM CKOpoqyeThCR;
6) CYKYIIHa BHpyqKa 36iJihlllY8ThCR .ZJ;O TOqKH, B RKiH eJiac-
THqHiCTh .ZJ;OpiBHI08 O.ZJ;HHHIJ,i, rriCJIR qoro BHTOpr 3MeHilly8ThCR;
B) CTHMYJII08ThCR CIIOmHBaHHR TOBapiB-3aMiHHHKiB;
r) KOecpiu,ieHT eJiaCTifqHOCTi He 3MiHIOE:ThCR.
13. HKIIJ,O, He3Bamaroqn Ha 3MiHy u,iHH TOBapy, cyKyrrHa BH-
pyqKa He 3MiHI08ThCR, TO KOecpiu,ieHT IJ,iHOBOI eJiaCTifqHOCTi:
a) 6iJihlllHH 3a 1;
6) MeHillHH 3a 1;
B) .n;opiBHI08 0;
r) .n;opiBHIOe 1.
14. KoJIH 6y.n;h-RKa KiJihKiCTh TOBapy rrpo.n;aeThCR 3a o.n;HaKo-
uoro IJ,iHOIO, IIOIIHT Ha IJ,eH TOBap e:
a) a6COJIIOTHO HeeJiaCTHqHHM;
6) HeeJiaCTHqHHM;
B) eJiaCTifqHHM;
r) a6COJIIOTHO eJiaCTHqHHM.
15. ,lJ;JIR TOBapy ricpcpeHa:
a) ecpeKT 3aMiiiJ,eHHR 6iJihlllHH, Him ecpeKT .n;oxo.n;y;
6) ecpeKT 3aMiiiJ,eHHR MeHillHH, Him ecpeKT .ZJ;OXO.ZJ;y;
B) 06CRr CIIOmHBaHHR 3pOCTae 3i 36iJihllleHHRM .ZJ;OXO.ZJ;y;
r) JiiHiR IIOIIHTY Mae Bi.n;'eMHHH HaXHJI.
16. 3a 3aKOHOM IIpOII03HIJ,ii 3HHmeHHR IJ,iH (3a iHillHX He-
:IMiHHHX yMoB) cyrrpoBo.n;myeThCR:
a) 36iJihllleHHRM o6cRry rrporro3nu,il;
6) 3MeHUleHHRM KpHBOl rrpOII03HU,il Bi.ZJ; rroqaTKY KOOp.ZJ;HHaT;
B) 3MeHUleHHRM KpHBOl IIpOII03HU,il.ZJ;O rroqaTKY KOOp,lJHHaT;
r) 3MeHilleHHRM 06CRry IIpOII03HU,il.
17. 3MiHa RKOrO cpaKTOpa He BHKJIHKae 3MiiiJ,eHHR KpHBOl
Ill >OII03HIJ,il:
a) TeXHOJIOriH BHp06HHIJ,TBa;
37
6) 36iJihlli8HHR iMIIOpTy;
B) :u;iHH TOBapy;
r) KiJihKOCTi CIIOlliHBaqiB.
TeMa2
18 . .ffKi 3 HaBe,n;eHHX xapaKTepHCTHK HaJiemaTh ,li;O HOpMaJih-
HHX 6Jiar:
a) IIOIIHT Ha 6Jiaro 3pOCTa, RKIIJ;O HOrO IJ;iHa 3M8HlliYThCR;
6) IIOIIHT Ha 6Jiaro CKOpoqyf:ThCR, RKIIJ;O 3M8HlliYThCR :u;iHa
6Jiara- 3aMiHHHKa;
B) IIOIIHT Ha 6Jiaro CKOpoqyThCR, RKIIJ;O ,li;OXO,li;H ,li;OMOrOCIIO-
,n;apCTBa 3pOCTaiOTh;
r) crromnBaHHR :u;horo 6Jiara He 3aJiemHTh Bi,n; BeJinqnHH ,n;o-
xo,n;y?
fpalf>itiHi BIIpaBH
1. 3a ,n;aHHMH Ta6Jin:u;i rro6y,n;y:HTe:
1) KpHBi iH,li;HBi,n;yaJihHOrO IIOIIHTY ,li;JIR KOlliHOrO IIOKYIIIJ;R;
2) KpHBY pHHKOBOrO IIOIIHTY.
ll,iHa
BemPuma iHJlHBi)'lyaJibHoro rrorriiTY
PIIHKOBHH
TOBapy
I IIOKyrre[\b II IIOKyiie[\b IllrroKyrreu;h
IIOIIHT
6 2 3 5 10
5 3 4 6 13
4 5 6 8 19
3 8 9 10 27
2. Y MHTTBOMY rrepio,n;i IIpOII03HIJ;iR TOBapy He peary Ha
3MiHy IJ;iHH, TO,ll;i RK y KOpOTKOCTpOKOBOMy rrepio,n;i <j;>ipMH MO-
myTh 3MiHIOBaTH 06CRr BHp06HHIJ;TBa, a y ,li;OBrOCTpOKOBOMY -
Haporu;yBaTH BHp06Hnqi IIOTYlliHOCTi, BIIpOBa,n;myBaTH HOBi Tex-
HOJIOri'i, MirpyBaTH Mim pHHKaMn. IIo6y,n;y:HTe Bi,n;rroBi,n;Hi KPHBi
IIpOII03HIJ;i'i Ta IIORCHiTh Bi,li;MiHHOCTi Mim HHMH CTOCOBHO IIOKa3-
HHKa IJ;iHOBOl eJiaCTHqHOCTi.
38
0CHOBVI MiKpOeKOHOMi'-IHo'i Teopi"i nonVITY i npOn03VILJ,i.i
3. KpnBa piqHo'i rrporro3n:u;i'i 3epHoBnx ,li;JIR YKpa'iHn orrn-
cyThCR piBHRHHRM
Q
8
= 10 + 0,02P,
/\C Q
8
- 06CRr 36opy 38pHOBHX, MJIH T; p- cepe,n;HR IJ;iHa 38pHO-
lll1X, rpHjT.
Bn3HaqTe:
1) 06CRr BHp06HHIJ;TBa 38pHOBHX 3a IJ;iHOIO: 500 rpH 3a 1 T,
1000 rpH 3a 1 T, 2000 rpH 3a 1 T;
2) IIJ;O Bi,n;6y,n;eThCR 3 KpHBOIO IIpOII03HIJ;i'i, RKIIJ;O yKpa'iHChKi
11l1p06HHKH 3epHOBHX MaTHMYTh ru;opiqHi KBOTH Ha iMIIOpT 06CR-
I'OM 5 MJIH T;
3) HaKpecJiiTh Bi,li;IIOBi,li;Hi KpHBi IIpOII03HIJ;i'i.

1. lf>yHKIJ;iR IIOIIHTY rrpe,li;CTaBJieHa BHpa30M:
= 100 - 2 5P X + 2P y + 1 OJ
;(e - o6cRr rrorrnTy Ha TOBap X; P x i P Y - :u;iHH TOBapiB X i
Y; I- BeJinqnHa,n;oxo,n;y, Px= 4; Py= 5; I= 50.
Po3paxy:HTe:
1) o6cRr IIOIIHTy 3a 3a,n;aHHX YMOB;
2) eJiacTnqHiCTh rrorrnTy 3a ,n;oxo,n;oM;
3) 3MiHy KpHBOl IIOIIHTy, RKIIJ;O ,lJ;OXi,ll; 3HH3HThCR ,li;O 40 rpH.
2. 3a ,n;aHHMH Ta6Jin:u;i po3paxy:HTe:
1) :u;iHoBy eJiaCTHqHiCTh rrorrnTy Ha TOBap X;
2) rrepexpecHy eJiaCTHqHiCTh rrorrnTy Ha TOBap X 3 ypaxyBaH-
IIJIM :u;iHH ToBapy Y.
llepio,ll
Px
py
I)
aaHCHHH 20 15 40
illeTyiiHHH 10 10 60
3. lf>ipMa e ,li;HHHM BHp06HHKOM BaHa,n;iiO y CBiTi. IJ;iHOBa
'.llaCTlfqHiCTh IIOIIHTY Ha :u;e:fl IIpo,n;yKT CTaHOBHTh -0,5 i He 3aJie-
39
TeMa2
:>KMTh Bi,n; o6cHry BMpo6HMII;TBa. KepiBHMII;TBO KoMrraHi'i BMpinm-
no cKopoTMTM o6cHr BMpo6HMII;TBa Ha 40 % . Ha cKiJihKM Bi,n;-
COTKiB 3MiHMThCH IJ;iHa BaHa,n;iro?
4. c:I>yHKII;iH rrorrMTY Mae BMI'JIH,n;: P = 3000- 0,1Q
2
BM3Haq-
Te, 38 HKOI'O 06CHI'Y IIOIIMT 6y,n;e eJiaCTMtiHMM, a 3a HKOI'O - He-
eJiaCTMtiHMM.
5. Koe<Piu;ieHT u;iHOBOI enacTMtiHOCTi rrorrMTY Ha rreBHMll To-
Bap ,n;opiBHIOe 0,5, a eJiaCTMtiHiCTh IIOIIMTY 3a ,ll;OXO,ll;OM- 0,8 . .ffK
3MiHMThCH 06CHI' IIOIIMTY Ha u;e:if TOBap, HKIIJ;O llOI'O II;iHa 3MeH-
IIIMThCH Ha 10 o/o, a ,ll;OXO,ll;M HaCeJieHHH 36iJibiiiaTbCH Ha 5 o/o? (3a-
raJibHMll piBeHh II;iH 3aJIMIIIaeThCH 6e3 3MiH.)
AHaJiiTHlJHi 3aB,ll;aHHH
1. yHKII;iH IIOIIMTY rrpe,n;cTaBJieHa BMpa30M
Q ~ = 100- 25Px + 2PY + 101,
.n;e Q ~ - o6cHr rrorrMTY Ha TOBap X; P xi P Y- u;iHM TOBapiB Xi
Y; I- BeJIMtiMHa .n;oxo.n;y.
,lJ;a:ifTe Bi,D;IIOBi,D;i Ha Ta:Ki 3aiiMTaHHH:
1) tiMe TOBap X HM:>KtiMM 6naroM?
2) tiMe TOBapM Xi Y .n;orroBHIOBatiaMM (KoMrrJieMeHTaMM)?
3) HK 3MiHMThCH BeJIMtiMHa IIOIIMTy, HKIIJ;O ,ll;OXO,ll;M CIIO:>KMBa-
tiiB 36iJibiiiaTbCH Ha 5 rp. O,ll;.?
2. yHKII;iH IIpOII03MII;il rrpe,n;cTaBJieHa BMpa30M
Q ~ = 100 + 25P X+ 20P y- 5P R'
.n;e Q ~ - o6cHr rrporro3Mu;i1 Ta TOBap X; P x i P Y - u;iHM TOBapiB
X i Y; P R - u;iHa BMpo6HMtioro pecypcy.
,lJ;a:ifTe Bi,D;IIOBi,D;h Ha TaKi 3aiiMTaHHH:
1) tiMe rrpo,n;yKTM Xi Y B3aeMHMMM 3aMiHHMKaMM a6o .n;orroB-
HIOBatiaMM y BMp06HMII;TBi?
2) HK 3MiHMThCH 06CHI' IIpOII03MII;il, HKIIJ;O II;iHa Ha pecypc
3pOcTe Ha 2 rp. o.n;.?
40
0CHOBII1 MiKpOeKOHOMi'-IHOi' Teopii' nonli1TY i npOn03111U,i'i
3) tiM IIOIIIMpiOeThCH Ha u;e:if TOBap 3aKOH rrpOII03MII;ii?
3 . .HK BIIJIMHYTh Ha rrporro3Mu;iro TOBapy X, HKa Mae .n;o,n;aT-
IIHll HaXMJI, Ta:Ki tiMHHMKM:
1) 36iJihiiieHHH KiJihKOCTi <lJipM y I'aJiy3i, III;O BMp06JIHe
'I'OBapX;
2) 3MeHIII8HHH II;iH Ha pecypCM, 3a ,ll;OIIOMOI'OIO HKMX BMpo6-
M!8ThCH TOBap X;
3) Ha,D;aHHH cy6CM,D;ill BMp06HMKaM II;hOI'O TOBapy;
4) 3arrpoBa,n;meHHH crreu;iaJihHOro rro,n;aTKY (aKu;M3Y) Ha u;eil
nmap;
5) OtiiKyBaHHH rri,n;rrpMeMII;iB:
a) 3HM:>KeHHH B Hall6JIM:>KtiOMY Ma:if6yTHhOMY II;iH Ha u;e:if
TOBap;
6) 3pOCTaHHH B Hall6JIM:>K'IOMY Ma:if6yTHhOMY u;iH Ha II;8ll
TOBap;
B) 3HM:>KeHHH u;iHM TOBapy Y, Ha BMp06HMII;TBO HKOI'O BMKOpM-
CTOBYIOTh Ti caMi pecypCH, IIJ;O ll Ha BMp06HMII;TBO TOBapy X?
4 . .ffK BIIJIMHYTh Ha IIOIIMT TOBapy X TaKi tiMHHMKM:
1) 3pOCTaHHH u;iHM TOBapy-3aMiHHMKa;
2) 3pOCTaHHH ,D;OXO,D;iB, HKIIJ;O TOBap X e HM:>K'IMM TOBapoM;
3) CIIO:>KMBatii OtiiKyiOTh 3MiHM II;iH Ha u;ell TOBap:
a) y 6iK 3HM:>K8HHH;
6) y 6iK 3pOCTaHHH.
4) 3aiipOBa,D;:>KeHHH a,n;BaJIOpHOI'O IIO,D;aTKY Ha u;e:if rrpo,n;yKT;
5) 3HM:>K8HHH II;iHM TOBapy-KOMIIJieMeHTa;
6) 3aiipOBa,D;:>K8HHH MMTHMX 6ap'epiB Ha BB838HHH II;hOI'O TO-
II:tpy 3-3a KOp,ll;OHy?
5. ITpe,n;MeT po3KOIIIi - u;e TOBap, ,n;JIH HKoro enacTMtiHiCTh
/(OXO,D;y 6iJihiiia 3a O,ll;MHMIJ;IO. l.JM MO:>KJIMBO, IIJ;06 B 8KOHOMiu;i 3
/\110M a TOBapaMM 06M,D;Ba TOBapM 6y JIM rrpe,n;MeTaMM p03KOIIIi?
6 . .ff:K BIIJIMHe rri,D;BMIIJ;8HHH II;iHM Ha 6eH3MH Ha:
1) 06CHI' rrpo,n;amy aBTOM06iJiiB, IIJ;O B:>Ke 6yJIM y B:>KMTKy;
2) KpMBY IIOIIMTY Ha 6eH3MH;
3) IIOIIMT Ha IIOCJIYI'M I'pOMa,D;ChKOI'O TpaHCIIOpTy?
41
TeMa2
7. ,il;OBe.n;iTb, IIJ;O KpMBa IIpOII03MIJ;i'i, IIpOXO.lJ:.llTb qep3
rroqaToK Koop.n;nHaT, 3amK.n;n Mae Koe<Piu;ieHT u;iHOBo'i eJiacTnq-
HOcTi, IIJ;O .lJ:OpiBHIOE: O,ll;JIHMIJ;i.
8. 3a poKn He3aJieJKHOCTi B YKpa'iHi 3MHIIIMJIOCR crroJKnBaH-
HR OCHOBHJIX rrpo.n;yKTiB xapqyBaHHR Ha O,ll;Hy OC06y. IlpoTe CIIO-
JKJIBaHHR KapTOIIJii 36iJihlli.llJIOCR. llnM MOJKHa IIORCHJIT.ll u;e
RBnru;e?
llpo6JieMH .D;JIH o6roBopeHHH
1. fJUJw .MOJICfta noHcHumu moil cjJaKm, eJlacmu'lHicmb no-
numy 3a l.{iHOfO y BepxHiu 'lacmuHi KpuBoi nonumy Hi:JIC y
HUJICHiU?
2. II OHCHimb, 'lO.MY ecjJeKm O'liKyBaHux l.{iH cmBopfOt: iJlf03ifO
nopyweHHH ari 3aKOHY nonumy.
3. 3'Hcyume cniJlbHe u Bia.MiHHe ecjJeKmiB cHo6a i Be6JleHa.
4. fiOHCHimb, 'lO.My:
a) eKoHo.Micmu HexmyfOmb 3HaKo.M ".MiHyc" npu KoecjJil.{it:Hmi
eJlacmu'lHocmi nonumy 3a l.{iHofO;
6) aJlH 6U3Ha'leHHH KOecjJil.{it:Hma eJlaCmU'lHOCmi 6UKOpucmo-
6yfOmb BiacomKoBy 3.MiHy l.{iHu ma nonumy, a He a6coJlfOmHi i'x
6eJlU'lUHU.
5. flu .MOJICHa 66aJICamu, 6Jlaea FicjJcjJeHa 3a6JICau t: 6Jlaea-
.MU HUJIC'lOi' cnOJICU6'lOi. l.{iHHOCmi?
2.3. IIpaKTJiqHi
3an.n;aHHR 1
BaJICJlU6U.M iHcmpy.MeHmo.M niampu.MKU Bim'lU3HHHOeo 6u-
po6HuKa t: cy6cuayBaHHH Bupo6Hul.{mBa. M amepiaJl, HaBeaeHuu
HUJIC'le, iJlfOcmpyt: BUKopucmaHHH l.{boeo iHcmpy.MeHmy 6 YKpa-
i'Hi.
Arpapi'i rrpocRTh Ka6iHeT MiHicTpiB YKpa'iHn y 2009 p. Bn.n;i-
JIRTM ,ll;OTau;i'i CiJibrOCIIB.llp06HnKaM 3 p03paxyHKY Ha ra IIOCiBHOl
IIJIOIIJ;i. Ilpo u;e IIOBi,ll;OM.llB CbOrO.n;Hi Ha rrpeC-KOHepeHu;i'i Biu;e-
42
0CHOBV1 MiKpOeKOHOMiLfHO.i Teopi"j nOnV1TY i npOn03V1U,i"i
11 pe3n.n;eHT Cmo3y ciJibrocrrrri.n;rrpneMCTB. BiH rri.n;KpecJinB, ru;o,
JIIC IIOKa3aB ,ll;OCBi,ll; IIOnepe.n;HiX poKiB, 6IO,ll;JKTHi ,ll;OTau;i'i Ha OK-
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Mop;eJIL BCTaHOBJieHHH pHHKOBo'i piBHOBarn 3a MapiiiaJIJIOM
- MOp;eJih, ID;O ITOKa3y, RK 3MiHa o6cRry ITOITHTY i npOIT03HU,il
3a6e3neqye piBHiCTh u,iHH rronHTY i u,iHH npono3Hu,il.
Hap;JIHIII.KoBa npono3HU,iH - CHTyau,iR Ha pHHKY, 3a RKo'i o6-
CRr npOIT03HU,il TOBap 3a neBHOl U,iHH nepeBHID;Y 06CRr ITOITHTy
Ha u,ell: TOBap.
50
'iaCTKOBa pVIHKOBa piBHOBara
Hap;JIHIIIKOBHH nonHT (p;ecl>in;HT) - CHTyan;iR Ha pHHKY, 3a
JIIWl o6cRr llOllHTY Ha TOBap 3a neBHOl U,iHH nepeBHID;Y o6cRr
II pOII03HU,il ll,hOrO TOBapy.
Hap;JIHIIIOK BHpo6HH.Ka - pi3HHU,R Mim u,iHoiO, RKY rrpop;a-
BeU,h XOTiB 6H OTpHMaTH 3a IIeBHHH TOBap, Ta cpaKTH"<IHO OTpHMa-
IIOIO U,iHOIO IIeBHOrO TOBapy.
Hap;JIHIIIOK BHpo6HHKiB - cyMa Hap;JIHrnKiB ycix BHpo6HH-
IIiB neBHOrO TOBapy.
Hap;JIHIIIOK cnmKHBa"<Ia - pi3HHU,R Mim u,iHoiO, RKY rroKy-
liell,h rOTOBHH 3aiiJiaTHTH 3a neBHHH TOBap, Ta cpa.KTH"<IHO CIIJia"<Ie-
IIOIO U,iHOIO 3a U,eH TOBap.
Hap;JIHIIIOK cnOjKHBaqiB - cyMa Hap;JIHrnKiB ycix crwmnBa-
'liB neBHOrO TOBapy.
HecTiii.Ka (HecTa6iJILHa) pHHKOBa piBHOBara - CHTyau,iR,
1\0JIH IIiCJIR IIOpyrneHHR CTaHy piBHOBarH pHHOK He IIOBepTaTb-
CH piBHOBamHOrO CTaHy.
HHjKHR Mejll:a n;iHH (MiHiMaJILHa n;iHa) - BCTaHOBJieHHH
piBeHb U,iHH, HHm"<Ie RKOrO BHp06HHKH He MOmyTh
IICTaHOBJIIOBaTH U,iHy. lJ;R U,iHa BHID;OIO 3a piBHOBamHy.
IIaByTHHonop;i6Ha MOp;eJIL p;ocRrHeHHR pHHKOBOI piBHOBarH
- MOp;eJib, Y RKiH KOpOT.KOCTpOKOBa QJYHKU,iR IIpOII03HU,il a6co-
.IIIOTHO HeeJiaCTH"<IHa a60 a6COJIIOTHO eJiaCTH"<IHa.
IIocepep;HHKH- eKoHoMi"<IHi cy6'eKTH, RKi KynyiOTh TOBapn
11a pHHKY i rreperrpop;yiOTL i:x Ha iHrnoMy 3 MeTOIO oTpH-
MaHHR IIpH6yTKY pi3HHU,i U,iH.
PiBHOBajKHa n;iHa- o6cRr, 3a RKOro u,iHa rrorrHTY
< )0CRry IlpOII03HU,il.
PiBHOBajKHHH oocRr - o6cRr, 3a RKoro u,iHa rronHTY p;opiB-
1110 U,iHi IIpOII03HU,ii:.
Cne.KyJIRHTH - eKOHOMi"<IHi cy6'eKTH, RKi KyrryiOTh TOBapH
AJIR BJiaCHOrO (BHp06HH"<IOrO Ta HeBHp06Hnqoro) CIIOmHBaH-
11 Jl, a AJIR rreperrpop;amy 3 MeTOIO OTpHMaHHR npn6yTKY Bip; 3MiHH
1\iH.
Cne.KyJmn;iR - pi3HOBHA ToproBeJibHoi: MeToiO
liiWl e OTPHMaHHR npn6yTKY Bip; 3MiHH pHHKOBHX u,iH.
CTiii.Ka (cTaoiJILHa) pHHKOBa piBHOBara - cnTyau,iR, KOJIH
11 i CJIR rropyrneHHR cTaHy piBHOBarn pHHOK o6oB' R3KOBO noBep-
T:tcThCR p;o HhOrO.
51
TeMa3
<l>iKcoBaHi IJ,iHH - u;iHM, RKi BcTaHOBJIIOIOThCR Ha pMHKY .n;M-
peKTMBHMM OpraHOM (.n;epmaBOIO).
qaCTKOBa pHHKOBa piBHOBara - CTaH piBHOBarM Ha OKpeMO-
MY PMHKy.
qHCTi BTpaTH eKOHOMiKH - 3MeHIIIeHHR CYMM Ha,ll;JIMIIIKy
CIIO)KMBaqiB i Ha,ll;JIMIIIKy BMp06HHKiB yHaCJii,ll;OK BTpyqaHHR
.n;epmaBM y cpyHKII,ioHyBaHHR pMHKY qepe3 a.n;MiHicTpaTMBHe pe-
ryJIIOBaHHR ll,iH qM cpicKaJibHe peryJIIOBaHHR (IIO,ll;aTKM qn cy6-
CM,ll;il).
3.2. HaBqaJibHirn rpeHiHr

1 . .H 1wu e(jJeiCm MaiOmb cy6cu(Ji"i Ha puHICY 3 HeciCiH'ieHHOIO
eJtacmumicm10: a) nonumy; 6) npono3uu,i'i?
2. KoHcepBamuBHuu ICpumuiC yp.Ri)oBux npozpaM 6UCJl06U6
iJyMKy: E:iJuHe, w,o ypRiJ yMi po6umu iJo6pe, - zte cmBOpiOBamu
iJe{jJiztum ma HaiJJlUUJICU. II ORCHimb l{IO iJyMKy.
3 . .HIC 3MiHRmbCJl pi6H06GJfCHa ztiHa ma pi6H06GJfCHUU 06CR2
Ha puHICY ICapmonJli 3i 36iJlbUJeHHRM cmaBICU noiJamiCy Ha npu-
6ymoiC 6Up06HUICa?
4. II ORCHimb pi3HUZ{IO MiJfC cneiCyJlRzti10 u ap6impaJtCeM.
5. BiiJ Iozo 3aJleJtCumb mun ICOJlUBGHb y naBymuHonoiJi6HiU
MOiJeJli? .H ICi 'iUHHUICU 3p06JlRmb zti ICOJlU6GHHJl MOHOmOHHUMU,
6U6yxonoiJi6HUMU 'iU 36iJfCHUMU?
TeeTH
1. 5JKIII,O IIOIIMT Ha CiJibCbKOrOCIIO,ll;apchKi rrpo.n;yKTM HeeJiaC-
TJiqHMM, TO IIpM rapHOMY Bpomal,ll;OXO,ll;M cpepMepiB:
a) 3pOCTYTh, OCKiJibKM 36iJibiiiMThCR 06CRr IIPO,ll;YKII,il, Ill,O
rrpo.n;aeThcR;
6) 3pOCTYTh, TOMy Ill,O IIi,ll;BMIII,eHHR IIOIIMTY CIIpMqJIHMTb
36iJihiiieHHR ll,iH Ha rrpo.n;yKII,iiO;
52
'lacTKOBa pV1HKOBa pisHosara
B) 3aJIMIIIaThCR He3MiHHMMM, OCKiJihKM Bi,ll;HOCHe 36iJihiiieHHR
oficRry rrpo.n;amy 6y.n;e .n;opiBHIOBaTM Bi.n;HocHoMy 3HMmeHHIO u;iH;
r) CKOpOTRThCR, a.n;me Bi,ll;HOCHe 3HMmeHHR ll,iH 6y.n;e 6iJihliiMM
II iJK Bi,ll;HOCHe 36iJihiiieHHR 06CRry rrpo.n;amy.
2. IIporro3Mll,iR TOBapy X a6coJIIOTHO HeeJiacTJiqHa. 5IKIII,O
IIOIIMT Ha ll,eif TOBap 3pOCTe, TO ll,iHa piBHOBarM:
a) 36iJihliiMThCR, a piBHOBamHMll 06CRr 3aJIMIIIMThCR He3MiH-
lll1M;
6) 3MeHIIIMThCR, a piBHOBa)KHMll 06CRr 36iJihliiMThCR;
B) 36iJihliiMTbCR, a piBHOBamHMM 06CRr 3MeHIIIMThCR;
r) He 3MiHMThCR.
3. Ha.n;JIMIIIOK BMpo6HMKiB:
a) IIO,ll;iJIRThCR rropiBHY Mim yciMa BMp06HMKaMM;
6) OTpHMYIOTh BMp06HMKM 3 HaMHM)KqJIMM BMTpaTaMM;
B) o.n;epmyiOTh BHp06HMKM 3 HaMBMIII,MMM BMTpaTaMM;
r) OTpHMYIOTh CIIO)KMBaqi.
4. 5IK BIIJIMHe Ha piBHOBamHy u;iHy pMHKY 3i cTaH.n;apTHMMM
tqmBMMM rrorrMTY i rrporro3Mll,i1 Bi.n;KpHTTR BHyTpiiiiHhoro pMHKY
!VlR 3apy6imHMX BMp06HMKiB:
a) ll,iHa IIi,ll;BMIII,MThCR;
6) ll,iHa 3aJIMIIIHThCR He3MiHHOIO;
B) ll,iHa 3HM3MThCR;
r) He MOmHa CKa3aTM HarreBHO?
5. PMHKOBa piBHOBara 6y.n;e CTiMKOIO, RKIII,O eJiaCTJiqHiCTh:
a) norrMTY 6iJihiiia 3a eJiaCTMqHiCTh rrporro3Mll,il;
6) rrpOII03Mll,il 6iJihiiia 3a eJiaCTJiqHiCTh IIOIIMTy;
B) IIOIIMTY i I1pOII03Hll,il O,ll;HaKOBa;
r) rrpOII03Mll,iJ: a6COJIIOTHO HeeJiaCTJiqHa.
6. BeJIJiqMHi Ha.n;JIMIIIKY BMpo6HMKiB Bi.n;noBi.n;ae IIJIOIII,a cpi-
typH:
a) ABE;
6)ACE;
53
B)BEFO;
r)CEFO.
p
c
B
A
TeMa3
Q
7. Ha .HKOMy 3 pMHKiB piBHOBara HecTa6iJihHOIO
BCTaHOBJieHH.H piBHOBarM BaJihpaca)?
p
p
s
D
s
D
0
0
Q
Q
a
6
p
p
s
0
Q 0
Q
8
z
54
LJaCTKOBa pVIHKOBa piBHOBara
8. Ha 3a KpM-
BMX IIOIIMTY i IIpOII03MII,il, IU;O 3aKOHY IIOIIMTY i
rrporro3MII,i'i, 03Hatiae, ru;o T.Hrap JiemMTh Ha:
a) BMp06HMKaX;
6) CIIO)KMBatiax;
B)BMpo6HMKax,crromMBatiax;
r)
9. crromMBatia- II,e:
a) cyMa rpoiiieif, .HKY crromMBaq;
6) cyMa rpoiiieif, .HKY y crromMBatia IIIJI.H-
xoM
B) KiJihKiCTh TOBapiB, .HKY CIIO)KMBati HCIIpOMO)KHMH CIIO-
)KMTM;
r) cyMa rpoiiieif, .HKY CIIO)KMBati BMrpa TOMy, IU;O
MO)K TOBap 3a pMHKOBOIO II,iHOIO.
10. l:.!MCTi BTpaTM eKOHOMiKM BMHMKaiOTh y
a) perymoBaHH.H II,iH;
6) BapTOCTi BMp06HMtiMX pecypciB;
B) 3MHIIIHH.H CIIO)KMBatiiB;
r) 3pOCTaHH.H iH038MHOl KOHKypeHIJ,il.
11. HKru;o 3a KpHBOI rrorrMTY 3 HaxMJIOM KpMBa
rrpOII03MII,il3 HaXMJIOM 3MiCTMThC.H rrpaBopy-q;
a) piBHOBamHa II,iHa 06C.Hr He 3MiHMThC.H;
6) piBHOBamHMH 06C.Hr 3MHIIIMThC.H, II,iHa
B) piBHOBamHMH 06C.Hr 3pOCTe, II,iHa 3HM3MThC.H;
r) piBHOBamHa IJ,iHa o6C.Hr 3p0CT.
12. HKru;o KpMBa rrorrMTY 3 HaxMJIOM i KpMBa rrpo-
II03MII,il 3 HaXMJIOM 3MiCT.HThC.H rrpaBopy-q;
a) piBHOBamHa II,iHa o6c.Hr He 3MiHMThC.H;
6) piBHOBa)KHMH o6c.Hr 3MHIIIMThC.H, II,iHa
B) piBHOBamHMH o6c.Hr 3pOCTe, II,iHa 3HM3MThC.H a6o
IU;MThC.H;
r) piBHOBamHa IJ,iHa 06C.Hr TaKO)K 3pOCT.
55
TeMa3
13. 3a yMOBM MHOJKMHH01 pMHKOB01 piBHOBarM 11 CTaHM:
a) 3aBJK,ll;M 6y,n;yTh CTiMKMMM;
6) MOJKYTh 6yTM .HK CTiMKMMM, TaK i HeCTiMKMMM;
B) 3aBJK,ll;M 6y,n;yTh HecTiMKMMM;
r) 6y.n;yTh HYJihOBMMM.
14. 3i 3pOCTaHH.ffM eJiaCTMqHOCTi QJYHKIJ;il IIOIIMTY 3a rreBHOl
eJiaCTMqHOCTi QJYHKIJ;il IIpOII03MIJ;il qaCTKa 110,/J;aTKy, .H:Ka rrpMIIa-
,n;ae Ha BMp06HMKiB, 6y,n;e:
a) 36iJihillyBaTMCH;
6) 3MeHrnyBaTMCH;
B) 3aJIMlliaTMCh He3MiHHOIO;
r) 36iJihillyBaTMC.ff a6o 3MeHillyBaTMC.ff.
15. 5IKIIJ;O y rraByTMHOIIO,ll;i6HiM MO,ll;eJii pMHKOB01 piBHOBarM
eJiaCTMqHiCTh rrorrMTY 6y.n;e 6iJihlliOIO 3a eJiaCTMqHiCTh rrporro3M-
u;i1, TO KOJIMBaHH.ff u;iHM 6y,n;yTh:
a) BM6yXOIIO,ll;i6HMMM (po36iJKHMMH);
6) 3aTyXaiOqMMM (36iJKHMMH);
B) IJ;MKJiiqHMMM;
r) HYJihOBMMM.
16. 36iJihilleHH.ff piBHOBaJKHOl IJ;iHM TOBapy CIIpMqMHeHe:
a) 36iJihllieHH.ffM IIOIIMTY Ha TOBap;
6) 36iJihilleHH.ffM 1Ip01103MIJ;il TOBapy;
B) 0,/J;HOqacHMM Ta O,ll;HaKOBMM 36iJihilleHH.ffM IIOIIMTY i IIpOII0-
3MIJ;i1;
r) O,ll;HOqacHMM Ta O,n;HaKOBMM 3MeHllieHH.ffM IIOIIMTY i IlpOII0-
3MIJ;il.
17. 3MiiiJ;eHH.ff KpHB01 rrpOII03MIJ;ii: Ha TOBapA IIO.ffCHIOE:ThC.H:
a) 3MeHrneHHHM rrorrMTY Ha TOBap A;
6) 3HMmeHHHM u;iHM Ha TOBap A;
B) rri,n;BMIIJ;eHH.ffM IJ;iHM Ha TOBapA;
r) 3MiHOIO IJ;iH Ha pecypcM, He06xi,n;Hi ,ll;JI.ff BHp06HMIJ;TBa TOBa-
pyA.
56
L.JaCTKOBa pV1HKOBa piBHOBara
18. Ha,n;JIMlliOK TOBapiB Ha pMHKY yTBOpiOE:ThCH rricJIH 3arrpo-
Ba.n;meHHH yp.H,ll;OM:
a) !jJiKCOBaHOl u;iHM, BMIIJ;Ol3a piBHOBaJKHy;
6) MaKCMMaJihHOl IJ;iHM;
B) rro,n;aTKiB Ha rrpo.n;am;
r) IIi,ll;BMIIJ;eHH.ff rrpou;eHTHOl CTaBKM.
19. CyMa rro,n;aTKY Ha rrpo.n;am TOBapy:
a) IIOBHiCTIO CIIJiaqyeThC.ff BMp06HMKOM;
6) 36iJihrnye mrrparn rrpo,n;aBu;iB;
B) p031IO,ll;iJIHE:ThC.ff MiJK rrpo,n;aBIJ;eM Ta IIOKYIIIJ;eM 3aJieJKHO
Bi,ll; eJiaCTMqHOCTi IIOIIMTY Ta rrpOII03MIJ;ii;
r) IIOBHiCTIO CIIJiaqyE:ThC.ff IIOKyrru;eM.
20. 5IKIIJ;O B rraByTMHOIIO,ll;i6HiM MO,n;eJii MeXaHi3MY BCTaHOB-
JieHH.ff pMHKOB01 piBHOBarM eJiaCTMqHiCTh IIOIIMTY ,n;opiBHIO
eJiaCTMqHOCTi rrpOII03MIJ;il, TO:
a) piBHOBara Ha pHHKY 3 qaCOM BCTaHOBMThCH;
6) TaKMM pMHOK He 3MOJKe QJYHKIJ;iOHyBaTM;
B) Bi,n;6yBaTMMYThC.ff He3aTyxaiOqi IJ;MKJiiqHi KOJIMBaHHH
pHHKy;
r) u;iHa 6y,n;e He3MiHHOIO.
21. Ha 3HMmeHHH piBHOBamHo1 u;iHM ToBapy BIIJIMBae:
a) 36iJihllieHH.ff IIOIIMTY Ha TOBap;
6) 3MeHrneHH.ff IIOIIMTY Ha TOBap;
B) 3HMJKeHH.ff rrp01103MIJ;il TOBapy;
r) O,ll;HOqacHe Ta O,ll;HaKOBe 3HMJKeHH.ff IIOIIMTY i rrpOII03MD;il.
22. 5IKIIJ;O pHHKOBa u;iHa HMJKqa 3a piBHOBaJKHy, TO:
a) BMHMKaE: ,n;e!jJiiJ;MT TOBapy;
6) 3 '.ffBJI.ffThC.ff Ha,ll;JIMlliOK TOBapy;
B) 3HMJKYThC.ff u;iHa pecypciB;
r) Ha pHHKY BMHMKaE: rrepeBara IIOKYIIIJ;iB.
57
TeMa3
fpalf>iqHi BIIpaBH
1. ,IJ;aiiTe rpacpiqny iHTepnpeTau,iro BITJIHBy ,n;epmaBn na pn-
HOK qepe3:
1) no,n;aTKn;
2) cy6cn,n;i'i;
3) npHMe peryJIIOBaHHH u,in.
2. IIo6y,n;yihe rpacpiKn cpynKu,i'i nonnTy QD =50- 4P, cpyHK-
u,i'i ITpOIT03HIJ,il Q
8
= 10. 3'Hcy:ihe, XTO 3 yqaCHHKiB pHHKy cpaK-
THqHo 6y,n;e cnJiaqyBaTn no,n;aToK na npo,n;am, 3anpoBa,n;mennii
,n;epmaBoro.
3. Ha pncynKy noKa3aHa cnTyau,iH na pHHKy nicJIH 3anpo-
Ba,n;meHHH ,n;epmaBoro no,n;aTKy na npo,n;am. Bn3HaqTe cpirypn,
IIJ,O Bi,D;ITOBi,n;aiOTh:
1) BeJinqnni na,n;JIHIITKY cnomnBaqiB;
2) BeJIHqHHi Ha,ZJ;JIHIITKy BHp06HHKiB;.
3) cyMi na,n;xo,n;menh ,n;o ,n;epmaBnoro 6IO,n;meTy;
4) 06CHry CKOpoqeHHH BHp06HHIJ,TBa;
5) qllCTHM BTpaTaM eKOHOMiKH Bi,n; OITO,ZJ;aTKyBaHHH;
6) 3MeHIITeHHIO BHrparny BHp06HHKiB.
p
c
0
MF
Q
4. Ha pncynKy noKa3aHa cnTyau,iH nicJIH 3anpoBa,n;meHHH
,n;epmaBoro MiHiMaJihHo'i u,inn. Bn3naqTe cpirypn, IIJ,o Bi,n;noBi,n;a-
IOTh:
58
YacTKOBa pii1HKOBa piBHosara
1) o6cHry Bnpyqini Bi,n; peaJii3au,i'i, HKIIJ,O o6cHr npo,n;amy Bn-
;maqaeThCH pHHKOM;
2) BHrparny BHp06HHKiB, HKIIJ,O 06CHr npo,n;amy BH3HaqaeTh-
Cfl pHHKOM;
3) o6cHry BHTpaT ,n;epmaBH Ha 3aKyniBJIIO npo,n;yKIJ,il, HKIIJ,O
Bech na,n;JIHIITOK npo,n;yKu,i'i Kynye ,n;epmaBa;
4) BHrparny BHp06HHKiB, HKIIJ,O BeCb Ha,D;JIHIITOK npo,n;yKIJ,i'i
I<ynye ,n;epmaBa.
p
A
B
c
D
0 FHG Q
5. Ha pncynKy noKa3ani cTann pnnKy B MHTTeBoMy, KopoT-
KOCTpoKOBOMY i ,n;oBrocTpOKOBOMY nepio,n;ax. Bn3naqTe ToqKn,
HKi Bi,D;ITOBi,n;aiOTh TaKHM CTaHaM:
1) ,D;OBrOCTpOKOBa piBHOBara;
2) KOpOTKOCTpOKOBa piBHOBara;
3) MHTTeBa piBHOBara;
4) TOqKa HacnqeHHfl pHHKY.
p
E F
Q
59
TeMa3
6. ITpoaHaJii3y:i1Te pMHOK ru;on;o cTiHKOCTi pMHKOBo1 piBHo-
BarM.
p
0 ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _ .
Q
Po3paxyHKOBi3aAaqi
1. ilOIIMT i IIPOII03MIJ;i.H OIIMCYIOThC.H TaKMMM YHKIJ;i.HMM;
QD = 2500- 500P;
Q
8
= 1000 + 250P.
1) BM3HaqTe rrapaMeTpM piBHOBarM Ha PMHKY u;horo TOBapy.
2) ,Il;ep.maBa BCTaHOBMJia <j}iKCOBaHy IJ;iHy TOBapy Ha piBHi
4 rpH. HKMMM 6y.n;yTh HacJii,n;KM TaKo! rroJiiTMKM ,n;JI.H pMHKy?
3) ,Il;ep.maBa BCTaHOBMJia <j}iKCOBaHy IJ;iHy TOBapy Ha piBHi
1 rpH. HKMMM 6y,n;yTh HacJii,n;KM TaKo! rroJiiTMKM ,n;JI.H pMHKy?
4) BM3HaqTe BeJIMqMHy cyKyrrHoro cycrriJihHoro BMrpamy .n;o
3,ll;iHCHeHH.H IJ;iHOBOrO peryJIIOBaHH.H.
2. ilOIIMT i IIpOII03MIJ;i.H TOBapy OIIMCYIOThC.H TaKMMM piBH.HH-
H.HMM:
QD = 600 -lOOP;
Q
8
= 150 + 50P.
1) 3Hail,n;iTh piBHOBaJRHy IJ;iHy Ta piBHOBaJRHMH 06C.Hr.
2) ,Il;ep.maBa 3arrpoBa,n;MJia rro,n;aTOK 3 rrpo.n;a.my O,li;MHMIJ;i TOBa-
py B p03Mipi 1,5 rpH. BM3HaqTe HOBi rrapaMeTpM piBHOBarM.
3) BM3HaqTe BTpaTM eKoHoMiKM Bi,n; 3arrpoBa,n;.meHH.H rro-
,n;aTKy.
60
I
l.JaCTKOBa pV1HKOBa piBHOBara
3. <l>yHKIJ;i.H rrorrMTY Ha .H6JiyKa i 1x rrporro3MIJ;il 3a,n;aHo piB-
H.HHH.HMM:
QD=26- 4P;
Q
8
=-10 + 8P,
,n;e QD i Q
8
- o6c.Hr IIOIIMTY i rrpOII03MIJ;il.H6JiyK, TMC. T 3a MiC.HIJ;h;
p - IJ;iHa 1 Kr .H6JiyK.
BM3HaqTe:
1) piBHOBaJRHy IJ;iHy Ta piBHOBaJRHMH o6c.Hr IIOIIMTY i rrporro-
3MIJ;il, a TaKO.IR piBHOBaJRHMH o6c.Hr rrpo,n;a.my y rpOIIIOBOMy BM-
pa.meHHi;
2) IIJ;O Bi,n;6y,n;eThC.H, .HKIIJ;O ,n;ep.maBa BCTaHOBiTh <j}iKCOBaHy
IJ;iHy Ha .H6JiyKa Ha piBHi: a) 2 rpH; 6) 4 rpH.
4. <l>yHKIJ;il IIOIIMTY i rrpOII03MIJ;il XJii6o6yJioqHMX BMpo6iB 3a-
,n;aHO piBH.HHH.HMM:
QD = 5 - 4P Ta Q
8
= -5 + 6P,
,n;e QD i Q
8
- o6c.Hr Bi,li;IIOBi,li;HO IIOIIMTY i IIpOII03MIJ;il XJii6o6y-
JIQqHMX BMp06iB, TMC. T Ha piK; p- cepe,n;H.H IJ;iHa 1 Kr rrpo,n;yK-
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,Il;mepeno: Newsru.ua [EneKTPOHHHM pecypc].- PemHM .n;ocTyrry:
http:/ jpalm.newsru.uajfinancej29may2008jgaz.html
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64
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,Il;mepeno: newsru. ua [EneKTPOHHHM pecypc]. - PemHM .n;ocTyrry:
It ttp:/ jpalm.newsru. uajfinancej29may2008jgaz.html
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,Il;mepeJio: http:/ /www.tymoshenko.com.uajukrjnews/first/6475/
66
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,Il;mepeJio: rJiaBpe.n; [EJieKTpOHHHll pecypc]. - PemHM ,ll;OCTyrry:
It L tp: I jua.glavred.info/ archive/ 2008/11 I 24/17 401 7-0. h tml,
21.11.2008.
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IIOIIMT i npOII03MIJ;iiO?
4. BMKOPMCTOByroqif Mo,n;enh piBHOBarM rany3i i cj:lipMM, rro-
HCHiTh iMOBipHe CKOpoqeHHH KiJihKOCTi Bllp06HMKiB Ha pMHKy.
3an,ll;aHHH 11
H e3BaJICa101fU lia Kpu3oBi .flBU!.l{a e yKpafliCbKiu eKOiiOMll{l,
iJe.HICi pUiiiCU 1Cpu3a 1ii6u o6xoiJumb cmopolio/0. JI K npuiCJtaiJ MOJIC-
Iia liaBecmu puliOIC npeiJMemiB po31COUJi.
KpaCMBO iKHTH He 3aoopOHHIII
. PeHTa6eJihHiCTh (Ha pMHKY TOBapiB p03KOIIIi) i Ha,n;ani qac-
TO rrepeBHIIJ;Y 200 o/o. 'YKpalHChKMM luxury-pMHOK BMHBMBCH
74
'li!CTKOBa p111HKOBa piBHOBara
o;(HMM i3 Ha:iicTiiiKinmx y Cxi,TJ;Hiii 8Bporri, a KpM30BMM pe3oHaHc
IIHBiTh ni,n;irpiB IIOIIMT Ha OKpeMMX MOI'O cerMeHTaX.
;r:I;mepeJio: H ,If KpacnBo JKHTb He 3arrpeTHUib I ;n;. llcaKoBa
/1 l1HBecT-fa3eTa.- 2008.- M 44.- 10-16 HO.H6p.H.- C. 30-32.
1. HKMM 3 ecj:leKTiB Mome rroHCHMTM HaHBHY TeH,n;eHu;iro Ha
p11HKY rrpe,n;MeTiB p03KOIIIi (ecj:leKT 3aMiru;eHHH, ecj:leKT ,D;OXO,n;y,
cHo6a, ecj:leKT Be6neHa, ecj:leKT oqiKyBaHMX u;iH, ecj:leKT
II].JH,D;HaHHH ,ll;O 6iJihiiiOCTi ) 3a BpaxyBaHHH 3araJihHOI'O CKOpO-
'ICHHJI ,n;oxo,n;iB HaceneHHH B yMoBax KPM3M?
2. ,[I;aiiTe iHTeprrpeTau;iro cj:lyHKu;ioHynaHHH pMHKY 3a ,n;orro-
Mororo rpaqJiqHoi: Mo,n;eni.
3. HKi qifHHMKM 3yMoBJIIOIOTh 3pocTaHHH rrorrMTY Ha pMHKY
II pe,n;MeTiB p03KOIIIi?
4. l:JMM MO)KHa IIOHCHMTM OC06JIMBOCTi cj:lyHKIJ;iOHyBaHHH I.J;h0-
1'0 pMHKY B 'YKpai:Hi Ha Bi,n;MiHy Bi,n; Kpai:H Cxi,n;Ho1 8BporrM?
75
TeMa 4
MOAEnb nOBEAIHKV1
4.1. OcHOBHi noiiHTTH i Kareropil
AKcioMa nrropn,IJ;KOBaHocTi (3icTaBHOcTi): ,n;JIH 6y,n;h-HKo'i
rrapH Ha6opiB TOBapiB "A" i "B" e TpH Bipori,IJ;HMX BapiaHTH paH-
myBaHHH: 1) Ha6ip "A" Mae rrepeBary Ha,n; Ha6opoM "B"; 2) Ha6ip
"B" Mae rrepeBary Ha,n; Ha6opoM "A"; 3) Ha6opH "A" i Ha6ip "B"
OIJ;iHIOIOThCH iH,IJ;MBi,IJ;OM O,IJ;HaKOBO (BiH 6aii:,n;yJKMH ,ll;O HHX).
AKciOMa MOHOTOHHOCTi: 36iJibiiieHHJI o6cnry (KiJihKOCTi)
6Jiar 3 ,ll;O,IJ;aTHOIO KOpHCHiCTIO po6MTh Ha6ip 6Jiar rrpHBa6JIHBi-
IIIHM ,IJ;JIH CIIOJKHBaqa, a 36iJihiiieHHH 6Jiar 3 Bi,n;'eMHOIO KOpHCHiC-
TIO - MeHIII IIpHBa6JIHBMM.
AKcioMa He3aJiemHocTi: 3a,n;oBoJieHHH crroJKHBaqa Bi,n; crro-
m.aBaHHH 3aJieJKHTh JIHIIIe Bi,n; o6cHry 6Jiar, JIKi BiH Mome crromH-
TH, i He 3aJieJKHTh Bi,IJ; 06CJiry 6Jiar, CIIOJKHTHX iHIIIMMH CIIOJKHBa-
qaMM. IJ;e 03Ha'lae, IIJ;O CIIOJKMBaqy He BJiaCTMBi rroqyTTJI 3a3,IJ;pO-
IIJ;iB Ta CIIiB'IYTTJI. IJ;i pMCH TeopiJI IIOBe,n;iHKH CIIOJKHBaqa Bpaxo-
Bye rri,n; qac ,n;ocJii,n;meHHH 30BHiiiiHix ecpeKTiB.
AKcioMa HeHacn'IeHOCTi: 3a iHIIIHX He3MiHHHX yMoB crromH-
Bar Ha,n;ae rrepeBary Ha6opy, rn;o Mae 6iJihiiiY KiJihKiCTh rrpHHaiiM-
Hi O,IJ;HOrO 6Jiara IIOpiBHJIHO 3 iHIIIHMH Ha6opaMM.
AKcioMa pecpJieKCHBHOCTi: 6y,n;h-JIKHH crroJKHBqHii: Ha6ip He
MOJKe MaTH rrepeBarH Ha,n; TaKHM CaMMM rn;e O,ll;HMM. IJ;e 03Haqae,
76
Mo,o,enb nose,o,iHKV1 cnO)f(V1BaYa
"W iH,Z:J;Imi,n; 6y,n;e 6aii:,n;ymHM ,n;o BH6opy Mim ,n;BoMa o,n;HaKOBHMH
11a6opaMH.
AKcioMa TpaH3HTHBHOCTi: HKrn;o crrom.aBaq Ha,n;ae Ha6opy
"A" rrepeBary rropiBHHHO 3 Ha6opoM "B", aJie Ha6ip "B" ,IJ;JIJI Hho-
t'O Mae rrepeBary rropiBHJIHO 3 Ha6opOM "C", TO Ha6ip "C" H8 MOJK8
MaTH rrepeBar.a rrepe,n; Ha6opoM "A".
AKCiOMH YIIO,IJ;06aHb - CMCTeMa rrpHrryrn;eHh CTOCOBHO CTaH-
/(apTHMX yrro,n;o6aHh CIIOJKHBaqa.
BJiaro 3 ni,n;'eMHOIO KopncHiCTIO (aHTH6Jiaro)- 6Jiaro, He6a-
1KaHe ,ll;JIJI CIIOJKHBaqa. 36iJihiiieHHJI KiJihKOCTi TaKOrO 6Jiara y
crroJKHBqoMy Ha6opi 3MeHIIIye cyKyrrHy Kop.acHiCTh ,IJ;JIH crrom.a-
Baqa.
BJiaro 3 ,IJ;O,IJ;aTHOIO KopncHiCTIO - 6Jiaro, 6amaHe ,IJ;JIJI crro-
/KHBaqa. 36iJihiiieHHJI KiJihKOCTi TaKOrO 6Jiara y CIIOJKHBqOMY
Ha6opi 36iJihiiiye cyKyrrHy KOpHcHiCTh ,n;JIH crroJKHBaqa.
Bro,IJ;meTHa JiiHiH - Bci MOJKJIMBi KOM6iHa:u;i'i ,n;Box TOBapiB,
JIKi MOJKe IIpH,n;6aTH CIIOJKHBaq i3 II8BHHM piBH8M ,IJ;OXO,IJ;Y 3a 3a-
/(aHHX :u;iH. Orr.acyeThCH piBHJIHHJIM
I px Q
QY =p-p x
y y
Bro,IJ;meTHe o6MemeHHH- MOJKJIMBOCTi BH6opy crromHBaqa,
o6yMOBJieHi rpOIIIOBMMH ,IJ;OXO,IJ;aMM Ta ,n;iiOqHMH pHHKOBHMM :o;i-
uaMH. EKoHoMiqHa iHTeprrpeTa:o;iH 6IO,n;JKeTHoro o6MemeHHJI rro-
JIJirae B TOMY, IIJ;O CYKYIIHa cyMa rpOIIIOBMX BHTpaT CIIOJKHBaqa
ne Mome rrepeBHrn;yBaTH ii:oro ,n;oxi,n;. ,Il,JIH ,n;Box TOBapiB 6IO,n;JKeT-
He o6MemeHHH Mae cpopMyJiy

;(e I - rpoiiiOBHH ,n;oxi,n; crromHBaqa; P x - :u;iHa o,n;HHH:o;i TOBapy
X; P Y- :u;iHa o,n;.aHH:o;i ToBapy Y; Qx- o6cnr TOBapy X; QY- o6-
cJir TOBapy Y.
3 BJiaCTHBOCT8H CTaH,n;apTHMX yno,n;o6aHh CIIOJKHBaqa BH-
liJIHBae, IIJ;O iH,IJ;HBi,IJ; Mae BHTpaqaTH BCi HaJIBHi rpOIIIi Ha CIIO-
/KHBaHHJI, TOMY 6ro,n;meTHe o6MemeHHH TpaHccpopMyeThCJI y piB-
nHHHH:
I=PxQx+PyQy.
77
TeMa4
rpaHH"l!Ha KOpHCHiCTb - IIpHpicT CYKYIIHOl KOpHCHOCTi CIIO-
)KHBqoro Ha6opy 3i 36iJihiiieHHHM 06CHry CIIO)KHBaHHH rreBHOrO
TOBapy Ha o,n;Hy o,n;HHHU,IO. HarrpHKJia,n;:
MU(Q ) = ar (Qx,QY ). MU(Q) = ()f (Qx,QY ).
x ()(Qx) ' Y ()(QY)
rpaHHqHa HOpMa 3aMilll,eHHH (MRS) - IIOKa3HHK, HKOIO
KiJihKiCTIO O,ll;HOrO TOBapy CIIO)KHBaq rOTOBHH IIO)KepTByBaTH 3a-
pa,n;H 36iJihiiieHHH CIIO)KHBaHHH iHIIIOrO TOBapy Ha O,ll;Hy O,ll;HHH-
ll,IO 3a H83MiHHOrO piBHH CYKYIIHOl KOpHCHOCTi CIIO)KHBqoro KO-
IIIHKa. rpaHHqHa HopMa 3aMiru;eHHH BHpamaeThCH
TaK:
MRSxY =- !:,Q" rrpH TU =canst.
!:,Qx
BoHa BHMipiOE:ThCH TaHreHCOM KyTa HaXHJiy KPHBoi: 6aii.n;y-
mocTi y Toqu,i ll,hOrO CIIO)KHBqoro Ha6opy i BHpamaE:ThCH HK CIIiB-
Bi,ll;HOIIIeHHH rpaHHqHHX KOpHCHOCTeH ,ll;BOX TOBapiB:
!:,Qy -I MUX I
- !:,Qx - MUY
,z::t:pyrHH 3aKOH rocceHa: BpaxoByiOqH yrro,n;o6aHHH i ,ll;OXO,Il;H
CIIO)KHBaqa, a TaKO)K U,iHH Ha 6amaHi ,ll;JIH HhOrO TOBapH, MaK-
CHMi3aU,iH KOpHCHOCTi ,ll;OCHraE:ThCH TO,Il;i, KOJIH KOpHCHiCTh OC-
TaHHhOl rpOIIIOBOl O,ll;HHHU,i, BHTpaqeHOl Ha KyiiiBJIIO 6y,n;h-HKOrO
TOBapy, He 3aJie)KHTh Bi,ll; TOro, Ha HKHH CaMe TOBap BOHa BHTpa-
qeHa. MaTeMaTHqHo u,eii 3aKoH BHpamaE:ThCH TaK:
MUX MUY MU
--- = ---= ... = ---,
px py PN
.n;e MUx, MUY, ... , MUN- rpaH-HqHi KOpHCHOCTi TOBapiB X, Y,
N; P x' P Y' . , P N- u,iHH u,Hx TOBapiB.
EcpeKT ,li;OXO,ll;y - peaKU,iH crromHBaqa Ha 3MiHy peaJihHOro
,ll;OXO,n;y, I.IJ;O Bi,n;6yBaThCH BHaCJii,ll;OK 3MiHH U,iHH TOBapy.
EcpeKT aaMilll,eHHH - peaKu,iH Ha 3MiHy u,iH 3a
He3MiHHOrO peaJihHOrO ,ll;OXO,n;y (piBHH KOpHCHOCTi). 3aB)K,Il;H
CIIpHMOBaHHH y 6iK, IIpOTHJie)KHHH ,11;0 3MiHH U,iHH.
78
MoAenb noseAiHKVl cnO:>KV1BaYa
KapTa (KpHBHx) - MHOmHHa KPHBHX
)fWCTi II8BHOrO
KiJILKiCHHii (Kap,li;HHaJiicTChKHii) crroci6 Ko-
pHCHOCTi - rpyHTYE:ThCH Ha IIpHIIYI.IJ;8HHi, I.IJ;O 3,1l;aT-
IIHH 3HaHTH KiJihKicHy MipH 3a,n;oBoJieHHH cBoi:x
IIOTpe6 THM iHIIIHM 6naroM. Y 3B'H3KY 3 THM,
UJ;O HeMa O,ll;HHHU,i KiJihKiCHOrO BHMipy KOpHCHOCTi, TO ,n;o-
MOBHJIHCH BHKOpHCTOByBaTH yMOBHY O,ll;HHHU,IO - "IOTHJih" (Bi,n;
<lHrJI. utility- KOpHCHiCTb).
KopHCHiCTh- cy6'eKTHBHe 3a,n;oBoJieHHH Bi,n; crro-
mHBaHHH 6nara.
KpHBa - cyKyrrHiCTh ycix Ha6opiB,
JIKi iH,Il;HBi,ll; i3 II8BHHMH YIIO,Il;06aHHHMH OU,iHIO O,ll;HaKOBO (BOHH
MaiOTh ,ll;JIH HbOrO O,ll;HaKOBY KOpHCHiCTb).
KyTOBHH p03B'H30K - CHTyau,iH, KOJIH OIITHMaJihHHH BH6ip
p03Miru;eHHH Ha O,n;HiH3 oceii KOOp,ll;HHaT.
HerrepepnHiCTh- o,n;Ha 3 BJiaCTHBOCTeii yrro.n;o6aHh crromHBa-
cra, HKa I.IJ;O 6y,n;h-HKY IIpOCTOpy 6nar MOm-
Ha rrpoBeCTH o,n;Hy KPHBY 6aii.n;ymocTi.
OrrTHMaJILHHii crromHB"liHii Ha6ip - Ha6ip,
o6paBIIIH HKHii, iH,n;HBi,n; .n;oc.Hrae MaKCHMaJihHOI KOpHCHOCTi 3a
liaHBHHX 06MemeHh. 3ri,n;HO 3 IIOpH,Il;KOBOIO KOHU,8IIU,iIO 3a CTaH-
,n;apTHHX yrro,n;o6aHh TaKOMY Ha6opy BJiaCTHBi IIOBH8
,ll;OXO,Il;Y Ha CIIO)KHBaHHH Ta piBHiCTh HOpMH 3aMiru;eH-
HH i CIIiBBi,ll;HOIII8HHH U,iH TOBapiB.
OrrTHMiaau,iii:Ha MO,ll;eJih JlarpaHma - MeTo,n; orrTHMiaau,ii:, 3a
,ll;OIIOMOrOIO HKOrO MO)KHa 3HaRTH OIITHMYM 3a HaHBHHX 06Me-
)K8Hh. IToiiiHpeHHii y MiKpoeKOHOMiu,i ,n;JIH orrTH-
MaJihHHX cTaHiB po3Miru;eHHH o6MemeHHX pecypciB.
TPH KpOKH:
1) Ha,n;aHHH pecypCHHM 06MemeHHHM BHrJIH,n;y, KOJIH piBHHH-
IIH 3 o,n;Horo 6oKy .n;opiBHIO HYJIIO G
1
: g
1
(x
1
, , x) = 0; ... ;
G
11
: gk(x
1
, ... , x) = 0;
2) CKJia,n;aHHH cpyHKU,il JlarpaHma. ,z::t:JIH ll,hOrO BBO,Il;HTh k HO-
BHX aMiHHHX A
1
, , Ak (MHOmHHKH JiarpaHma), KOmHa 3 HKHX
MHO)KHThCH Ha Bi,ll;IIOBi,n;He pecypcHe 06MemeHHH, a pe3yJihTaT
)\O,Il;aiOTh ,11;0 cpyHKU,il, eKCTpeMyM HKOl HK
79
TeMa4
L = f(x
1
, ... , x) + A
1
g
1
(xi' ... , x) + ... + A,k.gk(x
1
, ... , xn);
3) 3HaXO,Z:PK8HHR l:JaCTIWB.HX IIOXi,li,H.HX ciJYHKI!il JlarpaHJ:Ka Ta
rrpiipiBHIOBaHHR 1x .n.o HYJIR:
aL aL aL aL
--= 0; ... ; -- = 0; --= 0; ... , --= 0.
ax, ax.. aA, aA.,
0Tp.HMaHa C.HCTeMa n + k piBHRHh Ma n + k HeBi,li,OM.HX, MO-
J:Ke 6yT.H O,li,H03Ha"'HO p03B 'R3aHa i CTBOpiOE: YMOB.H ,li,OCRrHeHHJI
eKCTpeMyMy (MaKCIIMYMY 'III MiHiMyMy) I!iJihOBOl ciJYHKI!il, Ha-
IIp.HKJia,ll, KOp.HCHOCTi CIIOJ:KIIBa'la.
llapa,LJ;oKc Eppoy- CIITYa!IiR KOJieKTIIBHoro BII6opy, 3a RKo1
rropyiiiyE:ThCR IIp.HIIYIIJ;eHHR TpaH3.HT.HBHOCTi.
fiepUIHH 3aKOH rocceHa: 3i 36iJihUieHHJIM CIIOJ:K.HBaHHR IIeB-
HOrO 6Jiara CYKYIIHa KOp.HCHiCTh 3pOCTaE:, a rpaH.H'lHa KOp.HCHiCTh
3MeHIIIYE:ThCR. MaTeMaT.Hl:JHO rrepiii.HH 3aKOH rocceHa B.Hpa-
J:KaE:ThCJI TaK, IIJ;O rrepUia IIOXi,li,Ha ciJYHKI!il CYKYIIHOl KOp.HCHOCTi
3a KiJihKiCTIO rreBHoro 6Jiara .n.o.n.aTHa, a .n.pyra- Bi.n.'eMHa:
aru > O a
2
TU < O.
a(Qx) ' aQ\
fiopH,li,KOBHH (Op,LJ;HHaJiiCTCbKHH) CIIOCi6 BH3Ha'leHHJI KO-
pHCHOCTi - MeTO,ll,, RK.HH r'pyHTYE:ThCR Ha rrepe,lJ,yMOBi, ID;O CIIO-
J:K.HBal:J 3,ll,aTH.HH KJI8C.HcpiKyBaT.H Ta paHJ:KyBaT.H aJihTepHaT.HBHi
MOJ:KJI.HBOCTi 3a,li,OBOJieHHJI IIOTpe6.H. IJ;e 03Ha'laE:, ID;O CIIOJ:K.HB'li
Ha6op.H yrrop.H,lJ,KOBYIOThCR 38 MipOIO IIp.HBa6JI.HBOCTi (rrop.H,li,KOM
KOp.HCHOCTi), a He 3a a6COJIIOTH.HM 3Hal:JeHHRM lXHhOl KOp.HC-
HOCTi.
BH6ip - aKT BII6opy HaiiKpaiiJ;oro crroJ:K.HB'loro
Ha6opy cepe.n. ycix Ha.HBHIIX.
CTpora onyKJiiCTh (3aKOH crra.n.Ho1 rpaH.H'lHOI cxHJihHOCTi .n.o
3aMiiiJ;eHHR O,li,HOrO 6Jiara iHIII.HM) - p.Hca CTaH,ll,apTH.HX Kp.HBHX
6aii.n.ymocTi. 3i 36iJihiiieHHRM KiJihKOCTi 6Jiara X Bi,li,HOCHO 6Jiara
Y KOJ:KHa .n.o.n.aTKOBa O,li,IIHIII!R X KOMIIeHcyeThCR CKopoqeHHRM
6Jiara Y. Y 3B 'R3Ky 3 I! liM KpiiBa 6aii.n.ymocTi Mae orryKJiy .n.o rro-
'laTKY KOOp,lJ,.HHaT cpOpMy.
CyKynHa KOpHcHiCTb- cyMapHa Kop.HcHiCTh Bi,ll, yci1 cyKyrr-
HOCTi O,li,.HH.HI!h TOBapy, IIJ;O BXO,li,RTh ,li,O CIIOJ:K.HB'lOrO Ha6opy.
80
MoAenb noBeAiHKit1 cnmKit1Ba4a
CJiyD;LKoro - piBHRHHR, IIJ;O orriicye po3KJia,ll,eH-
IIJI cyKyiiHOrO BIIJI.HBY I!iHII Ha 06C.Hr CIIOJ:KIIBaHHR 6Jiara, ecpeKT
)\OXO,ll,Y Ta ecpeKT 3aMiiD;eHH.H:
f!..Qx = f!..Xs + f!..Xm,
J\C f!..X
8
- ecpeKT 3aMiiD;eHHR;
f!..Xm - ecpeKT .n.oxo.n.y.
Yno,LJ;o6aHHH (cMaKH)- iepapxiqHa c.HcTeMa I!iHHOCTeii JIIO-
J\HHII CTOCOBHO 6Jiar, .HKi 3a,li,OBOJihHRIOTh ll J:K.HTTBi IIOTpe6II.
l>yHKI!iH KOMIIeHCOBaHOrO IIOIIHTY - cpyHKI!iR, ID;O OIIIICY
:laJieJ:KHiCTh o6c.Hry iH,li,IIBi,ll,yaJihHOrO IIOII.HTY Bi,ll, 3MiHII I!iHII 3a
IIC3MiHHoro peaJihHOro .n.oxo.n.y (piBHR KOp.HCHOCTi). Po3pi3HR-
IOTh cpyHKI!iiO KOMrreHcoBaHoro rrorr.HTY 3a CJIYI!hKIIM Ta 3a XiK-
coM.
<PyHKD;iH KOpHCHOCTi - eKOHOMiKO-MaTeMaTIIl:JHa MO,ll,eJih,
II \0 Bi,ll,o6paJ:Ka 3B' R30K MiJ:K IIeBHOIO KiJihKiCTIO eKOHOMi l:JH.HX
OJiar, .HKi CIIOJ:K.HBaq rrparHe CIIOJ:K.HBaTII, i piBHeM KOp.HCHOCTi,
JII{Illl CIIOJ:K.HBaq O'liKy OTp.HMaT.H Bi,ll, CIIOJ:K.HBaHHJI I!IIX 6Jiar
ynpO,li,OBJ:K rreBHOrO rrepio.n.y. ,Il;JIR ,li,BOX TOBapiB cpyHKI!iR KO-
JHICHOCTi MOJ:Ke 6yTII B.HpaJ:KeHa TaK:
U = f(Qx, Qy),
/\C U - piBeHh KOp.HCHOCTi, QX Ta Qy - Bi,li,IIOBi,li,HO KiJihKiCTh
'l'cmapiB X Ta Y, RKi crroJ:KIIBa'l xoTiB crroJ:KIIBaT.H rrpoT.HrOM rreB-
IIoro rrepio.n.y.
4.2. HaBqaJILHHH rpeHiHr

1. .H KU.M 6Jwza.u BJwcmuBuil: a) cnaihwu; 6) zopu3oHmaJlb-
uu u; 6) BepmuKaJlbHUU; 2) iJoiJamHUU HaXUJl 6auiJy-
lt(()Cmi? Apzy.ueHmyume cBoJO noJuu,iJO.
2. w,o KpuBi 6auiJyJICocmi He .MoJICymb nepemuHa-
IIILL CJl.
81
TeMa4
3. 3o6pa3imb zparjJittHO erjJelCm 3aMill.{eHH.fl. fl O.flCHiCmb, llOMY
zteil erjJeKm 3ae:JICiJu eiiJ' eMHuil.
4. mo 03Hatta mpaH3UmU6HiCmb nepeeaz?
5. 3po6imb nopiBH.flJlbHUU aHaJli3 KiJlblCicHozo i nop.HiJKoeozo
6UMipy 1COpUCHOCmi. fl O.flCHimb, llOMY 1CiJlb1CiCHi ( llUCJlOBi) Xa-
pa1Cmepucmu1CU KopucHocmi Heo6oe' .fl31Coei iJJl.fl paH:JICyeaHH.fl ne-
peeaz cno:JICueatta.
6. fl O.flCHimb, llOMy HOpMyBaHH.fl yp.HiJOM CnO:JICU6aHH.fl 6yiJb-
.fl1C020 moeapy MO:J/Ce 3Zy6Ho enJluHymu Ha pieHoeazy cno:JICu-
eatta.
7. /( oeeiJimb, ll.{O iJJl.H iJoc.HzHeHH.fl onmuMyMy cno:JICuea'la He-
o6xiiJHo, ll.{06 HOpMa 3aMill.{eHH.fl iJJl.H iJeox moeapie iJopiBH106aJla
6iiJHOUteHH10 i'X ztiH.
TeeTH
1. IJ,iHa HOpMaJibHoro ToBapy A 3HMmyeTbC.H, To:
a) ecpeKT ,ll,OXO,ll,y Ta ecpeKT .n,aiOTb MOlliJIHBiCTb
IlpM.n,6aTM 6iJibiii8 IJ,bOrO TOBapy;
6) ecpeKT ,ll,OXO,ll,y Ta ecpeKT .n,aiOTb MOlliJIMBiCTb
rrpn.n,6aTM M8HIII8 ll,bOrO TOBapy;
B) ecpeKT .n,oxo.n,y .n,ae 3Mory KyrryBaTH MeHIIIe, a ecpeKT 3a-
- 6iJihiii8 IJ,bOrO TOBapy;
r) ecpeKT .n,oxo.n,y .n,ae 3Mory KyrryBaTH 6iJibiiie, a ecpeKT 3a-
- M8HIII8 IJ,bOrO TOBapy.
2. 3 BllJIHBOM Ha 6ro.n,meTHe o6MemeHH.H .n,oMorocrro.n,apcTBa
BrrpoBa.n,meHH.H rro.n,aTKy Ha .n,oxi.n, cyMoiO T Bi.n,6y.n,eTbC.H:
a) 110B8pTaHH.H 6IO,ll,lli8THOl JiiHil 3a rO,ll,HHHMKOBOIO CTpiJI-
KOIO;
6) 110B8pTaHH.H 6IO,ll,lli8THOl JiiHil IlpOTM rO,ll,HHHMKOBOl CTpiJI-
KM;
B) 6IO,ll,lli8THOl JiiHil Bi,ll, KOOp,lJ,HHaT;
r) 6IO,ll,lli8THOl JiiHil,ll,O KOOp,lJ,HHaT.
3. 3 BllJIHBOM Ha 6ro.n,meTHe o6MemeHH.H .n,oMorocrro.n,apcTBa
BrrpoBa.n,meHH.H rro.n,aTKy Ha TOBap X 3a CTaBKOIO t Bi.n,6y.n,eTbc.H:
82
MoAenb noseAiHKIII cno>KIIIBaYa
a) IlOBepTaHH.H 6IO,ll,lli8THOl JiiHil 3a rO,ll,MHHMKOBOIO CTpiJI-
KOIO;
6) 110B8pTaHH.H 6IO,ll,lli8THOl JiiHil rrpOTM rO,ll,MHHMKOBOl CTpiJI-
KM;
B) 6IO,ll,lli8THOl JiiHil Bi,ll, KOOp,ll,MHaT;
r) 6IO,ll,lli8TH0l JiiHil,ll,O KOOp,ll,MHaT.
4 . .HKtQO MU x- KopncHiCTb xJii6a, a MUM- rpa-
KOpHCHiCTb MOJIOKa, p X- IJ,iHa 6aTOHa XJii6a, a p M- IJ,iHa
ITJI.HIIIKH MOJIOKa, TO .HK8 TBep.n,meHH.H rrpaBHJibHMM ,ll,JI.H paiJ,io-
IIaJibHOrO y CTaHi piBHOBarM:
a)MUx=MUM;
6)MUx: MUM=Px: PM;
B)Px=PM;
r)MUx: MUM=PM: Px.
5 . .HKe TB8p,ll,lli8HH.H HerrpaBHJibH8:
a) KOlliHa KpHBOi:6ali:.n,ymOCTi pi3HY KOM6iHa-
,ll,BOX 6Jiar;
6) KOmHa 6IO,ll,lli8THOl JiiHil pi3HY KOM6iHaii,iiO
/\BOX 6Jiar;
B) BCi KpHB016ali:.n,ymOCTi CTaHOBJI.HTb O,ll,H3KOBi KOM6i-
IIHIJ,il,ll,BOX 6Jiar;
r) KYT HaXMJIY 6ro.n,meTHo1 JiiHii: rroKa3ye rrporropiJ,iiO, y .HKili:
(H1HOK Ha.n,ae 3MOry iH,ll,HBi.n,y CllOlliHBaHH.H O,ll,HOrO
fi.aara Ha iHIIIe?
6 . .HKi cyKyrrHoi: KopncHocTi iJIIOcTpyiOTh 3aKoH
Cll3,ll,H0l KOpMCHOCTi:
a)200,300,400,500;
6)200,450, 750, 1100;
B)200,250,270,280;
r)200,200,200,200?
7. <PopMa KpHBO'i 6ali:.n,ymocTi oKpeMoro .n,oMorocrro.n,apcTBa
II(JJICHIOTbC.H:
a) li:oro yrro.n,o6aHH.HMM Ta p03MipoM .n,oxo.n,y;
6) IJ,iHaMH 6Jiar;
83
B) yrrop;o6aHH.HMH, po3MipoM p;oxop;y Ta :o;iHaMH 6Jiar;
r) JIHIIIe iioro yrrop;o6aHH.HMH.
TeMa4
8. ,ll;oMorocrrop;apcTBO Mae p;oxip; 8 rpH, :o;iHH 6Jiar p
1
= 1 rpH,
p
2
= 0,5 rpH. HKHH crro:>KHB'IHH Ha6ip rrepe6yBa Ha 6rop;meTHiii
JiiHii::
a) {8, 1};
6) {7, 1};
B) {6, 6};
r) {5, 6};
p;) {4, 4}?
9. HKHH BHCJiiB xapaKTepH3ye rrop.Hp;KOBHH rrip;xip; p;o Ko-
pHCHOcTi:
a) .HKIIJ;O iH)J;HBip; o6paB 118BHHH ITJiaH CITO:>KHBaHH.H 11pH BH:-
3Ha'I8HOMY 6IO,li;:>K8THOMY 06M8:>K8HHi, TO IJ;8H ITJiaH i Ma )J;JI.H iH-
,li;HBip;a HaHBHIIJ;Y KOpH:CHiCTh;
6) iH,li;HBip; o6Hpae TOM Ha6ip 6Jiar, .HKHH Mae )J;JI.H Hhoro Haii-
BHIIJ;Y KOpHCHiCTh;
B) 3 KO:>KHOIO p;op;aTKOBOIO op;HHH:o;ero 6Jiara iioro KOpHcHicTh
)J;JI.H iH,li;HBip;a 3M8HIIIyThC.H Ha 118BHY B8JIH'IH:Hy;
I') KOpHCHOCTi O,li;HOI'O iH)J;HBip;a Bip; CITO:>KHBaHH.H pi3HHX 6Jial'
MO:>KHa ITOpiBHIOBaTH:?
10. rpaHH'IHa HOpMa 3aMiiiJ;8HH.H O,li;HOI'O 6Jiara Ha iHIII8 ITO-
Ka3ye:
a) CKiJihKH O)J;HHHIJ;h O,li;HOI'O 6Jiara iH,li;HBip; 11pH:p;6ae p;op;aTKO-
BO, .HKIIJ;O IJ;iHa IJ;hOI'O 6Jiara 3MiHHThC.H Ha .HKYCh B8JIH'IH:Hy;
6) .HK 3MiHHThC.H piB8Hh KOpH:CHOCTi iH)J;HBip;a, .HKIIJ;O CITO:>KH:-
BaHH.H HHM KO:>KHOI'O 6Jiara 36iJihlliH:ThC.H Ha O,li;HHHIJ;IO;
B) Bip; .HK01 KiJihKOCTi O,li;HOI'O 6Jial'a iH,li;HBip; 31'0,li;8H Bi)J;MOBH:-
THC.H B 06MiH Ha 36iJihlli8HH.H CITO:>KHBaHH.H iHIIIOI'O 6Jial'a 3a 118B-
HOI'O piBH.H KOpHCHOCTi;
r) HeMae rrpaBHJihH01 Bip;rroBip;i.
11. HKHH BHCJiiB xapaKTepH3Y ecpeKT p;oxop;y:
a) .HKIIJ;O )J;OXO)J;H JIIO)J;8H 3M8HIIIYIOThC.H, TO IX ITOITHT Ha 118B-
HHH rrpop;yKT 3HH:>KyTbc.H;
84.
MoAenb noseAiHKVI cno>KVIBaYa
6) 3HH:>K8HH.H :o;iHH TOBapiB ITpHBO)J;H:Th ,li;O TOI'O, IIJ;O CITO:>KH:Ba'I
IVIO:>K8 KyrryBaTH 6iJihlli8 118BHOI'O 6Jiara, He CKOpO'IYIO'IH ITOITHTY
Ill\ iHIIIi;
B) o6C.HI' ITOKYITOK )J;8.HKHX TOBapiB CKOpO'IYThC.H 3i 3pOCTaH-
IIJIM ,li;OXO,ll;iB HaC8JI8HH.H;
r) pa30M 3i 36iJihlli8HH.HM )J;OXO,ll;iB 3pOCTa CXHJihHiCTh JIIO)J;8H
!\<> 3aoru;ap;meHH.H?
12. EcpeKT 3aMiru;eHH.H - :o;e 3MiHa o6c.Hry iH)J;HBip;yaJihHoro
IIOITHTY Ha TOBap, CI1pH:'IHH8Ha:
a) 3MiHOIO 3al'aJihHOI'O piBH.H IJ;iH Ha Bci TOBapH;
6) 3pOCTaHH.HM 11p01103HIJ;i1 HOBHX 6Jiar-3aMiHHHKiB;
B) 3MiHOIO CMaKiB CITO:>KH:Baqa;
r) 3MiHOIO y CTpyKTypi CITO:>KH:BaHH.H, 3YMOBJI8HOIO 3HH::>KeH-
IIJ!M :o;iHH Ha TOBapH, .HKi CITO:>KH:BaiOTh ,li;OMOI'OCITO)J;apCTBa, 3a
lleBHOI'O piBH.H KOpH:CHOCTi.
13. PiBHOBara crro:>KH:Ba'Ia Mae Micu;e:
a) y TO'IIJ;i rrepeTHHY 6IO)J;:>K8TH01 JiiHi1 Ta KpHB01 6aiip;y:>KOCTi;
6) y 6yp;h-.HKiH TO'IIJ;i Ha HaHBHIIJ;iH i3 )J;OC.H:>KHHX KpHBHX 6aii-
/\Y:>KOCTi;
B) y 118BHiH TO'IIJ;i 6yp;h-.HK01 KpH:BOl 6anp;y:>KOCTi, p;e 11 HaXHJI
/\OpiBHIO HaXHJIY 6IO)J;:>K8TH01 JiiHi1;
r) y 118BHiH TO'IIJ;i 6IO)J;:>K8TH01 JiiHi1, p;e 11 HaXHJI p;opiBHIO Ha-
XHJIY HaHBHIIJ;013 ,li;OC.H:>KHHX KpHBHX 6anp;y:>KOCTi.
14. ,lJ;o YMOB, .HKi BH3Ha'IaiOTh OITTH:MaJihHHH ITJiaH CITO:>KH:Ba-
'1<1 3i CTaHp;apTHHMH yrrop;o6aHH.HMH, HaJie:>KaTh:
a) H8110BH8 BH:Tpa'IaHH.H rpOIII8H Ha CITO:>KH:BaHH.H;
6) piBHiCTh rpaHH'IH01 HOpMH 3aMiiiJ;8HH.H Ta CITiBBi)J;HOIII8HH.H
1\i n;
B) iH)J;HBip;yaJihHi rrepeBai'H oci6, IIJ;O BXO)J;.HTb ,li;O CKJiap;y p;o-
IVI <lf'OCITO)J;apCTBa;
r) H8CTa'Ia H8Tpy,li;OBHX )J;OXO)J;iB.
15. BH6epiTh cpyHK:o;iro KOpHCHOCTi p;oMorocrrop;apcTBa, MaK-
<'IIMYM .HK01 MO:>KHa 3HaHTH 3a ,li;OITOMOI'OIO M8TO,li;Y MHO:>KHH:KiB
.1 I mpaHma:
a) U=Q/QY;
85
6) u = Q/- 2Qy;
B) U=2Q + 5;
r)U=4Qx+Q/.
16. 3MiHa IJ;iHII TOBapy BIIKJIIIKae y CIIO.iKIIBaqa e<lJeKT:
a) .n;oxo.n;y;
6) 3aMiiiJ;8HHH;
B) ri<P<PeHa;
r) .n;oxo.n;y Ta 3MiiiJ;eHHH.
TeMa4
1 7. IIi.n;BIIIIJ;eHHH u;iHII 3BIIqaifHoro TOBapy rrpiiBO,ll;IITh .n;o
3MiiiJ;8HH.H piBHOBarii CIIO.iKMBaqa Ha KapTi KpiiBIIX 6a:if.n;y.iKOCTi
(3a iHIIIMX piBH03HaqHIIX yMoB):
a) rrpaBopyq .n;oropu;
6) rrpaBopyq ,[IOHM3y;
B) JiiBopyq .n;oropii a6o .n;oHII3y;
r) y3.n;oB.m KpiiBo16a:ii.n;y.mocTi.
18. Bro.n;.meTHe o6Me.meHHH ,ll;JIH crro.miiBaqa e:
a) JiiHiE:IO 3MiHII CYKYIIHOl KOpiiCHOCTi TOBapy;
6) JiiHieiO 3MiHII rpaHIIqHQl KOpiiCHOCTi TOBapy;
B) 06Me.iKeHH.HM, IIJ;O HaKJia.n;aE:ThC.H Ha CIIO.iKMBaqa;
r) JiiHiE:IO MaKCIIMaJibHOrO 3a,[IOBOJI8HH.H CIIO.iKIIBaqa.
19. Crro.miiBaq BII6IIpae crro.miiBqii:if Ha6ip, rrpe.n;cTaBJieHIIM
TQqKOIO BCepe.n;IIHi IIJIOIIJ;IIHM, 06Me.iKeHOl 6IO,[I.iK8THOIO JiiHieiO.
OT.me, BiH:
a) He IIOBHiCTIO BMKOpiiCTOBye CBiM 6IO.n;.iKeT;
6) 6a.mae KYIIIITII 6iJihiiie ToBapiB, Him .n;o3BOJI.He :iioro 6ro-
.n;.meT;
B) MaKCIIMi3ye KOpiiCHiCTh;
r) rrepe6yBae y cTaHi piBHOBaru.
20. KpiiBa ".n;oxi.n;- crro.miiBaHHH" rroKa3ye:
a) 3aJI8.iKHiCTh CIIO.iKIIBaHH.H TOBapiB Bi.n; ,[IOXO,ll;y;
6) 3aJI8.iKHiCTb CIIO.iKIIBaHH.H TOBapiB Bi.n; IJ;iH;
B) KOM6iHaiJ;iiO TOBapiB, IIJ;O .n;aiOTh CIIO.iKIIBaqy II8BH8 3a,[IOBO-
JI8HHH;
86
Mo,o,enb nose,o,iHKV1 cnmKV1BaLJa
r) yci TQqini piBHOBarM CIIO.iKMBaqa Bi,[IIIOBi,JJ;HO ,[10 3pOCTaHH.H
iioro .n;oxo.n;y.
21. Teopi.H rroBe.n;iHKII crro.miiBaqa rrepe.n;6aqae, IIJ;O crro.miiBaq
llilMaraE:ThC.H MaKCIIMi3yBaTII:
a) pi3HIIIJ;IO Mi.m CYKYIIHOIO Ta rpaHMqHOIO KOpiiCHiCTIO;
6) cyKyiiHY KOpMCHiCTh;
B) CyKyiiHy KOpMCHiCTh Ta pi3HMIJ;IO Mi.iK CyKyiiHOIO i rpaHIIq-
11010 KOpiiCHiCTIO;
r) rpaHMqHy KOpMCHiCTh.
22. rpaHIIqHa KOpiiCHiCTh BII3HaqaeTbC.H .HK:
a) IIpMpiCT CYKYIIHOl KOpiiCHOCTi 3i 3pOCTaHH.HM o6c.Hry CIIO-
iKIIBaHH.H 6Jiara Ha 0,[\IIHIIIJ;IO;
6) Bi,[IHOIII8HH.H CYKYIIHOl KOpiiCHOCTi ,[10 06CHry CIIO.iKII-
BaHHH;
B) cyMa cyKyrrHoro rrorriiTY Ha 6Jiaro;
r) KOpMCHiCTh, Bi.n; .HKOl CIIO.iKIIBaq Bi,[IMOBJI.HE:ThC.H 3apa.n;II
o.n;ep.maHH.H ,[10,[\aTKOBOl 0,[\IIHMIJ;i iHIIIOrO TOBapy.
23. CyKyrrHa KOpiicHiCTh 3pocTae, KOJIII rpaHIIqHa Ko-
piiCHiCTh:
a) 36iJihiiiY8ThC.H qli 3M8HIIIY8ThCH, aJie 8 B8JIIIqliHOIO ,[10,[\aT-
HOIO;
6) 3M8HIIIYE:ThCH;
B) HYJihOBa;
r) Bi.n;'eMHa.
BIIpaBH
1. IIo6y.n;yiiTe KPIIBY 6a:ii.n;y.mocTi .n;JIH Ha6opiB, IIJ;O BKJIIOqa-
IOTh ,[\Ba TOBapii (6yTep6po.n; i3 CIIpOM i KBac), .HKIIJ;O CIIO.iKIIBaq:
1) Ha.n;ae rrepeBary CIIO.iKIIBaHHIO KBaCy H83aJI8.iKHO Bi,[l KiJih-
IWCTi 6yTep6po.n;iB i3 CIIpOM;
2) 3aB.iK,[III 3r0,[18H CIIO.iKIITII 0,[\IIH 6yTep6po.n; 3aMiCTh ,[\BOX
KYXJiiB KBaCy, H83Ba.maroqu Ha Te, CKiJihKII BiH CIIO.iKMB o6ox
llpO.n;yKTiB;
87
TeMa4
3) JII06HTh 3aiiHBaTH IWmeH 6yTep6po.n; O,ll;HHM KyXJieM KBacy
i He 6y.n;e BmHBaTH o.n;nH rrpo.n;yKT 6e3 imrroro;
4) Mae aJieprim Ha KBac, a 6yTep6po.n;n BmHBae oxoqe;
5) He cxnJihHHH crromnBaTH o6n.n;Ba rrpo.n;yKTH pa3oM, aJie
pa.n;o crwmnBae a6o KBac, a6o 6yTep6po.n;.
2. CrromnBaq Mae Mica:qHnil .n;oxi.n; 210 rpH i BHTpaqae H:oro
Ha IIpH.n;6aHHH ,Zl;BOX TOBapiB - M'a:ca Ta pHCy. lJ;iHa M'Hca
(P ) - 30 rpH/Kr, a IJ,iHa pHcy (P ) - 5 rpH/Kr. IJo6y.n;yilTe 6IO-
M p
.n;meTHY JiiHiiO.
3. IJpoaHaJii3yHTe, HK 6y.n;e BH3HaqaTHCH OIITHMaJihHHll IIJiaH
CIIO)KHBaHHH 3a H83BHqaHHHX YIIO,ll;06aHh, HaiipHKJia.n;:
1) 6Jiara e ,ll;OCKOHaJIHMH 3aMiHHHKaMH;
2) 6Jiara e ,Zl;OCKOHaJIHMH KOMIIJI8M8HTaMH;
3) o.n;He 3 6Jiar- HeilTpaJihHe;
4) Mae Micu,e HecTpora orryKJiiCTh yrro.n;o6aHh;
5) MaiOTh Micu,e yBirHyTi YIIO,ll;06aHHH.
4. Ha pHcyHKY HaBe.n;eHo rrJiaHH orrTHMaJihHoro crromHBaHHH
,ll;OMOrOCIIO,ll;apcTBa: BHXi,Zl;HHll (D) Ta MO)KJIHBi IIJiaHH IIiCJIH 3Mi-
HH u,iHH 6Jiara x
1
(A, B, C). 3'a:cyH:Te, 3a HKoro BapiaHTa 6y.n;yTh
MaTH Micu,e TBep.n;meHHH:
1) 6Jiara X
1
Ta Y
2
e 3aMiHHHKaMH;
2) 6Jiara X
1
Ta Y
2
e ,Zl;OIIOBHIOBaqaMH;
3) 6Jiaro X
1
e 6JiarOM ricpcpeHa;
4) 6Jiaro X
1
e 3BHqaHHHM 6JiarOM.
y
X
88
Mo.n;enb nose.n;iHKIIl cno)l(lllBaLJa
5. Ha pncyHKY HaBe.n;eHa cnTyau,ia: piBHOBarn crromnBaqa,
~ 3 ' HCYHTe, HKi CIIO)KHBqi Ha6opH CTaHOBHTHMYTh:
1) OIITHMaJihHHll IIJiaH CIIO)KHBaHHH;
2) yci rrJiaHH crromnBaHHH, piBHOIJ,iHHi rrJiaHy A;
3) HailKparu,nH: 3 ycix 3o6pameHHX rrJiaHiB crromnBaHHH;
4) rrJiaHH, ru,o MaiOTh 6iJihiiiY KopncHiCTh, Him G;
5) IIJiaHH, Ha HKi BHTpaqaiOThCH O,ll;HaKOBi CYMH rpoiiieu;
6) yci rrJiaHH crromnBaHHH, piBHOIJ,iHHi rrJiaHy E;
7) yci cpiHaHCOBO MO)KJIHBi IIJiaHH CIIO)KHBaHHH.
y
0
X
6. Ha pHcyHKY HaBe.n;eHe 6m.n;meTHe o6MemeHHH .n;oMorocrro-
.n;apcTBa 3i CTaH.n;apTHHMH YIIO,ll;06aHHHMH.
y
0
X
3'HCYHTe, pe3yJihTaTOM HKHX IIJiaHiB CIIO)KHBaHHH 6y.n;e:
1) IIOBHe BHTpallaHHH rpoiiiell Ha IIpH.n;6aHHH 6Jiar;
2) BHTpaqaHHH Bcix rpoiiieil Ha rrpn.n;6aHHH JIHIIIe 6Jiara Y;
89
TeMa4
3) cpiHaHCOBO He,D;OCTYIIHi Ha6opii;
4) HeiiOBHe BIITpa'!aHHH rpomeM Ha IIpii,n;6aHHH 6Jiar;
5) yci crromiiB'Ii Ha6opii KpaiiJ,i, Him F.
7. ,[.(OMOrOCIIO,D;apCTBa MaiOTh TaKi cpyHKD;i'i KOpHCHOCTi:
ul = QxQy; u2 = Q/ Qy2; u3 = Qx2+ Q/.
1) 3o6pa3iTh KPHBi 6aM:.n;ymocTi KO:>KHoro .n;oMorocrro.n;apc-
TBa.
2) BII3Ha'!Te, HKi yrro.n;o6aHHH Bi,n;rroBi,n;aiOTh yciM cTaH,n;apT-
HHM IIpHIIyiiJ,eHHHM.
3) Po3paxyi1:Te 3Ha'!eHHH rpaHH'IHOI HOpMH 3aMiiiJ,eHHH ,D;JIH
.n;pyroro ,n;oMorocrro.n;apcTBa y TO'!Kax {2, 2} Ta { 4, 1}.

1. ll)Ha rrepmoro 6Jiara CTaHOBHTh 10 rpH, .n;pyroro - 5,
.n;oxi.n; - 200 rpH. Ha CKiJihKII ID,OHaM:MeHme Mae 3pOCTH .n;oxi.n;
,li;OMOrOCIIO,D;apCTBa, IIJ,06 BOHO MaJIO 3MOry peaJii3yBaTII IIJiaH
CIIO:>KIIBaHHH {8, 35}?
2. CrromiiBa'I BmiiBae ID,o,n;eHHO JIIIme ,n;Ba rrpo,n;yKTII xap-
'IyBaHHH X i Y 3a u;iHOIO Bi,n;rroBi,n;Ho 20 i 10 rpH. BIO,n;meT -
70 rpH.
Y Ta6JIIID;i rroKa3ano rpaHH'IHi KopucnocTi 6Jiar Xi Y.
X y
1:\iJJbKiCTb
fpamrqHa Ko-
KiJJbKiCTb
fpaHlfqHa KO
pliCHiCTb
pliCHiCTb
1
6
1
10
2
5
2
8
3
4
3
6
4
3
4
4
5 2
5
3
6
1
6
2
I
7
0
7
1
90
MoAenb noseAiHKlt1 cno:>Klt1Ba'-la
BII3Ha'!Te OIITIIMaJihHIIM IIJiaH CIIO:>KIIBa'Ia Ta CYKYIIHY KO-
pHCHiCTh, HKY BiH OTpHMae Bi,LJ; MOrO peaJii3au;il.
3. 06'!HCJiiTh cpyHKD;iiO IIOIIHTY ,li;OMOrOCIIO,D;apCTBa Ha rrepme
6Jiaro, HKID,O MOrO cpyHKD;iH KOpHCHOCTi Mae BHrJIH,ll; U = Qi-Qy,
.L\OXi,n; .n;opiBHIOe 100 rpH, a u;iHa .n;pyroro 6Jiara- 8 rpH.
4. BH3Ha'!Te OII'l'HMaJihHHM rrJiaH crromuBaHHH ,n;oMorocrro-
HKe Mae cpyHKD;iiO KOpHCHOCTi U = QXQY 3a ,li;OXO,ll;Y 100
I'PH Ta D;iH p X= 5, p y = 10.
5. ,[.(OMOrOCIIO,LJ;apCTBO Mae cpyHKD;iiO KOpHCHOCTi U =
aa ,LJ;OXO,ll;Y 300 rpH. BH3Ha'!Te OIITIIMaJihHIIM IIJiaH CIIO:>KHBaHHH,
JIKID,O u;iHa rrepmoro 6Jiara .n;opiBHIOe 5, .n;pyroro- 20 rpH.
6. ,[.(OMOrOCIIO,D;apCTBO Mae cpyHKD;iiO KOpHCHOCTi U = QXQY,
/\OXi,n; .n;opiBHIOe 140 rpn rrpH u;inax P x = 7, P Y = 20. BH3Ha'!Te
ecpeKT ,n;oxo.n;y Ta ecpeKT 3aMiiiJ,eHHH, HKID,O u;ina .n;pyroro 6Jiara
:lMeHiliHJiaCH ,ll;O 5 rpH 3a He3MiHHOl BeJIH'IHHII ,li;OXO,D;y.
AHaJiiTHqHi
1. HKIIJ,O ,n;oMorocrro.n;apcTBO crromHBae JIHIIIe ,n;Ba TOBapu i
:!aB)K,ll;H BHTpa'Iae Ha HHX BeCh CBiM ,li;OXi,D;, TO qJI MomyTh BOHH
o6H,D;Ba 6yTII HII:>K'IHMII TOBapaMH?
2. IJOHCHiTh, 'IOMY HOpMyBaHHH ypH,li;OM CIIO:>KHBaHHH 6y,n;h-
>IKOrO TOBapy MO:>Ke HeraTHBHO BIIJIIIBaTII Ha ,D;06po6yT CIIO:>KII-
Ba'Ia.
3. IJOHCHiTh, HK BIIJIIIBaiOTh Ha MaKCHMi3aD;iiO KOpHCHOCTi
crromiiBaqa rro.n;apyHKH. t:III 3aB:>K,li;H rro.n;apoBaHi rpomi MaiOTh
IICpeBary rropiBHHHO 3 KYIIJieHIIM IIO,D;apyHKOM, T06TO qlf CIIpa-
IIC,li;JIHBa Hapo,n;Ha My,n;piCTh "RpaiiJ,HM rro,n;apyHOK - rpomi"?
91
TeMa4
IIpo6JieMII o6roBopeHHH
1. llpoeeiJimb nopiBH.flJlbHUU aHaJli3 KiJlblCiCHozo ma nop.HiJ-
lCOBow 6UMipy lCOpUCHOCmi.FJ O.flCHimb, 'lOMy 1CiJlb1CiCHi ( 'lUCJlOBi)
xapalCmepucmuKu 1CopucHocmi Heo6oe' .fl31COBi iJJl.fl paHJICyBaHH.fl
nepeeaz cnoJICuBa'la.
2. Cnpo6yume, cnupaJO'lUCb Ha meopi10 cnoJICUB'lozo eu6opy,
nO.flCHUmU rjJeHOMeH "6ypuiJaH060ZO BiCJlJOlCa" ( BiH He 3MiZ 6U-
6pamu 3 iJeox oiJHaKoeux 1Conu4b ciHa ma noMep eiiJ zoJloiJy ).
3. llpunycmuMo, ZJ..tO oiJHe 3 6Jlaz iHiJueiiJ ompuMy 6e31COU1-
moeHo. JI 1C 3a maKux yMoB BU3Ha'lamuMembC.fl onmuMyM cno-
JICUBa'la?
4. Po31Cpuume 3Micm napaiJolCca Eppoy. Y 'lOMY noJl.HZa uozo
3Ha'leHH.fl iJJl.fl rjJopMyBaHH.fl cycniJlbHoi' noJlimulCu?
4.3. IIpaKTHqni
3aB,IJ;3HHH 1
HiMe4b1CUU elCOHOMicm r. r. rocceH 3a3Ha'la6:
",II;JIH Taro ,li,OCHrHyTII MaKCIIMaJihHOI cyMII 3a,li,OBOJieHh,
iH,li,IIBi,ll,, HKIIii: Mae BII6ip Mim pi3HIIMII BII,ll,aMII 3a,ll,oBoJieHh, aJie
He Mae B,li,OCTaJih qacy, BIIrrpo6yBaTII Ix yci, 3o6oB'R3aHIIii: .
BIIIIpo6yBaTII IX yci qaCTKOBO ,li,O Taro, HK BiH IIOBHiCTIO BII-
rrpo6ye Haii:6iJihiii CIIJihHe 3 HIIX. CrriBBi,li,HOIIIeHHH Mim HIIMII
Mae 6yTII TaKIIM, y MOMeHT rrepepiiBaHHH BeJIIIqiiHa ycix 3a-
,li,OBOJieHh 6yJia O,li,HaKOBa".
.D::mepeJio: H ezuwu T. HcTopMR SKOHOMIPiecKoi.J: Teopnn : yqe6HMK I
T. HerniiiM; nep. c aHrJI.- M. : AcneKT-Ilpecc, 1995.- C. 369.
1. 5JKa 3 KOHIJ;erru;iii: ROpiiCHOCTi JieJKIITh B OCHOBi HaBe,ll,eHoro
BIICJIOBJIIOBaHHH? ApryMeHTyii:Te Bi,li,IIOBi,ll,h.
2. IIJ;o e IJ;iJihOBOIO tPYHRIJ;ieiO iH,li,HBi,ll,a i HKi 06MeJKeHHH BiH
Mae IIpH 3,ll,iHCHeHHi ll MaKCHMi3a:o;ii?
92
MoAenb noseAiHKlll cnO)f(lllBaLJa
3. HaBe,ll,iTh MaTeMaTIIqHi BIIpa3II Ta Bi,li,IIOBi,li,Hi rpaiKII
cjJyHKIJ;iii: cyKyiiHOI KOpiiCHOCTi, HKi peJieBaHTHi ,li,JIH BIICJIOBY
r.r. rocceHa.
4. HaBe,ll,iTh rpa<tJiqHy MO,ll,eJih, HKa IIOHCHIOe OIITIIMaJihHIIH
tm6ip CIIOJKIIBaqa 3a r.r. rocceHOM.
3aB,IJ;3HHH 2
JI aypeamy H o6eJliBCb1CO'i npeMi'i 6 zaJly3i eKOHOMilCu BacuJlJO
JJ eoHmb6Y HaJleJICUmb BUCJliB:
"0CKiJihKII CIIOCTepemeHHH 3a IIOBe,ll,iHKOIO CIIOJKIIBaqa IIi,ll,
'laC BII6opy TOBapiB 3aJIIIIIIaeThCH e,li,IIHIIM o6'eKTIIBHIIM ,li,JKepe-
JlOM iH<lJOpMa:o;ii rrpo BIIr JIH,ll, tPYHKIJ;ii KOpiiCHOCTi, IIOpH,li,KOBe
:liCTaBJieHHH II pi3HIIX piBHiB e e,li,IIHOIO peaJihHOIO rrpo:o;e,lJ,ypoiO,
He06Xi,li,HOIO ,li,JIH IJ;iJieH ,li,OCJii,li,JKeHHH".
,n::mepeJio: JleoHmbeB B.B. 3KOHOMIPieCKMe scce. Teopnn, nccJiep;o-
BaHMR, cpaKThi n IIOJIMTMKa I B.B. JieoHTheB.- M.: IloJIMTM3p;aT, 1990.
-c. 22-23.
1. <fii MOJKHa BBaJKaTII CIIOCTepeJKeHHH e,li,IIHIIM MOJKJIIIBIIM
MeTO,li,OM BII3HaqeHHH tPYHKIJ;ii KOpiiCHOCTi CIIOJKIIBaqa? Ha-
Be,ll,iTh Bi,li,IIOBi,li,Hi apryMeHTII.
2. IlpiiXIIJihHIIKOM HKOrO 3 IIi,li,XO,ll,iB ,li,O KOpiiCHOCTi 8 aBTOp
BIICJIOBy?
3. 3a ,li,OIIOMOrOIO HKIIX caMe rrpo:o;e,ll,yp 3iCTaBJieHHH piBHiB
tWpiiCHOCTeH MOJKHa CKOHCTpyiOBaTII tPYHKIJ;iiO KOpiiCHOCTi CIIO-
JI{IIBaqa?
3aB,li,3HHH3
,[(iTH HR . CIIOW:HBqi 6Jiara TpHB3JIOrO ROpHCTyBaHHH
<fii e IIi,li,CTaBII IIOIIIIIpiiTII KaTeropii pHHKOBOI eKOHOMiKII Ha
pO,li,MHHi CTOCyHKII? ,II;eHKi eKOHOMiCTII BBaJKaiOTh, MiKpO-
CIWHOMiqHa TeOpiH CIIpOMOJKHa IIOHCHIITII qiiMaJIO 3 TOrO,
y :o;iii:, 3,ll,aBaJIOCH 6, 30BCiM He eKOHOMiqHiH, c<l:Jepi
cycrriJihHoro 6yTTH. Ha IXHIO ,li,YMKy, MOJKHa, HarrpiiKJia,ll,, rroHc-
tti1TII Bi,li,MiHHOCTi y KiJihKOCTi ,ll,iTeii: y pO,li,IIHaX 3 O,li,HaKOBIIM piB-
IICM ,li,OCTaTKY 3a ,li,OIIOMOrOIO apryMeHTiB Teopil CIIOJKIIBqOrO no-
93
TeMa4
rr11Ty. CrrpaB,n;i, II.l;06 BI1XOBaTI1 ,n;iTe:i1:, rro-rreprne, Heo6xi,n;Ho BI1-
TpaqaTI1 8KOHOMiqHi pecypCI1 - KynyBaTI1 ,z::t;JIH HI1X CIIOJKI1Bqi
6Jiara, Bi,z::t;MOBJIJIIOqi1Ch Bi,z::t; CIIOJKI1BaHHH TI1X 6Jiar, HKi IIOTpi6Hi
iH,z::t;I1Bi,n;y 3ri,n;Ho 3 :H:oro yrro.n;o6aHHHMI1, i, rro-.n;pyre, BI1TpaqaTI1
Ha IX BllXOBaHHH CBiM qac, Bi,z::t;MOBJIHIOqll co6i y MOJKJII1BOCTi ,z::t;03-
BiJIJIH q11 rrpall,i (i Bi,n;rroBi,z::t;HOMy .n;o,n;aTKOBOMY .n;oxo.n;i). Bo,n;Hoqac
HaHBHiCTh ,z::t;iTe:i1: HBHO Ma ,z::t;JIH 6aThKiB II8BHy KOp11CHiCTh yrrpo-
,z::t;OBJK TPI1BaJioro qacy: Il,e :i1: rriKJiyBaHHH rrpo 6aThKiB, Bi,n;qyTTH
rop,z::t;OCTi 3a ,z::t;OCHrHeHHH ,z::t;iTeM nepe,z::t; iHliii1MI1 JIIO,z::t;hMI1, HapernTi,
,z::t;OIIOMOra ITO rOCIIO,z::t;apCTBy B,z::t;OMa, 3apo6JIHHHH rporne:i1:, HKi
36iJihrnyiOTh po,z::t;I1HHI1:i1: 6IO,n;meT, TOII.l;O. TaKI1M qi1HOM, 3,z::t;aTh-
cH, .n;i:i1:cHo e rreBHi rri,n;cTaBI1 ,z::t;JIH Toro, II.l;06 aHaJii3yBaTI1 3a .n;orro-
MoroiO eKOHOMiqHI1X iHCTpyMeHTiB BI16ip 6aThKiB II.l;O,z::t;O 6iJibliiOI
q11 MeHliiOI KiJihKOCTi ,n;iTe:i1:.
)J;mepeJro: Becker G.S. An Economic Analysis of Fertility I G.S. Bec-
ker I I Demographic and Economic Change in Developed Countries : A
Conference of the Universities I National Bureau of Economic Re-
search.- Princeton University Press, 1960.
1. HK11:i1: BllrJIH,z::t; MOJKYTh MaTI1 rpa<]JiKI1 QJYHKI1,i:i1: cyKyiiHOI
Ta rpaHllqHOI KOpllCHOCTi iH,z::t;I1Bi,z::t;a II.l;O,z::t;O ,z::t;iTe:i1:?
2. C<]JopMyJIIOMTe 3a,n;aqy crrom11Bqoro BI16opy 3a HaHBHOcTi
,z::t;BOX TOBapiB: ,z::t;iTe:i1: Ta iHliii1X CIIOJKI1Bqi1X 6Jiar.
3. LJ11 MOJKHa, CIII1paJOqi1Ch Ha QJOpMyJIIOBaHHH ,n;pyroro 3a-
KOHa rocceHa, IIOHCHI1TI1 <]JaKT, II.l;O y 6araTbOX 3piJII1X cycniJibC-
TBaX 3i 3pOCTaHHHM ,z::t;OXO,z::t;iB ,z::t;OMOrOCIIO,z::t;apCTB (II.l;O 3,z::t;e6iJihliiO-
rO pe3yJihTaTOM 3pOCTaHHH Tpy,z::t;OBI1X ,z::t;OXO,z::t;iB) CIIOCTepiraThCH
3MeHllieHHH KiJihKOCTi ,n;iTe:i1:, II.l;O IIpllna,z::t;a Ha O,z::t;Hy p0,z::t;I1Hy?
Yeaza! 3BepHiTh yBary HaTe, II.l;O 36iJihllieHHH KiJihKOcTi .n;i-
Te:i1: He TiJihKI1 rrp113BO,z::t;I1Th .n;o 36iJihlii8HHH BI1TpaT Ha IX yTpll-
MaHHH, a :i1: BI1Marae Bi,n; iH,z::t;I1Bi,n;iB 6iJihrne qacy Ha Ix BllXOBaHHH,
a oTme, 3MeHrneHHH qacy rrpall,i. KpiM Taro, rri,z::t;Bllll.l;eHHH orrJiaTI1
npall,i 03Haqae 3pOCTaHHH aJibT8pHaTI1BHI1X BI1TpaT Ha BllXOBaH-
HH ,n;iTe:i1:.
94
Mo,o,enb nose,o,iHKVl cno>KVlBaYa
3aB,ll;aHHH4
IIJ;ypH HK pau;ioHaJibHi CIIOJRHBa'li- 1
Y 1970-x poKax ,n;eHKi BqeHi rrpoBeJII1 eKcrrep11MeHTaJihHY rre-
pcBipKy yHiBepCaJihHOCTi 3aKOHiB IIOBe,z::t;iHKI1 pall,iOHaJihHOrO
C I IOJKI1Baqa, BI1KOp11CTOByiOql1 HK 06' KT eKCII8p11M8HTY 6iJII1X
.lla6opaTopHI1X II.l;YPiB. HK 3' HcyBaJIOCH, 3a CTBopeHHH rnTyqHI1X
o6MeJKeHh, aHaJioriqHI1X ,z::t;O TI1X, HKI1X 3a3Ha pall,iOHaJibHI1M
Cl!OJKI1Baq y p11HKOBiM 8KOHOMill,i, H83BI1qa:i1:Hi ni,z::t;,z::t;OCJii,z::t;Hi IIO-
BO,z::t;I1JII1CH CTpOrO Bi,z::t;IIOBi,z::t;HO ,z::t;O Teopii CIIOJKI1Bqoro BI16opy. TaK,
B o,z::t;HOMY 3 eKcrrep11MeHTiB ,n;Box II.l;ypiB (Ha3BeMo IX Kyll,OXBiCT
Ta rocTp03y6) IIOCTaBI1JII1 y CI1Tyall,iiO 3,z::t;iMCH8HHH BI160py MiJK
/\BOMa "ToBapaMI1" (n11BO Ta cyMirn KoJIJiiH3a I, Bi,n;rroBi,n;Ho Hllm-
lli iH,z::t;eKCI1 b i C), HKi MaJII1 O,z::t;HaKOBY "Il,iHy" B 20 HaTI1CKaHh Ba-
)ICeJIH 3a 1 MJI pi,z::t;I1HI1 Ta ",n;oxi,n;" 06CHrOM 300 HaTI1CKaHh BaJKeJIH
lla ,n;eHb. Y pe3yJihTaTi 3'HcyBaJIOCH, II.l;O, BI1KOp11CTOByiOql1 BeCb
".n;oxi.n;", Kyll,OXBiCT crroJKI1BaB 4 MJI cyMirni KoJIJiiH3a Ha ,n;eHh,
TO,z::t;i HK rocTp03y6 Jlllllie 1 MJI.
Ha .n;pyroMy eTarri eKcrrep11MeHTY "I1,iHI1" 6Jiar 3MiHI1JII1 TaK:
"1\iHa" III1Ba (pb) 3pocJia B,z::t;Biqi, "Il,iHa" cyMirni KoJIJiiH3a (p)
:IM8Hliii1JiaCH y CTiJihKI1 JK pa3iB, TO,z::t;i HK 06CHr ",z::t;OXO,z::t;y" 8KCne-
Jll1MeHTaTOp11 3MiHI1JII1 TaK, II.l;06 KOJKeH II.l;YP Mir peaJii3yBaTI1
cniii BI1Xi,z::t;HI1M BI16ip, HKII.l;O BiH Il,hOro 3axoqe, 3a I1,11X yMOB Ky-
1\0XBiCT peaJii3yBaB Ha6ip Qb = 8, Qc = 17, a rocTp03y6 Qb = 9,
(/ =25.
,. )J;mepeJio: Kadel J.H. Experimental Studies of Consumer Demand
Behavior I J.H. Kadel, R.C. Battalio I I Economic Enquiry. - 1975.
-Vol. 8.- March.- P. 22-38.
1. lli,n;6epi Th BI1pa3 ,z::t;JIH QJYHKil,iM KOp11CHOCTi KOJKHOrO II.l;ypa,
.ll lei Bi,z::t;IIOBi,z::t;aiOTh HOrO YIIO,z::t;06aHHHM ( CTaH,z::t;apTHI1M).
2. BI13HaqTe, HKI1H o6cHr III1Ba CIIOJKI1BaB KOJKeH II.l;YP Ha
11 cprnoMy eTarri eKcrrep11MeHTY.
1
Bi,n;oMo, rn;o rn;ypM .n;yme nomo6JIHIOTh TIMBO, Ha,n;aiO'lM ii:oMy nepe-
uary Ha,n; iHIIIMMM BM,n;aMM Hanoi:B. CyMiiii KoJIJiiH3a (6e3aJIKorOJihHa)
lliO!IOl.J:ae COKM Il,MTpyCOBMX Ta COJIO,D;Ki CMpOIIM. Jla6opaTOpHi rn;ypM Ha-
1\<llOTb Il,hOMY HaiiOIO nepeBary Ha,D; 3BMl.J:aHHOIO BO,D;OIO.
95
TeMa4
3. Bn:3Ha'ITe o6car ".n;oxo.n;y" KOmHoro ru;ypa, Heo6xi.n;Hn:.H
,ll;JI.H TOPO, ru;o6 BOHif MOPJIIf ,ll;OTpn:MyBaTifC.H BifXi,D;HOPO IIJiaHy
crromn:BaHH.H.
4. )l;aMTe rpacpi'IHY iHTeprrpeTau;iio OTpn:MaHifX pe3yJihTaTiB.
3aB,IJ;3HH.H 5
:m;ypH HK pau;ioHaJII:.Hi CIIO:tKHBa'li - 2
Crrn:paiO'!IfCh Ha oTpn:MaHi pe3yJihTaTn:, H. Ke.H.n;en TaP. BaT-
Tanio Bn:piiiiifJIIf rrepeBipHTif, '!If Bif.HBJI.HTifMYTh Jia6opaTOpHi
ru;ypn: y crromn:B'Ii.H rroBe.n;iHu;i Ti caMi ecpeKTif, ru;o .H 3Bn:'Ia.HHi
crromn:Ba'!i. ,[I;na D;horo 3aMiCTh cyMiiiii KonniH3a rpn:3yHaM 6yno
3aiipOIIOHOBaHO IIIfBO Ta p03'1IfH XiHiHy (.HKifM ru;ypn: TeprriTif He
MOmyTh 'Iepe3 MOro ripKRll CMaK i 3a 3Bif'IaMHifX YMOB Hi 3a IIJ;O
He 6y.n;yTh .Horo crromn:BaTn:), rrpn:'!oMy "u;iHa" rrn:Ba 6yna BCTa-
HOBJieHa Y,D;Bi'li BifiiJ;OIO IIOpiBH.HHO 3 "u;iHOIO" p03'1IfHY XiHiHy, a
BeJIIf'IIfHy ",D;OXO,D;y" 6yJIO CyTTBO CKOpO'IeHO ,ll;O piBH.H, KOJIH
rpn:3yHn: 6yJIIf BifMyiiieHi pa30M 3 IIIfBOM CIIO)KHBaTH 3Ha'!HY
KiJihKiCTh p03'1IfHY XiHiHy, 3a,D;OBOJihH.HIO'!If HifM 6iJihlllY 'laCTif-
Hy CBOel IIOTpe6n: y pi,D;IfHi, 60 iHaKIIIe MOPJIIf IIOMepTii Bi,D; CIIpa-
rH. IIicna D;horo eKcrrepHMeHTaTopn: rro'!aJin: rrocTyrroBo 3HHmy-
BaTn: "u;iHy" p03'IHHY XiHiHy, CIIOCTepiraiO'!If 3a 3MiHOIO CTpyK-
TypH crromn:BaHH.H rri.n;.n;ocni.n;HHX.
,Il;mepeJio: Kadel J.H. Experimental Studies of Consumer Demand
Behavior I J.H. Kadel, R.C. Battalio I I Economic Enquiry. - 1975.
-Vol. 8.- March. - P. 22-38.
1. IlO,D;IfCKYTYMTe Ha TeMy, p03'!IfH XiHiHy 6JiarOM '!If aHTif
6JiarOM, ,ll;OIIOBHIOBa'!eM 'IIi 3aMiHHifKOM CTOCOBHO IIIfBa.
2. Ilpn:rryCTifMO, IIJ;O 3a Ha.HBHOPO ",ll;OXO,D;y" y 100 HaTifCKaHb
CIIiBBi,D;HOIIIeHH.H D;iH Ha 6Jiara 3MiHifJIOC.H 3 2 : 1 Ha IIO'IaTKY eKc-
rrepn:MeHTY .n;o 4 : 1 . .HK rrpn: D;hOMY Mome 3MiHn:Tn:ca cTpyKTypa
crromn:BaHH.H ru;ypa? ApryMeHTYMTe BHCHOBOK, crrn:paiO'!IfCh Hll
KOHu;erru;iiO ecpeKTy .n;oxo.n;y Ta ecpeKTY 3aMiru;eHH.H.
3aB,IJ;3HH.H 6
Y 3a1CoHoiJaecmei iJe.JtlCUX wmamie ma .Micm CiliA 'laco.M cno-
cmepizaiOmbc.Jt iJoeoJli Kypu03Hi o6.Me:JICeHH.Jt, .JtlCi pezyJliOIOmb no-
96
Mo,o,enb nose,o,iHKI/1 cnmKII1BaYa
ueiJi1l1CY cnO:JICU6a'la, 6CmaT-t06JleHi lCOJlUCb Oa6HO .MiCl{e6010 6Jla-
rhJI{). HanpulCJlaiJ, y .M. BJlaum (wmam KaJlirjJopHi.Jt, CiliA) 1C06-
(ioucb1Ci 'l06omu .Mae npaeo Hocumu Jluwe mou, xmo eoJloiJie .JtlC
.M i Hi.My.M napo10 ZOJli6 eeJluKo'i pozamo'i xyiJo6u.
Crrn:paiO'!IfCh Ha cpopMaJihHi yMoBn:, BCTaHOBJieHi 3aKOHOM y
M. Bna.HT, 3'acyiiTe TaKe.
1. ,[I;o HKoro Tn:rry o6MemeHh crromn:Ba'!a cni.n; Bi.n;HecTn: HaBe-
Bn:ru;e?
2. HaKpecJiiTh rpacpiK 6IO.n;meTHoro o6MemeHH.H crromn:Ba'Ia
:1 ypaxyBaHH.HM rrap 'I06iT Ta rOJiiB xy.n;o6n:, .HKifM Bi,D;IIOBi,D;a Ha-
Be,D;eHOMy BifiiJ;e a.n;MiHiCTpaTifBHOMy 06MemeHHIO (Jiori'IHO rrpn:-
IIYCTifTif, ru;o rrapa BeJin:Koi: poraTo'i xy.n;o6n: KOIIITye Ha6araTo .n;o-
pom'Ie, Him rrapa '!06iT), Ta Bif3Ha'ITe CYKYIIHiCTh cpiHaHCOBO
MO)KJIIfBifX IIJiaHiB CIIO)KifBaHH.H iH,D;IfBi,D;a.
3. Y .HKOMY 3B'.H3Ky rrepe6yBaiOTh, Ha ,D;YMKY 3aKOHO,D;aBD;iB,
fiJtara "'Io6oTn:" Ta "BeJin:Ka poraTa xy.n;o6a"?
3aB,IJ;3HH.H 7
IIpoaHaJli3yume rjJpaz.MeHm yKpai'HcblCo'i HapoiJHoi' nicHi:
"ByB KiHh B K03aKa,
Pa.n;n:.H 6yB BiH .HK .n;n:TH,
3 BeCHif MaB Bme Tpli KOH.H,
IlpoTe ru;acT.H reTh HeMa".
1. 3'acy.HTe, y 'IOMY caMe yrro.n;o6aHH.H rrepcoHama rricHi He
lti)(IIOBi,D;aiOTh CT3H,D;apTHifM YIIO,D;06aHH.HM CJIO)KifBa'Ia.
2. IloKamiTh 3a ,ll;OIIOMOPOIO rpacpiKa, .HK Bif3Ha'IaThC.H 3a
II :!JlBHifX YIIO,IJ;06aHh OIITifMYM CIIO)KifBa'!a.
3. 3'.HCYMTe, .HK MOme Bi.n;6yTifC.H TaKe, ID;O 3pOCTaHH.H 06C.Hry
11./I:U' Be.n;e ,ll;O 3Hif)KeHH.H KOpiiCHOCTi CJIO)KifBa'la ("ru;aCT.H reTh
III'Ma").
IliiJKa31Ca: rrpn:rrycTiTh, ru;o o6car Bn:TpaT Ha Bci iHIIIi 6nara,
KOHeM, He3MiHHifM.
97
TeMa4
3aBp;aHHH8
TaKcyiOTh yci
MaKCMM HoqoBHMH, crriBBJiaCHMK KOMIIaHii: "Mota Taxi"
(MOCKBa), rOBOpHTh: "Mil S ,z:t;pySHMll BMpilllHJill OpraHiSyBaTM
CJiy:>K6y TaKCi, HKa rrepeBOSHJia 6 rraca:>KMpiB BHKJIIOqHo Ha MOTO-
IJ,HKJiaX. I,z:t;eH BMHMKJia rricJIH Harnoro Bi,z:t;rroquHKY y Tai:JiaH,z:t;i, ,z:t;e
rrocJiyra MOTOTaKci rrorryJIHpHa. OT MH i1: BMpirnMJIM TaKO)l\
crrpo6yBaTM, BpaxoByiOqu cepliosHy rrpo6JieMy rrepeBaHTa:>KeHoc-
Ti ,z:t;opir y MocKBi".
Tapmp Ha rrpoi:s,z:t; Ha TaKci -MOTOU,MKJii saJie:>KMTh Bi,z:t; KiJioMe'l'-
pamy Ta BM,z:t;y rrocJiyru. HarrpMKJia,z:t;, BCTaHOBJieHi pisHi posu,iH-
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"EJiiT-TaKci" (s 1998 p., 170 MalliMH, 200 BO,z:t;ii:B).
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98
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10
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1\1. MaMqnq, A. 3BepeB. - M. : <l>eHIIKC, 2006.
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B,ll,aJIOC.H YHIIKHYTH BHKOHaHH.H 3aB,ll,aHH.H CBOel TiTOHhKH rroqmp
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100

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'1'111.
Lee L. The Influence of Expectation, Consumption and
Hcvelation on Preferences for Beer I L. Lee, F. Shane, D. Ariely I I
l',;yc:hological Science. - 2006. -Vol. 17. - Nr. 12. - P. 1054-
1 o:-.s.
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12
CnoJICU6a'le6i 'lacmo nponoHymb.H Ha puHKY He oKpeMuu ma-
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3aB,LJ;8HH.H 13
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3Jioq:rrHy 43 Tnc. Mara3llHHnx 3Jio,n;i'iB - "IliOIIJiicjJTepiB" . EKc-
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He CTiJihKll 3 ma,n;i6HiCTIO q:rr XBOp060IO (KJieiiTOMaHieiO), CKiJII,-
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102
noBeAiHKlll cnO:>KlllBaYa
l'll:ll1HHi 3JIO,ll;il Ha,n;aiOTb rrepeBary aJIKOrOJIIO, TO 3apa3 - ,ll;llTR-
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II p:tiJ;iBHllKaMll Mepem.
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II BllKOpllCTaHHR IIOHRTTR CIIO,ll;iBaHOl KOpllCHOCTi.
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14
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BHpo6HH'Ia <}lyHI>:u;i.H - cyKyrrHiCTh TexHil:!HO ecpeKTHBHHX
11./lllHiB ,ll;JI.H cpipMH. IloKa3ye 3aJie:>KHiCTh Mi:>K MaKCHMaJibHO
M())KJIHBI1M 06C.HrOM BHp06HI1ll;TBa Ta 06CBTOM pecypciB, .HKi ,ll;Jl.H
I (t.OrO BHKOpHCTOBYIOTh:
Q = f(K, L).
Bi,n;,n;aqa ni,n; MaCIIITa6y - 36iJihiiieHH.H o6c.Hry BHpo6HH:o;'rBa
tq H>,n;yK:u;i'i rrp11 rrporrop:u;iilHiil 3MiHi o6c.HriB pecypciB (MaCIIITa6y
1111 po6HI1ll;TBa).
fpaHH'IHa HOpMa TeXHi'IHOrO 33MiiD;eHH.H- llOKa3HHK, .HKHH
lli/(06pamae, Ha CKiJihKH MO:>KHa 3MiHHTH 06CBr BHKOpHCTaHH.H
11/\ II oro pecypcy, 36iJihiiiYIOl:!H BHKOpHCTaHH.H iHIIIOrO Ha O,ll;HY
11/(llli:Hll;IO 3a He3MiHHOrO o6C.Hry BHp06HHll;TBa:
t-.L
MRTSKL = -- I Q =canst;
M
MPJ I
MRTSKL = --' Q=const.
MPK
105
M(
MRTSLK = -- I Q =canst;
M
MPL I
MRTSLK = -- Q =canst.
MPK
TeMa5
rpaHH'IHHH rrpo,ll;yKT - 3MiHa a6cHry BHIIYCKY rrpa.n;yK:u;il 3i
36iJihiii8HHHM BHKapHCTaHHH 3MiHHara pecypcy Ha a.n;Hy a,ZJ;HHH-
D;IO; :u;e KiJihKiCTb rrpa.n;yKTY, BHpa6JieHa 3a .n;arraMaraiO KamHOl
HaCTYIIHal a,ZJ;HHHD;i 3MiHHara pecypcy:
()Q
MPK=-;
()K
tJ.Q,
MPK = M('
MP - tJ.Q
L- -
M'
MP _()Q
L ---
()
,lJ;oBrOCTpOKOBHH rrepi0,11; - rrepio.n;, KOJIH 3MiHIOIOThCH o6cH-
rH BCiX cpaKTOpiB BHp06HHD;TBa, T06TO Bci cpaKTOpH 3MiHHHMH.
EJiaCTH'IHicTL BHrrycKy BiA MaCIIITa6y - 3MiHa B o6cH3i BH-
rrycKy 3i 3MiHoiO MaCIIITa6y BHpo6HHD;TBa. Kaecpi:u;ieHT eJiaCTHti-
HOCTi BHIIYCKY Bi,ZJ; MaCIIITa6y IIOKa3ye Ha CKiJihKH Bi,ZJ;COTKiB 36iJib-
IIIHThCH o6cHr BHp06HHD;TBa 3i 36iJihiii8HHHM MaCIIITa6y Ha 1 % :
EQ - %tJ.Q EQ - tJ.Q .!:_
k - %tJ.k ' k - tJ.k Q .
EJiaCTH'IHiCTL BHrrycKy 3a 3MiHHHM f>aKTopoM - 3MiHa B o6-
CH3i BnrrycKy rrpn 36iJihiiieHHi o6cHry 3MiHHoro pecypcy. Ko-
ecpi:u;ieHT eJiaCTHtiHOCTi BHrrycKy 3a 3MiHHHM pecypcoM rroKa3ye,
Ha cKiJihKH Bi.n;coTKiB 3MiHHThCH o6cHr BnrrycKy rrpn 3MiHi o6CJ1-
ry pecypca Ha 1 % :
EQ - %tJ.Q . EQ - tJ.Q . K . EQ - ()Q . K . EQ - M PK .
K - %M' K - M( Q ' K - ()K Q ' K - APK '
EQ = %tJ.Q. EQ = tJ.Q. L. EQ = ()Q. L. EQ = MPL.
L %M ' L M Q' [, ()L Q' L APL '
3aKOH CIIa,li;HOI rpaHH'IHOI IIpO,li;YKTHBHOCTi: 3a IIOCTiHHOro
36iJihiii8HHH o6cHry BHKOpHCTaHHH O,ll;HOra pecypcy Ta H83MiHHO-
ro a6cHry iHIIIHX pecypciB rrpnpicT o6cHry BHrrycKy rrpo.n;yK:u;ii"
Ha KOmHy ,ZJ;O,ZJ;aTKOBY O,ll;HHHD;IO IIpHpOCTy 3MiHHaro pecypcy 6y .n;e
3M8HIIIyBaTHCH (rpaHHtiHa rrpo.n;yKTHBHiCTh crra.n;ae).
106
I BV1po6HV1LJ,TBa i rpaHVlYHlllX npo,o,yKTis
8pOCTaiO'Ia Bi,ll;,ll;a'la Bi,ll; MaCIIITa6y- Bi,ZJ;,ZJ;atia, HKa CIIOCTepi-
l':lCTbCH y BHIIa,ZJ;Ky, HKIIJ;O 3 rrporrop:u;iifHHM 36iJihiii8HHHM o6cHry
1 y 1C pa3iB o6cHr BHrrycKy 36iJihiiiYThCH 6iJihiiie Him y 1C
pnaiB.
130KBaHTa - JiiHiH O,ZJ;HaKOBOrO BHIIYCKy, KOmHa TOtiKa HKOl
ui;(o6pamae MHOmHHY MiHiMaJihHO H806Xi,ZJ;HOl KOM6iHa:u;ii: pe-
cypciB ,ZJ;JIH BHp06HHD;TBa II8BHOrO 06CHry rrpo.n;yK:u;ii:; :u;e II0,11;-
11/IIIHH T8XHitiHO ecpeKTHBHHX IIJiaHiB BHp06HHD;TBa.
KopoTKOCTpoKOBHii nepio,11;- qac, KOJIH MOmHa 3MiHIOBaTH
oocar TiJihKH O,ll;HOrO pecypcy BHp06HHD;TBa (3MiHHHH pecypc), a
Bci iHIIIi pecypcH 3aJIHIIIaiOThCH H83MiHHHMH (IIOCTiHHi pecypc).
0,11;HOpi,li;Ha BHp06HH'Ia f>yHKD;iH - cpyHKD;iH, ,ZJ;JIH HKOl BHK0-
11 YCThCH TaKa YMOBa: 3i 36iJibiii8HHHM KiJihKOCTi BCiX BHp06HH-
'IIIX pecypciB y 1C pa3iB 06CHr BHIIYCKy 36iJihiiiYTbCH y 1C
1
pa3iB,
'1':1 I{ IIJ;O BHKOHYTbCH piBHiCTb:
Q
1
(KK, KL) = 1e
1
Q
0
(K, L).
IIocTiiiHa BiMa'la Bi,ll; MaCIIITa6y- Bi.n;.n;aqa, HKa Mae Mic:u;e,
rrpn rrporrop:u;inHoMy 36iJihiii8HHi o6cHry pecypciB y 1C pa3iB
oficar BHIIYCKY 36iJihiiiYThCH TaKom y 1C pa3iB.
Cepe,11;Hiii rrpo,11;yKT - Bi,ZJ;HOIII8HHH 3araJihHora o6cHry Bnrryc-
liY ,Ll;O 3araJihHOl KiJihKOCTi 3MiHHOrO pecypcy, IIJ;O rrpn D;hOMY BH-
IiOpHCTOBYThCH:
AP _Q
L --
L'
APK=g_
K'
Cna,11;Ha Bi,ll;,ll;a'la Bi,ll; MaCIIITa6y - Bi,n;,n;aqa, ru;a crrocTepi-
l';lCThCH y BHIIa,n;Ky, HKIIJ;O IIpH nporrop:u;iifHOMY 36iJihiii8HHi a6-
<'lii'Y pecypciB y 1C pa3iB o6cHr BHIIYCKy 36iJihiiiYThCH M8HIII8 Him
v '' pa3iB.
CTa,ll;il3pocTaHHH 3MiHHOro pecypcy:
'-ra).li.H 3pOCTaHH.H TP MP AP
I t t i
i
MP=max
'
II i
j_
t
M P = AP, AP = max
III i
j_ j_
--
107
TeMa5
3aKiH'leHH.fl ma6.llUU)
CTa,'\br 3pocTaHHR TP MP AP
TP=max MP=O
IV
J_ J_ J_
MP<O
TeopeMa BiKcemi - ,ZJ;moHCOHa - TeopeMa, 3ri,n;Ho 3 RKOIO
eJiaCTJ1qHiCTh BMrrycKy Bi,n; MaCIIITa6y ,n;opiBHIOe cyMi eJiaCTMq-
HOCTeii BMrrycKy 3a 3MiHHMM cpaKTopoM:
E
Q- EQ +EQ
k - K L'
TeopiH BMpo6HMIJ;TBa - TeopiR, ru;o BMBqae crriBBi,D;HOIIIeHHR
MiJK 06CRrOM BMIIYCKy Ta KiJihKiCTIO pecypciB, RKa ,li;JIR ll;hOrO He-
o6xi,n;Ha.
TexHiqHo ec:peKTHBHHH rrJiaH BHpo6HHIJ;TBa - KOM6iHau;iR
pecypciB, RKi 3a6e3rreqyiOTh MaKCMMaJihHMM o6cRr BMIIYCKY 3a
rreBHHX o6cRriB pecypciB. IIJiaHA e TexHiqHo ecpeKTHBHMM rropiB-
HRHO 3 IIJiaHOM B, RKIIJ;O rrepe,n;6aqae BHKOpMCTaHHR xoqa 6 O,li;HO-
ro pecypcy B MeHIIIiM, a BCiX iHIIIMX He B 6iJihiiiiH KiJihKOCTi, Him
crroci6 B:
5.2. HaBqaJILHHH rpeHiHr

1. fJu MOJ/Ce npOI.{eC 6Up06HUl{m6a xapaKmepu3yBamUCJl o8-
HO'laC1-lO cna80M zpaHU'lH030 npo8yKmy 3MiHH030 cjJaKmopa ma
3pocma10'l010 BW8a'le10 BW Macwma6y?
2. m 0 03Ha'lae 80CJl3HHH.fl3MiHHUM cjJaKmOpOM MalCCUMa.llb-
H030 3Ha'l.eHH.fl cepe8Hbozo npo8yJCmy 3a neeHozo o6c.H.zy?
3. IIpunycmuMo, U{O Bu Bupo6.ll.H.t:me ma npo8at:me 6ymep-
6poau, xom-aozu, JCaey ma Kapmon.nro cjJpi y HeBe.rtuJCoMy KiocJCy.
1) CJCi.rtbKU npal{i, JCanima.ny ma Mamepia.rtiB eu 6y8eme Bu-
ICopucmoByBamu?
108
BV1po6HV1U,TBa i rpaHVlYHliiX npo,D,yKTiB
2) .H KU{O nonum na ICapmon.nro cppi 3MeHwumbc.H., U{O BU MO-
JJCeme 3po6umu npom.H.zoM KopomJCo- ma aoezocmpoiCoBozo ne-
pio8y?
3) H aMa.nroume Kapmy i30K6aHm 8.n.H. eupo6Hul{mBa xom-ao-
zie. mo 03Ha'l.ae pyx y3806JIC i30lC6aHmu?
4) II oJCaJJCimb Ha zpacjJiKy 3a.lleJJCHicmb MiJIC eupo6Hul{mBoM
6ymep6poaie ma 3aUHRmicmro.
TeeTH
1. Bnpo6HMqa cpyHKu;iR Bi,n;o6pamae:
a) 6y,n;h-RKY 3aJieJKHiCTh MiJK pecypcaMM BHp06HMII;TBa;
6) TeXHOJioriqHQ ecpeKTMBHY 3aJieJKHiCTh MiJK pecypcaMH BH-
p06HHII;TBa Ta o6cRrOM BnrrycKy rrpo,n;yKu;i1;
B) OIITHMaJihHe II08,D;HaHHR BMp06HHqJ1X pecypciB;
r) 3,D;aTHiCTh cpipMH 3,D;iHCHIOBaTH IIpH6yTKOBe BHp06HHII;TBO.
2. TexHoJioriqHa ecpeKTHBHiCTh- u;e:
a) HaMKpaiiJ;Hll 3aci6 3HHJKeHHR BHp06HHqHx BHTpaT;
6) BHKOpMCTaHHR ecpeKTHBHOl TeXHOJIOri:i;
B) II08,D;HaHHR MiHiMaJihHOrO 06CRry BHp06HJ1qHX pecypciB
,n;JIR BMpo6HHII;TBa 3a,n;aHoro o6cRry rrpo,n;yKu;i1;
r) 3,D;aTHiCTh TeXHOJIOri'i BMKOpHCTOByBaTM HaRBHi pecypCH.
3. Bnpo6HMqa cpyHKu;iR Bi,n;o6pamae:
a) MaKCHMaJihHHH BHIIYCK ,li;JIR KOJKHOl KOM6iHau;i1 pecypciB;
6) KOM6iHau;i'i BHp06HJ1qHX pecypciB;
B) 3,D;aTHiCTh cpipMM rrpall;IOBaTM ecpeKTHBHO;
r) 3aJiemHiCTh Mim o6cRraMM BnrrycKy Ta o6cRrOM pecypciB.
4. OrrTHMaJihHMM BBamaeThCR BHKopncTaHHR TaKoro o6cRry
3MiHHOrO pecypcy, ,li;JIR RKOrO:
a) ,li;OCRraeThCR MaKCMMaJihHa rpaHHqHa rrpo,n;yKTHBHiCTh pe-
cypcy;
6) ,li;OCRraeThCR MaKCMMaJihHa cepe,D;HR rrpo,n;yKTHBHiCTh pe-
cypcy;
B) cpopMyeThCR MaKCMMaJihHMii o6cRr BMrrycKy rrpo,n;yKu;i1;
r) cepe,D;HR rrpo,n;yKTHBHiCTh 8 6iJihiiiOIO 3a rpaHJ1qHy rrpo,n;yK-
THBHiCTh pecypcy.
109
TeMa5
5. l30KBaHTa- u;e:
a) JiiHiR, I.Il;O xapaKTepH3Y pi3Hi KOM6iHau;i1 pecypciB, BifKO-
piiCTaHHR RKifX 3a6e3rreqye O,ll;HaKOBifH piBeHh BHp06Hif'llfX Bif-
TpaT;
6) o6cRr RKifH OTpHMY RKI.O;O BH-
KOpiiCTOBY rreBHifH o6cRr pecypciB;
B) KpHBa, I.Il;O IIOKa3y pi3Hi KOM6iHau;i! Biip06Hif'llfX pecypciB
3a YMOBif 3a6e3IIe'!eHHR He3MiHHOrO o6CRry Biip06HifiJ;TBa;
r) II0,1J;HaHHR pi3HifX KOM6iHau;iif pecypciB.
6. 3aKOH rpaHH'IHo! 3a yMOBH:
a) rrporropu;ill:Horo 3pocTaHHR Bcix pecypciB;
6) r.o;o 3arrac ycix pecypciB BHpo6HHKa e Heo6MemeHHM y Ko-
poTKOCTpOKOBOMY
B) I.Il;O 06CRrlf O,ll;HOrO pecypcy 3MiHIOIOThCR, a 06CRrlf iHIIIIfX
3aJIHIIIaiOThCR He3MiHHifMif;
r) neo6MemenocTi TPY,ll;OBHX pecypciB.
7. 3MiHHi pecypclf Biip06HHIJ;TBa - u;e pecypcH:
a) RKi MOmHa ,ll;OCifTh IIIBif,ll;KO 3MiHifTif 3a YMOBif 3MiHif Blf-
IIYCKY
6) RKi He MOmHa ,ll;OCifTh IIIBif,ll;KO 3MiHifTif 3i 3MiHOIO BifiiYCKy

B) u;ina RKifX HeCTa6iJihHa;
r) u;iHy RKifX He MOmHa KOHTpOJIIOBaTif.
8. 3i 3pOCTaHHRM 06CRry BHIIYCKy i30KBaHTa 3Mii.O;yBa-
TifCR:
a) rrpaBopyq;
6) ,ll;OHif3Y rrpaBopyq;
B) ,ll;OrDplf JiiBopyq;
r) ,ll;OHif3Y JiiBopyq,
9. IIocTiHHHMif ,li;JIR cpipMH e cpaKTOPH BHpo6HHIJ;TBa:
a) I.Il;O He BIIJIIfBaiOTh Ha IIOIIIfT Ha IIeBHifH TOBap;
6) cpiKCOBaHi ,li;JIR pi3HOrO BifiiYCKy
B) 3 IIOCTiHHOIO IJ;iHoiO;
r) RKi BifMipiOIOThCR p03MipaMif qJipMif.
110
BV1po6HV1U.TBa i rpaHW-IHVlX npo,o,yKTiB
10. Y ,ll;OBrOCTpOKOBOMy ,li;JIR cpipMH:
a) Bci o6cRrH pecypciB e 3MiHHHMH;
6) IIOCTiHHi BHTpaTif 3pOCTaiOTh IIIBif,ll;IIIe, Him 3MiHHi;
B) Bci pecypcH e cTaJIHMH;
r) 3MiHHi BHTpaTif 3pOCTaiOTh IIIBif,ll;IIIe, Him IIOCTiHHi.
11. B3aeM03B 'R30K Mim MOmJIHBHMif BapiaHTaMH KOM6iHa-
u;i! pecypciB BHpo6HHIJ;TBa Ta o6cRraMH Bi-
3a
a) KPHBO! BHpo6HH'IHX MOmJIHBocTeif;
6) Biip06Hif'!Ol cpyHKIJ;i!;
B)KpHBOICYKYIIHOIBHpy'IKH;
r) eJiaCTif'IHOCTi IIpOII03IfiJ;il.
12. l30KBaHTa iJIIOCTpye:
a) KPHBY cyKyrruoro
6) pi3Hi KOM6iHaiJ;il pecypciB, 3 RKifX MOmHa Biip06IfTif
HifH o6cRr
B) pi3Hi 06CRrlf IIpO,ll;yKTy, RKi MOmHa Biip06IfTif 3 IIeBHOl
KiJihKOCTi pecypciB;
r) KpHBY cepe,ll;Hhoro
13. 3MiHHoro pecypcy- u;e:
a) 3araJihHifH o6cJir IIpO,IJ;YKIJ;il, RKifH Bi,ll;IIOBi,ll;a rreBHiH KiJih-
KOCTi 3MiHHOrO pecypcy 3a YMOBif He3MiHHOCTi BciX iHIIIHX;
6) Bi,li;HOIIIeHHR cyKyrrHoro ,11;0 KiJihKOCTi 3MiHHOro
pecypcy, BifKOplfCTaHOrO y Biip06HifiJ;TBi;
B) 36iJihiiieHHR CyKyiiHOrO 3MiHHOrO pecypcy 3i
36iJihiiieHHRM 3MiHHOrO pecypcy Ha O,ll;IfHifiJ;IO;
r) Bi,li;HOIIIeHHR rpaHif'IHOrO IIpO,IJ;YKTY ,11;0 KiJihKOCTi 3MiHHOrO
pecypcy, BifKOplfCTaHOrO y Biip06HifiJ;TBi.
14. TO'!Ka, r.o;o JiemHTh Ha i30KBaHTi '!If i30KOCTi,
03Haqae:
a) KiJihKiCTh IIpO,ll;YKTiB, I.Il;O Biip06JIRIOThCR;
6) 06CJir y rpOIIIOBOMY BHpameHHi;
B) CYMY BHTpaT;
r) KOM6iHau;iiO cpi3If'IHifX o6cRriB pecypciB.
111
TeMa5
15. 3pocTaHH.H cepe,n;Hhoro Ta rpaHuqHoro rrpo,n;yKTY 3MiHHo-
ro pecypcy 03Haqae, II\O:
a) ,n;i 3aKOH CIIa,ll;HOl rpaHuqHOl rrpo,n;yKTlfBHOCTi 3MiHHOrO
pecypcy;
riL
6) Bllp06HUII,TBO He ,ll;OC.HrJIO Haii:6iJihlll e<!JeKTlfBHOl CTa,n;i!;
B) cyKyrrHuii: rrpo,n;yKT 3MeHIIlYThc.H;
r) y Bllp06HUIJ,TBi BlfKOpllCTOBYIOThC.H e<!JeKTlfBHillli T8XHOJIO-
16. rpa<!JiqHlfM Bi,n;o6pameHH.HM ,ll;BO<lJaKTOpHOl Bllp06Huqo1
<!JyHKII,il y ,ll;OBrOCTpOKOBOMy rrepio,n;i :
a) KpuBa cepe,n;Hhoro rrpo,n;yKTy;
6) KpuBa rpaHuqHoro rrpo,n;yKTy;
B) i30KBaHTa;
r) KpHBa IIOCTiHHOrO rrpo,n;yKTy.
1 7. OrrTuMaJihHa KOM6iHaii,i.H pecypciB Bupo6HHII,TBa ,n;oc.H-
raThC.H, KOJIU:
a) rpaHlfqHa HOpMa TeXHOJIOriqHoro 3aMi!I\eHH.H ,ll;OC.Hra MaK-
ClfMaJihHOrO 3HaqeHH.H;
6) rpaHlfqHi rrpo,n;yKTlf <!JaKTOpiB Bllp06HUIJ,TBa O,ll;HaKOBi;
B) 3a6e3rreqyThC.H rrepeBUII\eHH.H Cepe,n;HhOl rrpo,n;yKTlfBHOCTi
Ha,n; rpaHuqHoro;
r) 3aKiHqyThC.H ,n;i.H Bi,n;,n;aqi, II\0 3pOCTa, Bi,ll; MaCII1Ta6y BU-
po6HUIJ,TBa.
18. Bupo6HUII,TBO Ha3uBaThC.H KarriTanoiHTeHCHBHHM, .HKII\O:
a) 36iJihllllfJIOC.H 3HaqeHH.H rpaHlfqHOl HOpMll TeXHOJIOriqHOrO
3aMi!I\eHH.H KarriTaJiy rrpaiJ,ero;
6) 6iJihlll iHTeHClfBHO BlfKOpllCTOBYThC.H 06Jia,n;HaHH.H;
B) BlfKOpllCTOBYIOThC.H TeXHOJIOril36epemeHH.H rrpaiJ,i Ta Karri-
TaJiy;
r) 36iJihlllYThC.H BlfKOpllCTaHH.H rrpaiJ,i.
19. HKII\O o6c.Hr BurrycKy 36iJihlllYThC.H y 6iJihllliii: rrporrop-
II,ii:, HiJK eKOHOMiqHi pecypcu, TO Bi,n;,n;aqa Bi,ll; MaCII1Ta6y:
a) Heii:TpaJihHa;
6) crra,n;Ha;
112
Teopis:1 Bll1po6HII1l..\TBa i rpaHW-lHV1X npOAYKTiB
B) 3pOCTaroqa;
r) ,n;o,n;aTHa.
20. HKII\O rpaHuqHa HOpMa TexHoJioriqHoro 3aMi!I\eHH.H
,ll;OpiBHIO Hymo:
a) cKopoqeHH.H o6c.Hry pecypcy Ha o,n;uHUII,IO He rrpuBe,n;e ,n;o
3MiHlf o6c.Hry BlliiYCKy;
6) 6y,n;e HeHTpaJihHlfH Tlfii Bi,n;,n;aqi Bi,ll; MaCII1Ta6y;
B) rrepexi,n; ,n;o HOBo! TexHoJiorii: He 3a6e3rreqye ,n;o,n;aTHoro
e<PeKTy;
r) TeXHOJIOri.H He IIplliiYCKa 3aMiHlf 06C.HriB <!JaKTOpiB BUpo6-
Hlfii,TBa.
fpacpillHi BTipaBH
1. Ha pucyHKY rrpe,n;cTaBJieHa Bupo6Huqa <PYHKII,i.H y KopoT-
KOCTpOKOBOMY rrepio,n;i. Bu3HaqTe 3HaqeHH.H cepe,n;HhOI (AP) Ta
rpaHuqHoi: (MP) rrpo,n;yKTHBHOCTi <PaKTopa L ,ll;JI.H ToqoKA, B, C.
IIo6y,n;yii:Te rpa<PiKu cepe,n;Hhoi: Ta rpaHuqHoi: rrpo,n;yKTHBHOCTi.
Q
160
120
0 8 10 16
L
2. BuKopucToByroqu ,n;aHi, HaBe,n;eHi Ha rpa<PiKy i30KBaHT,
Blf3HaqTe:
1) .HKuii: cnoci6 Bupo6HHII,TBa - C qu B TeXHOJIOri qHQ
e<!JeK TlfBHillllfH;
113
TeMa5
2) JIK CIIiBBi,IJ;HOCJIThCJI piBHi 06CJII'iB BHp06HHIJ;TBa ,[IJIJI CIIO-
C06iBATaB;
3) rpaHHtiHY nopMy Texniqnoro 3aMim;eHHR KarriTaJiy rrpa-
u;ero qac Bi,LI crroco6y B C.
K
16

8
Q2
0 10 14 L
3. Ha rpaQ:JiKax BHpo6HHtii Q:JynKu;ii: y KopoT-
KOCTpOKOBOMY BH3HatiTe ,[IJIJI KOJKHOI'O OKpeMOI'O BH-
IIa,LIKy 3HatieHHJI cepe,LIHhoro Ta rpaHHtiHoro Ta i:x
crriBBi,LIHOllleHHR qac BHKOpHCTaHHR o6cJiry rrpau;i L
1

TPL.
TPL
l/i
0
TPL.
0
114
L1
a
L1
6
...
L
L
TPL ....
v
TPL
...
0
1 L
6
TPL
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BHp06HHtiHX QJYHKIJ;iH, BH3HatiTe THII Bi,LI,[Iatii Bi,LI MaClllTa6y ,[IJIJI
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pOTKOCTpOKOBOMy (pHc. a), Ta TOtiKH B Ha rpaQ:JiKy i3o-
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1. Y HaBe.n;eHo .n;aHi rrpo 3MiHH 3araJihHOro o6c.Hry
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L TPL(Q)
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1) Po3paxy:ihe rpaHH'IHHH Ta cepe.n;Hill: rrpo.n;yKTlf rrpa.u;i;
2) 3o6pa3iTh rpai'IHO 3MiHH cyKyrrHoro, rpaHH'IHOro Ta ce-
pe.n;Hhoro rrpo.n;yKTiB;
3) Blf3Ha'IT8:
- CTa,D;il 3pOCTaHHH o6c.Hry rrpa.u;i;
- o6c.Hrlf rrpa.u;i, 3a .HKlfX ,ll;OC.HraThCH MaKCHMYM rpaHlf'IHO-
ro Ta cepe.n;Hhoro rrpo.n;yKTiB;
- o6c.Hrlf rrpa.u;i, 3a HKHX rpaHH'IHHH rrpo.n;yKT .n;opiBHIO ce-
pe.n;HhoMy;
- Memy 3pocTaHHH o6c.Hry rrpa.u;i.
2. Ha.n;aHo .n;eHKi rroKa3HHKH, rn;o Bi.n;o6pamaiOTh 3MiHy Tex-
Hi<mo'i pe3yJihTaTHBHOCTi BHpo6HHD;TBa 3a 3a.n;aHoro pecypcy K
Ta o6c.HriB pecypcy L, HKHH 3MiHIOThCH:
116
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L TPL MPL APL
1
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4
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5
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7
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1) 3arrOBHiTh Ta6JIHD;IO;
2) rpa<lJi'lHO 306pa3iTh OTpHMaHi p83YJihTaTH;
3) BH3HatiTe MaKCHMaJihHO .n;orrycTHMHH o6c.Hr pecypcy L 3a
3a.n;aHoro o6cHry pecypcy K.
3. 8 TaKi .n;aHi rrpo o6c.Hrlf BHKOpHCTaHHH <lJaKTopiB K, L Ta
o6c.Hry BlfiiYCKy Q:
K L Q
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B 120 60 800
B 240 120 1600
r 360 180 1720
-
1) HaKpecJiiTh KapTy i3oKBaHT;
2) Blf3HatiTe xapaKTep Bi.n;.n;aqi Bi.n; MaCIIITa6y rri.n; qac rrepe-
xo.n;y Bi.n; crroco6y BHpo6HHD;TBaA .n;o crroco6y B, Bi.n; B .n;o B, Bi.n; B
.n;or.
4. Y Ta6JIHD;i HaBe.n;eHo .n;aHi rrpo o6cHrlf pecypciB Ta BHpo6-
HHD;TBa:
1) Po3paxyll:Te rpaHH'IHY HOPMY TexHoJioritiHoro 3aMirn;eHHH
KaiiiTaJiy rrpa.o;eiO ,D;JIH i30KBaHTlf Q = 85, HKID;O 06CHr BlfKO-
pHCTaHHH rrpa.o;i 36iJihllllfTlf 3 2 ,ll;O 3 O,ll;.
117
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2) BII3HRlfTe crriBBi,n;HOilleHH.H rpaHIIqHo'i rrpo,n;yKTIIBHOcTi
rrpa:u;i Ta KarriTaJiy rrpii rrepexo.n;i Bi,n; crroco6y BIIpo6HIIII,TBa (3K;
3L) .n;o crroco6y (2K; 5L).
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KarriTaJiy
1 2 3 4 5
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4 75 95 110 120 125
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1
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2
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pliCTaHHi 25 o.n;. rrpa:u;i Ta 5 o.n;. KarriTaJiy?
2. BIIpo6HIIqa cpyHKII,i.H rri.n;rrpiieMCTBa y KopoTKOCTpOKOBo-
MY rrepio.n;i aa.n;aHa cpyHKII,iero: Q = 64L- 4L
2
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CTpoKoBoMy rrepio.n;i 6y.n;e MaKCIIMaJihHIIM. Ha cKiJihKII rri.n;rrpii-
eMCTBy ,li;OII,iJihHO 3M8HillyBaTII 06C.Hr rrpa:u;i y KOpOTKOCTpOKOBO-
My rrepio.n;i?
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20 o.n;. pecypcy K Ta 60 o.n;. pecypcy L . .ffKoiO 6y.n;e rpaHIIqHa rrpo-
.n;yKTIIBHiCTh pecypcy L, .HKIIJ,O rpaHIIqHa rrpo,n;yKTIIBHiCTh cpaK-
TopaK- 1,5 i Mae MiCII,e IIOCTiHHa Bi,n;p;aqa Bip; MaCillTa6y?
4. <l>ipMa rrpa:u;IOe 3a T8XHOJIOrieiO, KOJIII piBH.HHH.H i30KBaH-
K
Q2 cr u 6
Tli Mae BlirJI.H,ll; = -
2
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5. BIIaHaqTe TIIII Bi,n;,n;aqi Bi,n; MaCillTa6y ,D;JI.H rri.n;rrpiieMCTBa,
.HKIII,O ii:oro BIIpo6HIIqa cpyHKII,iH Mae BIIrJI.H,n;: Q = K
2
+ L
2

IIpo6JieMH ,IJ;JIH o6roBopeHHH
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2. E;wcmu'lnicmb 3a .uacwma6o.u ma i"i 3B'.R301C 3 eJLacmu'l-
nicm/0 BunycJCy 3a 3MinHUM pecypco.u.
5.3. IlpaKTHliHi CHTyau;i}
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"IJII03i.H qliCTO T8XHOJIOriqHOl ecpeKTliBHOCTi BMIIpae BaJKKO,
aJie BOHa aacJiyroBye Ha Te, III,06 11 "aaTorrTaJIII Ha CMepTh". He-
Mae TaKo'i MallliiHII, TaKoro rrpo:u;ecy, TaKoro rrpiiCTpoiO, HacTiJih-
KII ecpeKTIIBHoro, III,06 ii:oro HeMOJKJIIIBO 6yJio apo6IITII HeecpeK-
TIIBHIIM (a60 HaCTiJihKli HeecpeKTliBHOrO, III,06 ii:oro H8MOJKJII1BO
6yJIO 3p06IITI1 ecpeKTliBHIIM) 3a ,ll;OIIOMOrOIO Bi,D;IIOBi,D;HOl 3MiHII
Il,iHHOCTi".
,IJ;mepeJio: Xeune II. 8KOHOMH'IeCKHM o6pa3 MhiiiiJieHHH I II. Xeii-
He ; rrep. c aHrJI. - 2-e H3,n;., CTep. - M. : ,Il;eJio : Catallaxy, 1992. -
c. 171-172
BpuTaHCLKHH JiiTaK a.n;incHHTL rroJiiT Ha 6iorraJIHBi.
IIepnmU: B icTopi'i
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IlOBiTp.H Ha 6iorraJIIIBi, IIOBi,D;OMliB rrpe3II,ll;8HT 6piiTaHChKOl aBia-
KOMIIaHil "Virgin Atlantic" cep P. BpeHCOH. JiiTaK Bo!Hr-747
BliJI8TliTh y He,LJ;iJIIO 3 JIOH,LJ;OHChKOrO MiJKHapO,D;HOrO aepOIIOpTy
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lli.n; qac rrpo6Horo IIOJihOTY rracamupiB Ha 6opTy aBiaJialiHepa
He 6y.n;e, rrpoTe rracamupchid JiiTaKu, .HKi JiiTaiOTh Ha 6iorraJIHBi,
Bme 30BCiM cKopo cTaHyTh peaJihHiCTIO, rroBi,n;oMJI.He PIA "HoBo-
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JIH:Be 3HaHH.H rrpo Te, IIJ;O Mll MOmeMO ,n;yme CllJihHO 3Hll3llTll Bll-
Kll,ll;ll ByrJieKHCJioro ra3y B aTMoccpepy", - cKa3aB P. BpeHCOH.
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ThOX Bll,ll;iB TaKOrO IIaJIH:Ba HacrrpaB,n;i 3aB,n;ae IIIKO,ll;ll CiJibChKOMy
rocrro.n;apcTBY Ta eKoJioril. MuHyJioro THmH.H 6yJio orry6JiiKOBa-
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,ll;JI.H eKOHOMiKll Ta 8KOJIOril.
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BHKopucTaHH.H 3BuqaliHoro rraJIHBa.
llpoTe cep P. BpeHCOH 3arreBH.He, ru;o 6iorraJIHBO, .HKe BHKo-
pucToByeTbca lioro aBiaKoMrraHieiO, e "crrpaB,n;i Ha,n;iliHuM" i He
CTaHOBllTh 3arp03ll ,n;mepeJiaM IIllTHOI BO,ll;ll Ta xapqyBaHHH.
.Il,:>KepeJio: http:/ /www.newsru.uajworld/24feb2008jbiotoplivo.
html
1. qll e BllKOpllCTaHHH 6iorraJIH:Ba T8XHOJIOriqHo ecpeKTHB-
HllM?
2. On;iHiTh BTpaTu Ta rrepeBaru BHKopucTaHHH 6iorraJIHBa
,n;Jia aBiaJialiHepiB.
3. HKa aJihTepHaTHBHa BapTiCTh BHKopucTaHHH 6iorraJiuBa?
3aB,n;anna 2
"McDonald's" 6y,n;e 3 Bi,n;rrpau;LoBanoro MacJia po6u:Tu:
aBTOM06iJILHe IIaJIU:BO
KoMrraHi.H "McDonald's", orrepaTop Mepemi pecTopaHiB
IIIBH,n;Koro xapqyBaHH.H, 36upaeThC.H rrepepo6JIHTH Bi,n;rrpan;hoBa-
HY MacJio ,n;Jia mapKu B 6iorraJIHBo ,n;Jia 3arrpaBKH aBTOMo6iJiiB.
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,D;o KiHD;.H 2007 p. "McDonald's" y BeJIH:Kili BpuTaHii: rrJiaHyBaB
rrepeBeCTll 155 CBOIX BaHTamiBOK Ha 6iO,ll;ll38Jih, CTBopeHHH 3 Bll-
KOpllCTaHOrO MaCJia.
TaKHM quHOM "McDonald's" Mae HaMip rrpo,n;oBmHTH rroKpa-
ru;yBaTH cHili iMi,n;m B oqax eKoJioriqHux opraHi3an;ili. PiK TOMy,
rricJia rrpoBe,n;eHoi: ''rpiHrricoM" KaMrraHii:, "McDonald's" rroro-
,n;HBCH IIplliillHllTll BllKOpllCTOByBaTll COIO, BllpOIIJ;eHy Ha Micn;i
BHpy6aHoro Tporriqnoro Jiicy B 6acelini AMa30HKH B Bpa3uJiil.
HoBa iHin;iaTHBa KOMIIaHil Mae Ha M8Ti ,ll;OIIOMOrTll CKOpOTH-
Tll KiJihKiCTh IIIKi,ll;JillBllX BllKll,ll;iB y aTMOCcpepy.
.HKru;o 3apa3 "McDonald's" 3arrpaBJiae cBo1 aBTOMo6iJii cy-
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rram,ma, TO rriCJIH BB8,ll;8HH.H HOBOBB8,ll;8HH.H n;e CIIiBBi,ll;HOIII8HHH
3MiHllThCH ,ll;O 85 i 15% Bi,ll;IIOBi,ll;HO.
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BO,ll;HTHMeThC.H na 3aBo,n;i B Cxi.n;nili AnrJiii:, a 3aBo,n; 3 BHpo6mru;-
TBa 6iorraJIH:Ba p03TaiiiOByBaTHM8ThC.H B IJ;8HTpaJihHiH qaCTH:Hi
BeJiuKili BpuTanil.
flK Bi,ll;OMO, 3a ,ll;OIIOMOrOIO cyqaCHllX T8XHOJIOriH MOmHa Bll-
THryBaTll 3 xapqOBllX Bi,n;xo,n;iB 3ry6He ,ll;JI.H HaBKOJilliiiHbOrO ce-
pe,n;OBH:IIJ;a MaCJIO i rrepeTBOpiOBaTu lioro na ,n;u3eJihHe rraJIHBO a6o
KOPM ,n;Jia co6aK.
I1epepo6Ka pOCJillHHllX OJiiH i TBapllHHllX mupiB 3a ,ll;OIIOMO-
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,ll;O ,ll;ll38JihHOrO rraJIHBa, IIJ;O po6HTh MOmJIHBllM rri,n;MiiiiyBaHH.H
lioro a6o caMOCTiline BHKopucTaHHH. 3 o.n;noro KiJiorpaMa MacJia
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Bi,n;rroBi,n;ae nopMaM ,n;u3eJihHoro rraJIHBa EN 1421 4. llpuqoMy i3
3aCTOCyBaHH.HM rrpuca,n;oK 6io,n;H38Jlh MOmHa BllKOpllCTOByBaTll
rrpu TeMrrepaTypi -25 "C.
Huni y Bporri (HiMeqquna, <Ppann;ia, ABcTpi.H) Bupo6JI.HeTh-
ca 6iJihiii8 ,ll;BOX MiJihHOHiB TOHH 6iorraJIHBa Ha piK.
He3BamaiOqu na rrpu6JIH3HO 1 0-Bi,n;coTKOBe 36iJihiiieHHH BH-
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ra3aMn 3MeHinyTbC.H Ha 25-50%, Ill;O
MOJ:KJinBiCTb BHIWpnCTOByBaTn u;e:if ITaJinBa
1x po6oTn B eKoJioriqHo Bpa3JinBnx Micu;.Hx (y MicTax, 30-
Hax Kap'epHnX po3p06Kax).
,Il;mepeJio: http:/ jjuschin.com. uajmcdonalds-pochne-robyty-avto
mobilne-palyvo-z-vidpracovanogo-masla
1 . .ffKa IJ;iHHiCTb TaKOl TeXHOJIOrii:?
2. "In BnKopncTaHH.H 6iorraJinBa TeXHOJIOriqHO ecpeKTnB-
HnM "McDonald's"?
3. "In HOBa iHiu;iaTnBa KOMITaHil CKO-
pOTnTn KiJihKiCTb B aTMOCcpepy?
3aB,LJ;aHH.H 3
Cmeep{}JtCyJOmb, 140 MilCpoeKoNoMiKa {)aJleKa ei{) JtCumm.fl.
Ilpome Naeimb y npucJliB'.flx MOJICNa no6a'lumu npaKmU'lNuu ac-
neKm {)ii" 0Cli061iUX elCOliOMi'lflUX 3a1C01ii6, npo 140 CBW'lamb malCi
npuKJlaau.
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"B OTapi CTO roJiiB- 6yJIO 6araTO qa6aHiB".
1. ,lJ;i.H .HKOrO 3aKOHy IIOKa3aHa y rrpncJiiB '.HX?
2. 3o6pa3iTh rpacpiqHO Bnp06Hnqy cpyHKIJ;iiO y
BOMy o6ox
3. 3o6pa3iTh rpacpiqHO Bnpo6Hnqy cpyHKIJ;iiO y KOpOTKOCTpO-
KOBOMy o6ox
4. lll;o 3po6nTn ecpeKTnBHOCTi
Bnpo6Hnqoro rrpou;ecy?
3aB,LJ;aHH.H 4
3a {)aliUMU ma6JlUZ{b, npoaNaJli3yume {)i.flJlbfliCmb lia(/_Jmone-
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AT "XepcoHChKH:ii HIIK" 7130 21,3 50 100
AT "JIYKOHJI- 0,l.lech-
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06carH Bllp06H!i!J;TBa, TliC. T
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AT "XepcoHChKH:ii HIIK" Y 2007 p. 6yB Ha peKOHCTPYKnii:
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1. "IoMy B YKpa1Hi TaKa MaJia KiJihKiCTh 3aif-
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6iJihrne, Him AT "YKpTaTHacpTa"?
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IO'IH napK pe3epByBaHHH) Ta qacTKOIO ni.n;npneMcTBa Ha pMHKy?
3aB,ll;aHH.H 5
H au6iJlbUJuu y CIIIA aemoMo6iJle6y{)ienuu "General
Motors Corp" (GM) CKopomumb o6c.Hz aemoMo-
6iJliB y I 1C6apmaJli 2009 p. aoaam1C060 Ha 250 muc.
nopiBH.HHO 3 nJlanoeuM noKa3HU1COM y 750 muc., nepe{)ac::
Associated Press.
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GM y IliBHi'IHi:H AMepnu;i, 6iJihiiTiCTh 3 .HKHX He npau;IOBaTHMYTh
ITpOT.HrOM YChOrO Ci'IHH. "CKOpO'leHH.H BHp06HHIJ;TBa ITOB'.H3aHO 3
o6BaJioM nonnTy Ha npo,n;yKu;iro aBTOKOHu;epHiB y CnoJiy'IeHHX
iliTaTax",- 3a3Ha'IHB npep;cTaBHHK GM.
Ilpo.n;am aBTOMo6iJiiB y CiliA y JIHCTona.n;i 2008 p. 3MeHIITHB-
C.H Ha 37% - ,li;O HaMHH.IK'IOrO piBH.H 3 1982 p. IlpH IJ;hOMy ITOITHT
Ha aBTOMo6iJii GM 3HH3HBC.H Ha 41 % - y m-rcTona.n;i IJ;horo poKy
KoMnaHia peaJii3yBaJia B CiliA 153 THe. aBTOMo6iJiiB.
"General Motors" npo,n;oBmye BHMaraTH cpep;epaJihHoi: .n;ono-
Morn ,ll;JI.H BHpirneHH.H npo6JieM i3 JiiKBip;HicTIO. PaHirne KOMITaHi.H
3a.HBJIHJia, ru;o pH3HKye 3aJIHIITHTHC.H 6e3 o6opoTHHX 3aco6iB yme
.n;o KiHIJ;.H 2008 p. CeHaT KoHrpecy CiliA y qeTBep 3a6JioKyBaB 3a-
KOHonpoeKT npo BHp;iJieHH.H "BeJIHKiM p;eTpOMTChKiM Tpi:ilu;i" -
GM, "Ford" i "Chrysler"- 14 MJipp; ,n;oJI., 'IHM cep:Ho3Ho ycKJiap;-
HHB CTaHOBHIIJ;e aBTOKOHu;epHiB. IlpoTe y n'.HTHHIJ;IO BiJIHM .n;iM
p;aB Hap;iiO aBTOBHp06HHKaM, 3a.HBHBIITH, IIJ;O po3rJI.Hp;ae MO.IK-
JIHBiCTh M06iJii3au;ii: 3aco6iB 3 aHTHKpH30BOrO 700-MiJib.Hp,lJ;HOrO
124
Teopifl Blt1po6Hlt1U,TBa i rpaHW1Hlt1X npo,LJ,yKTiB
IIaKeTa ,ll;OITOMOrH cpiHaHCOBOMY CeKTOpy ,ll;JIH KOpOTKOCTpOKOBOl
IIip;TpHMKH aBTOITpOMHCJIOBOCTi.
)J;mepeJio: http:/ jtop.rbc.rujeconomicsjl2/12/2008/267833.shtml
1. LfOMY cpipMa BHpiiiTHJia npH3YITHHHTH 20 CKJiap;aJihHHX
3aBop;iB?
2. IIoacHiTh pirneHHH GM 3 no3nu;i1 Teopii: Bnpo6HHIJ;TBa. Bi-
.n;o6pa3iTh IJ;IO CHTyau;iiO rpacpi'IHO.
3. Lfll BITJIHHe p;ep.IKaBHa ,ll;OITOMOra Ha 36iJihiiTeHHH o6cary
Bllp06HHIJ;TBa?
4. Y 'IOMY npH'IHHa 3MeHIITeHHH ITOITHTY Ha aBTOM06iJii y
CiliA?
3aB,ll;3HH.H6
y 2009 p. pi3KO cKopoTHTh BHnycK cTaJii
Bnpo6HHIJ;TBO cTaJii B YKpai:Hi y 2009 p. 3MeHIITHThCH He
MeHrn Him Ha 25-30% nopiBHHHO 3 noTO'IHHM poKoM. TaKy 3a-
HBY 3po6nB B. Bo:H:Ko, reHepaJihHHM .n;npeKTOP op;Horo 3 Hali6iJih-
rnnx MeTaJiypri:HHnx 3aBo,n;iB YKpai:Hn- MapiynoJihChKoro Me-
TaJiypri:HHoro KOM6iHaTy (MMK) iMeHi !JIJii'Ia.
Y cepe,n;nHi JIHCTona.n;a cTaJio Bip;oMo, ru;o MMK Malime Bp;Bi'Ii
3MeHrnnB 3apo6iTHY nJiaTy CBOIM npau;iBHHKaM, BiH npau;roe
JIHIITe Ha ITOJIOBHHY ITOTY.IKHOCTi.
IIJ;e Ha ITO'IaTKY .IKOBTHH y 3Ml 3'HBHJIOCH ITOBip;OMJieHHH, IIJ;O
B YKpai:Hi noqaJiac.H MeTaJiypri:HHa Kpn3a. BHacJiip;oK cnpn'InHe-
Horo CBiTOBOIO Kpll30IO 3HH.IKeHHH IJ;iH Ha MeTaJIH yKpalHChKi BH-
po6HHKH 3MyiiTeHi CKOpO'IyBaTH Bllp06HHIJ;TBO. 3a p;aHHMll
MiHicTepCTBa npoMHCJIOBOI noJiiTHKH YKpai:Hn, y JIHCTona.n;i 3a-
raJihHe Bllp06HHIJ;TBO MeTaJiy B KpaiHi 3Hll3HJIOCH Ha 50 o/o nopiB-
HHHO 3 aHaJIOri'IHHM nepiop;OM 2007 p. 3oKpeMa, BHITYCK CTaJii
3MeHIITHBCH Ha 55 o/o.
)J;mepeJio: http:/ jlenta.rujnews/2008/12/04/down
1. LfoMy MMK 3MeHIITHB 3apo6iTHY nJiaTy Ta npau;roe Ha no-
JIOBHHY Bnpo6HH'IHX noTy.IKHOCTeli?
2. IIoacHiTh pirneHHH MMK 3 no3nu;il Teopii: Bnpo6HHIJ;TBa.
Bip;o6pa3iTh IJ;IO CHTyau;iiO rpacpi'IHO.
3. Y 'IOMY npH'IHHa MeTaJiypriMHOl Kpll3H?
125
TeMa5
3aB,ll;aHHH 7
CmeepiJJICy/Omb, 140 ,fllc6u He iJiHB 3alCOH cnaiJHo"i zpaHUl[Hoi
npoiJylCmueHocmi, mo .MOJICHa 6yJto 6 yci Heo6xiiJHi iJJtH JliOiJcm-
ea npoiJylCmu xapl[yBaHHH eupoutyeamu Ha oiJHiu lCBimlCoeiU
lCJly.M6i.
1. llo.HcHiTh TaRe np.HITYIIWHHH, cn.HpaiOq.Hch Ha Toil <PaRT,
m;o 3eMJIH - ,1J;.HH.HM ITOCTiMH.HM pecypc, a ,n;o6p.HBa - E:,ll;.HH.HM
3MiHH.HM pecypc.
2. RRy RiJihRiCTh npo,n;yRTiB xapqyBaHHH MOmHa 6yJio 6 B.H-
pocT.HT.H Ha O,ll;HiM RJiyM6i, HR6.H rpaH.HqH.HM npo,n;yRT ,n;o6p.HB MaE
ITOCTiMHY BCJI.Hq.HHY He3aJIC)KHO Bi,n; RiJihROCTi, IIJ;O B.HROp.HCTO-
BYE:ThCH Ha O,ll;.HH.HD;IO ITJIOIIJ;i.
126
leMa 6
T E O P I ~ BV1TPAT BV1P06HV1UTBA
6.1. OcHOBHi rroHHTTH i KaTeropil
BHyTpinmi BliTpaTH - B.HTpaT.H Ha pecypc.H ,n;JIH B.Hpo6H.H:o;-
TBa ITCBHOrO o6cHry rrpo,n;yR:o;il, HRi e BJiaCHiCTIO rri,n;rrpliE:MD;H, a
TaRO)K BapTiCTh aJihTepHaTliBHOrO BliROpliCTaHHH pecypciB.
rpaHIPIHi BHTpaTH- 3MiHa 3araJihHliX BliTpaT 3i 36iJihlllCH-
HHM o6c.Hry Blip06HliD;TBa rrpo,n;yR:o;i'i Ha O,ll;liHliD;IO. BOHli IIORa3y-
IOTh, CRiJihRli ,n;o,n;aTROBliX BliTpaT IIOTpe6ye ROmHa HaCTYIIHa
O,ll;liHliD;H rrpo,n;yR:o;i'i:
MC(Q) = b.TC(Q). MC(Q) = dTC(Q) .
. ' d(Q) '
SMC(Q) = dSTC(Q) = d(VC(Q)+FC) = dVC(Q)
dQ dQ dQ
BHTpaTH ,n;oBrocTpoRoBoro rrepio,n;y:
3araJihHi: LTC(Q);
cepe,n;Hi: LATC(Q) = LTC(Q);
Q
. dLTC(Q)
rpaHHqHI: LMC(Q) = __ _.:....;:..:..
dQ
127
TeMa6
BHTpaTH IWpOTKOCTpOI<aBoro rrepio,ZJ;y:
3araJihHi: STC(Q) = FC + VC(Q);
IIOCTi:i1:Hi: FC = STC(Q)- VC(Q);
3MiHHi: VC(Q) = STC(Q)- FC;
cepe.ZJ;Hi:
- 3araJihHi
SATC(Q) = = + = SAFC(Q) + SAVC(Q);
- 3MiHHi:
SAVC(Q) = VC(Q);
Q
SAVC(Q) = SATC(Q)-SAFC(Q);
- IIOCTillHi:
rpaHwmi:
SAFC(Q) = FC;
Q
SAFC(Q) = SATC(Q)- SAVC(Q);
SMC(Q) = flSTC(Q). SMC(Q) = dSTC(Q).
flQ ' d(Q) '
SMC(Q) = dSTC(Q) = d(VC(Q) + FC) = dVC(Q).
dQ dQ dQ
3MiHHi BHTpaTH- BHTpaTH, 3MiHIOIOThC.H 3i 3MiHOIO o6-
C.HI'Y BHp06HHII;TBa rrpo,ZJ;yKu;il.
30BHiiiiHi BHTpaTH- BHTpaTH Ha pecypCH ,ZJ;JI.H BHpOfiHHII;TBa
rreBHoro o6cary rrpo,ZJ;yKu;il, RKi KyrryiOThC.H Ha pHHKy pecypciB.
130KOCTa - MHOJKHHa BCiX KOM6iHau;i:i1: pecypciB, MOJKYTh
6yTH KyrrJieHi cpipMoiO 3a rreBHY cyMy rpoiiiOBHX BHTpaT. PiBH.HH-
H.H i30KOCTH:
TC(Q) = rLL + rKK; K = TC(Q)- rL L.
rK rK
128
Teopifl BL-npaT BV1po6HV1U,TBa
MiHiMaJibHO e1>eKTHBHHH poaMip (MaCIIITa6) nupo6HHII;TBa
(MES)- p03Mip rri,ZJ;rrpHCMCTBa a6o cpipMH, 3a .HKOI'O ,ZJ;OBI'OCTpo-
KOBi cepe,ZJ;Hi BHTpaTH MiHiMaJibHi.
HeanHi BHTpaTH (aJibTepHaTHBHi) - BapTiCTh cpaKTopiB BH-
po6HHII;TBa, rrepefiyBaiOTh y BJiaCHOCTi BHp06HHKa (.HKi BiH He
Kyrrye ll H8 opeH,ZJ;ye ), a TaKOJK BHTpaTH Ha BHp06HHII;TBO TOBapiB,
Bi,ZJ; BHpOfiHHII;TBa .HKHX cpipMa Bi,ZJ;MOBJI.HCThC.H 3apa,ZJ;H 36iJihiiieH-
H.H BHIIYCKY iHIIIOI'O TOBapy.
fiOCTiHHi BHTpaTH- BHTpaTH, .HKi He 3MiHIOIOTbC.H 3i 3MiHOIO
o6cary BHpo6HHII;TBa rrpo,ZJ;yKu;i'i.
flpaBHJIO HaHMeHIIIHX BHTpaT: BHTpaTH Ha BHp06HHII;TBO
IIeBHOI'O 06C.HI'Y rrpO,ZJ;YKII;il MiHiMaJibHi, KOJIH Bi,ZJ;HOIIIeHH.H rpa-
HH'-IHOI'O IIpO,ZJ;YKTY pecypcy ,ZJ;O llOI'O II;iHH O,ZJ;HaKOBe ,ZJ;JI.H 6y,ZJ;b-
.HKOI'O pecypcy:
MPL(L*) _ MPK(K*). MPL(L*) _ rL
- ' * --.
rL rK MPK(K ) rK
Cepe,LJ;Hi aaraJibHi BHTpaTH- BHTpaTH Ha O.ZJ;HHHII;IO BHpo6Jie-
HO'i rrpo,ZJ;yKu;i'i:
ATC(Q) = TC(Q).
Q
Cepe,LJ;Hi aMiHHi BHTpaTH- 3MiHHi BHTpaTH Ha O.ZJ;HHHII;IO BH-
po6JieHo'i rrpo,ZJ;yKu;i'i:
SAVC(Q) = VC(Q)
Q .
Cepe,LJ;Hi IIOCTiHHi BHTpaTH -rrOCTillHi BHTpaTH Ha O,ZJ;HHHII;IO
BHp06JieHOl rrpO,ZJ;yKu;i'i:
SAFC(Q)= FC
Q'
CrriBBi,LJ;HOilleHH.H Mim BHTpaTaMH KopoTKOCTpoKoBoro rre-
pio,ZJ;y:
1) cepe,ZJ;Hi BHTpaTH 3MeHIIIYIOThC.H 3i 36iJihiiieHH.HM o6-
C.HI'Y mrrrycKy, TO 'ix 3Ha'-leHH.H e 6iJihlllHM 3a rpaHH'-IHi BHTpaTH:
SATC(Q) J- => SMC(Q) < SATC(Q);
SAVC(Q) J- => SMC(Q) < SAVC(Q);
129
TeMa6
2) .HKI.IJ;O cepe,n;Hi BHTpaTH 36iJihiiiYIOThC.H 3i 36iJihlll8HH.HM o6-
C.Hry BHIIYCKy, TO IX 3HaqeHH.H M8HIIIHM 3a rpaHHqHi BHTpaTH:
SATC(Q) 1' => SMC(Q) > SATC(Q);
SAVC(Q) 1' => SMC(Q) > SAVC(Q);
3) rpaHHqHi BHTpaTH (SMC(Q)) ,n;opiBHIOIOTh cepe,n;HiM 3a-
raJihHHM Ta cepe,n;HiM 3MiHHHM y TOqu;i lXHhOrO MiHiMyMy:
SMC(Q) = SATC(Q) => SATC(Q) =min;
SMC(Q) = SAVC(Q) => SAVC(Q) =min;
4) cepe,n;Hi 3araJihHi BHTpaTH (SATC(Q)) ,li;OC.HraiOTh MiHiMy-
My 3a 6iJihiiiOrO o6c.Hry BHIIYCKy, Him Cepe,n;Hi 3MiHHi BHTpaTH
(SAVC(Q)), OCKiJihKH 3pOCTaHH.H cepe,n;Hix 3MiHHHX BHTpaT rreB-
HHH qac cyrrpoBo,n;myeThC.H 3MeHIIIeHH.HM cepe,n;Hix rrocTiiiHnx
BHTpaT, r.u;o 3a6e3rreqye B cyMi rra,n;iHH.H cepe,n;Hix 3araJihHHX BH-
TpaT. flKI.IJ;O T8MII 3M8HIII8HH.H cepe,n;HiX IIOCTiHHHX BHTpaT CTa
M8HIIIHM, Him T8MII 3pOCTaHH.H Cepe,n;HiX 3MiHHHX BHTpaT, cepe,n;-
Hi 3araJihHi BHTpaTH TaKom IIOqHHaiOTh 3pOCTaTH.
CycrriJILHi BHTpaTn - BapTiCTh BHpo6HHIJ;TBa rreBHoro o6c.H-
ry IIpO,li;YKIJ;il ,li;JI.H cycrriJihCTBa, BKJIIOqHQ 3 HeraTHBHHMH Ta II0-
3HTHBHHMH 30BHiiiiHiMH ecpeKTaMH.
TpaHCaKn;iifHi BHTpa TH - BHTpa TH y Cepe pi 06MiHy, IIOB '.H3aHi
3 rrepe,n;aqeiO rrpaB BJiaCHOcTi.
YMoBa orrTHMaJILHoro BH6opy pecypciB: crriBBi,n;HoiiieHH.H
rpaHHqHHX rrpo,n;yKTiB 3a KOmHHM i3 pecypciB MaE: ,n;opiBHIOBaTH
CIIiBBi,li;HOIIIeHHIO IJ;iH Ha u;i pecypcn:
MPL(L*) rL
*=-
MPK(K) rK
<f>yHKIJ;i.H BHTpaT - 3aJiemHiCTh Mim 06C.HrOM BHp06JieHOl
rrpo,n;yKn;i1 Ta MiHiMaJihHO Heo6xi,n;HHMH BHTpaTaMH Ha ll BHpo6-
HHIJ;TBO, .HKa xapaKT8pH3Y piB8Hh BHTpaT Ha BHp06HHII;TBO IIeB-
HOro 06C.Hry rrpo,n;yKu;i1 3a YMOBH OIITHMaJihHOl KOM6iHan;i1 pe-
cypciB cpipMn:
TC(Q) = f(Q), TC(Q) = f(K, L, rL, rK ).
130
Teopi5l sL.npaT Bll1po6Hli1U,TBa
6.2. HaBqaJILHHH TpeHiHr

1. IloJlcHimb, ttoMy Kpuea zpaHUttHUX eumpam nepemuHa
1cpuei cepe()Hix 3azaJtbHUX ma cepe()Hix 3MiHHUX eumpam y
mottu) i:x MiHiMyMy.
2. IfOJlCHimb, 'lOMY cepe()Hi 3MiHHi Bumpamu ()oCJlZaiOmb
CBOZO MiHiMyMy 3a M1-llUOZO 06CJlZY npo()yKmy, Hi:JIC cepe()Hi 3a-
za.nbHi.
3. 3a eupo6Huz.tmea 20 muc. cmi.nbz.tiB Ha MiCJll.{b zpaHU'lHi
BUmpamu 3piBHJl.HUCJl i3 cepe{)HiMU 3MiHHUMU BumpamaMU. Jl K
:JMiHJlmbCJl 3aza.nbHi cepe()Hi eumpamu 3i 36i.nbweHHJlM o6cJtzy
eunycKy?
TeeTH
1. Y MiKpOeKOHOMiqHOMy aHaJii3i rri,n; 8KOHOMiqHHMH BHTpa-
TaMH po3yMiiOTh:
a) rpOIIIOBi BHIIJiaTH IIOCTaqaJihHHKaM BHp06Hnqnx pe-
cypciB;
6) BHTpaTH Ha CTpHMaHH.H BHp06HHqHX pecypciB Bi,ll; aJihTep-
HaTHBHOrO BHKOpHCTaHH.H;
B) BHTpaTH y BapTiCHiH cpOpMi, Bi,n;o6pameHi y 6yxraJITepChKO-
MY o6JiiKy;
r) 30BHiiiiHi BHTpaTH.
2. Y MiKpOeKOHOMiqHoMy aHaJii3i 30BHiiiiHi BHTpaTH- u;e:
a) rpoiiioBi BHrrJiaTH 3a Bnpo6Hnqi pecypcn;
6).HBHiBHTpaTH;
B)He.HBHiBHTpaTH;
r) BHTpaTH Ha pecypcn, r.u;o rrepe6yBaiOTh y BJiaCHOcTi rri.n;rrpn-
E:MIJ;.H.
131
TeMa6
3. Y MiJCp08KOHOMi'IHOMy aHaJii3i H8IIOB8pHeHi BMTpaTM -
u;e:
a) BMTpaTM BMp06HMqJi!X pecypCiB BMp06HMD;TBa HepeaJii-
30BaHOl
6) I'pOIIIOBa OD;iHKa H8BMp06HJi!qJi!X BMTpaT;
B) BMTpaTM Ha pecypcM, IQO MaiOTh aJihTepHaTMBHOI'O BMKO-
pMCTaHHH;
r) BMTpaTM, HKi He MOmyTh 6yTM
4. EKOHOMiqHi BMTpaTM- u;e cyMa:
a) 6yxraJITepChKMX i HeiiOBepHeHMX BMTpaT;
6) 30BHiiiiHiX i BHyTpiiiiHiX BMTpaT 3 HOpMaJihHMM IIpM6yT-
KOM;
B) 30BHiiiiHiX BMTpaT i HOpMaJihHOI'O IIpM6yTKy;
r) 6yxraJITepChKMX i BHyTpiiiiHiX BMTpaT.
5. <l>yHKD;iH BMTpaT- u;e 3aJiemHiCTh:
a) IQO 3MiHM BeJIMqJi!HM eKOHOMiqHMX BMTpaT, 3y-
MOBJieHMX 3MiHOIO D;iH Ha BMp06HM'Ii pecypcM;
6) Mim 06CHI'aMM pecypciB Ta 06CHI'OM BMIIYCKy
B) HKa 3MiHy BeJIJi!qJi!HM eKOHOMi'IHMX BMTpaT,
3YMOBJieHMX 3MiHOIO 06CHI'Y BMIIYCKy
r) IQO 3MiHM y qJaKTOpiB BMpo6-
HMD;TBa.
6. YMOBOIO OIITMMaJihHOI'O BM6opy pecypciB CTOCOBHO 3a-
TpaT e:
a) piBHiCTh rpaHJi!qHMX BMp06HMqJi!X pe-
cypciB;
6) piBHiCTh rpaHM'IHMX pecypciB
BMp06HMD;TBa Ta D;iH D;MX pecypciB;
B) piBHiCTh rpaHJi!qHMX i
TiB pecypciB;
r) piBHiCTh rpaHJi!qHMX i
7. 3araJihHi BMTpaTM KOpOTKOCTpOKOBOI'O - u;e;
a) MC + ATC; 6)AFC + AVC; B) FC + VC; r)AMC + FVC.
132
svnpaT sV1p06HV1U.TBa

8. 3MiHHMMM Ha3MBaiOTh BMTpaTM:
a) Ha pecypCM, D;iHM Ha HKi 3MiHIOIOThCH;
6) HKi Mae rrpM HYJihOBOMY o6CH3i BMIIYCKy;
B) IQO 8 HBHMMM;
r) IQO 3MiHIOIOThCH IIpM 3MiHi o6CHI'Y BMp06HMD;TBa
9. l30KOCTa TQqKJi!:
a) piBH03HaqHJi!X BMTpaT;
6) BMrrycKy
B) CTiHKOl piBHOBai'M BMp06HMKa;
r) piBHOCTi IIOIIMTY Ta IIpOII03MD;ii:.
10. Y TOqu;i MiHiMaJihHMX BMTpaT rpaHMqHi BMTpa-
TM MaiOTh:
HH;
a) 6yTM 6iJihiiii, Him
6) 6yTM MeHIIIi, Him
B)
r) 6yTM MiHiMaJihHMMM.
11. IIocTiiiHi BMTpaTM - u;e:
a) BMTpaTM Ha pecypCM 3 D;iHaMM Ha MOMeHT
6) BMTpaTM, HaHBHi HaBiTh KOJIM Hiqoro He BMp06JIH-
IOTh;
B) HeHBHi BMTpaTM BMp06HMD;TBa;
r) BMTpaTM Ha CMpOBMHM 3a qJiKCOBaHMMM Harre-
D;iHaMM.
12. Y qJipMM:
a) Bci BMTpaTM 8 3MiHHMMM;
6) IIOCTiHHi BMTpaTM 3pOCTaiOTh Him 3MiHHi;
B) yci BMTpaTM 8 CTaJIMMM;
r) 3MiHHi BMTpaTM 3pOCTaiOTh Him IIOCTiHHi.
13. cyKyrrHi BMTpaTM MiHiMaJihHOI BeJIM-
'IMHM 3a 06CHI'Y BMp06HMD;TBa, HKOI'O xapaKTepHi:
a) piBHiCThAVC TaATC;
133
6) piBHicTh MC TaATC;
B) MaKCHMaJihHHH IIpH6yToK;
r) piBHiCTh MC TaAVC.
TeMa6
14. HKru;o 3Ha'leHH.H cepe,n;Hix 3MiHHHX BHTpaT AVC 3MeH-
rnyE:ThC.H 3i 3pOCTaHH.HM o6c.Hry BHp06HHD;TBa, TO:
a) MC MaiOTh 6yTH HHJK'IHMH, HimAVC;
6) MC MaiOTh cKopo'lyBaTHc.H;
B) TC TaKom MaiOTh CKopo'lyBaTHC.H;
r) AFC MaiOTh apocTaTH.
15. By.n;h-.HKa TO'IKa, poaMiru;eHa Ha iaoKocTi, oaHa'lae:
a) KiJihKiCTh rrpo,n;yKTiB, .HKi BHp06JI.HIOTh;
6) o6c.Hr rrpo.n;yKTiB y rpornoBoMy BHpameHHi;
B) cyMy BHTpaT;
r) KOM6iHaD;iiO cpi3Hl:JHHX 06C.HriB pecypciB.
16. HKru;o ,IJ;JI.H rreBHoro 3Hal:JeHH.H o6c.Hry BHrrycKy KopoTKo-
CTpoKoBi 3araJihHi BHTpaTH ,n;opiBHIOIOTh ,ll;OBrOCTpOKOBHM, TO
BO,ll;HO'lac:
a) cepe,n;Hi 3MiHHi BHTpaTH ,IJ;OpiBHIOIOTh rpaHHl:JHHM;
6) cepe,n;Hi 3araJihHi KOpOTKOCTpOKOBi BHTpaTH ,ll;OpiBHIOIOTh
Cepe,n;HiM 3araJihHHM ,ll;OBrOCTpOKOBHM;
B) rpaHH'IHi KOpOTKOCTpOKOBi BHTpaTH 6iJihilli 3a cepe,n;Hi 3a-
raJihHi ,ll;OBrOCTpOKOBi;
r) Cepe,n;Hi KOpOTKOCTpOKOBi 3MiHHi BHTpaTH ,n;opiBHIOIOTh ce-
pe,n;HiM aaraJihHHM ,ll;OBrOCTpOKOBHM.
17. OrrTHMaJihHHM aa BHTpaTaMH 6y.n;e TaKHH o6c.Hr BHrrycKy
rrpo.n;yKu;il, ,n;JI.H .HKoro:
a) pi3HHD;.H MiJK pHHKOBOIO D;iHOIO Ta cepe,n;HiMH BHTpaTaMH
HaHMeHillOIO;
6) BCi BHTpaTH MiHiMaJihHHMH;
B) rpaHH'IHa HOpMa TeXHOJIOril:JHOrO 3aMiiiJ;eHH.H ,n;opiBHIO
CIIiBBi,IJ;HOilleHHIO D;iH Ha pecypcH;
r) cepe,n;Hi BHTpaTH ,n;opiBHIOIOTh rpaHH'IHHM.
134
T e o p i > ~ svnpaT Bltlpo6HltlU,TBa
18. HaxHJI iaoKOCTH aMiHIOE:ThC.H, .HKID;O aMiHIOE:ThC.H:
a) CIIiBBi,IJ;HOilleHH.H cepe,n;HiX rrpo,n;yKTiB pecypciB;
6) CIIiBBi,IJ;HOilleHH.H rpaHH'IHHX rrpo,n;yKTiB pecypciB;
B) ,IJ;HHaMiKa KOpOTKOCTpOKOBHX BHTpaT BHp06HHIJ;TBa;
r) CIIiBBi,IJ;HOilleHH.H IJ;iH Ha pecypCH.
19. 3MiHa ,ll;OBrOCTpOKOBHX BHTpaT cpipMH 3aJieJKHTh Bi,n;:
a) ecpeKTHBHOCTi BHKOpHCTaHH.H 3MiHHHX pecypciB;
6) ecpeKTHBHOCTi BHKOpHCTaHH.H IIOCTiHHHX pecypciB;
B) Bi,n;,n;a'li Bi,IJ; MaCillTa6y BHp06HHD;TBa;
r) 3aKOHY crra,n;HOl Bi,n;,n;al:Ji.
20. MiHiMaJihHO ecpeKTHBHHH o6c.Hr BHrrycKy- u;e:
a) MaKCHMaJihHHH 06C.Hr BHIIyCKy 3a Ha.HBHHX pecypciB;
6) o6c.Hr BHIIYCKy, KOJIH cepe,n;Hi ,ll;OBrOCTpOKOBi BHTpaTH 3pOC-
TaiOTh;
B) 06C.Hr BHIIYCKY, KOJIH BH'IeprryE:ThC.H ,n;i.H eKOHOMil Ha Mac-
IllTa6i;
r) MiHiMaJihHO MOJKJIHBHH o6c.Hr BHIIyCKy.
fpa<PillHi BIIpaBH
1. Ha pHCYHKY rroKaaaHo iaoKBaHTH Ta iaoKOCTH cpipMH.
3'.HCyHTe, 3a .HKHX KOM6iHau;i:i1: pecypciB:
1) BHTpaTH Ha BHp06HHD;TBO o6c.HriB BHIIYCKY Q
1
i Q
2
6y,n;yTh
MiHiMaJihHHMH;
2) .n;oc.HraE:ThC.H TOM caMHH o6c.Hr BHrrycKy, ru;o H: 3a rrJia-
HOMC;
3) cpopMyThC.H TpaKTOpi.H eKCIIaHCil (ecpeKTHBHOrO 3pOC-
TaHH.H);
4) o6c.Hr BHrrycKy 6y.n;e 6iJihillHH, Him aa rrJiaHOM E;
5) BHTpaTH O,IJ;HaKOBi;
6) rpaHH'IHa HOpMa TeXHiqHOrO 3aMiiiJ;eHH.H ,IJ;OpiBHIOe CIIiB-
Bi,IJ;HOilleHHIO D;iH pecypciB.
135
K
0
Q2
Ql
TeMa6
L
2. Ha pMcynKy npe.n;cTaBJieni 3araJihHi BMTpaTM <PipMM y
pOTKOCTpOKOBOMY nepiop;i.
c
200
180
100
0
3'.Hcy:ii:Te:
I
/
10
30 40
Q
1) qoMy .n;opiBHIOIOTh cepe.n;ni 3araJihHi BI1TpaTM np11 Q = 10 Ta
Q=40;
2) qoMy ,l.l;OpiBHIOIOTh ITOCTiMHi BMTpaTM;
3) qoMy p;opiBHIOIOTh Cepep;Hi 3MiHHi BMTpaTM ITpM Q = 10 Ta
Q=40;
4) qoMy p;opiBHIOIOTh rpaHH:qHi BMTpaTH: npM Q = 40;
5) RKi BMTpaTH (cepe.n;ni 3araJihHi, cepe.n;ni 3Minni, rpanMqni)
6yp;yTh 6iJihiiii1MM ITpM Q = 10 Ta Q = 30.
3. Ha pHcynKy noKa3aHo TpaeKTopiiO e<PeKTMBHoro 3pocTan-
H.H o6c.Hry BMpo6HHIJ;TBa <PipMH. HKMM BHrJI.Hp; MaTMMYTh KpHBi
,l.l;OBrOCTpOKOBI1X 3araJihHMX Ta cepep;HiX BI1TpaT ,l.l;O Q = 800?
136
Teopi51 BII1TpaT B111p06H111LJ,TBa
K
8
4
2
0 2 4

' ' '

8
L
4. Ha pHCYHKY 3o6pameno KpMBi .n;oBro- Ta KopoTKOCTpoKo-
BHX BMTpaT. l.JoMy p;opiBHIOIOTh:
1) KOpOTKOCTpOKOBi 3araJihHi Ta cepep;Hi BI1TpaTI1, .HKIIJ;O Q
1
=
= 100 op;., a ,l.l;OBrOCTpOKOBi 3araJihHi BI1TpaTI1 ,l.l;JI.H IT;hOrO o6C.Hry
p;opiBHIOIOTh 1000 rpn;
2) rpanMqni BI1TpaTM y ,l.l;OBrO- Ta KOpOTKOCTpOKOBOMY nepio-
p;ax, .HKIIJ;O Q
2
= 150 O,l.l;., .HKIIJ;O ,l.l;OBrOCTpOKOBi 3araJihHi BI1TpaTI1
aa n;horo o6c.Hry- 1200 rpn?
c
SATC
1
0 Ql Q2 Q
5. Ha pMcynKy 3o6pameno KpHBi cepe.n;nix BMTpaT ,l.l;JI.H pi3-
HI1X nocTiMHMX BMTpaT. HKru;o nocTiifni BI1TpaTI1 FC = 100, KpM-
Ba 3araJihHI1X cepe.n;nix BI1TpaT Mae BHrJI.Hp; SATC
1
, RKru;o FC =
= 200, KpH:Ba 3araJihHMX cepe.n;nix BHTpaT- SATC
2
, RKru;o FC =
= 300, TO SATC3.
137
c
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
---"--- --- _._ ______ .., _______ ,.___ -- __ ._ __ - __ _,_- --- _, ____ _
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Q
TeMa6
1) .flKIIJ;O cpipMa IIJiaHy BHp06JIHTH 06CHr Q = 60, TO HKHM o6-
CHr IIOCTiMHHX BIITpaT i HKY cpyHKIJ;iiO cepe,n:HiX aaraJihHHX BH-
TpaT BOHa o6epe?
2) .flKIIJ;O cpipMa IIJiaHy 36iJihiiiHTH 06CHr BHIIYCKy ,ll;O Q = 80,
TO HKHM o6cHr IIOCTiMHHX BHTpaT i HKy cpyHKIJ;iiO cepe,n:HiX aa-
raJihHHX BHTpaT BOHa o6epe aa IIOIIHTy, IIJ;O IIOCTiMHO 3pOCTa?
3) HKHM o6cHr BHrrycKy 6y,n;e Kparn;nM ,lf;JIH cpipMn: Q = 60 '-IH
Q= 140?
Po3paxyHROBi3aAaqi
1. HaBe,n;eHo ,n:aHi rrpo o6cHrH BHrrycKy Ta piBeHh 3MiHHHX
BHTpaT ,ll;JIH u;nx o6cHriB. Poapaxyii:Te Bci BH,n:H BHTpaT KopoT-
KOCTpoKoBoro IIepio,n;y, HKIIJ;O IIOCTiMHi BHTpaTH ,lf;OpiBHIOIOTh
100 rpH.
06cRr Brrrryc-
Ky(Q)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
3MiHHi BII-
770 I
TpaT:rr (VC)
0 20 50 120 200 350 540
2. Y Ta6JIHIJ;i HaBe,n:eHo ,n:aHi IIpo o6cHrH BHIIYCKy cpipMH Ta
piBHi aaraJihHHX BHTpaT, rn;o Bi,n:rroBi,n:aiOTh D;HM o6cHraM. Poapa-
xyii:Te Bci BH,ll;H BHTpaT KOpOTKOCTpOKOBOrO rrepio,n:y,
138
Teopi5l Bl-npaT Blllpo6HIIIU,TBa
06cRr Bimyc-
7 I KY (Q) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
3araJihHi Brr-
Tpam (STC) 10 50 120 230 350 500 690 920
3. Ha,n:aHo TaKi ,n:aHi:
06c.11r rrpo-

ilJiaTa 3apo6iTHa rrJia-
3eMJI.H, ra 3a 3eMJIIO, Ta, rpH Ha rrpa-
T
HllKll
rpH/ra
0 30 0 24 10
1 30 12 24 10
2 30 22 24 10
3 30 30 24 10
4 30 42 24 10
5 30 62 24 10
6 30 90 24 10
7 30 126 24 10
06'-!HCJiiTh STC, VC, FC, SATC, SAVC, SMC.
4. 3aiiOBHiTh 'ra6JIHIJ;IO:
3MiHHi 3araJihHi

rpaHllqHi
06c.11r sn- IIOCTiHHi 3MiHHi 3araJihHi
rrycKy (Q)
BHTpaTll BllTpaTll
BHTpaTll BHTpaTll BllTpaTll
BllTpaTll
(VC) (STC)
(SAFC) (SATC) (SATC)
(SMC)
0
1 200
2
3 400 90
4 500
5 20 140
139
TeMa6
5. Y BI1p06HI1IJ;TBi IIeBHOrO TOBapy BI1IWpl1CTOBYIOThCR ,ll;Ba
cpaKTOpM: rrpau;R Ta KarriTaJI. Y Ta6JIMu;i HaBe.n;eHo BapiaHTI1 BM-
KOpMcTaHHR IJ;l1X cpaKTOpiB, Bl13HR'-I8HO rpaHR'-IHY rrpo.n;yKTI1B-
HiCTh Ta u;iHM o.n;MHMu;i pecypciB, ru;o KyrryiOTh. HKi BapiaHTI1 BM-
KOpMcTaHHR rrpau;i Ta KarriTaJiy e eKOHOMitiHO ecpeKTI1BHI1Ml1?
rpaHH'IHa
ll;iHa
rpaHH'!Ha IIpO-
BapiaHTH
IIpO,[IYKTHBHiCTh
.LIYKTHBHiCTh Rani-
IJ;iHa KarriTaJiy


TaJiy
A
20
10
100
25
B
10
5
200
50
B
15
3
50
10
r
11
8
150
30
AHaJiiTHliHi 3aB,z:J;aHHH
1. 3arrJiaHOBaHi BI1TpaT.l1 cpipMI1 ,ll;OpiBHIOIOTb 200 rp. O,ll;.
1 1
ct>ipMa BI1po6JIRe rrpo.n;yKu;iro 3a TexHoJioriero Q = L2 K 2 3a u;iH
Ha cpaKTOpl1 BI1p06Hl1IJ;TBa rL= 2, rK= 4. li.JIR RKI1X 06CRriB Bl1KO-
pl1CTaHHR IIpau;i Ta KarriTaJiy Bl1IIYCK cpipMI1 6y.n;e MaKCI1MaJib-
HI1M?
2. ct>ipMa rrpau;roe 3a TexHoJioriero, ru;o Mae BI1po6HMI.J:y cpyHK-
1 1
u;iro Q = K
2
L2. D;iHa o.n;MHMIJ;i rrpau;i- 8 rpH, u;iHa KarriTaJiy-
16 rpH. Bl13Hai.J:Te cepe.n;HID rrpo.n;yKTMBHiCTh rrpau;i, KOJIM cpipMa
rrepe6yBae y cTaHi piBHOBarM.
3. ci>ipMa rrpau;roe 3a TeXHOJioriero, ru;o Mae BI1po6HMI.J:Y <PYHK-
1 1
u;iro Q = K
2
L2. D;iHa o.n;MHMIJ;i rrpau;i- 1 rpH, u;iHa KarriTaJiy-
4 rpH. HKa KiJihKiCTh pecypciB Heo6xi.n;Ha .D;JIR BI1po6HMIJ;TBa
400 o.n;. rrpo.n;yKu;il?
4. ct>ipMa rrpau;roe 3a TexHoJioriero, ru;o Mae BI1po6HMI.J:y <PYHK-
1
u;iro Q = L
2
HKI1Ml1 6y.n;yTh cepe.n;Hi BI1TpaTI1 cpipMM rrp.11 BI1po6-
140
BvnpaT BV1po6HV1U,TBa
lll1IJ;TBi 100 O,ll;. rrpo,n;yKu;i'i, RKIIJ;O IJ;iHa O,ll;l1Hl1IJ;i rrpau;i
10 rpH?
5. ct>yHKIJ;iR BMTpaT cpipMI1 3a.n;aHa RK TC(Q) = 5000 +2Q +
+ 0,02Q
2

1) 3HaH,n;iTh IIOCTiHHi BI1TpaTI1, cpyHKIJ;il 3MiHHI1X, cepe.n;HiX
3araJihHI1X, cepe.n;HiX 3MiHHI1X, cepe,n;HiX IIOCTiHHI1X i rpaHI1'-IHI1X
BI1TpaT.
2) Bl13Hai.J:Te o6cRr BMrrycKy, 3a RKoro cepe.n;Hi 3araJihHi BM-
TpaTM 6y,n;yTh MiHiMaJibHI1Ml1.
IIpo6JieMH ,z:J;JIH o6roBopeHHH
1. 06rpyHmyBaHH.H onmuhWJlbHUX po3MipiB niOnpurMcmB:
MifcpoelCOHOMittHuu acne1Cm.
2. l{uHaMilCa Bumpam Ha Bupo6Hul{mBo npoiJy1C4ii' y 1Copom-
1CO - ma iJOBZOCmp01COBOMY nepioiJax i pe3ep6U fx 3HU:JiceHH.H.
6.3. IlpaKTIIqHi CIITyan;ii
3aB)J;aHHSI 1
Go east ("'-IOMY BHpooHHKH MooiJILHHX TeJie$oHiB rrepeHOCHTb
CKJiap;aHHH B Cxip;Hy Bporry, aJie He B YKpa'iHy)
;rr,o JiiTa 2008 p. y HiMeiJ;hKOMY MicTi BoxyMi 6e3 po6oTI1 3aJIM-
IIIaThCH 6iJihiiie 2 Tl1C. oci6- "Nokia" OrOJIOCI1Jia rrpo 3aKpl1TTH
3aBo.n;y B HiMei.J:I.J:MHi. KoMrraHiH He o6MeJRI1ThCH 3aKpi1TTHM o.n;-
Horo 3aBo.n;y- cpiHM rrJiaHyiOTh rrpo.n;aTM po3TaiiioBaHi B BoxyMi
JiiHil 3 Bl1IIYCKy aBTOM06iJihHOl eJieKTpOHiKI1 Ta rri,n;p03.D;iJI i3 .n;o-
CJii,n;JReHh i po3po6Kl1 rrporpaMHoro 3a6e3rrei.J:eHHH KOMIIaHi'i
"Sasken Technologies".
Jli.n;ep Ha p.I1HKY M06iJihHI1X TeJiecpOHiB i3 I.J:aCTKOIO B 40 o/o 3a-
Kp.I1Bae BI1po6HMIJ;TBO B HiMe'-II.J:MHi 3 MeToiO MiHiMi3yBaTI1 BM-
TpaTM. lPiHI1 HaCaMrrepe.n; He XO'-IYTh BI1Tpa'-IaTI1CR Ha ,ll;OpOrl1X
HiMeiJ;hKMX po6iTHMKiB. Cepe.n;HH 3aprrJiaTa HiMu;R - 6iJihiiie
141
TeMa6
3 THe. enpo Ha MiCJIIJ;h. PyMyHH roToni rrpau;IOBaTH 3a 200-
250 enpo (Ha 3ano.n;i, p03TaiUoBaHoMy B 320 KM ni.n; ByxapecTa,
cepe.n;HH 3apmmTa po6iTHHKa cTaHOBHTh 215 enpo 6e3 ypaxyBaH-
HJI IIO,z:t;aTKiB).
BoxyMChKe rri.n;rrpHeMCTBO BHrrycKaJio rrpH6JIH3Ho 6 % TeJie-
cpoHiB "Nokia", aJie Ha HhOI'O IIpHrra.n;aJIO 23% BCiX BHTpaT KOp-
IIOpan;i1 Ha orrJiaTy rrpau;i.
HoBHli 3ano.n; "Nokia" y PYMYHChKOMy MicTi KJiym napTiCTIO
60 MJIH enpo 6y.n;e o6cJiyronynaTH nporry, Kpa1HH BJIH3hKoro
Cxo.n;y Ta AcppHKH. PyMyHChKe MicTo IIPHBa6HJio cpiHiB He TiJih-
KH Hli3hKHMH 3apnJiaTaMH, aM IIO,z:t;aTKOBHMH IIiJihi'aMH y BiJih-
HiM eKoHoMiqHili: 30Hi KJiym - rro.n;aToK Ha rrpH6yToK 5% 3a-
MiCTh 25%, 3BiJihHeHHJI ni.n; crrJiaTH II,D;B i aKD;H3iB.
A B YKpa1Hi BeH.n;OpH 3ano.n;H ni.n;KpHBaTH He rrocrriiUaiOTh.
3aKOp,z:t;OHHHX Biip06HHKiB JIJIKae qacTa 3MiHa npaBHJI rpM ,ll;JIJI
iHo3eMHHX iHnecTopin. HanpHKJia.n;, y 3aKaprraTTi npau;IOe aMe-
PHKaHChKa "Jabil", IIJ;O 36Hpae KOMIT'IOTepHy eJieKTpOHiKy Ta
Mo6iJihHi TeJiecpOHH. AMepHKaHChKa KOMnaHiJI 6y.n;yBaJia 3ano.n;
Ha TepHTopi1 Micu;eno1 BE3, po3paxonyiOqH Ha 3BiJihHeHHJI ni.n;
BBi3Horo MHTa, II,D;B Ta HH3hKi 3aprrJiaTH yKpa1Hu;in. O.n;HaK y
2005 p. ITiJihi'H 6yJIH CKaCoBaHi- Terrep KOMIIJieKTyiOqi MOJRHa
3aB03HTH 6e3MHTHo TiJihKH 3a yMOBH BHBe3eHHJI 3 YKpa1HH roTo-
BHX JIPHCTpOIB IIpOTJII'OM 90 ,z:t;HiB 3 MOMeHTy Ha,z:t;XO,z:t;JReHHJI ,z:t;eTa-
Jieli:, aJie Bi,z:t;Be,z:t;eHHX TphOX MiCJIIJ;iB He BHCTaqae.
LI.mepeJio: FoH'lapyiC H. Go east. qoMy BHpo6m:IKH Mo6iJihHHx Te-
JiecpoHiB rrepeuocJITh CKJia.n;aHHJI B Cxi.n;Hy Bporry, aJie ue B YKpai:uy I
H. rouqapyK I I R:ouTpaKTII.- 2008.- M 7.- 18 JIIOTOI'O.
1. Ha HKi 3MiHH po3paxonye "Nokia" rricJIJI ni.n;KpHTTJI 3ano-
.n;y B PyMyHil? IIepepaxyliTe cpaKTOpH 3MeHIUeHHJI BHTpaT.
2. Bi.n;o6pa3iTh rpacpiqHo 3MiHy BHTpaT BHpo6HHIJ;TBa.
3. qoMy eKoHoMiqHo HeBHri,n;He ni.n;KpHTTJI 3ano.n;y B YKpa-
.. '?
lHl.
142
L
I
j
Teopis:J BvnpaT BV1po6HV1U.TBa
3aB,ll;aHHH2
HepBoBi n;iHH
3a rrepiUi ,z:t;Ba THJRHi 2009 p. BHCOKOOKTaHOBHH 6eH3HH y CTO-
JIHD;i rro.n;opomqaB 6iJihiUe Him Ha 30 Ron. BiJihiiiiCTh eKcrrepTiB
IIOB'H3YIOTh no.n;opomqaHHJI naJihHOI'O Ha 3arrpaBKaX i3 rri,z:t;BH-
m;eHHJIM aKD;H3iB. 2 ciqHJI IIpe3H,z:t;eHT YKpa1HH rri.n;rrHcaB 3aKoH,
JIKHM rri,z:t;BHIIJ;Y8ThCJI aKD;H3HHH 36ip 3 MOTOpHHX 6eH3HHiB i ,ll;H3-
IIaJihHOI'O- 3 60 ,ll;O 110 8Bp0 3a 1 T i 3 20-45 ,ll;O 70-85 eBpO
Bi.n;rroBi,n;Ho. Bo.n;Hoqac, HK 3a3HaqaiOTh aHaJiiTHKH, rri,n;BHIIJ;eH-
HH IJ;iH Ha 30 KOII. He OCTaTOqHe. "IIJ;OHHO 3aKOH IIJ;O,ll;O IIi,z:t;BH-
m;eHHJI aKD;H3iB Ha6epe qliHHOCTi, JiiTp IIaJihHOI'O IIO,z:t;Opomqae Ha
50 Ron.",- rroJicHIOe BHKOHanqHll: ,n;HpeKTop UPECO.
IIpaKTHqHo o.n;HoqacHo 3 "aKD;H3HHM" 3aKOHOM BepxoBHa
Pa.n;a Y Kpa!HH rrpHll:HJIJia 3aKoHorrpoeKT rrpo BBe,n;eHHJI THMqaco-
no1 Ha.n;6aBKH .n;o MHT y po3Mipi 12%. O.n;HaK u;ell: .n;oKyMeHT noRM
He rri.n;rrHcaHHH rrpe3H,z:t;eHTOM. YTiM BHCOKHH OKTaH Mae nci IUaH-
CH IIO,z:t;OpOJKqaTH ,ll;O 6 I'pH 3a 1 JI i 6e3 HOBHX MHT. flpaKTHqHO
Bech 95-H: 6eH3HH, m;o rrpo.n;aeThCJI B YKpa1Hi, iMrropTHHll:. Bi.n;-
rroBi,n;Ho 3pOCTaHHJI Kypcy ,ll;OJiapa ,ll;O rpHBHi aBTOMaTHqHo 36iJih-
IIIY8 napTiCTh rrpHBi3HHX HacpTorrpo.n;yKTiB. IIJ;orrpaB.n;a, .n;o oc-
TaHHhoro qacy rro.n;opomqaHHJI .n;oJiapa KOMrreHCyBaJiocJI 3,z:t;eiiieB-
JieHHJIM HacpTorrpo.n;yKTiB Ha cBiTOBHX pHHKax. ToMy .n;o KiHD;JI
rpy,n;HH BapTiCTh rraJihHoro Ha yKpa'iHChKHX A3C 3aJIHIUaJiacJI
He3MiHHOIO. O.n;HaK ocTaHHiM qacoM cBiToBi u;iHH Ha HacpTy cTa-
6iJii3yBaJIHCJI Ha II03Haqu;i 40-45 .n;oJI. CiliA 3a 6apeJih, TOMY
3HHJReHHJI Kypcy rpHBHi BJRe IIPJIMO BIIJIHBaTHMe Ha BHyTpiiiiHi
u;iHH. 3a rri.n;paxyHKaMH eKcrrepTiB, rro.n;opomqaHHH .n;oJiapa ni.n;-
HOCHO rpHBHi Ha BHYTPiiiiHhOMY pHHKY rrpH3Be.n;e .n;o 3pocTaHHH
p03,z:t;pi6HOl BapTOCTi 1 JI 6eH3HHY (qepe3 KiJihKa THJRHiB) Ha 26-
27 KOII. TaKHM qHHOM, yme B JIIOTOMY po3.n;pi6Hi u;iHH Ha A-95
MaiOTh rri,n;BHIIJ;HTHCJI .n;o 5, 7-5,8 rpH/JI. A B pa3i rro.n;aJihiUo1.n;e-
BaJihBau;i1 Hau;ioHaJihHOl BaJIIOTH - i ,ll;O 6 rpH/ JI.
,D;mepeJio: BepeJIWHCbiCUU A. HepBoBi IIiHII I A. BepemaHChKIIM,
B. XoMJIKOB I I KoHTpaKTII.- 2009.- M 1.- 19 ci'IHJI.
143
TeMa6
1. Till o6rpyHTOBaHI1M 3pOeTaHHJ D;iH Ha BlleOKOOKTaHOBllll
6eH311H?
2 . .flKi <Il1HHI1Kl1 3pOeTaHHJ BllTpaT Ha BI1po6-
Hl1IJ;TBO?
3. ,IJ;o JKl1X BllTpaT HaJiemaTh <Il1HHI1Kl1?
3aB,u;aHHJ 3
AHmwcpu3oBa cmpamezi.n yKpai"HCbKUX OJlitapxiB noKu 140
360fJUmbC.H ao .lfWC06UX 36iJl.bHeHb, 3ZOpmawH.H iHBecmuztiUHUX
npozpaM i "Bu6uBaHH.n" niJtbZ.
Peu;enT oJiirapxa (yeix OITTHMi3yBaTn)
HarrpHKiHu;i moBTHJ KOMrraHiiO "Ferrexpo" (rpyrra "Cl>iHaH-
eH Ta IIOKHHYB M. OrrrreHreii:Mep, HKHii: paHirne 3aH:MaB
reHepaJihHoro lHrni yKpa'iHehKi 6i3Hee-rpy-
III1 IIOKll IIJ;O He 3MiHIOBaJII1 KepiBHHKiB -
y 2009 p., 3aprrJiaTI1 3HHmeHi ru;o-
HaRMeHIIIe Ha 20 %. Ha "Ferrexpo", BOHH 3apa3 eKo-
HOMJIHTh Ha 3Bl1<IaRHI1X rrpau;iBHHKaX. JipaKTll<IHO Ha Beix 3aBo-
HKi HaJiemaTh yKpa'iHehKllM eKopo<ryiOTh
po6o<r11ii: <rae.
rpyrra IC,IJ;, 3a iHcpopMau;ieiO YKpai:-
Hll, B HeOIIJia<ryBaHy <raCTllHY rrpau;iBHH-
KiB AJI<reBehKoro PoeiiiehKa rpyrra "Bpa3" BHpirnH-
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144
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a Hail6iJihiiii1M IIOeTa<raJihHllKOM eHpOBI1Hl1 (3PC) B
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poBHHY Ha KOM6iHaTaX "MeTiHBeeTy" Ha 40 % Him y
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HJ D;iH Ha el1p0Bl1HY He JIHIIIe eTaJieBapaM, a R "MeTiH-
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Ha 3aJii3HY 3MeHIIII1BeJ y pa311, 6iJihiiiieTh Bl1-
po6HHKiB 3PC eKopo<ryiOTh o6eJrl1 BI1p06Hl1IJ;TBa i 3a3HaiOTh 36HT-
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0. illKapnosa I I KoHTpaKTIL - 2008. - M 50. - 15
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145
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5 Bi,ll;eOMOHTa'KHIIX CIICTeM
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l
Teopifl svnpaT sV1po6HV1U,Tsa
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- 10 pOKiB, CKaHepiB- 5, Bi,n;eOMOHTaJKHHX CHCTeM- 4 pOKH.
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p03paxy:ifTe BHTpaTH <]:>ipMH 3a MiCRIJ;h.
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JCaHCbKUX KOJleOJICaX 00 1860 p.:
"BJiaCTHBOCTi Ta ,n;il CHJI rrpHpO.D;H aapaMU rocrro.n;a, i HK
Moro .n;apu BOHH ,n;JIR Hac Hi-rroro He KOrnTyiOTh. TaK, RK.r:u;o MH
XO-rJ:eMO CKOpHCTaTHCR pyXOM BO,li;H, r:u;o rra.n;ae, TO MaE:MO II06y,n;y-
BaTH BO.D;He KOJieCO i Heo6xi,n;Hi IIpHCTOCyBaHHR ,li;O HhOrO Ta Ha-
JieJKHO IX BCTaHOBHTH. ,Il;aJii MH 3MOiKeMO KOpHCTyBaTHCR BO,li;OIO,
r:u;o rra.n;ae, 6e3 .n;o.n;aTKOBHX BHTpaT. OcKiJihKH Harni BHTpaTH
IIOB'R3aHi JIHrne 3 6UmpamaMU Ha 06JlaOHaHHJl, 3a ,li;OIIOMOrOIO
RKHX MH BHKOpHCTOBYE:MO CHJIY IIpHpO.D;H, TO JIHUie l{i BHTpaTH i
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,IJ;mepeJIO: X euue II. 8KOHOMIPI8CKIIM o6pa3 MbilliJI8HIIR I II. Xe.ii
He ; rrep. c aHrJI. - 2-e IIa.n;., cTep. - M. : ,II;eJio: Catallaxy, 1992. -
c. 93.
1. "L{oMy cy-rracHi IIOJiiTH-rJ:Hi eKOHOMH He rroro.n;myiOThCR 3
<l>peHCiCOM Y e:ifJiaH.D;OM?
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a6o nocmiilHuMu, a6o 3MiHHUMU. Bumpamu, JlKi OJlJl oaHux cpipM
f 3MiHHUMU, MOJICymb OJlJl iHwux 6ymu nocmiilHU.!IW, npo U{O
caiOIUmb maKuil MamepiaJl.
147
TeMa6
BnTpaTH ua ommTy npan;i: nocTi:ii:ui qn 3Miuui?
IIorO,Il;:IIHHY aapo6iTHY rrJiaTy aa3BHtiaH BBa.maiOTh 3MiHHIIMII
BHTpaTaMII BIIpo6HIIIJ,TBa. KoJIII rrorriiT Ha
po6iTHIIKiB 3a3BIIqa:ii: 3BiJihHJIIOTh, OCKiJihKII cpipMa
opieHTyeThCJI Ha HII.mqiiH: piBeHh BIIpo6HHIJ,TBa. IIpoTe
HO KoJieKTIIBHIIX JIKi oKpeMi cpipMII 3i cso'i-
MII rrpocpcrriJIKaMII, OIIJiaTa (IIpiiHaHMHi y
qacTIIHi) HaJie.miiTh He 3MiHHIIX, a rrocTiHHIIX BHTpaT. Yro-
BIIIIJiaTy rreHciH:, CTpaxysaHHJI 'JI Ta .iKIIT-
TJI, HaJIBHiCTh ITO 6e3po6iTTIO, a TaKO.iK BIIIIJiaTy
HOI Ha 3aKpiiTTJI
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TOy 3aKpiiTTJI MO.iKJIIIBa CIITyau,iJI, KOJIII
BIIKOpiiCTaHHJI BHp06HIIqHX IIOTY.iKHOCTeH
HaBiTh 3a HaJIBHOcTi rrpJIMIIx 36IITKiB. y 1980 p.
peKu,iJI cpipMII "RaH:3ep CTiJI" rrporoJiocysaJia 3a Te, ru;o6 3aJIII-
IIIHTII Ha po6oTi 11 000 OCKiJihKII 3aKpiiTTJI
TBa KOIIITyBaJIO 6 cpipMi 6iJihiiie 350 MJIH y
rii po6iTHIIKaM. B iHIIIOMy orrepyBaTH i3
BIITpaTaMII Ha OIIJiaTy rrpau,i JIK i3 IIOCTiHHIIMII 3MYCIIJia cpipMy
YXBaJIIOBaTII piiiieHHJI 3 MTOIO
36IITKOBIIX orrepau,iH:. Y 1981 p. KOMIIaHiJI "HeiiiHJI CTiJI" 3po6n-
Jia BIICHOBOK IIpO HeMO.iKJIIIBiCTh cpiHaHCyBaHHJI
y BeH:pToHi, 3aKpHTTJI
KOIIITyBaJIO 6 KOMIIaHi'i320 MJIH y KBaJii-
cpiKOBaHHM rrpau,iBHIIKaM. 3 MeTOIO YHHKHHHJI TaKOI CIITyau,il
"HeiiiHJI CTiJI" rrpaso yrrpaBJiiHHJI y BeH:pToHi
KOJIKTIIBy, IIJ,O HapaXOByBaB 10 000 po6iTHIIKiB.
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IIeBHe 3MHIIIeHHJI 3apo6iTHOI IIJiaTII Ta 3araJihHe 3pOCTaHHJI rrpo-
rrpau,i 3p06JIJITh IIpii6yTKOBIIM.
.D;mepe;w: /{oJtaH 3./{JIC. PbiHOIC MMKp03KOHOMWiecKa.H MO,lleJih I
3 . .IJ;m . .[l;oJiaH, .IJ;.E. - CII6. : ABTOKOMn, 1992. -C. 141.
1. IlOJICHiTh, qoMy BIITpaTII Ha 3apo6iTHy IIJiaTy y Il,hOMy BH-
e IIOCTiHHIIMII BIITpaTaMII.
2. ,IJ,o JIKOrO BIITpaT HaJie.iKaTh 350 MJIH y
po6iTHIIKaM?
148
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!1 !Opifl Bt.HpaT Blt1p06Hit1LJ,TBa
3 . .flKa aJibTepHaTIIBHa BapTiCTh 3aKpiiTTJI KOM-
IIHHii "HeiiiHJI CTiJI" KOMIIaHi'i Ta rrpau,iBHIIKis?
4. TIOMY rrpaiJ,iBHIIKH Ha yrrpaBJiiHHJI
3aBp;aHHH7
BipTyaJILHi RBiTH
CTpiMKe 36iJihiiieHHJI KiJihRocri KOpiicTysaqis lHTepHeTy po-
fntTh oH-JiaiiH-TOpriBJIIO rrepcrreRTIIBHIIM 6i3HecoM B YKpa'iHi.
'1\tx, XTO 6a.mae 3aMOBIITII 6yKeT KBiTiB qifMaJIO.
lll'repHeT-Mara3IIH Mae rreBHi rrepesarii. IIo-rrepiiie, HeBeJIIIKa
IIJiaTa, TOprOBeJihHOrO MiCIJ,JI 3
BHBiCKOIO crrporu;ye ciicTeMy i1 aBTOMaTIIqHo o6-
Me.mye CIIiJIKyBaHHJI 3 qifHOBHIIKaMII 3 IIO.iKe.iKHOI iHCIIeKIJ,il, ca-
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IIOrO 3a6e3rreqeHHJI 300 4 TIIC. Ta KOMII'IOTepHOI
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(fi-12 XOCTIIHr (rrpii6JIII3HO 200 Ha piK) Ta
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cTaHOBIITh IIpii6JIII3HO 10 TIIC. BaJIOBIIH rrpii6yTOK- 15 o/o
o6opoTy.
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pPcnOH,lleHT.- 2004.- 21 cpeBpaJI.H.
1. BII3HaqTe rrocTiiiHi BIITpaTII iHTepHeT-Mara3IIHY 3
my KBiTiB.
2. Brr3HaqTe 6e3rrosopoTHi BIITpaTII .
3 . .flKIIH BaJIOBIIH rrpii6yTOK BJiaCHIIKa Mara3IIHy?
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7.1. OcHOBHi noHHTTH i Kareropii'
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ll,IOIOTh y ll,iH raJiy3i.
raJiy3i 3 H3MiHHHMH BHTpaTaMH- raJiy3i, y HKHX 3i 36iJib-
lliHHHM o6cRry raJiy3eBoro BHrrycKy ll,iHH Ha pecypcu He 3MiHIO-
IOThCH, Bi)];IIOBi)];HO He 3MiHIOIOThCJI BHTpaTH QJipM y raJiy3i.
raJiy3i 3i 3pOCTaJOqHMH BHTpaTaMH - raJiy3i, y RKHX 3i
36iJihllieHHRM o6cRry raJiy3eBoro BHrrycKy ll,iHH Ha pecypcH
rri,n;BHID;YIOThCR, 111,0 rrpH3BO)];HTh ,n;o 3pocTaHHR BHTpaT Q.JipM y ra-
JIY3i.
raJiy3i 3i CIIa)];HHMH BHTpaTaMH -- raJiy3i, y RKHX 3i 36iJib
llleHHJIM o6cJiry raJiy3eBoro BHIIYCKy ll,iHH Ha pecypcH 3HHJKy-
IOThCJI, ID;O IIpHBO)];HTh )1;0 3MeHIDeHHJI BHTpaT QJipM y raJiy3i.
rpaHHqHa BHpyqKa - 3MiHa 3araJibHOl BHpyqKH Bi)]; peaJii3a-
11,i'irrpH 36iJihllleHHi o6cRry rrpo,n;amy rrpo,n;yKll,il Ha o,n;HHHll,IO:
MR(q) = dTR(q).
dq
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HHqi llOTYJKHOCTi llpHCTOCOBYIOThCJI )1;0 YMOB IIOIIHTy Ta BHTpaT.
150
ll
I ~ 1 1 1 0 K ,D,OCKOHano"i KOHKypeHu,i'i
II i;(npHeMCTBO Mome rroBHiCTIO rrpurrHHHTH ,n;iRJihHiCTh, a iHrni
tlli (lMH MOJKYTh yBiHTH y raJiy3h, T06TO KiJihKiCTh rri,n;rrpHeMCTB y
l'li.IIY3i MOJKe 3MiHIOBaTHCJI.
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3araJILHa BHpyqKa - cyMa rporneli:, HKY OTpHMye Q.JipMa
ltllaCJii,n;oK rrpo,n;amy rreBHoro o6cJiry rrpo,n;yKll,i'i: TR(q) = Pq.
13onpo$iTa - cyKyrrHiCTL ToqoK pi3HHX KOM6iHall,ii1: o6cRriB
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p p p
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po6HHqi llOTYJKHOCTi KOJKHOrO rri,n;rrpHeMCTBa (p03Mip Ta KiJih-
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IIOK 3MiHH o6cHry 3MiHHoro pecypcy. KiJihKiCTh rri,n;rrpueMCTB y
I'<IJIY3i TaKOJK QJiKCOBaHa.
KpnBa npono3Hll,i'i ,n;ocKoHaJio KOHKypeHTHoro ni,n;npueMc-
TBa y KOpOTKOCTpOKOBOMY nepio,n;i - ,n;iJIHHKa KpHBOl rpamrq-
IIHX BHTpaT, JIKa JIJKHTh BHID; MiHiMyMy cepe,n;HiX 3MiHHHX
IIWI'paT:
qs = f (P = MC), HKID;O P;:: min SAVC;
qs = 0, HKID;O P <min SAVC.
KpnBa npono3Hll,i'i raJiy3i y ,n;oBrocTpOKOBOMY nepio,n;i:
1) 3a H3MiHHHX BHTpaT Mae BHrJIJI)]; ropH30HTaJihHOl IIpHMOI;
I'<IJIY3h y ll,hOMY BHIIa,n;Ky Mae H3MiHHY ll,iHy IIpOII03Hll,ii;
151
TeMa 7
2) 3a 3pOCTaiOqHX BHTpaT BMp06HMIJ;TBa Mae ,ll;O,ll;aTHHM HaXMJI;
3pOCTaHHH 06CHI'Y raJiy3eBOI'O BMIIYCKy cyrrpOBO,ll;JKyeTbCH IIi,ll;BH-
ru;eHHHM u;iH Ha rrpo.n;yKu;iro raJiy3i;
3) 3a CIIa,ll;HMX BHTpaT- Bi,n;'eMHHM HaXMJI; 3pOCTaHHH 06CH-
ry raJiy38BOI'O BHIIYCKy cyrrpOBO,ll;JRyeThCH 3HHJKeHHHM D;iH Ha
rrpo,n;yKu;iro raJiy3i.
MHTTBHH rrepio,D; - KOpOTKHM rrepio,n;, IIpOTHI'OM HKOI'O BH-
IIYCK KOJKHOI'O rri,n;IIpMeMCTBa Ta KiJihKiCTh rri,n;rrpHeMCTB y raJiy3i
e IIOCTiMHi.
MiHiMaJILHo el}leKTHBHHH po3Mip l}lipMu (MES) - po3Mip
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TpaTH MiHiMaJibHHMH.
06cHr pecypcy .D;JIH MaKCHMi3au;ii' IIpH6yTKy - BMKOpHCTaH-
HH TaKoro o6cHry pecypcy Ta BMpo6HHIJ;TBo TaKoro o6cHry rrpo-
.n;yKu;i'i, 3a HKMX D;iHa pecypcy 8 ,n;o6yTKOM rpaHMqHOl rrpo,n;yK-
TMBHOCTi IIeBHOI'O p03Mipy pecypcy Ta D;iHM TOBapy:
rF =MPpP.
Oco6JIHBOcTi rrorruTy .D;JIH l}lipMH ua pHHKy .D;OCKOHaJioi' KOH-
Kypem.r;ii': cpipMa e D;iHoo,n;epmyBaqeM, T06TO KpMBa IIOIIMTy Hall
IIpO,lJ;YKD;iiO ( OC06HCTO ,ll;JIH He}) HeCKiHqeHHO eJiaCTMqHa Ta Mae
BHI'JIH,n; rrpHMoi:, rrapaJieJibHOI .n;o oci BHrrycKy. IJ;e 03Haqae, ru;o
rri,n;IIpMeMCTBO MOJKe rrpo,n;aTH 6y,n;b-HKHM 06CHI' rrpo,n;yKu;i'i3a Ha-
HBHOIO D;iHOIO.
llpaBHJIO BHIIYCKy- BM3HaqeHHH IIJiaHy BHp06HMIJ;TBa (o6-
CHry BHIIYCKy rrpo,n;yKu;ii:, D;iHH Ta KiJibKOCTi pecypciB) 3a YMOBH
MaKCMMi3au;il IlpH6yTKy:
MR(q) = MC(q).
llpurrym;eHHH MiKpOeKOHOMi&#