ANTENNAS

A structure that is generally a metallic object, often a wire or group of wires, used to convert high frequency signals into electromagnetic waves and vice versa.

A device whose function is to radiate electromagnetic energy and/or intercept electromagnetic radiation

FIELDS OF AN ANTENNA

INDUCTION FIELD
Considered to extend out from the antenna to a distance of D2/8 Near Field or Fresnel Region

RADIATION FIELD
Considered to extend out from a distance of 2D2/ Far Field or Fraunhoffer Region

TRANSITION ZONE

Zone between the two(2) regions

FIELDS OF AN ANTENNA

BASIC FORMULAS
T = 1/f Where: T time F - frequency = c/f Where: wavelength F frequency

C velocity in free space

ANTENNAS

RADIATION PATTERN
A line drawn to join points in space which have equal field intensity due to the source.

ANTENNA PARAMETERS

Major Lobe the direction of maximum radiation

Minor Lobe the direction of minimum radiation Null the direction with radiation intensity equal to zero.

RADIATION PATTERN

FACTORS WHICH DETERMINE THE RADIATION PATTERN OF AN ANTENNA

a. Antenna height b. Power losses

c. Terminations at its end

d. Thickness of the antenna wire

RADIATION PATTERN

PRINCIPLE OF RECIPROCITY
The characteristics of antennas, such as impedance and radiation pattern are identical, regardless of use for reception or transmission. ISOTROPIC ANTENNA

An antenna that radiates uniformly in all directions in space

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTENNAS

DIRECTIVE GAIN The ratio of the power density in a particular direction of one antenna to the power density that would be radiated by an isotropic antenna. HERTZIAN DIPOLE: 1.5 : 1 (1.76 dB) HALF WAVE DIPOLE: 1.64 : 1 (2.15 dB)

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTENNAS

NOTES
The longer the antenna, the higher the directive gain Non resonant antennas have higher directive gain than resonant antennas The directive gain of all practical antennas is greater than unity

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTENNAS

DIRECTIVITY, D Maximum directive gain

The gain in the direction of one of the major lobes in the antennas radiation pattern.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTENNAS

POWER GAIN
Overall gain considering losses and efficiency Ap = %D Where: % - antenna efficiency D - directivity

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTENNAS

ANTENNA RESISTANCE
The ratio of the applied voltage to the flowing current 1. RADIATION RESISTANCE, Rr AC resistance The ratio of the power radiated by the antenna to the square

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTENNAS

2. LOSS RESISTANCE, Rd
Antenna and ground resistance

Discharge or corona effects

Losses in imperfect dielectric very near the antenna Eddy current loss

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTENNAS

ANTENNA EFFICIENCY
The ratio of the power radiated by the antenna to the power delivered at the feedpoint The ratio of radiation resistance to the total system resistance % = Rr / Rr + Rd

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTENNAS

Ex. An antenna has a radiation resistance of 72 ohms, a loss resistance of 8 ohms, and a power gain of 16. What efficiency and directivity does it have. a. 90% and 17.78 b. 10% and 160 c. 90% and 160 d. 10% and 17.78

SAMPLE QUESTION

Ex. To produce a power density of 1 mw/m2 in a given direction, at a distance of 2 km, an antenna radiates a total of 180 w. An isotropic antenna would have to radiate 2400 w to produce the same power density at that distance. What, in dB, is the directive gain of the practical antenna? a. 11.25 dB b. 13.21 dB c. 10 dB d. 6 dB

REVIEW QUESTIONS

EFFECTIVE RADIATED POWER (ERP)

The product of the power fed to an antenna and its power gain. ERP = Total Radiated Power x Power Gain

EFFECTIVE ISOTROPIC RADIATED POWER (EIRP) The power radiated by an antenna in its favored direction, taking the gain of the antenna into account as referenced to an isotropic radiator

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTENNAS

FRONT TO BACK RATIO

Ratio of the power at the optimum direction of the antenna to that of the power 180 degrees from the optimum direction BANDWIDTH The operating frequency range of an antenna

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTENNAS

BEAMWIDTH
Angular separation between two half power points in a major lobe of an antenna radiation pattern The degree of concentration of the antennas radiation

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTENNAS

POLARIZATION Space orientation of the waves that the antenna radiates The electric field vector is always parallel to the antenna elements.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTENNAS

FIELD STRENGTH Radiated power per unit area Is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTENNAS

PHYSICAL LENGTH
Actual length of the antenna L =/2; = c/f

ELECTRICAL LENGTH
Dependent upon the velocity coefficient or velocity factor L=k The velocity factor is dependent upon the ratio of the half wavelength to conductor diameter

/2 is the shortest length of a conductor which will resonate at a given frequency

ANTENNA LENGTHS

REVIEW QUESTIONS

EFFECTS OF GROUND ON ANTENNAS Whereas an ungrounded antenna with its image forms an antenna array, the bottom of the grounded antenna is joined to the top of the image; the system acts as an antenna of double size.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTENNAS

FUNCTIONS OF GROUND To help dissipate energy from lightning strikes To provide a highly conductive path for induced radiofrequency currents or fields rather than having them flow in lossy To provide a controlled RF return path for end-fed antennas To provide safety in case something tries to energize the chassis of equipment with dangerous voltages

EFFECTS OF GROUND ON ANTENNAS

EFFECTS OF GROUND ON ANTENNAS Whereas an ungrounded antenna with its image forms an antenna array, the bottom of the grounded antenna is joined to the top of the image; the system acts as an antenna of double size.

EFFECTS OF GROUND ON ANTENNAS

GROUND SCREEN A network of buried wires directly under the antenna, consisting of a large number of radials extending from the base of the tower, like spokes on a wheel, and placed 15 and 30 cm below the ground

GROUNDING SYSTEMS

COUNTERPOISE A substitute for ground screen in areas of low conductivity, i.e. rock, mountains and antennas on top of buildings

GROUNDING SYSTEMS

ANTENNA HEIGHT The actual antenna height should at least be /4, but where this is not possible, the effective height should correspond to /4.

EFFECTS OF ANTENNA HEIGHT

TOP LOADING A good method of increasing radiation resistance by having a horizontal portion at the top of the antenna Effect: to increase the current at the base of the antenna and to make the current distribution more uniform

EFFECTS OF ANTENNA HEIGHT

EFFECTIVE LENGTH Antennas behave as though (electrically) they were longer than their physical length END EFFECT

The result of physical antennas having finite thickness, instead of being infinitely thin.

EFFECTS OF ANTENNA HEIGHT

ANTENNA COUPLING A network composed of reactances and transformers, which may be lumped or distributed, to provide impedance matching

REASONS FOR COUPLING

To tune out the reactive component of the antenna impedance To provide the transmitter with the correct value of load resistance To prevent illegal radiation of spurious frequencies

COUPLING NETWORK

ANTENNA COUPLERS Direct Coupler The antennas are coupled directly to their transmitters Affords a wider reactance range, giving adequate harmonic suppression Used for balanced lines

Coupler

Symmetrical Coupler

COUPLING NETWORK

IMPEDANCE MATCHING Stub Matching Accomplished by connecting the coax or twin lead to the stub and sliding the connections up or down the stub until the proper SWR is indicated by a meter connected in the system.

IMPEDANCE MATCHING

ANTENNA COUPLERS Delta Matching

Accomplished by spreading the ends of the feedline and adjusting the spacing until optimum performance is reached.

IMPEDANCE MATCHING

ANTENNA COUPLERS Gamma Matching

A sliding clamp is included in the assembly to permit fine tuning for minimum SWR at the time of installation

IMPEDANCE MATCHING

ANTENNA COUPLERS Quarter Wave Matching A section of transmission line one quarter wavelength long placed between the load and the line

Used to connect an unbalanced (coaxial line) to a balanced antenna

IMPEDANCE MATCHING

CURRENT FED (LOW Z FEED) An antenna is said to be current fed if it is fed at the point of current maximum

Includes all feed point impedances below 600 ohms Ex. Center fed half wave dipole or Marconi antenna

SELECTION OF FEEDPOINT

VOLTAGE FED (HIGH Z FEED) An antenna is said to be voltage fed if it is fed at the point of voltage maximum

Includes all feed point impedances in excess of 600 ohms Ex. Center fed full wave dipole

SELECTION OF FEEDPOINT

1. A polar diagram or graph representing field strengths or power densities at various angular positions relative to an antenna. a. Venn Diagram b. Figure 8 pattern c. Lissajous figure d. Radiation Pattern

REVIEW QUESTIONS

2. Refers to the orientation of the electric field radiated from an antenna. a. radiation b. polarization c. beamwidth d. bandwidth

REVIEW QUESTIONS

3. Pertains to a wire structure placed below the antenna and erected above the ground which is a form of capacitive grounding system. a. image b. counterpoise c. antenna orientation d. polarization

REVIEW QUESTIONS

4. What is the technique used to electrically increase the antenna length? a. loading b. using image antenna c. using antenna arrays d. increasing antenna height

REVIEW QUESTIONS

5. Antenna supported by insulators seems electrically longer than its physical length due to a. image b. reflection c. end effect d. broadside effect

REVIEW QUESTIONS

6. The ratio of the power radiated by the antenna to the total input power. a. power gain b. directive gain c. antenna efficiency d. radiation efficiency

REVIEW QUESTIONS

The ratio of the front lobe power to the back lobe power front to side ratio front to back ratio back to front ratio minor to major ratio

REVIEW QUESTIONS

5What is the length of an antenna operating at a frequency

of 500 kHz? 500 m 570 m 600 m 630 m

REVIEW QUESTIONS

The gain of a hertzian dipole with respect to an isotropic antenna 1.76 dB 2.15 dB 1.5 dB 1.64 dB

REVIEW QUESTIONS

A half wave dipole antenna is capable of radiating 2000 watts and has a 2.15 dB gain over an isotropic antenna. How much power must be delivered to the isotropic antenna to match the field strength of the directional antenna? 1640 watts 3280 watts 4300 watts 3520 watts

REVIEW QUESTIONS

5. Calculate the beamwidth between nulls of a 1m

paraboloid reflector used at 6GHz. 3.5 7 1.75 14

REVIEW QUESTIONS

An antenna has a radiation resistance of 72 ohms, a loss resistance of 8 ohms and a power gain of 16. What efficiency and directivity does it have? 90% and 17.78 10% and 17.78 90% and 14.4 10% and 14.4

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Device that converts high frequency current into electromagnetic waves. antenna loudspeaker microphone lightning arrester

REVIEW QUESTIONS

An ungrounded antenna near the ground acts as a single antenna of twice the height is unlikely to need a ground screen acts as an antenna array must be horizontally polarized

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Top loading is sometimes used with an antenna in order to increase its effective height bandwidth beamwidth input capacitance

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Very low signal strength in antenna minor lobes nulls antenna patterns major lobes

REVIEW QUESTIONS

A horizontal antenna is ______ polarized. vertically horizontally centrally circularly

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Which of the following improves antenna directivity? driven element reflector director parasitic element

REVIEW QUESTIONS

What is the front to back ratio of an antenna which radiates 500 watts in a northernly direction and 50 watts in a southernly direction? 25000 dB 10 dB 100 dB 20 dB

REVIEW QUESTIONS

If a 4 kw antenna produces 50 uV/m in a receiving antenna, a 16 kw will produce 200 uV/m 10 uV/m 100 uV/m 20 uV/m

REVIEW QUESTIONS

If the radiated power increases 10.89 times, the antenna current increases by 3.3 times 6.6 times 1.82 times 10.89 times

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Shortening effect of an antenna that makes it appear as if it were 5% longer end effect flywheel effect skin effect capture effect

REVIEW QUESTIONS

A simple half wavelength antenna radiates the strongest signal at 45 degrees to its axis parallel to its axis at right angles to its axis at 60 degrees to its axis

REVIEW QUESTIONS

If an antenna is too short for the wavelength being used, the effective length can be increased by adding capacitance in series inductance in series resistance in parallel resistance in series

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Actual height of an antenna should be at least 1 /2 /4

REVIEW QUESTIONS

The directivity pattern of an isotropic radiator figure 8 a sphere unidirectional cardioid parabola

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Where are the voltage nodes in a half wave antenna? at the ends three quarters of the way from the feedpoint towards the end one half of the way from the feedpoint towards the end at the feedpoint

REVIEW QUESTIONS

A Herts antenna is operating on a frequency of 2182 kHz and consists of a horizontal wire that is hanged between two towers. What is the frequency of its third harmonic? 727 kHz 6546 kHz 436 kHz 6.546 kHz

REVIEW QUESTIONS

What is the gain of an antenna over a half wavelength dipole when it has 6 dB gain over an isotropic radiator? 6 dB 8.1 dB 3.9 dB 10 dB

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Top loading is sometimes used with an antenna in order to increase its effective height bandwidth beamwidth input capacitance

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Top loading is sometimes used with an antenna in order to increase its effective height bandwidth beamwidth input capacitance

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Top loading is sometimes used with an antenna in order to increase its effective height bandwidth beamwidth input capacitance

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Top loading is sometimes used with an antenna in order to increase its effective height bandwidth beamwidth input capacitance

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Top loading is sometimes used with an antenna in order to increase its effective height bandwidth beamwidth input capacitance

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Top loading is sometimes used with an antenna in order to increase its effective height bandwidth beamwidth input capacitance

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Top loading is sometimes used with an antenna in order to increase its effective height bandwidth beamwidth input capacitance

REVIEW QUESTIONS

ISOTROPIC ANTENNA
a standard reference antenna , radiating equally in all directions, so that the radiation pattern is spherical. ELEMENTARY DOUBLET

A theoretical antenna shorter than a wavelength used as a standard to which all other antenna characteristics can be compared

BASIC ANTENNAS

= 60 le I sin / r Where

angle of axis and point of maximum radiation

length Le antenna length
I antenna current

antenna

r antenna length

FIELD STRENGTH OF AN ELEMENTARY DOUBLET

An elementary doublet is 10 cm long. If the 10 MHz current flowing through it is 2 A, what is the field strength 20 km away from the doublet in a direction of maximum radiation? a. Announce b. Broadcast c. Transmit d. Media

REVIEW QUESTIONS

DIPOLE
An antenna made up of two wires bent at 90 degrees to each other so as to be in the same line and signal is fed at the center

BASIC ANTENNAS

DIPOLE
HALF WAVE DIPOLE

Length is /2 and radiation pattern is a toroid (bidirectional)

BASIC ANTENNAS

DIPOLE

VOLTAGE

CURRENT

VOLTAGE AND CURRENT CHARACTERISTICS

NON-RESONANT ANTENNA
One in which there are no standing waves Radiation pattern is directional Standing waves are suppressed by the use of a correct termination to ensure that no power is reflected, so that only a forward travelling wave will exist.

TYPES OF ANTENNAS

LONG WIRE ANTENNA

Lengths in the order of several wavelengths When an antenna is 2 or more wavelengths long, it provides gain and a multilobe radiation pattern. When terminated at one end, it becomes unidirectional.

NON-RESONANT ANTENNAS

RHOMBIC ANTENNA
Consists of non-resonant antenna elements arranged differently, i.e. planar rhombus Length of equal radiators = 2 to 8 s Angle of tilt: 40 to 75 Rt = 800 ohms Rin = 650 to 700 ohms

ANTENNA ARRAY

RHOMBIC ANTENNA
Non-resonant antenna used for long distance sky wave transmission or reception of horizontally polarized waves over distances from 200 to over 3000 miles at frequencies from 4 to 22 MHz.

NON-RESONANT ANTENNA

RESONANT ANTENNA
Standing waves exist, caused by the presence of both a reflected traveling wave and the forward wave. Antenna whose length is a multiple of /4s

TYPES OF TRANSMITTER

HERTZ ANTENNA
An antenna system in which the ground is not an essential part Half wave antenna used for frequencies above 2 MHz Half Wave Dipole

RESONANT ANTENNA

MARCONI ANTENNA
Grounded Quarter Wavelength antenna Quarter Wavelength antenna used for frequencies below 2 MHz; ominirectional Vertical Monopole

RESONANT ANTENNA

ANTENNA ARRAY A radiating system consisting of individual radiators or elements placed close together so as to be within each others induction field

ANTENNA ARRAY

DRIVEN ELEMENT Element of an array connected to the output of the transmitter PARASITIC ELEMENT Radiation not directly connected to the output of the transmitter Receives energy through the induction field of a driven element

ANTENNA ARRAY

REFLECTOR A parasitic element longer than the driven element and close to it reduces signal strength in its own direction and increases it in the opposite direction. DIRECTOR

A parasitic element shorter than the driven one from which it receives energy; tends to increase radiation in its own direction
ANTENNA ARRAY

BROADSIDE ARRAY Simplest array which consists of a number of dipoles of equal size, equally spaced along a straight line with all dipoles fed in the same phase from the same source. Typical antenna length: 2 to 10 s Typical spacing: /2 or /4 Number of elements: dozens

ANTENNA ARRAY

ENDFIRE ARRAY Physical arrangement is the same as that of the broadside array The magnitude of the current in each element is still the same as in every other element, there is now a phase difference between these currents.

ANTENNA ARRAY

TURNSTILE ARRAY Consists of two horizontal, half wave antennas mounted at right angles to each other

ANTENNA ARRAY

YAGI UDA ANTENNA

An array consisting of a driven element and one or more parasitic elements arranged collinearly and close together.

ANTENNA ARRAY

FOLDED DIPOLE
Single antenna which consists of 2 elements, one is fed directly and the other coupled conductively at the ends.

ANTENNA ARRAY

LOG PERIODIC ANTENNA

Main feature is frequency independence for both radiation resistance and pattern Bandwidths of 10:1 are achievable with ease

Radiation patterns: uni and bidirectional

ANTENNA ARRAY

LOG PERIODIC ANTENNA

Main feature is frequency independence for both radiation resistance and pattern

ANTENNA ARRAY

PYRAMIDAL ANTENNA
It looks and works in much the same way that a standard lp antenna works, with one big difference: the two halves of the transmission line are separated and positioned as a V, so each half of the transmission line is in effect a single wire transmission line. a type of log periodic antenna

ANTENNA ARRAY

PARABOLIC ANTENNA
Works on the principle of a parabola Parabola a plane curve defined as the locus of a point which moves so that its distance from another point (called the focus) plus its distance from a straight line (directrix) is constant.

UHF AND MICROWAVE ANTENNAS

PARABOLIC ANTENNA
All waves coming from the source and reflected by the parabola will travel in the same distance by the time they reach the directrix, no matter from what point on the parabola they are reflected.

UHF AND MICROWAVE ANTENNAS

CASSEGRAIN ANTENNA
an antenna in which the radiator is mounted at or near the surface of a concave main reflector and is aimed at a convex secondary reflector slightly inside the focus of the main reflector.

TYPES OF FEED

BEAMWIDTH
= 70 / D 0 = 2

Where:

D= mouth diameter, meters

0 = beamwidth between nulls, degrees

= beamwidth between half power points, degrees

= wavelength, meters

PROPERTIES OF PARABOLIC REFLECTOR

GAIN OF A PARABOLIC ANTENNA

Ap = 6 ( D/)2

Where:
D= mouth diameter, meters

Ap = Power Gain
= wavelength, meters

PROPERTIES OF PARABOLIC REFLECTOR

1. Calculate the beamwidth between nulls of a 2meter paraboloid reflector used at 6 GHz. Also, calculate the gain of the paraboloid reflector.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

HORN ANTENNA
Ideal as primary feed antenna for parabolic reflectors and lenses

UHF AND MICROWAVE ANTENNAS

LENS ANTENNA
Used as a collimator of frequencies in excess of 3 GHz

UHF AND MICROWAVE ANTENNAS

HELICAL ANTENNA
A broadband VHF and UHF antenna which used when it is desired to provide circular polarization characteristics Consists of a loosely wound helix backed up by a ground plane, which is simply a screen made of chicken wire

UHF AND MICROWAVE ANTENNAS

DISCONE ANTENNA
A combination of a disk and a cone in close proximity Characterized by an enormous bandwidth for both input impedance and radiation pattern A constant angle, low gain antenna; omnidirectional

UHF AND MICROWAVE ANTENNAS

LOOP ANTENNA
Used for direction finding, because they do not radiate in a direction at right angles to the plane of the loop For portable domestic receivers Circular or square shaped

UHF AND MICROWAVE ANTENNAS

PHASED ARRAY Group of antennas, connected to one transmitter or receiver, whose radiation beam can be adjusted electronically without physically moving parts; used in radars.

RADAR ANTENNA

PHASED ARRAY Group of antennas, connected to one transmitter or receiver, whose radiation beam can be adjusted electronically without physically moving parts; used in radars.

RADAR ANTENNA

WHIP ANTENNA
whip antenna is the most common example of a monopole antenna, an antenna with a single driven element and a ground plane. The whip antenna is a stiff but flexible wire mounted, usually vertically, with one end adjacent to a ground plane..

RADAR ANTENNA

WHIP ANTENNA
whip antenna is the most common example of a monopole antenna, an antenna with a single driven element and a ground plane. The whip antenna is a stiff but flexible wire mounted, usually vertically, with one end adjacent to a ground plane..

RADAR ANTENNA

POLE Used to signify one piece of structure similar to the common telephone pole

ANTENNA SUPPORTING STRUCTURES

MAST
Used to designate a structure made of metal or wood which may be either in a form of a one piece or sectionalized structure

ANTENNA SUPPORTING STRUCTURES

TOWER Applied to a very large, high structure, which in most cases, is constructed of metal

ANTENNA SUPPORTING STRUCTURES

1. A non-resonant antenna that is capable of operating satisfactorily over a relatively wide bandwidth, making it ideally suited for HF transmission. a. end-fire array b. rhombic c. broadside array d. log periodic

2.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Antenna that is independent of their radiation resistance and radiation pattern to frequency. It has bandwidth ratios of 10:1 or greater. a. loop antenna b. helical c. Yagi Uda antenna d. Log periodic antenna

REVIEW QUESTIONS

A half wave antenna Hertz Marconi Parabolic Vertical Monopole

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Antenna which is used very frequently but almost entirely as a reception antenna and is usually found at the back of table radios. loop antenna folded antenna rhombic log periodic

REVIEW QUESTIONS

One of the special purpose antennas which has broadband VHF and UHF that is ideally suited for applications for which radiating circular rather than horizontal or vertical polarized electromagnetic waves are required. loop antenna phased array folded dipole helical

REVIEW QUESTIONS

What are the two types of antenna elements? driven and reflector director and reflector parasitic and director driven and parasitic

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Which one of the following terms does not apply to the Yagi Uda array? good bandwidth parasitic elements folded dipole high gain

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Indicate the antenna that is not wideband. discone folded dipole helical Marconi

REVIEW QUESTIONS

One of the following is not an omnidirectional antenna halfwave dipole log periodic antenna disconbe Marconi

REVIEW QUESTIONS

One of the following consists of nonresonant antennas rhombic folded dipole end fire array broadside array

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Which of the following is best excited from a waveguide? biconical horn helical discone

REVIEW QUESTIONS

An antenna that is circularly polarized parabolic reflector Yagi Uda Helical Circular loop

REVIEW QUESTIONS

What is the polarization of a discone antenna? vertical horizontal circular spiral

REVIEW QUESTIONS

When speaking of antennas, ____ is a section which would be a complete antenna by itself. image top loading bay quarterwave

REVIEW QUESTIONS

______ is an antenna with a number of half wave antennas in it. antenna array tower omnidirectional rhombic

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Which antenna radiates an omnidirectional pattern in the horizontal plane with vertical polarization? Marconi Discone Horn Helical

REVIEW QUESTIONS

An antenna with very high gain and very narrow beamwidth. helical discone horn parabolic dish

REVIEW QUESTIONS

An open ended slot antenna helical rhombic notch cassegrain

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Which antenna is properly terminated? Marconi Rhombic Dipole Yagi Uda

REVIEW QUESTIONS

33. In a standard commercial TV broadcast, the picture carrier signal is located _____ above the lower end frequency of the channel. a. 0.75 MHz b. 0.25 MHz c. 4.2 MHz d. 1.25 MHz 34. Special effects and production switching are done by the a. CCU b. ENG c. SEG d. Sync Gen

35. The hue 180 degrees out of phase with red is a. cyan b. yellow c. green d. Magenta 36. Greater peak to peak amplitude of the 3.58 MHz chrominance signal indicates more a. white b. yellow c. hue d. saturation

REVIEW QUESTIONS

What is the radiation characteristic of a dipole antenna? omnidirectional bidirectional unidirectional hemispherical

REVIEW QUESTIONS

An antenna with unity gain. rhombic half wave dipole isotropic whip

REVIEW QUESTIONS

An antenna which is one tenth wavelength long. hertz antenna loop antenna Marconi antenna Elementary doublet

REVIEW QUESTIONS

What is the minimum number of turns a helical antenna must have? 3 4 5 6

REVIEW QUESTIONS

An antenna made up of a number of full wavelengths elementary doublet log periodic long wire whip

REVIEW QUESTIONS