1.

1.1.

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25 ,
,
. .

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.

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.

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20-30 ,
, .
( )
( ) .
.
.
.
1.2.

:
():
V.=
V() = V. =
():
(1/z ) =
:
:
:
:

V(T),
V(T).,
1
2
3
:

().
l.
N N23
, 3 :
1. Na + l Nl + 2,
+ 3+ 22,
2. Na23 + l Na3 + Nal.
32 + 3+ 3 + 2,
3. N3 + l Nl + 23,
3 + 3+ 23 + 2,

(.. = 7)
(.. = 8,32)
(.. = 3,88)

(
8,2 10,0) 1- 2- , 3-
(
3,0 4,4).
,
.
V1 l,
V2 l,
, 3, (V2 V1)
; , 32 2(V2 V1) . ,
, [V2
2(V2 V1)] = (2 V1 V2) .

:

m(NaOH) =

C(HCl) VNaOH (HCl)

M(NaOH) Vk ,
V

VNaOH(HCl) = (2V1 V2)10-3 ,

V
,
, ,
Vk
,

 , .

m(Na 2CO3 ) =

C(HCl) VNa 2CO3 (HCl)

V

M( 1 2 Na 2CO3 ) Vk

VNa 2 CO 3 (HCl) = 2(V2 V1)10-3 .

V
,
, ,
Vk
,
, .

1. N N23
.
.
2.
.
3. N N23.
.
2-3 .

. , ,
V1.
4. 3-5
.

.
, ,
V2.
5.
.
6.
.

 2
(II)

(II)

:
5Fe 2+ + MnO 4 + 8H 3 O + 5Fe 3+ + Mn 2+ + 12H 2 O.
,
(II) .
Fe3+,
.

5 85% .
(III)
Fe(4)2,
Fe3+-.

1.
(II), ,
.
2.
n4.

3. (II),
, 15 1 / 2S4,
5 85% 34.
4. (II)
.
.
5. (II) .

,
, - .
.

1.
CaCl2.
, .
2. .
3.
, 2-3 , 15 ,
.
.
.
4. .

2.
2.1.

1. ,
,
,
.
2. .

.
3. ,
, .
,
,
.

.
4. ,

.
,
.
5. 2-3
.
6. ,
, .

 1

(II)

(II) [Cu(NH3)4]2+,
= 610 .

1. 5 50,0
10,00 5,00
0,5; 1,0; 1,50; 2,00; 2,50 (II),
5,0 1 .
5 (1:1),
.
2. i(Cu2+)
2+
i(Cu ) .
3.
50,0 5 (1:1).
.


1.
(II) = 610
1,0 . .
.
.
2.
() , .

 (II)
(
,=
, 1,0 )

1
2
3
4
5

0,50
1,00
1,50
2,00
2,50

,
i, /

Ai1

Ai2

(II)
1. .
,
(II) T i(Cu2+),
i.
,
.
.
2. (II)
.
(II)
Tx(Cu2+) ,
, (II) m(Cu2+),
:
m(Cu2+) = Tx(Cu2+)V(Cu2+),
2+
V(Cu )
, .